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RVNFNGDK BC MVNBSNÍÉK 

Prkoctk bc sufstníócs cgètrhins bk thpk Cgctrkicetrk

Nguek? Lurhgk Jkescin Nzhz

8>09>=

Krhcetnbkr? Prkj. Br. Mngbcekrk Fkturn Ouehkr  

Ykrkinfn, 08 bc Lnrík bc 60>3

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Lurhgk Jkescin Nzzh

Prkoctk bc sufcstníócs cgètrhins bk thpk Cgctrkicetrk? cstubk bc insk bk prkoctk LIV bn Iklpnedhn Zngc bk Vhk Bkic.

Rrnfngdk bc Mrnbuníék bk Iursk bc Cemcednrhn

bc Iketrkgc c

Nutklníék bn SECYP Ykrkinfn, ikl k kfocthvk bc kftcr k tìtugk bc Fnidnrcg

cl

Cemcednrhn

bc

Iketrkgc c Nutklníék Krhcetnbkr? Prkj. Br¿ Mngbcekrk Fkturn Or.

Ykrkinfn

 

60>3

6

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Jhidn intngkmrîjhin cgnfkrnbn pcgn Fhfghktcin bn Secsp Iælpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Nzhz, Lurhgk Jkescin. Prkoctk bc sufcstníócs cgètrhins cgctrkicetrk / Lurhgk Jkescin Nzhz, 60>3. :0 j. ? hg.

bk

thpk

Krhcetnbkr? Mngbcekrk Fkturn Oÿehkr Rrnfngdk bc Ikeigusék bc Iursk (Mrnbuníék)’ Sehvcrshbnbc Cstnbung Pnughstn. Iælpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn, Ykrkinfn, 60>3. >. Yufcstníócs cgètrhins. 6. Yhstclns bc cecrmhn cgètrhin. 9. Prkoctks bc cemcednrhn. H. Sehvcrshbnbc Cstnbung Pnughstn. Iælpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn. HH. Rìtugk.

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9

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

NMVNBCIHLCERKY  Nmrnbcík prhlchrnlcetc à SECYP c scus prkjcsskrcs pkr tcrcl sc prckiupnbk cl nulcetnr lcus ikedcihlcetks c hlpugshkenr lcu bcscok bc nprcebhznmcl, nircbhtnebk cl lcu pktceihng. Cl cspcihng nk Prkj. Br. Mngbcekrk Fkturn Oÿehkr lcu prkjcsskr c krhcetnbkr ecssc trnfngdk. Nks lcus ikgcmns bc turln c nlhmks bc jniugbnbc, prheihpngcetc nks iklpnedchrks bn Vcpÿfghin DL pkr tkbn n iketrhfuhíék c prkethbék cl noubnr bcsbc k heìihk en uehvcrshbnbc. C, nmrnbcík, cxicpihkenglcetc nks lcus pnhs, lcus dcrùhs, quc hevcsthrnl suns vhbns cl lhl, sclprc lc heicethvnebk en fusin heicssnetc pkr ikedcihlc ikedcihlcetk. etk.

2

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

VCYSLK Cssc bkiulcetk nprcscetn ul cstubk bc insk bk prkoctk LIV (Lkfhgc Irusdhem Vhem) bn iklpnedhn Zngc bk Vhk Bkic, kebc sék cstubnbns ns ecicsshbnbcs bc prkoctk fcl iklk tkbn n skguíék prkpkstn ikl sufcstníócs cgètrhins bk thpk Cgctrkicetrk. Rkbks ks tùphiks ecicssîrhks pnrn n cgnfkrníék c bcscevkgvhlcetk bc ul prkoctk iketcebk sufcstníócs cgètrhins bk thpk Cgctrkicetrk sék nfkrbnbks. Bcssn jkrln, ikl cssc bkiulcetk, k gchtkr è inpnz bc bcscevkgvcr prkoctks, c nhebn nvnghnr ns vnetnmces bn uthghzníék bcssc thpk bc skguíék.

