Prolegomena to the Study of Egypt's Economic History During the New Kingdom

Prolegomena to the Study of Egypt's Economic History during the New Kingdom Author(s): Jac. J. Janssen Source: Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, Bd. 3 (1975), pp. 127-185 Published by: Helmut Buske Verlag GmbH Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25149989 Accessed: 23/05/2010 05:44 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=hbv. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

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PROLEGOMENA TO THE STUDY OF DURING THE NEW KINGDOM*

ECONOMIC HISTORY

EGYPT'S

by

J.

Jac.

This

at

is

send

in.

not,

and

a

of

version enlarged the conference

Circumstances

1975. never It

an

is

cussed

Janssen

on

my

presence it still

revised, meant

was

to

History at shows a

be,

to

intended

originally of

preventing Although never

paper

Problems

at the

Cairo

meeting traces survey

complete

in of of

be

dis

January

the

paper

its

origin.

the

was

subject.

CONTENTS I

Preliminary

II

The

III

IV

Remarks

128 a

Elements

Basic

Production

Consumption

132

Geography

b Demography c Mentality

135 137

a

139

Agriculture

b Mining

153 158

c

Crafts

d

Transport

a

Food 164

and

b Rations V

a

Subjects

Special

b c d VI

The

of

Structure

" I would correcting remarks.

to

like my

the

Money State

Egyptian

express

English

Slavery Taxes

as

my gratitude as well for

to

161

166 171 173 and

Prices

177

and

Temple

180

183

Economy

his

Trade

Prof. valuable

Dieter

Mueller, suggestions

Lethbridge, and critical

for

I PRELIMINARY

Economic the

past

this

under

and

gue

ry

would

of

the

tary

of

is

as

or

a

yet

There

is

on

material

the

questions. and this view,

to

the and

Roman

in

is

is

Egypt periods1,

for

attempted with similar

to

general the Greeks

the

Since

and

since

It

Egyptian

may

will

That

presented. a pharaonic the

Ptolemaic

of

Dorothy

comparable

is

possible;

cf.

in

a

have Likely

J.

another,

that

the

as

has With

this

to

has Gardiner,

between Wilbour

the Papyrus

in

An

may

Egyptian one from as

XXth II,

of been

in

much

suggestion

Kerkeosiris: Crawford, in which the material so far has prevented changed The

them

their

alter

1971, material

have

they

influence

conquest

agriculture. been able

of

more

by comparing seems to me

practice

of

that is

aspect

texts

Alexander's field

than

for

if

weil,

problems by of Ptolemaic

economy

specific

do

concerning

detailed

than

the

This

hardly

Cambridge

more

instance,

system.2

village. of land-ownership

system Age

book

Period, of Lack

the

times

as

the

study

point

written

knowledge

to

and

after the

of

for

for

be, in

they background millennia old Egyptian the

Apart

type eco

specific

from

material

about

material

economy

particularly

I may to point in the Ptolemaic

done.

inclined

been

latter about:

this

from

lack

present

concentrated

being the

information

studied

been

of pharaonic period facts explain occurring facts from anothei age.

small,

contain

knowledge extensive

more

both

different

2

be

one

on

attention However,

does

have

unwarranted.

is

the

price mone income, of eco features

civilisation

administration.

particular

for

egyptologists method.

extensive

for

histo

the ancient although never have intention

by archaeological provided are put to it.

compensate

pharaonic

1

actually

economic

of

trade,

their

matters, and

questions

right

economy diachronic

the

va

of

or

production,

division

available,

subject their

of

economic

information

fairly

presented

consists

Genuine

of

of

knowledge

been

evidence,

proper.

costs

the

to only They have as yet has seldom

nomic

the

little

economy

the

nature

very

about

religion, written documents

order

too

has

largely

labour, including and international

literature

only

handbooks

on

as

such

What

etc.

indeed

the

the

of

factors,

upon

In

instead

interregional

by Egyptians written ally

cuments

in based

problems

production

policy, cycles,

of

title

as

understood

history

non-existent.

theories,

discuss

-

Egypt

virtually

technology

nomic

of

ancient

similar

unfounded

with

deals

REMARKS

history -

3

SAK

Janssen

Jac.J.

128

be, Village

village

similar

Dynasty 167.

study and

the

Economic

1975

it

to

has

the

be

The

as

sound

economy the

which

in

period

of

in

stand

all

a picture pose to the Dynasty from

earlier

with

caution.

of

the

exactly to

be

studied.

conclusions. attempts which available;

studied, near

and

to

draw

on in

Wilson who

has

the

been

however,

that

I

do

of

empire of the the 4

So, the

the

show

of

of

the

basic

that

suggest

BdE

egyptien, donations

during of

foundation whether too, chapters

34,

important Eberhard on

the

Le the

NK

been

too into

noms

an

and

the has in

Otto,

Der

the

have could

the

the the

on

I would

been

the

several

few

the

for economic I may funeraires

It

that.

Weg

of of

underrated. scholars he

between exist respect des Pharaonenreiches,

adduces

is

apparent,

of

features point

his

the

In describing

out sous

a comprehensive However, only Late could demonstrate Period a constant been element in

this

structure

pages

events.

small

NK

been already in be done

development influence

of

more

of

study

economic

has

history one

example domaines

des

1962.

Period.

in

and

for

domains funerary differences Xgypten. Ramesside

that

historical

As

Caire

for

character.

that

has

research

valueless. altogether Mme Jaquet-Gordon, Les

used

the

period,

a general

cultural

is

be

should

however,

forces

explain

com

material

it

subject,

clear

knowledge

period, to under

to possible XVIIIth early

the

subject what more

problem1*,

to

order

is,

be

shorter

convinced

Egypt11

oldest

difficult

the

been;

may and

that

Additional

material

of

be

the

the

from

interpret,

though

the

what

be

political

not

in

decisive it

Burden

of

a special type indicating in the function occurring to the NK documents is open

Hence,

is

Kingdom

or

the

certainly

study

of

in

account, a word

of

study one

the

the

period its facets.

all

into

to

Marxist

conscious

evidence

in

a

should from

upon entering to two points of

preceding

Egyptian his "The

economic

3

be one

is

society From

economy

to

it

the

Before

attention

not

preferably to easy

hand,

the

aspects have

results

the

future.

has

tory.

what

a thorough study of all available

with

with begin small and too

meaning

to

paper

present is economy

help

to

administrative

same

has

by

start

Egypt, rich and

instance,

an

the

the

of

taken

for

and

a

be

or

land

reliable

1 One

XXth

may

question

like

the

Whether,

The

of

to

is

fairly other

economy

of

end

of

the

is On the

times

agricultural MK text has

pharaonic

evidence

details.3

129

Kingdom

possible with the

my opinion

relatively may be tempting

It

New

archaeological.

is

material

New Kingdom. this the for

the but

only

itself,

as

method

one

of

is

in

well

the

during

that

agriculture

written

only

and

proved,

pharaonic

sources,

history

the

the

the

Old

important

l'ancien study whether the main

particularly

economy, periods. in

of

decline

thfe

the

of

rise

mentioned

documentation

had

not

For

other

been

nor

it

the

war

with

XVIIth

which,

way

as

ship

of

the

land,

for

the

services

the

its

international

What

has

been

South from

certain. an

be

the

ultimate

2 The my

second

onic

Study teach

from

drove

did

for

the

pay

such

is

the

be

extensive

new

the for

weapon horses?

the

"liberated" the - if the indeed

from trade

to

seems

show

serve

well

Above

careful

in

knowledge

as

a

in be solved could problems warn rashly equating against

various

Madjoi?7 mercenaries

questions the owner Egypt, how did Ahmose

nature.

extremely

how to

fleet

In which

the

the

far

beginning what may

for

economy

Egyptian

a different

us

may

the

ennemy?

Upper raised:

order

for

the

his

general.

quite to have more

build

which Hyksos period, even without the still in

in

phara

"pay"

of

chariotry, he provide

mentioned of

to

detail

of

the are

study

of

we our

a

be

products Mediterranean

the

during

in

valley

in

poli

for

liberator

like of

but

of

aware,

the

back

series

How did

questions here only of

a

influx

of

the

fields,

skilled

highly

technique? of the

effect

with

population could questions

his

am

assistance

the

of

causes

strength to able been

he

density etc. Other

products.6 some time

I

the

be the

that

economic

Kamose

he

as

far sources

what

the

latter

of

7

asked

derived

So

the

do was

6

scholar.

shows

economic

any

of

to

5

from

economy

mention

will

As

agricultural known for

been

How has Hyksos. to his record,

They are result

point that

conviction

not

other

re-opening cut been off

Nile

the

has

question studied.

the

All

answer.

of

tory

of ever

has

of

the

to

to

causes,

period.5

material

restricted

does

of

with

and

available

other

among that

of

were rewarded they forth but this calls

that

such

North,

the

Dynasty

periods; that of

pay

of

been

the

assume

later

in

middle

according sources what

from

We may

the

any

never

has

against

and

did

refers,

in

is

Wilson

periods

the

of

prices the

for previously

events;

stance,

study

the

of

fluctuation

ohs

a

he

Dynasty

prices

grain below,

The

tical

XXth

the

SAK 3

Janssen

Jac.J.

130

source the the

I have

stated phara

explaining

of

Graeco-Roman

times.

of

inspiration,

and

Nile

What

valley.

actual

Economic

I wanted facts

periods.

of Burden Egypt, ch. V c. below, the For immigration in grabungen Sayala,

274

The

f.

See

Pfannengraber-Leute,

of

the

Graz in:

Madjoi 1961, ZDMG,

61

Pan-Grave (= the ff. and Hofmann,

Supplementa

III,

People) Beitrag 1113 1969,

cf. zur ff.

Bietak, Herkunft

can

Aus der

Economic

1975

There

is,

it

Egyptian to the

economic

show

the for

existed,

of

it

indicate

will

the

ficance

of

our of

peasant for eyes

the

data.

the

of

to

the

tends

8

Cf.

study also

Cf>

Morenz,

in

the

used.

of

the

these

societies,

Afri developed higher influences, by Western

common other

is

Egypt belongs have called

of

caused

features

distinguishing are equally they which recently zone. to It seems

hand, economies forest

means

offers

of

to

discover

historical

modern

how

Egyptian connections

between

I do

but

think

odd

as

egyptologist him the fundamental 10 and ancient Egypt.

and

may

even

to

im

it

the

proves

term

p.

is

Xgypten,

is

modern

shown

by

London

Economy, 1969/4,

it

since

the

involved

Peasant 22. SBAW

signi pro be, to be

obnoxious

between

peasantry Their

study

possible seem to

may be

holds not

Egypt

their

economy

difference

alten

ancient

that in

alternatives hand,

this I do

civilisation.

market-directed

Prestige-Wirtschaft

Doubtless

anthropology.9 the

no actual occurs also where type of Raymond Fishermen. Firth, Malay use of the the for the defense of

this

the 9

blind world

That

or

African

cultural

unsuspected On the other

of

knowledge value little

Western

the

economies,

found

to

picture

ancient

systems

societies

aspects

are

there

recent

open

overall

that

subsistence in

seldom

anthropologists

On the

peasant

subject economic

that

suggest and more

obvious

revolution

instance,

the

for

which

131

which do not exist in the Western world. problems me seems to that would from egyptologists gain studying or name whatever better may be used peoples "primitive"

so-called

true

inspiration draw an

differences

primitive

these

Kindgdom

India,

world.

study solved economic

the

or

economic

industrial

that

is

fundamental

from

New

social-economic

China

the

their

to

cultural

the

ancient

before

they In general to

what

of

early it

The

in

removed

still me

of

dispite from the

them far

still

societies".8

example states

can

too

structure

category

"peasant

for

be

may

the

during

source

another

however,

Although

history

Munchen

1946.