3

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

NFYRVNIR  Rdhs bkiulcet rcprcscets n fushecss insc nfkut ZNGC‘s LIV (Lkfhgc Irusdhem Vhem)  prkocit he wdhid hs stubhcb tdc eccbs nfkut tdc prkocit ns wcgg ns tdc skguthke prkpkscb whtd prc-jnfrhintcb sufstnthkes. Ngg tdc  tkphis ecicssnry tk cgnfkrntc neb bcvcgkp n  prkocit iketnhehem prc-jnfrhintcb sufstnthkes nrc nengyzcb. Rdcrcjkrc, whtd tdhs bkiulcet, rcnbcrs nrc inpnfgc tk bcvcgkp prkocits neb tk cvnguntc acy pkhets kj tdhs aheb kj skguthke.

:

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

GHYRN BC JHMSVNY Jhmurn >? Cgclcetks bk Y Yhstcln hstcln Cgètrhik bc Pktïeihn................................... Pktïeihn.................................................>6 ..............>6 Jhmurn 6 ’  Zhstn cxtcren bk Cgctrkicetrk....... Cgctrkicetrk................................ ............................................... ....................................>2 ..............>2 Jhmurn 9 ’  Zhstn hetcren bk Cgctrkicetrk...... Cgctrkicetrk.................................. .................................................. ...................................>2 .............>2 Jhmurn 2 ’  Cxclpgk  Cxclpgk bc sufcstníék n ièu nfcrtk....................................................... nfcrtk.........................................................>4 ..>4 Jhmurn 3 ’  Cxclpgk bc sufcstníék cl hhetcrhkrcs................ etcrhkrcs...................................... ........................................>4 ..................>4 Jhmurn : ’  Cxclpgk bc sufcstníék fghebnbn........................ fghebnbn.............................................. .......................................>8 .................>8 Jhmurn = ’  Ikestruíék bc sufcstníé sufcstníékk cl ngvcenrhn................................. ngvcenrhn.....................................................> ....................>88 Jhmurn 4 ’  Ikestruíék bc sufcstníé sufcstníékk cl ngvcenrhn................................. ngvcenrhn.....................................................6 ....................600 Jhmurn 8 ’  Cstruturn  Cstruturn bn Lnquhen bc Frhtnmcl Lùvcg c pkshíék bk cgctrkicetrk........62 cg ctrkicetrk........62 Jhmurn >0 ’  LOI  LOI ’  Frhtnbkr bc lnebìfugn......... lnebìfugn.................................. ................................................ ................................62 .........62 Jhmurn >>  ’  PLI  PLI ’  Rrnespkrtnbkr lkbugnr pkrtîthg............................................ pkrtîthg...................................................63 .......63 Jhmurn >6  ’  Nrrneok  Nrrneok bkpcrnihkeng bc 0> mrupk bc kpcrníék LOI/PLI/PLI...........63 Jhmurn

>9  ’   Bhnmrnln

Sehjhgnr

bn

cetrnbn

bc

>9,8aZ

bk

prkoctk

LIV....................................... LIV.................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................. ......................................6: ...............6: Jhmurn >2 - Bhnmrnln uehjhgnr quc rcprcscetn k pnhecg bc icetrk bc iketrkgc bc lktkr 240Z .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................. .............................................. ........................................6= .................6= Jhmurn >3 - Bhnmrnln uehjhgnr quc rcprcscetn k pnhecg bc icetrk bc iketrkgc bc lktkr 240Z................................... 240Z............. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................... ............................................... ........................6= ..6= Jhmurn >:  ’   Bhnmrnln uehjhgnr quc rcprcscetn k pnhecg bc hevcrskrcs bc 240Z.................................... 240Z............. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ .............................................6 .......................644

=

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Jhmurn >=  ’   Bhnmrnln uehjhgnr quc rcprcscetn ks pnheèhs bc hgulheníék c iklnebk............................... iklnebk....... .............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ...........................................6 .....................688 Jhmurn >4 - Bhnmrnln uehjhgnr quc rcprcscetn ks pnheèhs bc hgulheníék h gulheníék c iklnebk................................ iklnebk....... ............................................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ........................68 ..68 Jhmurn >8 - Cxclpgk bc ul pnhecg bc lèbhn ttcesék.......... cesék................................ ............................................. ........................9> .9> Jhmurn 60 ’  Hgustrníék  Hgustrníék bc trnesjkrlnbkr bc pktïeihn n scik..................................... scik...........................................99 ......99 Jhmurn 6> - Hgustrníék bc trnesjkrlnbkr bc hgulheníék n scik 63aZN...........................92 Jhmurn 66 ’  IIL  IIL bc fnhxn ttcesék cesék uthghznbk ek prkoctk.................................. prkoctk..................................................9: ................9: Jhmurn 69 ’  Hevcrskr  Hevcrskr bc jrcquïeihn bc fnhxn tcesék NIY 430.................................. 430........................................9= ......9= Jhmurn 62 ’  Hgustrníék  Hgustrníék bk shstcln bc SPY uthghznbk ek prkoctk......................................98 prkoctk......................................98 Jhmurn 63 ’ Hgustrníék Hgustrníék bc ul qunbrk bc bhstrhfuhíék.............................. bhstrhfuhíék..................................................... .........................98 ..98 Jhmurn 6: ’ Cxclpgk Cxclpgk bc shstcln bc ighlnthzníék bc tctk....................................... tctk.................................................2> ..........2> Jhmurn 6= - Cxclpgk bc pnhecg bc ngnrlc bc heiïebhk....................................................29 heiïebhk....................................................29 Jhmurn 64 - Cxclpgk bc bctcitkr pketung............................ pketung.................................................. ............................................2 ......................222 Jhmurn 68 - Cxclpgk bc nihkenbkr lneung..................... lneung........................................... ............................................. ...........................22 ....22 Jhmurn 90 - Yhstcln bc rcjrhmcrníék pkr nr............................................ nr................................................................... ..........................3> ...3> Jhmurn 9= - Gnykut - C- Dkusc LIV……………………………….……………..........36

4

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

GHYRN BC RNFCGNY Rnfcgn >? Prheihpnhs clprcsns lhecrnbkrns ek Frnshg......................... Frnshg................................................ ..........................66 ...66 Rnfcgn 6 ’  Inrnitcrìsthins  Inrnitcrìsthins bk trnesjkrlnbkr bc pktceihn bk prkoctk LIV..................99 Rnfcgn 9 ’  Bnbks tèiehiks bk pnhecg LEY................. LEY....................................... ................................................ ............................93 ..93 Rnfcgn 2 ’  Ghstn bc inrmn ^B >9,4aZ.................................... >9,4aZ........................................................... .......................................23 ................23 Rnfcgn 3 ’  Ghstn bc inrmn pnhecg bc hevcrskr............... hevcrskr..................................... ............................................. ............................23 .....23 Rnfcgn : ’  Ghstn bc inrmn IIL 240Z................. 240Z....................................... ............................................. ....................................2= .............2= Rnfcgn = ’  Cquhpnlcetks  Cquhpnlcetks bn sngn cgètrhin bk LIV................................... LIV......................................................28 ...................28

8

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

YSLÎVHK >. >.  

HERVKBSÍÉK .......................................................................................................................... >>  >.>.  >.6. 

6. 6.  

VCZHYÉK FHFGHKMVÎJHIN ................................................................................................... >:  6.>.  6.6.  6.9.  6.2. 

9. 9.  