1969,

6 ff. 10

the

For

by ed.

relation and

Forde

Harry by

particularly

between

Douglas, Mary L. Shapiro,

George

Dalton, 23 f.

primitive Primitive

Oxford Garden

1956; City,

and

modern

Economies reprinted New York

cf.

economy &n: in:

Man, Tribal

1967).

In

Culture and the

for

example, Daryll and ed. Society, Peasant Economies,

latter

edition

II

THE BASIC

a

Geography

of

and

physical 1

2

the

extent

in

different

the

exact

4

the

function

5

countryside; the pattern

most

and

J.A. of

the

the

ratio

of

fertile

ity

in

turn

its

of

its

where of

to

arable

influence those For 12

caused

by

important

Egyptian history In a recent article difficulties

13

hand, Buto An

of he

and

attempt and Lower

of

etc., the land

production

himself

of

study before

the the

the

soil

found

"the

only course

influence

67, research what

the

in the

on

Bell, Juin

Geography

of

understanding of the basis

taxation

this

is

each

of

provinces, their productiv

them, their

of density derived from statistics for

figures more

is

or

vulcanic too for

free

from etc.

the

1973,

and

AJA 27

in

changes within

climate in:

low but

population

75, ff.)

despite of Egypt, in: features of

the

the

catastrophes The disasters

inundations, a without landscape

on

the

1-26.

1971,

Egypt. the JNES

some

mentions

Yoyotte

various

lasting are

valley.

inundation

pharaonic

are

Egypt

eruptions, or too high

permanent of the Nile of

population. of the

ancient

less

an

subjects,

modern

various

in

respect

other

among

concerning be done may

geographical 228 ff. p.

in

the

are

BSFE

(in:

the

years

in

land

MK cf.

geographic demonstrates

is

discusses,

and

the

etc.12

he

The

in

Hierakonpolis to summarize Egypt

less

itself.

changes

to

development. for the

recent

Egypt floods, dimensions: obnoxious

smaller no

its

of

that

is hurricanes,

are

plagues, on

an

civili Egyptian the facts about

actual

constitutes

infertile

forgotten

earthquakes, history

locust

influence

system;

nutrition,

trade,

strip

usually as

the

average

fundamental

vegetables, the data for his study Although A.D. 1937 and since 1938, years

fact

is

the

for example: Egypt; nomes the various

the

and

are

and

cereals

such

for

irrigation in relation

cities

Wilson13,

width

A

Nile

needs

the

contribution

the

11

the

and

settlement

transport

by

the

questions which in

important

article

soil

of

of

of

similar

of

of

pharaonic geography of the cultivation in

structure

agriculture,

system,

role

about

platitudes

nomes;

the

and

usual

historian

periods; of the

3

These

the

of

fertility

of

repeat or the

economic

human

the

the

to

climate

What

sation.11

The

reason

desert

the

the

ELEMENTS

no

is

There

SAK 3

Janssen

Jac.J.

132

On

the

other

handicaps. ff. 209 1955, 14, nomes of Upper

Economic

1975

to

impossible broadest terms

in

of

In view past." - from basin system

population

density

drawn

modern

from

seems

us

with

more

to

the

the

together

what

demonstrates

geographer

irrigation for studied

its

a combined

here

may yield logists the Greek period. which, 14*

It

to

is

be

15

preparation able map on zum Studien Naturlandschaft

ancient

the

17

the

that

18

the

13,

agricultural

und

friihgeschichtlichen wahrend Agyptens

LdX

which

is

article 19

the

Delta, at Paris,

Congress in Forbes, The section pertinent on antiquated based is poor, 22-30, evidence with Graeco-Roman Egypt in:

Le

grand

col.

I,

rahter in

GM

texte

the

that

supply natural

the

is

this

hori

unknown, indications in

times

particular

close

the

of

cooperation

never

has

above is

material

775 old ll, des

ff.

is

(1913) seems 1974 donations

the

still

been

scanty,

which

about

in

me

au

temple

quite

III.

heutigen and

Geology

ed.

of Tell a lecture

Die Zeit,

Archaeology,

offered

present reli

indicated. Sahara

Archaeology in

Ancient

Technology and

pharaonic on the

hardly

to

a

with

Dynastischen des Schaffung

excavators

literature, based

at

East us

by

ed-Dabca at the

1973.

July Studies from

temple

der

Butzer,

Bietak

Near

der

"Die

Essays

Edfu

provide be will

und

Vorgeschichte the chapter

the

Ancient

255 will ff.) 1973, area the Nile along Landschaftswandel

der

mainly and does

of

of

Atlas

Tubinger

Universitas

of geography of Orientalists

the

to

of

study

properties

See 69. 1959, particularly das Alluvium" ff.). (23 Siedlungsraumes: See 66 ff. also In: 46 ff. and MDAIK 17, 1961, to Yesterday. New Roads in Ancient in: Egypt, 210 ff. London 1966, Caldwell, Joseph can the One Austrian also the researches of cite into

Egypt.14

able

stated15

Moreover

the

landed

Wiesbaden 16

be

mentioned

Egypt

Admittedly,

with

(see which vor-

pharaonic

virtually some provide within historical

from

results

economic

least

el-Minya.

in

-, the

and philo by archaeologists, geographers approach our knowledge to is restricted At present results. of Dimitri the thesis Meeks19 I may mention Here

expected

in

will his

times

place

expected

the

archaeologist.17

dealing

though

be

may

of system own sake.18

The

but

an

and

at

Egypt

relative

in

the

for

has

the

have

methods,

validity

too

in of

irrigation

convince

ancient

taken and

Balanstira

perannual

well

Kaiser16 has

to

changes

agricultural

he

Although in land

that

to

geographers Butzer in

as

with

seems

their

that

evidence,

proved. the arable

sections

fundamental

very

of

improbable

development between

region

study a

of

researches

as

cannot

reliable have

the

system in

proof

"nevertheless,

different

productivity

of

probably,

further

me not

to

may landscape extent zontal his

and, evidence

without

It

and

133

Kingdom

that of

comparison

population,

New

argues

the

irrigation

historian

the

(....)

area,

for

meaning

Wilson

establish",

terms,

the

during

history

combining The times. of

study

relate

to

Leiden 1955, II, from material

summary Willcocks

ancient

Egypt,

of and

speculative. d'Edfou,

BdE

59,

Le

Caire

Schenkel,

Craig, his while

1972.

134

the

during

Ptolemaic

the

NK is

their

Egypt,

at

three

all

may

communities. lesser

degree, deserted.

soon of

Ahmose

too

were

About and

not

normal

We

of

the

is

subject settlement

is

Posener, Badawi, J.

same

Kemp, sacred

For

first

in: 2t*

Or 42,

For

a

25

Wall-Gordon, Settlement Man,

archaeological

the

of

Karnak:

town

the but

these

land-owners

and

was to

this

given

other

connection the

contribution

by

O'Connor

1961,

14 f.,

and

cf. traces

Lauffray, the of

known

about

in: living

as

to

this

in

the

Badawi,

CRAIBL

correct.

the

towns.26

pattern and

villages actually

question,

samme

of

collection

Architecture and

55

III,

ed.

Urbanism, ff.

726 1972, excavated 557

1971, of

quarters

suggests

Egyptian is this

of

spread

a dis

and

is

in: Settlement Man, Uphill and G.W. London Dimbleby, of similar settlement is type

A

probably and Town

craftsmen

whether

i.e.

country,

quarter

el-'Amarna

in

found

establish

in

upon

of

Suburb

admini

harbour

quarter on Temple

article

to

other

has

similar

North

its

Thebes23 next

See

S.E.

of

ff.

Thebes

cf.

Leclant,

1973, 408.

summary

Cf.

the

settlement

666. work, of Karnak;

lake

a

valuable

inaugurale, Lejon 56 f. op.cit., ff. and and 73 ff., Ruth Ucko, Tringham

68

Op.cit., by Peter

his

the

interesting

Cf.

in

touched

discussion,

Cf.

the

be

peasant

to a perhaps though a short and period

with

Memphis

and

excavators

An

21

also

of

throughout

centres.

first

that

describes

to

last

20

26

no

are

they

towns.

craftsmen24,

pattern task of the

work which

concerning knowledge of Medinet Habu22,

temple-town

assume

may

same

the

local

23

some

by middle-class

inhabited

that

22

the

the

el-Medtna,

since

equally, built within

was

it

ancient

are

Deir

is

possess

Kemp,

Egypt25,

the

of

of

villages

Exceptions and type

el-'Amarna

Egyptian

centres.

trict

its

function.20

rare

since

and

and

Ancient

of

towns

the

of

a population at Thebes. existed

Egyptian of study situation

geographical those resemble

Memphis, we know

strative

A

this

the

living Ramsestown

had

It

the text

as of the such quarters capitals our knowledge is insufficient, and as the nome capitals smaller cities such

the

nothing

in

of

and

Abydos21

in

rather

We further

in

Whether

el-'Amarna

a

city uncommon

and

details geographical reference material for

and

el-Lahun,

represent

The

3

its

about

extension

plan,

SAK

research. known

yet

settlements

men's

some

further

as

is

little

Very

in

least

times. pharaonic as reflected

in

terminology a point of

Janssen

Period, at

offers

terminology the irrigation and

Jac.J.

of

what

is

MDAIK

in:

and

reconstructed Lauffray,

16, Urbanism scene in:

1968, (see from

CRAIBL

174 note some 1971,

the

of

dockyard

Prw-nfr

near

Memphis,

f.

566

ff.

657

12), talatat

extracted f.

from

the

IXth

Pylon

cf.

ff.

1975

Economic

on

papers the

by of ween

settlement

Wilbour

and

mainly

this

distribution

licy

of

the

the

Whether

the

pasturing the population

these

its

suggestions

the

Ninsu

and

is

to

control

surplus, are

as

well

the as

that

suggests a deliberate

po

and

forced

be

only

con

population

of

raise

bet

Hardai",

agriculture

to

can

correct

and

also

result

provided concentration

"a

scattered He

the

evidence

existed

animals.

order

in

goernment of

of

135

Kingdom

of

nome-capitals a thin with

a region of

collection

the

New

Studying that there

concludes

around

with

the

during

urbanism.27

he

papyrus

agriculturists which stretched

cerned

histroy

facilitate

labour.

proved

further

through

research.

b

Demograghy a knowledge is essential

Besides sition The

the

during

of

Recently

the

dynastic Nubian

respect,

but

for

little

has

the beyond some recent In

the

an

article

human

low

was

not

the glad 27 28

paper; possible

of

Human

rate mean

that

collection on which can

be

the

B.A. are

of

Settlement

Population Chiarelli outside

according to of use

to

woman

Nemeskeri

Ancient of -

the

New of

the

(op.cit.,

this

has the

from

appeared study

of

in

the

excavations indications

to

it"

resources

the

for

by Egypt, Ancient

York, present 172

more

Egyptians, Most 1973). f.)

paper, the

the

period. of view, as

historians

681

would It

D.R.

by

in

articles but

is

to

ff. ed.

results

and

country

material.

op.cit.,

a

environment of

Economic

confirmed in

from are

fitted

inhabitants.

Biology (London the scope

demographers.

well

there

ff.)

the pharaonic during a demographic point

from

between

its

unsatisfactory. material in

concluded

(originating that there

population, that it was

population

very prehistoric periods of our knowledge would be I will out only point

161

1972, who

Egyptian

conclusions of

in:

Asytit)

maintained

rate

reproduction to see these

Geography

and

compo a country.

investigations.