OSYRHJHINRHZN ............................................................................................................................... >2  KFOCRHZKY ............................................................................................................................ .............................................................. ...................................................................... ........ >3 

YSFCYRNÍÓCY ................................................................................................................................ >:  IGNYYHJHINÍÉK BC YSFCYRNÍÓCY................................................................ ....................................................................................................... ....................................... >:  NFKVBNMCL BC IKEYRVSÍÉK BC SLN YSFCYRNÍÉK CGÈRVHIN YCISEBÎVHN  ..........................  ............................................. ................... >8  VN_ÓCY PNVN YC SRHGH_NV YSFCYRNÍÓCY PVÈ-JNFVHINBNY BK RHPK CGCRVKICERVK ..................................... 60 

PVKOCRK .................................................................................................................................. 66  9.>.  9.6.  9.9. 

LCVINBK BC LHECVNÍÉK ...................................................................................  .............................................................................................................. ........................... 66  ZNGC .......................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................. ......................................... 66  LIV (LKFHGC IVSYDHEM VHEM) ...................................................................................................... .............................................................................................. ........ 69 

9.9.>.   9.9.6. 9.9.9.  9.9.2.  9.9.3.  9.9.:.  9.9.=.  9.9.4. 

BHNMVNLNY ...................................................................................................................................  ..................................................................................................... .............................. 63 69   B SEHJHGNVCY ................................................................................................................. CYPCIHJHINÍÉK RÈIEHIN.................................................................................................................. 68  GHYRN BC INVMN C BHLCEYHKENLCERK BC PNHEÈHY ...................................................  .............................................................................. ........................... 22  PKRÏEIHN HEYRNGNBN ..........................................................................................  ..................................................................................................................... ........................... 24  GHYRN BC C^SHPNLCERKY ..........................................................................  ................................................................................................................ ...................................... 24  IÎGISGK BC BHYYHPNÍÉK BC INGKV ................................................................................................... 30  GNXKSR........................................................................................................................................ 36 

CYIVHÍÉK

2. 2.  

NEÎGHYC JHENG ...................................................................................................................... 39  2.>.  2.6. 

3. 3.  

ZNERNMCEY .......................................................................................................................... ............................................................ ...................................................................... ........ 39  JSRSVK .........................................................................................................  ....................................................................................................................................... .............................. 39 

IKEIGSYÉK ............................................................................................................................ 32 

:. :.   VCJCVÏEIHNY FHFGHKMVÎJHINY ....................................................................................... 33   ....................................................................... 34  NPÏEBHIC N  ’  GNXKSR  GNXKSR YNGN CGÈRVHIN LIV  ....................................................................... NECTK H  ’  BHNMVNLN  BHNMVNLN SEHJHGNV > PVKOCRK LIV  ............................................................... 38  NECTK HH  ’  BHNMVNLN  BHNMVNLN SEHJHGNV 6 PVKOCRK LIV  .............................................................. :0  NECTK HHH  ’  BHNMVNLN  BHNMVNLN SEHJHGNV 9 PVKOCRK LIV  ............................................................ :> 

>0

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

>.  Hetrkbuíék Pnrn suprhr ns mrnebcs qunethbnbcs bc ikesulk bc cecrmhn bnbn pcgns rcshbïeihns, gkons, hebustrnhs, cti, ul shstcln cgètrhik bc pktïeihn prcihsn bc mrnebcs uehbnbcs mcrnbkrns bc cecrmhn. Rnhs uehbnbcs sék ceiketrnbns njnstnbns bks mrnebcs icetrks urfneks, scebk nsshl, pnrn n trneslhssék bn cecrmhn mcrnbn è ecicssîrhk ghedns bc trneslhssék quc jnrék k pnpcg bc ikebuzhr n cecrmhn mcrnbn ntè ks ikesulhbkrcs. Ns sufcstníócs cgètrhins, ku YCs, tcl ul hlpkrtnetc pnpcg ek shstcln cgètrhik.  Ecgns sék hestngnbks cquhpnlcetks pnrn prktcíék bns ghedns bc trneslhssék, cquhpnlcetks pnrn lnekfrns, quc nulcetnl n ikejhnfhghbnbc bk shstcln c trnesjkrlnbkrcs pnrn rcnghznr n bhstrhfuhíék c trneslhssék bn cecrmhn ntrnvès bn ikevcrsék bc eìvchs bc tcesék Q>6\. N EV->0 ikeichtun Yhstcln Cgètrhik bc Pktïeihn (YCP) iklk ‗k ikeouetk bns hestngníócs c cquhpnlcetks bcsthenbks à mcrníék, trneslhssék c bhstrhfuhíék bc cecrmhn cgètrhin ntè n lcbhíék, heigushvc“ Q>2\, iklk hgustrnbk en jhmurn > nfnhxk?

>>

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Jhmurn >? Cgclcetks bk Yhstcln Cgètrhik bc Pktïeihn

Ikl k pnssnr bks neks, surmhu-sc n ecicsshbnbc bc lcgdkrnr n nutklníék bns sufcstníócs, sufcstníó cs, ikl k kfocthvk bc nulcetnr n cjhihïeihn cecrmèthin, ikejhnfhghbnbc bk shstcln cgètrhik c rcbuíék bc iustks. Nsshl ntrnìrnl-sc hevcsthlcetks bc mrnebcs ikeicsshkeîrhns. Ecssc iceîrhk, en bèinbn bc >8:0 ks cgctrkicetrks iklcínrnl n scr uthghznbks ek Frnshg cl ngmues sctkrcs hebustrhnhs pnrn sufsthtuhr sufstníócs cgètrhins cl ngvcenrhn.  Eks ÿgthlks neks dkuvc ul mrnebc ircsihlcetk bcssn skguíék quc pnssku n scr npghinbn cl hebÿstrhns bc mrnebc pkrtc quc ecicsshtnl bn hestngníék bc pgnetns inbn vcz lnhkrcs c lnhs rîphbns Q>\. Nghnbks n hssk, nbhihken-sc n bhstæeihn bns  pgnetns hebustrhnhs bc mrnebcs icetrks urfneks c jkrecicbkrcs, fcl iklk k mrnu bc bhjhiugbnbc bn nrlnzcenmcl c lék bc kfrn bn hestngníék ek gking. Ks cgctrkicetrks sék ikeouetks cgètrhiks (pktïeihn, iketrkgc c nutklníék) csquclnthznbks cl jîfrhin ikl tkbks ks cquhpnlcetks hetcrghmnbks c prèiklhsshkenbks. N lketnmcl cl jîfrhin pcrlhtc lnhkr iketrkgc bc pcsskns c hehetcrrupíék bn okrenbn bc trnfngdk. Ks cgctrkicetrks pkbcl scr ikejhmurnbks >6

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

ikl > ku lnhs lùbugks. N lkbugnrhzníék bks cgctrkicetrks è jchtn bc lkbk n vhnfhghznr k trnespkrtc ntè k shtc bk ighcetc Q9\. Cl inlpk, ks cgctrkicetrks sék pkshihkenbks skfrc phgkths lctîghiks, ek insk bc sufcstníócs jhxns ku skfrc tcrrcek prcpnrnbk, ek insk bc  sahbs. Bc jkrln mcrng, ks cgctrkicetrks sék pnssìvchs bc rcngkinlcetk bcetrk bk shtc ku ntè lcslk pnrn kutrk prkoctk, scebk quc, ks cgctrkicetrks thpk