Chiarelli28 Turin

the

hence

(I,

at

the

and was

equilibrium

The

and

of

expanding,

Reprinted and well

Evolution

preserved Gebelein

of

fertility would

an

present

Egyptian of

its

of

economy

lot

survey

mention

by Mansali

This

except A complete

done.

the

rather a

and

population the

of

for

the

remains

of

unfortunately, has produced

and

Journal

cemeteries

is,

studies

scope

the

understanding studies

campaign itself Egypt of

of

demographic period

been

yet

that

land,

the

for

state

present

the

of

note

the of

an

Broth

this conditions excavation

be be

expected in

dence one

For usual,

that

the

this

field

of

part

not

the

especially

is

country

has

fairly

times.29

a relatively

dense

population,

the

circumstances

his main

of knowledge NK cemetery

not

provide in other respects. results the that The

the

Khawalid

cemetery

The

articles

mentioned

research

the

ancient the

Egypt discussion

summarized 4

1/231

the

still

a

Asytit. otherwise

Various

29

discovered

up

a

table

which,

to

be

assumed

reliable

however, Whether, a high mortality the

decided

by

period.

Moreover,

rate,

and 30 31

article

rather and

complete

is

poor

highly not

to

in

A Regional

Anthropological London 78 1972,

discuss

could

is

the

widest

important; of fault of

excavation

systematic

are

in

quoted For not

order

to

a reliable

yet size

indicate

the

historical

of

type

of

demography

in

is

This apparent readily ripe. in the Nile of the population valley between oscillate estimates likely Clearly

too

is

this

vague

to

be

of

historians.

scholars

82

the

since

to

Op.cit., The figure

from

historian

unexcavated, our knowledge is

num

high

obvious.

the

economic

O'Connor, Growth:

in

of

number drawn

representative.

population burials

which

the are

less

its

than

O'Connor

for

ages

of

published. is time

be

of but

a different to demographic out quite approach point in ancient is no community for which there Egypt Undoubtedly as for as abundant workmen of Deir are that of the necropolis I want

evi

extensive

south

or

be

indicate

of

concerning the most by O'Connor;30 inhabitants. and 7 million

to

value

more

to

has

may

is

those

is

he

must

Khawalid)

importance

recently

the

trends.

Methodologically our purpose for

author.

From

period

specific

for

the

article

data,

demographic

(near

evidence

valuable

yield

agriculture, more

an

area

explored absolute

general in a

in

probably

devoted

recently

the regards of burials bers or

rich

hence

and pharaonic predynastic well in this reasonably not presenting although as

will

ed-Dab'a

study.

significant,

O'Connor

David

Tell

of the population is knowledge area between Matmar and Etmanieh,

the

namely

This

of

our

region

at

excavations

3

SAK

Janssen

Jac.J.

136

their

of

publications

Population Implications,

in

Egypt ed.

to by

and

stelae

circa Brian

600

B.C.,

other

in:

questions. the

el-Medlna. epigraphical

Population Mass,

Cambridge,

Spooner,

data

ff.

f. calculated the

merits

by of

JARCE in: Baer, the argumentation.

l,

1962,

43

f.

This

is

not

the

place

1975

Economic

material

from and

men,33

the

Cern^ of the

knowledge the systematic vanced

in

men's

c

be

us

not

age

and

typical,

of

quite

etc.

an

reached the

of

work

the the

further

ad

demogra and

mortality

Although

exceptional,

for

departure

our once

particularly

with

even

work

increased

have

sex,

the

of

genealogies has largely

genealogies to draw a picture evidence about

of

a point

with

the able

community,

distribution was

provide

of

137

Kingdom

study3** to me possible,

posthumous It seems

we will

the

of

community

would

reconstructed

subject. studies French

rates,

fertility

his

New

the

during

have

site32

that

stage,35 structure

phic

history

study

research.

Mentality

It

may

of

life

superfluous and death,

from

those

known

to

the

of

innermost

Fest

of

individuality

mention

ethics;

art aspective a characteristic

and

(Wolf

typical

and multi thought and the general

de

the

of

aspect

Geschichte

Buck); of

Each

(Brunner-Traut).

by Morenz

called

Maat,

mythopoeic on community

stress

the

Egyptian conceptions differed fundamentally some key-words well

of

conception

Egyptian and

(Hornung); to indicate

attempts

etc., to

only

(Frankfort);

approaches

ancient

history, the

egyptologist:

that

argue

and I need

time.

element

of plicity as against als

nature

our

every

to

here

be

terms

these civili

pharaonic

sation.

If

indeed

from

the it

ours,

becomes

out

such

conceptions be obvious

of

point

has

that

has to

unable

See

34 35

A Cf.

but

in

what

very

any

generally

M.

to

establish is

the

quite the

of

study accepted

reports

Tosi-A.

and

It

times.

actual

another emphasis

in

attitude

Egyptian

modern

is

to

easy

economic matter.

on

the

It

may

community

manner?

little

yet

the

of

Egyptians of Maat

excavation

and

that

that

differed

fundamentally

B.

of

Stele

Roccati,

the

problem, In the

theory. Bruyere e altre

I mention: epigrafi

so

that

I am I can

following

BM Stelae, Deir

di

Part

9,

el-Medina,

1972. also

Torino

them,

the

1970

Torino 33

concept

mention from

Apart London

ancient

the

as

been

as

so

world

unlikely

same

the

and

improbability;

the

influenced

There

32

an

life

highly

was

matters

economic

of

conceptions

7,

Tosi, Torino

Community Sauneron,

of

Una

workmen in:

di

stirpe 1972. BIFAO

at

Thebes 71,

a

pittori

1972,

in

the

205.

Tebe,

Quaderno

Ramesside

Period,

del

Museo BdE

50,

Egizio

di

Le

Caire

1973.

Jac.J.

138

It

to

attempt

only

accurate

the

man

stated

is

is

one

and

obvious

copper

5 deben

we would

actual

reason

for

the

to

respect

to

the

this

attitude

usually

was

so

I doubt

whether

tainly

that

terms

1 1/2

fish,

one

400

deben*

8-9

the

be

consequence. of deben and

fourteen

The

reason

main exact

the

measure,

equivalent but the

of

expression not to have

appear

to

eighteen

silver

the

making

it

and

deben

10 both

kite.

en

120

of

supposed of no

being 1o ten

express

of

More

bothered

examples so that

power

of

Prices, Commodity The dominating demonstrate in

1969.

it

the

discussed

Western

played

the

profit

was

"peasant

the

of

world same

economy.

is

question to make

the

attempted in their

in

to

the

whether,

economy.

scholars

the

with

respect

Egyptian

that

of

vagueness

with

here

Egyptians of "profit"

"realism"

it,40

eoncreteness

features

the

in

sought I formulated

"profit", The

unconsciously

ancient

part a dominating societies".

However,

Egypt.

indeed

cer

it

force41;

29.

pi.

in:

tions, Cf. Gardiner, than ourselves, less

in

be

and

prices of the

problems

making in several

BottirPeet,

Gardiner,

as

granted, the function

common

not

is

the

what

rather, is

of for

assume

**1

9 and

to

of

to

or,

realism,

taken

concept seem to

*

to

Egyptians

is

the

example

39

deben

deliver

lines

equal

means

find

Another

38

in

copper

objects

37

to

impossibility in

of

(abstract) is one concerned,

36

be

in

a fisher

where

were

In line 65739.37 pCairo in lines of silver, but 1 kite

correct

This

Egyptians.39

or,

were

dues

failed

while

with

it.38

about

as

of

+ 275

120

had

texts.

the

bristle

9) ,36

A,

quantities

monthly

that

he

vs.

in

try

more

values

His

kit&, to stated

are

two

in

documents

(17B,

necropoli

differences

possible reflected

to be explained by simply a typical and seem to reflect to an I may refer of so many

out

example

context

the

inaccuracy 16 or 18 deben

14,

scribes

deben.

is

whereas

numerous

1 2/3

deben

the

The

275

equal

sixteen

too the

delivered

occurs example are valued at

copper

of

of

from

sufficient,

for

have

the

Another

of

to

administrative

of

della

Giornale

my opinion, seem to be

are

one

As

attitude.

Egyptian in try

in where, our time

that

fact

known

They figures. carelessness

incidental

deben

and

Egypt

a well

is

indicate

ancient

between

3

SAK

Janssen

JEA 21,

1935,

140 ff.

in

the my Commodity e.g. Prices, frequent 1 3/4 the of corn sack of the is price The Wilbour 64: "The Papyrus II, Egyptians or to if we prefer turn the compliment

neglect same as were our

in

of

small of

that

frac 2

sack.

greater

realists

favour,

they

had

abstract

thinking.11 540 ff. rather force may

his

'Prestige-Wirtschaft

have

been im

as "prestige", alten Agypten1

Morenz ,

SBAW

attempts 1969/4,

to Munchen

1975

course

the

attempting robberies

to

Of

were

But

was the

is

moment,

a

with etc.

I do

not

That

I once

more

ethno-economists,

PRODUCTION

a

Agriculture

Any

study with begin cannot One

of

the

can

most

but

agree

purpose we should

picture

of

find

Late

See

below,

ch.

V c.

43

See

ch.

VI.

44

For

below, other

45

The

Wilbour

the

the

wish

pride to pro at

obtain

words:

that

costs

of

time)

possessed

the in

the vol.

Egyptian II,

possession

pro

published, JEA 39, in:

cf.

1953,

201. Edgerton, 118 ff.

ancient

pivot connec

societies

by are

there

the

modern

New

Kingdom

other

world.****

Wilbour

Papyrus.

wrote:

MCould

revealed

in

of

a fairly

comprehensive

below

ch.

important JAOS in:

the

despite

V b

and

reviews 70,

doubt

full,

However,

Two

to

has

be

finance".**5

mentality,

this

that

of

the

the

the in

peasant

that

figures)

Commentary, one by

is

the preserved, Gardiner when he

editor by

It

during

document

was

it

awareness

than

agricultural

of

Fairman,

our

to

unknown that

the

of

study

matters

ourselves

Papyrus, been have

aspects

by

usual

the

buyer

to

with other

(in

agriculture

served

Ramesside

42

publication one and

economic

important with its

be

(to

the

stimulate

Egyptian

the

(the) less

to

refer

in

mentality

III

labour

component,

which

of

connection

any

hardly

the

wanted

instance, a chair

to to

of

of

than

mostly

coffin,

ability

latter

seems

it

Egyptians, of the economy.

types

is

or

was entirely making profit to me highly unlikely was rather redistribution.**3

that

suggest

that

the

e.g. higher

but

chair

product,

for

Prices,

a price

in

making law the

object,

for

the

objects

profit of

riches,

tomb

value.

vague

but

tion

main

as

qualities,

particular

his

those

There

its

very

in

sold

specific

this

aquire took

since

only

its

activities, matter

of

possession as the

application etc. market,

been

have

the

enjoyed

a particular

if

139

Kingdom

the

implies the for and

to

and

illegal same the

not

which

to

due

seller

duction

is

stated

to

buyer

very

this

by

production

manufacturer the

them

traditional,*2

seldom

vide

human

New

the

during

even

commerce,

demand,

supply were largely or a coffin,

the

Egyptians obtain

and and

of

history

prove.

industry

this

Economic

1950,

e. of 299

this ff.

140

Jac.J.

SAK 3

Janssen

and later to the studies devoted text46 commentary splendid is as yet far the purpose from clear and many details remain quite obscure. Here we cannot some of the outstanding do more than repeat as well as of others, of Gardiner out and point the conclusions, editor's

problems.

major With

enormous

its

lumns

text

of

A,

the

north

of

The

survey

we

be

unsuitable

Gardiner ment

the

was

is

5 mc.51,

of

as

k3yt

may be problem area the total

ha)

seems

**6

The

to

most

Prices I.V. also **7

The

the by

before

the

after **9 50

its

able

for

The

word

51

Op.cit., For mo

52

See

, however

personnel remarks

(p.

survey occurs

(cf. below. Baer,

107

and 4

view

the note loc.cit.

(some

of

the zur

of

headings 45).

and terre found of the

survey whereas

98),

but

(in:

CdE 48/95, the

the

1,

quite

Klaus

Fairman, arouras

Baer's 25 has

why domains

translation

17,324 total surface

1962, which

summer

correct.52

Wirtschaftsgeschichte Bernadette Menu, dans le Papyrus in

JARCE

on

based

explain normal

Gardiner's

by

assess

under

of

entries

raised

A

areas

be

inundation.48 the

was

it

to

ff.

namely or c.4750 of

the Neuen

des Le

juridique regime Lille Wilbour, 'The Low article seen I have not

appeared

in

1970.

one

being

See

1969.

110,

sections, of the

Whatever in

in

be

in: Egypt', an "autoreferat"

Graefe

culmination.

to

also

beginning note 40,

inundation

a

portion

into

the

Baer

119 see

are

Ancient

of

another text

Materialien Helck, Wiesbaden 1961, a la attache

III,

divided

,may

the

also

would

not

from

seems

that

only

it

land"

of

though

that

correct,

in

time

period,

the

km.

season

the

suggesting

of the majority it was k3yt-land.

with

small

thesis, in VDI

date

Doubted

a are:

in

this

normal)

recorded

and

du

Vinogradov's his articles was survey

Hence 48

et

Important of Land

the

connected

only

important vols I

Reiches, terres des 1970.

be

by

lon

the of

23 days47, to the middle July

late

the

suggested50

that

(i.e.

into

co

(102

Egypt, 140 of

length about

in

since

problem

were

in

"arable

fell

Middle

in a

from

is,

problems,

during

this

means

which

that

it

the

Fairman

that

The

as

made

If

surveyed. of assessment

rate

major

solve

measurements.

were

the

survey, to

itself

(st)49

of

lines

is one of Papyrus A records the results

four

3ht,

5200

Wilbour Text

know.

III

and

a

for

attempted

earlier

crop

in

one

encounter

over

its

to

Faiytim

place II months

the

and

areas adjacent over that is Tihna, 4 of Ramesses year V,

in

surveyors the

took

the during of August. Here

we

texts

gest non-religious field-work of

10 m)

(over length 25 of text B)

of the heading is unknown. he

44 ff.)

correct

yearly of the

solution, variation

four

sections.

that

thought

1973,

the in

first

the For

the

argues

its

that seems

moment date

date

of

the

meaning,

lost.

falls

it

falls

unsuit inundation. see

below.

Economic

1975

districts

covered

like

text

that

it

that

there

the

record.

His

mainly

dates

and

was

of

In

this

land

he

though

specific meaning. occurs several

well

aware

In

the

Donation

iht

field56

tivated derivative

total

or

whether

or

one,

a

be

mind

that,

based

on

do more

temple

the

same.58

53

P.

st*

P.

66.

ly

from

Wilbour

means

the

Helck's

word

so

iht

a more

bears

it

expression

3ht

simply as

a cul

not

meaning,

does

its

Aniba

suggestion

genauere occurrences made

of into

139 ff. Menu, of the A survey minor 240-293.

but

not

agricultural the

all

we

less

correct,

to

have

being since

organisation may be distorted

picture of kinds

in

keep

largely the

fields.

as and their administration properties so that is extremely I cannot papyrus complicated, I will to the main lines. restrict my remarks the for institutions system lay virtually being

the

text, Wilbour

of

or

more

Obviously

study.

the

sought crops

are

both

a portion of in this direction, - is the only

only

why

landed

indicate

ohne

3howt

further

with

note 45). (cf. In an unpublished someone".

Steindorff, The 229c.

suggestion

papyrus,

deals

land,

100

with

58

meager In

"cultivated

the

legal,

question A has to be - summer

whether

subject our knowledge

than

the

57

the as

is

iht

the

text

alternatively

for

the no

by

first

of organisation in the Wilbour shown

36

probably

to in

recorded

The

55

that

is the

pValenjay.

that

possibility of Penne55

Text

some,

solution

Fairman's

correct

to

the

however, area is

the

text

the

demonstrating

implies

to it

thought53

suggested included in

not

mention

translates

A,

Edgerton and

category 9784 and

(pBerlin only

text

ihwty**7

Whether,

has

times, but

of

this

attention

draw

Gardiner

is

of

Dynasty he could to

like

text.

the

that

were

which

existence

XlXth

I would in

the

XVIIIth the

from

Mes);

used

land"54

the

is

explanation

fields

owned

privately evidence for

141

Kingdom

of fields. category or royal institutions,

divine

by

were

from

The

specific

owned

connection

frequently

a

New

the

during

surveyors.

with

the also

scription

the

by

deals

B,

history

See

also article

loc.cit. once paraphrased

Baer, he

a For 101. pi. from the reign

II, dating

not of

as

it

accurate quite Ramesses VI,

leased

"land

cf.

facsimile, almost

is

direct LD

III,

contemporaneous

papyrus. (Materialien Unterschiede" ihwt ifa)t)

during some

organisation, unimportant

II, seems the such

to

240) me

XVIIIth

that

Dynasty

explanation

may

on

Gardiner's

based modifications

is

it

is

an

although

Urk. (e.g., correct. be

presented

term

older

uncertain,

quite

comments by

IV,

for

"Domane

for

the

172.746,

with though Materialien

Helck,

many etc.:

II,

to

text general a particular

of

which

In

A deals

there

each being ples, the high officials of several charge The

direct

troller and

has

be

of

of

their

no

consequence

word The

main

by in the

exploited figures field

is

5

assessment:

with correspond which according 59

Menu

judgement However, I have hence 61 62

Op.cit., Note

64-77,

the

respect

European text by the seem to persons Menu

Mile

ar

has "cultiva

being of

type

terms

k3yt,

the

paragraphs

figures, arouras), of both.

1/2

(16 nhb

different

reflect

The

of the description in of which first

the

from

three 10

and that in

occurring of

the

the

a rate

second are

There

instances)

qualities

directly

appears

correctly,

and

was

it

as

the

doubtless tnl

that

plots.

(in

product 7

argued,

is

personnel,

red

plot

has

139 that

also

them

called

y.3yt in other (and a different For See

apart

the

controllers, other

far

rather

the

in

domain

separate

the

Schenkel,

is

here

the text

of

rates (25 rates B,62

soil,63

"normal

domains".

77.

as cf. LdX

an

as

used

documents) opinion, in:

Helck

after

particularly ff.

A 63

its

by of the

him

one

the note for translation 56) p. 26, prefers rmnyt, "departement" an administrative foremost and for since is first "domaine" pr, rmnyt not that does I follow the main If in Gardiner's any imply renderings, for the sake of it is Menu's clarity. only argumentation; concerning too to keep; seems term awkward domain" Gardiner's "non-apportioning

unity.

Menu,

to

a con

(see

reserving

60

the

the

normal

instances),

Gardiner

instances).

the

in

field-labourer.61

the

third

(450

in

three

area the

be

may

this

in

these though of the record.

of

actual

be In

identified

purpose

through the for

there

are

of

institutions.

to

joined that of a curtis

assistants - whereas

of

temple entries

and

assessment, of

the

as

the

total

the

dicates

for

followed

one

of

ht)

tem

main

official

area.

(ihwtyw),

characteristic the

(r

different

seem

one

constitute

indicates

Ifywty

to

sometimes

which

plots

acted

the

the

of

to is delegated domain separate a scribe. When the is minor temple no controller domain is needed.

"cultivators"

of

each

supervision state. One

belonging

with compared themselves plots

The

that they gued teurs-fonctionnaires"60

or

be

may

for

corresponding normal domain,59

a

times

not

the

a

for

normal

did

organisation Middle Ages. names

domains,

consists

certainly

temple even

first

several

or

each

domains, is

There

authority

the

of

one

only

the

under

of

types

paragraph. most sections

in

responsibility most (rwdw),

A domain and

of

type were

two

with

3

SAK

Janssen

Jac.J.

142

I,

a

term, term

agronomical

topographical

Vinogradov, f. 779

in:

whereas

it

occurs

in

text

lands". meaning lying "high 18-23. BECTHMK 4 (110), 1969,

1975

Economic

was

though

he

higher

than

The

him

and

third

This

to

yield

the

10 khar

per

argue

The

second

type

Smw

mean

of

(n)

total

that

that

it

it

in

paragraphs on account the to

is

too

also

of

net

the A is

text the

the

and

Menu

called

word

both about Below

the

"appor The

headings.

begin

I

plot.

Gardiner

rmnyt

to

been

of

their

pS are called temples smaller sanctuaries

have

taxes.

by

in

follow stated

have

for high revenues

main the

is

may

a measure

in to

plots

which

yield,

indicates

valued

while pS,66 with the words

pS.e7

main

put

on

characteristic the

are

stress is the the entries paragraphs their each holders, plots entry beginning an indication his of by preceded occupation. one of entries, three' I) in which (or, (Type and

usually

two

these

of

individual

a name,

There

of majority aroura. Gardiner

per

but

devoted

paragraphs

the

the

was

land",

are expressed I am inclined

figures and

khar,e*

that

be

of

red

the

143

Kingdom

"tired

tni, land".

three

be

5 khar

Menu

paragraphs" of this type

The

with

would

aroura," after

the

the

to

temples cannot

will

tioning domains

of

New

why

arable

this

that

argued

"normal

the

during

explain

thinks

Gardiner here.

to

unable k3yt,

second

which

history

varieties

one in black two in occur, four) (or two) Type figures ink, one always last the the first black 1 2/4. Moreover, red, figure, being or in Type I A the second is in the of the instances one, majority 3 or 5,68 either area indicates the in arouras. which in

6*

I A,

is

Edgerton

certainly

tousesoiconsistently of and entry (JAOS dicates

70,

disappear, is, 65 66

If he 303). 1950, the correspondence oip&, some while the of

khar.

In as

these

From

the

of 68

211

"herbage" ph occurs

and

by f.).

figure, the plots measure of

the

the

to

according recorded belong of of local

assigned

after

to

type which

is

situation

only it

nome-capital three of clear

is

a

after I A Menu, this

one

and

I A

also

the

they

sign, same 5 J consist

these

the

belong domains

discovery are

plots, a total

person

each area

(Menu, 3 or

actually 1 are possibly 5

small

are

said

governmental centre

in

cf.