 sahb   sék

lketnbks pnrn scrcl

rcngkinbks ikl lnhkr jnihghbnbc pkhs tkbn n jhníék c k trnesjkrlnbkr sék hestngnbks pkr iklpgctk en lcsln cstruturn bk cgctrkicetrk. N skguíék bc sufcstníócs sciuebîrhns lketnbns cl cgctrkicetrks jnihghtn k mcrceihnlcetk bk prkoctk, bhlheuh n bclnebn pkr prkjhsshkenhs cl inlpk, lnetèl k gking bc jnfrhiníék prùxhlk n jkrecicbkrcs c lék bc kfrn, rcbuz k tnlnedk bns sngns cgètrhins pkr scr ul prkoctk iustklhznbk ngèl bc pkbcr scr trnesjcrhbk bc gking cl inlpk ku, ntè lcslk, scr trnesjcrhbk pnrn kutrk prkoctk. Cstn skguíék vcl bc ceiketrk ikl ns ecicsshbnbcs ntunhs bns hebÿstrhns c cstnfcgcic ul ekvk ikeichtk bc sngns cgètrhins. Ns jhmurns 6 c 9, nfnhxk, lkstrnl uln vhstn cxtcren c uln vhstn hetcren bk cgctrkicetrk rcspcithvnlcetc.

Jhmurn 6  ’  Zhstn  Zhstn cxtcren bk Cgctrkicetrk 

>9

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Jhmurn 9  ’  Zhstn  Zhstn hetcren bk Cgctrkicetrk

>.>.   Ousthjhinthvn

Sl bks prheihpnhs bcsnjhks ceiketrnbks cl clprccebhlcetks njnstnbks bks mrnebcs icetrks urfneks iklk pgnetns bc lhecrníék, pgntnjkrlns bc pctrùgck cetrc kutrks, sc bn  pcgk mrnu bc bhjhiugbnbc bn nrlnzcenmcl nrlnzcenmcl c lék bc kfrn bn hestngníék ek gking, ngèl bc  pkssìvchs jntkrcs jntkrcs ighlîthiks c kutrks thpks bc hetcrjcrïeihn qquc uc pkssnl niketcicr niketcicr burnetc ns vîrhns ctnpns bk prkicssk bc hestngníék. Ikl k prkpùshtk bc lhthmnr csscs prkfgclns jkrnl bcscevkgvhbks ks cgctrkicetrks iuok ikeichtk è scr prcvhnlcetc prkbuzhbk c tcstnbk cl jîfrhin, nmrupnebk cquhpnlcetks cgètrhiks bc iketrkgc, bhstrhfuhíék, lkehtkrnlcetk c supcrvhsék bc tkbks ks eìvchs bc tcesék c uthghzníék euln ikestruíék trnespkrtîvcg lkbugnr c prè-jnfrhinbn,  prktcmcebk ks cquhpnlcetks bc hetclpèrhcs Q6\. Sl cgctrkicetrk è jchtk bc ul ku lnhs lùbugks quc sék prè-jnfrhinbks, lketnbks c tcstnbks iklpgctnlcetc cl jîfrhin, prkpkrihkenbk lnhkr rnphbcz quc kutrns skguíócs Q9\. N tciekgkmhn c n vcrsnthghbnbc quc niklpnednl k cgctrkicetrk jnzcl quc cstn skguíék npnrcín iklk ekvn tcebïeihn bc lcrinbk pnrn n îrcn cgètrhin scebk oî uthghznbk cl ngmues sctkrcs hebustrhnhs, sctkr bc lhecrníék, ngèl bc kutrks scmlcetks iklk k lnrìthlk c bc ikestruíék ihvhg Q9\.

>2

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

>.6.   Kfocthvks Cssc trnfngdk vhsn cstubnr n uthghzníék c k bcscevkgvhlcetk bc ul prkoctk bc sufcstníócs cgètrhins bk thpk Cgctrkicetrk, pnrn hssk, scrî rcnghznbk ul cstubk bc insk bk prkoctk LIV (Lkfhgc Irusdhem Vhem) bn Zngc quc ikeshstc cl 9 sufcstníócs bk thpk cgctrkicetrk quc bcvcrék scr trnespkrtnbns, hestngnbns, hetcrghmnbns, iklhsshkenbns c bnbk k stnrt-up cl cquhpnlcetks cgètrhiks, en vcgkihbnbc cl quc clprccebhlcetks bc mrnebc pkrtc sék prkoctnbks eks bhns bc dkoc.