5 or.

able

one

type

khar in would It The to

yield

administration, the heading. 39

Gardiner,

ff.

of types paragraphs same to the type, although called "Landing-Place of

Gardiner

separated consisting as given

Hence 106). 5 arouras.

portions,

be in

below) incorrect. correct.

is

134)

suchlike

figures

to

of

would

centres; some rarer

the

moment black

more

that

measure as

noted

last the

to

that

(see be

4 arouras

5-8,

or

paragraphs Some of

goats"

headings. as well.

that

note

would sign

the indicating corn-measure the

entries

(p.80,

was a

scribe basket

both

below

drawn

argument vso

"white

in

here belong Menu (107 ff.) In the sub-variety

indicates, of arouras

conclusions

investigation. In pValenjay,

papyrus entries

the

Pharaoh"

Proved

is

management of mention

of

the

other, though in right suggesting between Posh the

the the the

in form

called no word

30.

mistake

single

the

Menu's

further op.cit.,

instances from

appears occur There 67

that

requires Baer,

40

in

a

whether

questioning

one

corn-measure

the

however,possible

subject So also

in

justified and without

plots, each

(Additions, , which by J the number of

in the Even

the

first

majority fields

because though 1 aroura. of

of the

These or

are

fields

a

secular

for

called of

former not

The

one

of

was

not

variety

in

not

seem

of

to

been that

virtually could

the

has

Menu

suggested73 seems but it

services,

II

is

divided

being that

smaller

type

usually suggested

,to me

the

than

was

it

for

fiscal

of

Most

of

them

fields, are

categories

Since

is

this in

this

two

of

the

in

fields

priests, than the

normal

1/100

possessors small and

the

and

being

the the

small

plots there is scribes holders

kind

of

people Mile

domains

payment

for

their

Why the area proved. a the first dot), parts (separated by is obscure; and Menu75 Gardiner74 second, to but that remains open purposes,

that

two

into

that

Those

fields

uncertain.

is

cubit

square

the

received

by the but whether

are

II

Type

of

Type of the

management that they

of

temples. owners

I.

but

figure),

occurence

the

seems

other

the

followed IIA) by (Type reason the land for what

the

200), occur it

to

that is, they belonged Ihwtyw, 3 and 5 aroura fields of the controlled

one

explaining the plots

private sell them.

they

to

indicated

by

only

in

least

differs,71 payment of the tenant72

6 to

figures to the

remuneration

any

have

red

or

of

(from

no

Since

to

at

last

(the

being

women children

a remuneration

characterized

expressions most

cubits

square

pay

proof

who

in

Moreover,

aroura.

an

is a dot,

by

area

are mention

but,

pay

per

liable

II)

entries

aroura

circumstances

personal

separated abbreviated

holders

its

portion

some

alienable69

khar

herds

tenants

(131

hereditary

fields,

(Type

assessed.

measured

their The

upon

figures four

1 2/4

of

performing soldiers

foreign stable-masters,

"widow";

The

property.

depends

black

even

possibly

the

second

did

are

of

first this

they

private

a portion red figure.70

be

may

institution

pharaoh

a temple

of

property to persons

charioteers,

mean

on

only

to

appear

landed

officers,

w),

which

tenants);

or

temple

or

tenures

Qnh-n-nlwt,

theory,

of

the

the

the

by granted state: military

soldiers(w

(Sherden),Egyptians etc. The men,

of

portions

institution

duties

special,

tenures,

3

SAK

Janssen

Jac.J.

144

is

this

not

yet

doubt. 69 70

per area had 71

76;

Gardiner, The Egyptian

For

126 Menu, administration

a r*ate to use 1 2/4 of khar throughout preferred see the decreased Posh B entries; hence the and in (even below), one same as when was on which the the the result remuneration being paid, a lower on 1 2/4 amount aroura than field. khar entire the to per pay are 3 ar. the second the of 1/2 1/4 (15! (123), instances), plots figures aroura

1 (36),

or 2 (1);

while

(1),

numbers

72

Gardiner, So Helck,

and 91, Materialien of

73

explanation P. 138. P.

75

Pp.

ff.

98. 102

and

138.

type

for Menu, IA

of 5 or.:

those

higher

than

1 are

1/4 rare

1/2

(181),

(315),

1 (167),

or

large

plots;

and

occur

only

123,

without

adducing proof. of Menu. that

with

1 1/2

105. and II, 259, seems to me

Menu, less

likely

than

Helck's

cf.

Economic

1975

most

Leaving

aside

details

I will

a

followed

is

always

gure

of

the

7

one

what

by

rather

essential

entries

a certain

means

-

unimportant

In of entry. type are the usual type ex of grain, always

of amount

or secular temple (ps* n) another A. amount The of Gardiner by posh that the last red fi % of the net revenues, is, to devoted line. the In paragraph apportioning

1/2

to"

there

be

may

no

though

several

that

"appointed is called type

preceding institution

receiving

-

minor

stating is

This

khar

the

line

by in khar,

pressed institution.

the

out only point domain paragraphs

normal

the

of

145

New Kingdom

the

during

history

same

the

a corresponding of grain. Here

appears amount

entry the

(Posh

B),

last

figure as throughout two in these there paragraphs; precede figures, - the one area the total the first of the plot (in black) indicating same figure as appears in the normal in the domain entry paragraph its The product and of this the second (in red) quarter quarter. being means mc. to 1 2/4 1 2/4 is equal the amount of Posh A, at least when recording is 1 2/4,

khar.

1 2/4 The

of

explanation 7 1/2 % of

paid (Posh

B),

quently is income normal was

of

the

necessary

this

If

return

in % is

since

amount

the

is of

hire the

to

another

of

to

the

appears

Conse for

paragraph, mention

in

it

the

institution

paying from

that

A)

institution

personnel.76

deduced

and

(Posh

temple

while

of

be

it

temples

its

there,

heading

was

correct,

the

one

apportioning

with

the

paragraph

revenues

the

in dealt

under

reconstruction

records

the

recorded

that

a field

of

for

institution

be

may

revenues

net

the

probably 7 1/2 the

domain

Posh-entries

the

revenues.

its

the

Wilbour -

institutions

and

papyrus

not

the

taxes!

So much this to

be

is

76 77

order

total

area

89 Menu, to another Gardiner,

B deals

of

of

temples

as

priests. unknown reasons,

the

of

Gardiner

one

thinks

1951,

that 123

f.

these

land

of

The

fields

charge

year; on

to

fields

with

changed were

single are said

of

high

they

behalf

accordance

have

one

leased

the

were

put

the

crown,

of the

explanation

continuously. by

one

type,

offi

by that

suggested the risk

run

particular

In

seems

did

officials

production.77

khato-lands

209). (p. RdE 6, in:

pharaoh. but put in The explanation

one

in

cultivated

with

(also?)

responsibility

of

ff.

well

be

ensure

to

land

for

that, not

Text

fc/zato-lands

the

as

might the personal

under

the

on ones

lay

Gardiner fields

so-called

situated

cials,

in

the

time

A.

text

about

institution

All

entries of

the

red

dot)

B are

text

of

are

We now

to

have for

question

hard

to

face

the

what

seem

paragraphs the plots.

of problem the red figures

revenues?

As

stated

they

that the

and

the

is, animals

Wilbour

have

by

The numbers

Do

in figures the for total

ploughing,

of

yield in

deduction

the

they normal

the

solution

after

and

for

recorded.

correct

the

of

sustenance

of

transport,

etc.

The

also revenues the of the may record apportioning paragraphs stitutions. that rent Gardiner indicate the they thought79 paid to owners the holders the in theory, remained the which, temples the

and

fields, status

legal although

of

the of

speaking taxables".81

"revenues

suggested is

papyrus

to

they

prefers were taxable

only

concerned

means

think with

of generally the temples,

connection

the

taxes,

why reason

the

contradicts revenues.

temple

same

the she

entries

these were

they her opinion The problem

the

in by of the

regards

However,

opinion.80

at

figures were not

are

the

calls them throughout II and of Type

no

plots

as

Gardiner

the

contain

they that

that which

of

this

record

with

agreeing

is

holders, revenues

since

to

meant

though

In

a problem, that this

II A pose

Menu

Menu,

not

the

namely

the

revenues

seed-corn

used

papyrus,

been

above, too low

net

the

represent

production,

field-labourers

the

taxes and for high Mile Menu may have found

that

suggesting costs of

main

too

Hence

size a

explain.78

purpose or

taxes

represent

the

by black indicating accompanied figures some in instances entries (the only preceded are added assessment. numbers actual indicating but

plots, red

themselves

3

SAK

Janssen

Jac.J.

146

all.

Gardiner but

taxed,82 fields

that as

is

at

mentioned is

recorded

the

if

all?

indeed

that

the

papyrus

yet

far

was

from

solved.

this

doubtful

evidence,

indication

that

the

of

was

taxed.

from

Apart

in

indeed the

land Gardiner,

were

Postscript,84 to pay obliged

this

view.85

78 79 80 81 82 S3 84 es

Cf. Pp.

Gardiner, 207-8.

Pp.

129-132.

pp. E.g., P. 199. p. 102 . Pp.

201-204

Pp.

285-6.

has taxes

In my opinion 183

102

and

and

ff.

122.

207-8.

and

recorded

temples the Epilogue

in argued to the the Fairman,

I cannot

however,

the

that

in

State.

the

is ff.

his

Ramessid

Helck,

problem 120

to

still

on

a

find

in

the

single Wilbour

papyrus

edition83

and

period the other

temples

open,

but

hand, so

much

again

rejects is

Economic

1975

clear

It

relations

be

may

that

of

list

is

tax

would

Temple

Griffith

of

bility

the

the

matters

are

we

will

briefly

1)

pAmiens

Of

this

be

20

% of

too

(= RAD

the

revenues

In

other

words:

is

land") and

to

texts

them

as

the

much. quite ex

other

taxa

the

prove

all.

barley)

to

seems

various

about

discuss

or

equal

which

revenues,

more

contain record

twice

fragments a conclusion.

bold

also

actually as emmer

k3yt-land

the

unknown.

which

plots

of

taxation

agricultural Some of

them

here.88 VII

Ramesses

1-13) the

have

pages

been

recto

The

preserved.

records

on domains from various of grain threshing-floors nomes and Xlth fleet of the Upper Egyptian by the temple. to the Karnak of Amun and its brought temple dependencies. of

the

Xth

was grain Some of the domains after

called

normal

the are

yet

(specified

damaged these

That

indeed

as

("fresh

gross

several

many

half

only

separate

badly

for

below),

grain the for

the

is

papyrus

describe

transport in

text

(see

nhb-land

possible. seems too

Wilbour

text

of

are

State

and

which the

known,

royal

institutions.

147

Kingdom

proof recorded

here

khar

domain,

temples

The

The

of

no

grain

Fragments their

for

then

Besides

were

with

and

However, are equally

planations

Amun

between

the

possible.

the

temples

each

arouras

of and

a number

for

of

number

contains

domains

temple

recorded

The

the

There

taxes.87

papyrus amounts

The

land-owning

economic

during

Wilbour

lands.86

temple the

of

a

the

that

New

the

history

have

may

been

domains"

"apportioning while centres,

administrative

others

since

they were

probably

domains.

verso

records

in

place

movements

the to

order

collect

two

of

small

(?)

quantities

to

from place ships going of grain from domains

of

Amun.

86

same

The "rent". tors. word the fields

87 88

So, Most

For

too, of

(London, of

the

"rent" entries -

texts

important

is

opinion Whether

seem

this

is

tenants taken

of

the to

me

expressed correct is of normal rather

by and

translated

remarks,

cf.

41),

(p.

the

1948) and discussed is

Baer depends

apportioning but sense, domain paragraphs revenues than

Baer,

Gardiner

in

in his discussed in:

the

calls

the

revenues

status of the cultiva legal correct be the it may if amounts of in mentioned grain

-

about

half

the

yield

of

the

rent.

his

Ramesside

Helck, 1,

1962,

Documents

Administrative

in JEA 27,

article

by JARCE

he

though

the upon domains

a wide

in

32 f. Baer, them published

by

Materialien 31

ff.

1941, IV,

19 ff. 541

This ff.

For

group

3

SAK

Janssen

Jac.J.

148

Taxation Turin Papyrus = 1895+2006 12 of Ramesses XI yr. (= RAD 35-44) pTurin of the collection Record of large of grain scribe of quantities by the the necropolis two Dhutimose assisted to the first by According guards. came from khato-lands column the grain It was collected in of pharaoh. 2)

some

towns west

the

to

the

(dated

in

necropolis,

for

year

of

probably The occurrence

3)

by

of

4)

Gurob

200

L is

From

their

are

small

and

occurrence fragment

is

to

papyrus,

the

as

mentioned

Still, Gardiner Materialien

the

the

khar

25, while

excessive. fixed

apparently 90

1086,

this

of

amount,

relatively II, (pWilbour 576. IV,

The so

The each

Ramesses

of from

II

a place in was delivered

grain of them

due

and

Merenptah.

texts

the

but

1 of

to

to

pertain

the

since is

as

refer,

ad

uncertain.90

however,

may

the

fragments The frequent in to ms,

obscure.

abbreviated

meaning,

small

in

Wilbour

the

institutions.

cannot fields. an for

II

sometimes

which

Smw,

be

an

iftwty,

in pTurin A, Wilbour the 10)

in

Hier.

3 (- LEM 122,9)

2,

no

offers of of

suggests

occurs

also

these 200

200

domain,

apportioning

papyrus status

occurrence note

II

Ramesses

of

exact

frequent 206,

State.

domain,

m ms,

It

that

is

which

Wilbour

54-55

nome).

(Faiyum), exact nature

their

of

that 200

quantity,

and pBologna

the

Ramesses

that

Miwer

with

domains

proves revenues

quantity

67

its

M deal

of

apparent

at

harem

normal

ly being same The

is

the

(= RAD 30-33)

years

conspicuous,

AA and

Fragments

The

the

M

badly damaged the expression

of L

the it

provenance

ministration

of

AA and

to

statue

(XVth U.E. a small

Nefrusi

L,

dated

of

of

taxes?)

yrs. a

(ihwtyw) khar. 89

Fragments

Fragment

89

of

yearly

gets

temples

(or

to

delivered

grain

neighbourhood two cultivators

deliver

income

small

of

( 33w), in

verso

papyrus. n Pr-C3, n p3 h it sk3) (imw, the general that impression to the necro and cultivators

(= RAD 59)

10447

pBrit.Mus.

the

The

receipt

foreingers Sherden

terms One

from

directly it was

although

Record the

went

by

the

direct

partly

intended.

probably

called

and

Thebes,

others

delivered

difficulties.

serious

partly

western

among

people technical

some

of

delivered

was

all

which

mainly grain same kind of

the

be

to shipped to the granary

and

itself,

capital

of

mayor

records

14)

the to

order

the

of

the

presents the grain

in

Thebes

in

and

Thebes

supervision

quantities

polis,

of

of

bank

the

under ly

south

khar

"interest";

Ostraca

hardly rejected

probab 82,

300 khar

explanation remains

tljwtyw could

khar

for

2

are this

obscure. be

accidental.

by

Helck,

1975

Economic

history

the

during

New

149

Kingdom

(= RAD 68-71) Fragments a register in or near of fields the Xth U.E. nome, belonging to the domains of some smaller in Thebes, (rmnywt) temples dependencies seems to be a rough of the Amun temple. The document and is much copy91 like the pWilbour. the iwt n nmfryw) for which "money" paid we may catch a glimpse of a type of fields not in any official occurring and about document mentioned the of which above, importance nothing is

known.

The

also

mayor

field

which

40

khar,

7)

Louvre

however,

has,

which

A very

has

I and

(type

has

only

been

Leather

another

4 arouras

inundated.

yielded

completely.

as

assessment

the

recording in the

Wilbour

317l9* pLouvre two columns the Each of

of

cultivation

(= RAD 60-63)

1 2/4

being in the

the

been

partly

document93

IA)

ordered

delivered

Fragments

fragmentary rate the

plots,

he

that

states

case

of

the

of

small

mostly

domains

apportioning

papyrus.

8)

one

cultivator, The

khar.

It

was

evidently to

due

institution. master for 91

94

the

thus

have

so

of

it

is

Memphis, to stated

another

(2,6),

records the

the

quantities

grain are

come

a

that

from

it

have

been

quantity

is

may

to

left

normal

1421

domain.

been

have

"taken

of

delivery 1000 and

a

secular

by the quarter the cultivator

(3,8). the

Obviously were noted

headings, down first, that suggest

I Wilbour

Gardiner's

of

far

since

may

imw,

granary

army"

seed-corn

The 93

the Part

of

wards. 92

called

grain,

so

published a rwdw

papyrus

For

the

rendering existence

The

two

columns

in:

JEA 27,

are

1941,

entries, document the be a fair may "Chief

of

in

written the

more published

56 ff.

a

clear in

lists

of

copy

by

such may

Taxing-master" fragments,

uncial

a very the

cf. Spiegelberg,

Baer,

and

hand

cursive

being notes

field-by-field a document. not

be

loc.cit., Rechnungen,

the

mentioning

hand,

filled of

the

rmnywt, in after surveyors.

correct.

quite 32, pi.

note 18;

53. cf.

Gardiner,

more

Several

documents could

agriculture minor offer category

the

Where mentioned,

the

point: this

the

Of

95 96

urgent there

reasons

E.g.: the

Miscellanies,

pHarris

98 99

may

special namely

subject that

the

are

of

which

may

the

of

aspects

to

the

NK

as

as

the

absence

can

the

only

Nauri

briefly

Decree,

from if

be

the

recently stela one

is

of

economy.

Egyptian

than

agriculture

1086,

"abnormal

so-called

documents

of

much

early

Dynasties

touched

pBologna

of

studied a slightly for only

not

group

these in

be

texts

added

room

they

on

data

to

has

a situation

be

interested

well

special

discussion

XXIst-XXIInd

discussion

those

from

mentioned.

briefly

of

the

more

of

I,

in

reflect

pWilbour. to

a group

is

I mean the

be

NK economy

used

probably from

to

has the

there

they

dates

with

comparison

is

further

papyrus.

present

certainly

will

majority one out

single

in

plots,

convinced

be

texts the

It

terms.

technical

donation

although to like

Wilbour

and

tasks

note 55. above, a short article

written

those

dis

documents

upon.

various

passages

from

etc. Gardiner on it

text the quotes never was which

II in pWilbour and (111 f.) Cf.-also Helck, published. 118 ff. RdE 22, in: 1970, a study 193) Mme Jacquet prepares

231 f. and 295 II, ff.; Menu, to Kitchen BIFAO (in: 73, 1973, According on the stelae. donation et Textes de In: langages l'Egypte pharaonique. Also de called cf. "stele Legrain, l'apanage"; and in: Z&S 35, 19-23. Erman, 1897; Materialien

97

the

documents

lack

the

See

the

Publication

but

wrote

of

documents, dating to by Malinine,98

course

above

used,

inadequately

of

the

I would

size

the

for

comparison; from that of

Everot.99 most

study

by

which

period sake of

cussed,

are

provided

of

agriculture,

the

contemporaneous

referred

NK

one

mention

only

been

a wealth

with

NK.97

I am strongly

differing hieratic"

the

of

study

source

Although from

the

than

subject more

now,

us

providing

later

periods

has

of the study texts mentioned

the

that

our

later

For

a comprehensive the about knowledge

clear

One

which,

I shall

here.

until

the the

of

here is studied the most period important donation of Penne from Aniba,96 five different mentioning are described, their boundaries several fields adjoining

the

fields. are

over

passed

texts.

donation

certainly

of

texts

for

most

while

quoted,95

problems

of

evidence

containing

be

SAK 3

Janssen

Jac.J.

150

Hommage in: ZXS

a 35,

I,

Champollion 1897,

13-16,

1972,

32.

1975

Economic

from

Apart may it,

of

on

kinds

the

significance

Dates

too

texts.

so

times, of in

private order

be

correct

They

but

quantitative

that

their

fields about

with

large as well gardens eco to their

in

grown

a

and

food,

daily

been

in

the

there

respect

diet,103 are several were

date-palms

houses

and

on

the

dependants for this proof

the

hands

for

Although

this

present

the

at

in

in modern

in mainly had to barter

is

the

gardens,

as

banks,

dates.

barter

in

than in

mentioned

was

institutions with

more

perhaps

grown

river

commerce

and

its

provide the only

the

data

part which

production state and the

persons to

the

Evidence

rare.

that

the

of

of

have

may

extremely

suggests104*

courts

of

product

textiles.100

part

known.

are

Megally

inner

the

151

Kingdom

important for

essential

an important played kind of fruit, of

other

any

an

fields,102

nomic

most

material

New

scanty.101

constitute

number

raw

extremely

are

the

during

economically the

flax, is

however,

Vegetables as

the

grain

been

have

history

them well

may

pLouvre

E 3226. Still

another

economic of

significance

wine

been

owners

of

other

to problems

technical

ioo

but

The

See

104

do

Etudes this

105

to

Delta

the

and a

require to also

of

The

not below, sur second study

Leipzig This may agriculture still the thesis

quite IV le

agree a. papyrus of

part

the

Was

wool

the

for the

and

the

with

study,

of

found

texts

(cf.

only

to

me

the

may

clothing 1094,

l:

l,

E

du

3226 thesis

Louvre is

still

Paris II, unpublished.

comprehensive dans

survey, l'ancienne

in of

n3

the

Ancient technical

somewhat

namely fcgypte",

Fernande Paris

ana to

only

be

underrated.

mentioned V,

in

and 798.

paintings.

Orient, of

aspects is

f.) stela

SO;

f.;

out-of-date, Hartmann's 1923.

146

Materials, Snw d3iw

396

1969,

the

these

not

n Hnw). ifd 810 f. The of is cultivation flax V, and is shown tomb in reliefs frequently with Helck's in Materialien suggestion

the

suggested,

viticulture.105

Lucas-Harris,

(pBologna

consumption Who were the

that

attention of

aspects

articles

as

the

the

well-to-do?

seems

It

of Lutz, and Viticulture Brewing at is 1922, present antiquated. be the to mention a study place in general also which, though

"L1agriculture

the

indeed,

oases?

been

and

organisation To what extent has

viticulture

the

have

its

temple

special economic

the

9:

the I

products.

vineyards?

Materialien Helck, Letters Hekanakhte

103

its

Ahmose-Nofretari

Cf.

102

of

garments to in

and of

viticulture,

significance woolen are referred

Actual

101

the

restricted

the

restricted

is

subject

the

of

ding

cattle,

origins technical

been

its

own

The

fields

meant

for

has

grain,110

and

hence

as

it

has

was

at

home

not

in

and

there, another

cavators

and

the

of

settlements

have

relative

if

was

that

not

connected were

with with

fed

of was

Cattle been

of

and

a

adduce the

were

this the

cattle-herds not:

certainly

in

kept

importance count

if

numbers.112

large

a question the ex if

pigs,113

solution of

bones

Delta

the

Usually

pastures. but even portion

may

assemble

carefully

of

Egypt.

may

is

information white

and

and

up

subject in

studied

presents cattle

many

add

this

been

the

stables.

Upper

sheep

not

on

personnel and goats

region,111 a large

whether

and

goats

problem

will

pasture

Middle

the

situation

the

asked

excavations

which

of

main

be

in

kept

that

the to

correct

of cattle

without

does

never

grain,

that

to paid illustrates

instance,

produce

sustenance

conclude mainly

is

problem

indicated

the

to

to

been

Material

temple-herds

seem

not

however,

of

bree

was

has

yet

for

papyrus, for

as

has

but

the

farmers,

decoration

animals.

domestic

by Wilbour

These

one

Another

of

intended

exclusively the herds

for

and

Helck108

presented

"goats".109

Still

a country of even of pigs,

foremost

goats,

function

rights. fields

concerning

rare

and

sheep

economic

the

has

is

and

first

much attention Recently significance. the while tomb of domestication,106 All of breeding.107 this, aspects

economic

to

was

Egypt

Although

3

SAK

Janssen

Jac.J.