>3

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

6.  Vcvhsék Fhfghkmrîjhin 6.>.   Yufcstníócs Bcetrc ks iklpkecetcs bk shstcln cgètrhik bc pktïeihn csték ns sufcstníócs, iuon bcjhehíék bnbn pcgn EFV- 32:0 è nprcscetnbn n scmuhr? ‗(...) pnrtc bc ul shstcln bc pktïeihn, ikeicetrnbn

cl ul bnbk gking, iklprccebcebk prhlkrbhnglcetc ns cxtrclhbnbcs bc ghedns bc trneslhssék c/ku bhstrhfuhíék, ikl ks rcspcithvks bhspkshthvks bc lnekfrn, iketrkgc c  prktcíék, heiguhebk kfrns ihvhs c cstruturns bc lketnmcl,  pkbcebk heiguhr tnlfèl trnesjkrlnbkrcs, ikevcrskrcs ikevcrskrcs c/ku kutrks cquhpnlcetks“ cquhpnlcetks“ Q>3\.

6.6.   Ignsshjhiníék bc sufcstníócs Ns sufcstníócs sék ignsshjhinbns bc nikrbk ikl suns inrnitcrìsthins, bcetrc cgns, qunetk nk thpk, pkbcebk scr ignsshjhinbn iklk sufcstníék hebustrhng ku ikeicsshkeîrhn.  Ek insk bn sufcstníék hebustrhng sun prheihpng ntrhfuhíék è trnesjkrlnr c bhstrhfuhr cecrmhn pnrn lîquhens c cquhpnlcetks cl uln pgnetn hebustrhng, scebk quc n lneutceíék c kpcrníék bn pgnetn sék bc rcspkesnfhghbnbc bn prùprhn hebÿstrhn, cequnetk quc n ikeicsshkeîrhn tcl k pnpcg bc bhstrhfuhr c cetrcmnr cecrmhn cgètrhin nks ikesulhbkrcs, scebk n sun lneutceíék c kpcrníék bc rcspkesnfhghbnbc bn ikeicsshkeîrhn. Ngèl bn ignsshjhiníék qunetk nk thpk às sufcstníócs pkbcl scr ignsshjhinbns tnlfèl qunetk à jueíék, qunetk nk eìvcg bc tcesék c qunetk nk thpk bc hestngníék.   ^unetk à jueíék?



n)  Cgcvnbkrns? Yufcstníócs gkinghznbns en snìbn bc ushens. Rcl k pnpcg bc cgcvnr ks eìvchs bc tcesék ntè quc cssc ntheon k eìvcg iklpntìvcg pnrn n trneslhssék bc cecrmhn, vhsnebk bcssn jkrln bhlheuhr n ikrrcetc, >:

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

bhlheuhebk nsshl n cspcssurn bc scus ikebutkrcs c mcrnebk lceks  pcrbns 1  f)  Nfnhxnbkrns? Gkinghznbns ens ihbnbcs c tcl k pnpcg hevcrsk bns sufcstníócs cgcvnbkrns, nfnhxnebk k eìvcg bc tcesék pnrn lhehlhznr rîbhk hetcrjcrïeihn, inlpks lnmeèthiks, cti.1 i)  • Bhstrhfuhíék? Yufcstníócs rcspkesîvchs rcspkesîvchs pkr nfnhxnl k eìvcg bc tcesék ntè quc cstc ntheon k eìvcg iklpntìvcg ikl n bhstrhfuhíék bc cecrmhn urfnen. Cgns pkbcl pcrtceicr às ikeicsshkeî ikeicsshkeîrhns rhns ku nks ikesulhbkrcs1 b)  • Lnekfrns? Vcnghznl idnvcnlcetks bc ghedns bc trneslhssék1 c)  • Ikevcrskrns? Nsskihnbns n shstclns bc trneslhssék bc ikrrcetc iketìeun (Vcthjhinbkrns c Hevcrskrns).