152

the

domestic

animals. 106

Cf.

Peter

J.

and Smith

Plants H.G.

value.

little Africa 107

See Mile

108 109

110

(2

Unless

replacing the entries

direction

695; used

e.g., cf. for

Kees, above,

always the pf

Manuel

V,

means

particularly

of

Origin I

chapters

commas "goat"; word

older

and

Egypt of

history The

Epstein, 1971.

in

and

of

Exploitation the

article

but

II,

I

since ("goats") instances many

it

also

of

the

am by will

no

by of

is

it Egypt pharaonic the Animals Domestic

of

thesis

con

means

include

sheep

Wt.

113

occuring The information influence

the

18

Kulturgeschichte, Ila)

suggests which may

pasturing, be concluded in ostraca the

This

much

H. too, New York

Domestication

ancient

a completely the and false present picture pWilbour a similar to not to actual but value and oipes their (for products point II to pLouvre E 3226, cf. in relation part by Megally suggested At present I do not 382 know of in this indication f.) p. any thesis, in the Wilbour papyrus.

112

can

nh

The

Dimbleby, for 1969; the economic

For

Vandier,

that

"sacks"

Cf.,

G.W.

London

(note 105). 473 ff. III, 22 ff. I use inverted

Materialien Gardiner, vinced as well,

and

See,

vols),

particularly Hartmann

possibility of his 111

Ucko

Animals, (307 ff.).

from from

by Herodotus on egyptologists.

the

that be

large correct.

numerous Deir that

ff.

O'Connor areas

of

instances

el-Medina. were pigs

impure

(Man, Middle of

nh, (11,47)

Settlement Egypt but

may

and

were also have

Urbanism,

mainly of had

cattle, too

1975

Economic

last

The

more

suffice

to

in

ancient

this

kind

may

little

we

know

economic

with

the

role

the

of are

be

but

raised,

about

most

the

the

will

above

economic

important in the

mentioned

or

a natural

either

"electrum",

of

aspects

an

artificial

of

products texts,

them

among

of

alloy

ancient

and

gold

Red

the

in

Dongola to

of

aspects

geographical The coutter.117

have mining gold area is situated

bearing gold latitude from the

Sea, the

can

and

south,

the

sil

of

be

been

between in

Qena

into

divided

indications

of

by Ver

studied

the

the

north

Nile to

valley

that

of

three

correspon regions of Coptos", "gold was from imported

the

desert

"gold Egyptian some gold of Kush". and "gold Although as tribute or as booty, the XVIIIth either Asia Dynasty, during came from metal the mining districts. of the precious certainly ding of Wawat"

technical

largely of

the

obscure. all

mines

separately; amount of

labour

put

the

the

destination

11Xf

For

115

51-60, In, this

a

survey, and in:

116

For

117

graphical In: Kush See

an

also

Op.cit., of the

of

processes but

known,118

118

d m,

116

The

The

of

Egypt.

one has been gold varieties Several

Egypt.115

and

its

and

apiculture114 in connection

studied

153

Kingdom

Mining

Doubtless

ver.

how

indicate

be

the

New

population.

of

problems

agriculture

is

to

diet

the

during

mention

a question of the

the

Several

b

I will

point

significance, in honey

history

econojnic

like

together fluctuations

and

required of the gold,

and

LdX

section exhaustive Studies 7,

1959,

and Egypt discussion in 128

that of

Leclant, 786 I,

Lucas-Harris, 228 Cf. ff. production.

aspects to

We would

cf.

and

mining

well

fairly are

still

the

is, de

Traite

the

through enlisted

for; paid the into going

percentages de

biologie

the

ages;

and

l'abeille

Paris

V,

1968,

ff. Nubia of Cf.

Ancient also

production way it was

that

Ancient ff.

are

gold

production out the yearly for know, instance, of each district and each mine

the

the

in:

refining the gold

of

most

are the

Egyptian the map Egyptian

Vercouttter,

as

treated words

a unity.

indicating

Minerals, indicating

gold Berlin the

224

Materials, op.cit.,

139

cf.

1961, ancient

ff.,

Lexico

Harris, 32 ff. mines

on

p.

ff. for

the

organisation

129.

154

royal

treasury,

among

the

sources,

all

of

few

annals

production record the Wawat

in

on

remarks

of

Tuthmosis

of

the

four

is

the

there

rather and

the

those

used

to

some

is

function

finance

foreign

in of

study

the eco

the

in the gold do more than

of

I cannot

undertaken,

distributed

evidence

a

Since

vague.

and

subject.

III

Nubian

amounts

quantities

problems

it

gold mining not yet been

has

society a

offer

these

temples,119

the

pharaoh;

of

implications

Egyptian

the

most

though

nomic

of

the

of

3

SAK

Janssen

treasuries

subjects etc. For

commerce;

The

the

Jac.J.

contain

indications

administrative

delivered

in

Kush

by

six

the

regarding Wawat

districts

different

gold Kush. They

and

those

years,

from

The

of Kush in that average yearly production c. 15 that Wawat of 248 kilogrammes. appears kilogrammes, period the output of the mines in the is virtually Unfortunately, region Coptos are reasons to was there believe it that much unknown, although higher to to than that of Nubia. Urk. Tuthmosis III IV, 630, gave According in the course of Karnak the of his in total temple probably reign or c. to over 13840 be 152107 which 613 should added deben deben, kg., of

of

"gold

years.120 to be

cAmu"121

152720

gether amount

the

mines

in

from

said

to

the

not

119 120

was

The

gold

his

temple

from

Cf.

Helck, exclusive deliveries the

121

district und Urk.

123

A

property to the

"mountain near Volkernameh, 629 IV,

comparable or 3339 deben to

stated may

for

Mia, cf.

Abydos; Materialien of

VI, the

king

not

come

we

been

in 1784

donation that

alone

Nubia

if

most

That for

Retenu,

assume

is

(cf.

to

stated NAWG

Kanais, Since

f.

kg.123

is

instance,

the

it

of

year or deben

34,

while

162,3

of

kg.

kg. can

15000 was

it

not

all

the

god.

instance,

pharaoh here recorded

from

55 deben

have

if

15000

yearly.

kg.

of

a total

the

Schott, 948

least

mineral

Morenz, have will

be

1961, wealth

assigned Nr. 6, seems

175 to

Prestige-Wirtschaft, the comprised

I

by Sethos ff. have

been 24)

total

to the

the of

output

mines.

The

122

Wadi

at

to

at

265

and

to

so

more

over

turned

33

figures

the

all

attained,

c. produced the tribute year

enormous

is and rings, there lumps which to the the king donated

could

stated

Megiddo From such

666).

that

booty

unlikely; in the is

from

IV, be

deben

to

reason;

this

of

shapes

quantity

country

is

45

be

this

that

Asia

booty

(Urk.

that

unknown

besides

Moreover,

kg.

the

objects golden have been may

total

the

obvious

came

14000

an

for

separately

in

given a number of

depicted so that god,122 is

c.

have

also

It

mentioned

or

deben to

said

c.

be

have

doubted,

of the

cAmu"

is,

Third Wiesbaden

to

according but

Cataract, 1972,

Vercoutter

see

Karola

the I3l) Afrikanische

(op.cit., Zibelius,

mining Orts

99.

ff. figure

occurs

in

of dPm (cf. kg. to been given see but Davies,

the

tomb

of

Puyemre

I, Davies, Puyemre of Amun. the temple op.cit.,

89.

(Urk. 36). pi. whether

IV,

526), namely This quantity

the

figure

is

36692 is

also

reliable

1975

Economic

Whether we

Here

the

figures

may

compare

is

Amun

it

the

may

XXth

of

by

the

subjects

Ramesses total

III of

-

are

only

amounts gold

value the

gold

other

Cerny

has

while

that

may

have

1:120

from

Deir

during

XXth

el-Medina,

the

Cf.

Karnak

Cf.

Save-Soderbergh, Materialien Helck, 6 (2289, 4 deben)

Cf. 68b,

I,

(BAR IV, 386, See my Commodity

pis.

region.125

Karnak

temple

a

to

2464,6

together to the

papyrus

of

XXth

the total figures concerning have been far than the higher are also uncertain what the with

the

seems

the

was

1:200

have

XVIIIth with

hence

was

during

Since, according an ox was 100 to

been

of relatively

the

Dynasty, of other

that and

gold:silver

value

modern to

scarce,

ratio

copper

the

during

in economic also clergy, of view may be slight. point

this

comparison

relatively

Dynasty. price

which

Nubia,

the

during

in

the

and

delivered

Coptos

production

low

that

between*gold the

not

least

was

silver

hand,

at

been

be

the

Comparison the

or

NK,

demonstrated

and

127

the

to

be

reliable

we

mean. Since

to

said

in

development of the power for

temples,

actually

during of

the

useless.

quite

abundant

126

to

recorded is

increasing actual proof provide may or may

which

donated

the

232,7

political

to

unable

production,

quantities

125

we

the

the

although

the

of

picture shows

which

Dynasty, matters

124

production. of the production

usual

the

Here

from

according

that

reliable.

to

received

kg.)

stones, than

are

received

2865

(=

roughly

came

which

these kg. Comparing figures a sharp to assume is forced of decline a Ramesses III that far kept assumption in agreement for is not other purposes

The

gold

electrum

together is said

quantity of it

production

one

above

of

in

information.

Nubia

objects golden the other temples

while

mentioned

portion

gold

most

the temples together a value or of 2557,3 deben

larger

On

donated

deben,

The and

Karnak,124

are

I provides

(12a,9).

dedication

importance

above

and

study.

a

in

precious

less

figures

Egypt

temple, of the

of

careful

at

besides

kg.),

All

at gold with those the total

Not

also

92,7

deben.126

with

the

a decline

indicate

may

1/8 of

mentioned

Harris

from

gold kite

record

was

higher

papyrus

Dynasty

donations yearly 569 deben and 6

(=

gold

Montu-temple

the

requiring

Montu-temple 31485 1/3 deben

2292

155

Kingdom

the

received

that

be

in

New

a point

another

III

the

Since

is

with

of

deben

3/4 etc.

For

them

the

during

reliable

Amenophis to have said

25182

bronze,

of

are

of

inscription the god and

history

expensive. 1:2,

usually

the to 120

and 12 f. See also Urk. 1668. p. IV, und 211. Nubien, Xgypten 953 and 416. The recorded total VI, III, a scribal is as Breasted error, clearly note c). 173. Prices,

goods.

XVIIIth the

Dynasty

ostraca

deben

of

copper127

pHarris

I,

20-29

in has

suggested

156

we may

state

(c. the

was

litres)

to

perspective 570

deben

of

not

such

present Modern

yearly.

would

be

revived

this

century

main

factor

The

haps The

miners

and

convicts,130

in

although far

out

The

above

in

useful

is,

output

question, suggest

130 131 132 133

Lucas

mining of data

gold list

important Egyptians

NK,132

where

was

out the relatively point of the production that

Lucas-Harris,

temples at

is

there

been

production. has been of

the Per

labour.

local

the

by

the

pharaoh.129

slaves,

prisoners

were

also

were

popu

in

used

rather

low,

miners

the

supply

war

of

show

in

which

drawn

the

up

by

a

of

importance

the

economic

aspects

Helck131

may

special

are

taken a

provide

found

mineral themselves the

mines

copper

the

did

Egypt not mine

may

have

at

various

in

total the

discussing

of

and

copper

together

with

that

VI, Sinai

947-967. II, 205.

7.

87. (op.cit.,

142)

argues

that

the

by the

again The

places.133

low consumption eastern desert

the

exploited was

Lucas-Harris,

copper.

copper

been

region

producing

won

was

in

226.

Harris,

Inscr.

to

production to expensive

unknown.

completely

Save-Soderbergh, op.cit., Vercoutter 188. Op.cit., were men. educated miners Cf.

main

copper

however,

Materialien

lend

the

gold

certainly

worked

of

to

although The

population. desert

industry on account

categories

costs

may

point.

the

during local

gold

was

have

relatively

suffice

may

economically we know the

as

far

the

gold

grain was

desert.

remarks

other

eastern

128

the

that

course

of

were

same

the

possibly

costs

the

delivered

may

to III

the

respect

mines

region

mean of

starting

Sinai

129

was

Egyptian account. The

into

the

Coptos

of

study

So

the

of

of data

Tuthmosis

discontinued

being

1 deben

animal.

comparison. in

this

Nubian

production

would

it

in

the

and

That

Nubia.

The

total

the

lation,

times

of

that

was

1 khar

of

price that

an

such

buy

meaning of grain. These he donated that

for

mention but

the

time

interested

instance,

ancient

the

available

Lucas-Harris,

in

litres

For

material

III

statement

Ramesses'

for

costs.128

4560

to

sufficient

copper,

or

khar

gold

economists

early

of

3

SAK

of

reign 2 deben

60

of

equivalent

some c.

the

during

76

Janssen

was gold of Ramesses

1 deben

that

Moreover,

Jac.J.

overseers

of

the

1975

ot

Economic

Sinai

for

as

However,

may

mining indicated the

but

total

aware

the

this

excavator

of

which

ample is unknown. for be

has

not

The

discovery technical

the

the sought

offered

yet

of aspects

have

may

correctly was transported to Egypt, copper on Egyptian as yet is economy

the

district

mining

area.

the

concerning excavator

the

and

ore, along

of

influence

however, amount

is, the

production our knowledge

the

melting sea-route

the

am

I

increased

and

of

as

There

Cyprus, though Araba that (Timna)134 suggest source the to for mineral has

Wadi

important

the

have

sufficient. and

Asia

the

far

of

estimate

Timna

in

an

Period

Ramesside here.

indeed

from

import excavations

Recent

any

been

have

may

evidence

157

New Kingdom

the

during

history

obscure

It

is

clear

was

used

may

not

be

for

no

by

measure

of

means

at

purpose,

contracts

was

least

scrap

were

and

even

a

lawsuit.

property to expensive were

workmen

In for as

be

to

that

(and

industry the

total

a particularly where Egypt"135 of

time

the

by Empire henceforth The the

134 135

the

to far

Cf.

B.

P.

274.

army),

to

Rothenberg,

interesting that argues

Peoples

certainly

I see

has

been

the

the

and

problem written

Timna,

just and

may

documents

London

shows

their

the

amount

1972.

the

gold, What

are

to

silent

Iron causes of

study. the NK? The able

in

the

destruction

Egyptians

be

I would

decisive

of

the etc.)

the

"The

Burden

Age in the for the Hittite

possibility for iron.

exactly

this

to

like

has

archaeologists a solution. suggest in

the

copper required a guess even

Wilson of

to

offer

Here of

out value.

of to

unable

(grain,

after

sufficiently

also

suggestion the beginning

the

was handed

required.

since

disposal tools the

tools

or

of

of

single The

are

one

their

blade

But

Dynasty.

commodities

most

hand,

wq

deprived their products further requires

during the

though

particularly

exchange

iron

possessed

produced

Dynasty

Sea

consider as

he

NK,

the

question role of

have So

XXth

of

decline

Egypt

quantities

mention of

which

registered,

seems

is

of

subject

carefully

general its

the

a

the

at

was

scarce, XXth

early

had

other

it

demonstrate,

among

necropolis

On the

pharach,

the

That

NK.

fairly

occurs

the

the

ostraca

certainly

copper

the

during

the

until

of and the workmen exchanged, tools. of copper numbers large of

rare as

value,

which

silver,

this

sale

several

was

copper

common

decisive;

used

also in

that a

as

respect.

been will

158

About

other

etc.,

there

mic as

mining is not

value.136 as

well

have

Some

been

the

which in

decline with

the

value

the

minerals,

precious

sufficient

material

available

them,

quantity

of

-

due

uncertain,

as

is

the

influenced

the

and

minerals

and

more

c

Crafts

it

and

work

representations

136 138 139 140 1**1

in

por

tfie

See

905

f.

See

below, e.g.,

It

is

Neuen

of

of

government

economic

aspects

eco

copper, is

silver, have

may

will

subject

of

mining

much

require

study

the

actual

the

a

of

position of the the

workmen,

were

established, little

as

of

as

well

body

craftsmen,

various

the

from

on

the

aspects

are

of

craftsmen

free

workers

the

be

may

still

attached the

temple workshops, cost of production all these have

material

Materialien

the

NK is

etc.,

economic

existence

indeed, Helck,

the

the

weaving,

products

but

of

aspects

working,

the

during about

and never and

subject,

VI.

248. and

Prices also chapter Petrie,

up-to-date,

material

prices is,

see

sources,

the

metal

the

for

the

value

the

technical

tombs,1*1

materials

the

classes ruling us little tell

the market, legal the economic function

There

Lucas-Harris, Cf. Cerny,

Cf., more

the

which

studied.

The

as

such

an

unknown.

from

the

Problems

way

econo

constitutes

in

extent

for The

carpentry,

known,11*0

for producing to the temples, raw of supply

stone,

building their

silver.139

scarce. yet

as

in

obscure.

assess

quantities

large

what

data

organisation.

such

well

fairly

137

to

that

as

of

-

1:60138

a rise

means

it

of

fairly

to

influx

question

appears are

occupations

been

fact

the

the knowledge concerning extensive written documents

their

the

to

depreciation

material

rather

to

but the origin imported, unknown. too will Silver

are

1:100

our

While

stones,

were

tin,

imports

from

in

Whether is

summary,

the

copper

problem. whether it

In

as

such

3

SAK

products, of

of

nomic or

Janssen

of it may actually have been imported, part although was a natural the of The product country.137 sharp value of silver as compared the XlXth during Dynasty

mostly

electrum,

Jac.J.

appropriate published Reiches I",

my

Wages

Commodity Vc. and

Arts

Lucas-Harris, to mention by

Luise

Heidelberg

in

Cahiers

Egypt,

106

Prices, of

Crafts

d'histoire

mondiale

l,

1954,

ff.

Ancient

Egypt,

London-Edinburgh

1910,

and,

Materials. in

this

Klebs 1934.

connection in

her

"Die

the Reliefs

invaluable collection und Malereien des

of

Economic

1975

the a

can

reader few

The

the

during the

not, on

comprehensive NK a class

exception In a recent houses

the

in

he

which

fortunately related

law

of

by the - has VI)

In

saw

an

the

written

to

than

members

el-cAmarna

by

those

of

the

to

of

be

the

lower

classes,

labourers.

free

silent

possible class.

upper

in

seem

documents

the

that

existence

either

dependent with the

of

or

market

out142

surrounded the

existed

a free

institutions, to

of

there

whether for

pointed

indication

be

working were craftsmen

attached

closely

Kemp has were officials

never

yet

craftsmen

the

prices

craftsmen

by in

come

the

into

studied. on

the

in

this

Un

matter.

keep

the

peasants

the

royal

function in

mind

be

may

account,

dealt

with

of

that

possible

but

no

that

below

craftsmen

most

that

themselves. or

temple of

possession

be

it

own

in

free

connection

V c).

economic to

Still

their

will

question

(chapter

estimating is important made

been working

The

existed.

were

craftsmen

all that being the governmental

on

those

as

were

market

it

more

section

this

was a free whether there market dominated problem by the the governing and demand besides of redistribution system supply - for which are state indications indeed abundant (see chapter

The

with

in

find

seems

question of free

article

of

there

or

temples of

to

expect

159

Kingdom

remarks.

alternative

the

New

the

during

not

therefore

disconnected

most

history

lower

Egyptian use daily

made

goods will .

classes

the

of

objects

Luxury

workshops

the

in

by

society certainly

specialized

only

by

exception

From

the

ostraca

have of

were that it appears few craftsmen connected with only course were its this of members themselves in community specialized most the tombs the the metal workers. decorating important group being were Woodwork and basketry made by the consumers themselves. Probably Deir

el-Medina

same

the

to

produced

me

an

whether

for kind 142 143

metal

from

Apart times

for

by

particular

(Hier.Ostr.

peasant

been

pots;

that

and

88.6).

its

Urbanism, existence

even

is, An

industry.143

for

all or

regional

of

types

cloth

workmen. whether

question have

population.

be

may

specialized

concentrated

Settlement Man, An indication

the it

objects

important there

of

true

holds

668 may

ff., be

and

regards

of

it

was

pottery,

it

to

this 673

the

phrase

most seems or

locally, at

centres,

we may

whether

particularly seen in

were

made

national

answer

that

pottery

As

least

of

speak

some

can

question ff. X1&3d3iw

of

Coptos"

be

perhaps

seems

that

and garments,14*6 The economic shop. of

other

In

1116

seems

or,

of

from

organisation to. alluded The

other

the

manufacture

of

and

ivory,

there

were

may

be

time

The

in

expected.

144

of

145 146

147 148

mentioned

the

shop

to

of

ff.)

in: c

position

by Glanville, by

Spiegelberg,

much

existed

relative

record

ebony

intended

for

the

eco the Again to state is, that

of

this

royal

It

can

kind

and

dockyards size the

importance, and personnel

their

as

such

conclusion. surprising to draw will allow

not

but

there

not

however, seems to

Syrians. are able

a hardly two texts11*9

that

of

and

ed.

cf. 1974,

. my

Two

in:

mention Rechnungen,

fairly

its

of the

payment,

1931,

certain pi.

9,

Ship's

105 ff.

hieratiques

V, account and

9,

Radiocarbon

(cf.

Stockholm a

For may

1971-1972,

1970, tech practical be of importance 21 ff. and

87 ff.

bartering)

papyrus

St.Petersbourg, Materialien

respect. which study,

frequently

fact,

ZAS 66,

analysis U. 01sson,

JARCE

Egyptian

(in

Les a

1968,

Ancient are

Ingrid in this

in:

Fairservis, 147 ff.

BECTHMKl (103),

imperial cf. Helck,

by

possibilities in an archaeological

Golenishchev,

also

thermoluminescent

Chronology,

who temples, were "selling"

Published

cf.

mostly we All

economy, their

valuable

Published

l'Ermitage and comments, One may here

the know

chemical

offer

2008t20l6; to the 100

these

about

Absolute

CF. Bogoslovski, pTurin attached

is

which

is,

was

on

light

period,

which

eco

pLeningrad of Prw dockyard

materials of

part were

obscure.

of

we

of handling pottery nique for economic researches, SAK in: 1, Eggebrecht,

cit.,

is

same

the

that

the

for

royal some limited

valuable

to

etc.

may

de 149

workmen

nothing the

and

ff.)

about of

joinery,

usual,

methods

Variations 129

from

own

its

and

the

function

other

"sold"

household

importance 100561*7

sheds

economic

made

objects

and

Its

text,

production,

Modern

of

and

the

and

temple

temple

weavers

documents

III

yard.

relation

As

but workshops, their production, cost

the

royal workshops, further study

that

two

probably of

conclusions be

to

a

of products in relation

production

independent

Tuthmosis

of

hence

ships. function

were

they

period, namely pBrit.Mus. former contains records of

nfr the

royal nomic

possibly, unknown.

refer

testimony

this

in

concentrated that

of

analysis 1