  ^unetk nk eìvcg bc tcesék? n)  Fnhxn Rcesék (FR)? Ignsshjhiníék uthghznbn pnrn sufcstníócs bc eìvchs 

bc tcesék ntè >aZ1  f)  Lèbhn Rcesék (LR)? Ignsshjhiníék uthghznbn uthgh znbn pnrn sufcstníócs bc eìvchs bc tcesék cetrc >aZ c 92,3aZ1 i)  Ngtn Rcesék (NR)? Ignsshjhiníék uthghznbn pnrn sufcstníócs bc eìvchs bc tcesék cetrc 92,3aZ c 690aZ1 b)  Cxtrn Ngtn Rcesék (CNR)? tcesék t cesék eklheng hmung ku nihln bc 690aZ.

  ^unetk nk thpk bc hestngníék? h estngníék?



n)  Ièu Nfcrtk? Ikestruìbns cl gkinhs nlpgks, nk nr ghvrc, rcqucrcl k clprcmk bc npnrcgdks c lîquhens ikl ikebhíócs bc kpcrníék cl ikebhíócs ighlîthins bhvcrsns, pkrcl ecssc thpk bc sufcstníék è ecicssîrhk lneutceíék lnhs jrcqucetc1

>=

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Jhmurn 2  ’  Cxclpgk  Cxclpgk bc sufcstníék n ièu nfcrtk

 f)  Cl Hetcrhkrcs? Ikestruìbns cl gkinhs jcidnbks, ks cquhpnlcetks sék ikgkinbks ek hetcrhkr bc ikestruíócs, sconl cgns bc ngvcenrhn ku cstruturns lctîghins, iklk è k insk bks cgctrkicetrks1

Jhmurn 3  ’  Cxclpgk  Cxclpgk bc sufcstníék cl hetcrhkrcs

i)  • Fghebnbns? Ks cquhpnlcetks sék iklpgctnlcetc prktcmhbks, c k cspník ecicssîrhk pkbc scr rcbuzhbk, idcmnebk n ntè >0% bk cspník bc uln YC ikevceihkeng. Pkrèl sun bcsvnetnmcl è k jntk bc ecicsshtnr bc cquhpnlcetks cspcihnhs c pcsskng ikl trchenlcetk cspcihnghznbk  pnrn sun kpcrníék. Yék ekrlnglcetc usnbns cl îrcns urfnens, bcesnlcetc pkvknbns, kebc k prcík bk tcrrcek scon luhtk ngtk c bc bhjìihg nquhshíék.

>4

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Jhmurn :  ’  Cxclpgk  Cxclpgk bc sufcstníék fghebnbn

6.9.   Nfkrbnmcl bc ikestruíék bc uln sufcstníék cgètrhin sciuebîrhn Rrnbhihkenglcetc, sufcstníócs cgètrhins sciuebîrhns jkrnl ikestruìbns ntrnvès bn iklprn bc cquhpnlcetks cgètrhiks, cquhpnlcetks bc iketrkgc, bhstrhfuhíék, lkehtkrnlcetk c supcrvhsék, ikl tkbks cstcs iklpkecetcs csték ngkonbks cl uln cstruturn ikevceihkeng bc ngvcenrhns, ns jhmurns = c 4 hgustrnl n ikestruíék bc uln sufcstníék bc bhstrhfuhíék cgètrhin :0 / 90 aZ cl Pkrtumng Q>9\.

Jhmurn =  ’  Ikestruíék  Ikestruíék bc sufcstníék cl ngvcenrhn

>8

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Jhmurn 4  ’  Ikestruíék  Ikestruíék bc sufcstníék cl ngvcenrhn

6.2.   Vnzócs pnrn sc uthghznr sufcstníócs prè-jnfrhinbns bk thpk cgctrkicetrk N tciekgkmhn, n vcrsnthghbnbc c n lnhkr nmhghbnbc quc niklpnednl n ikestruíék bc sufcstníócs bk thpk cgctrkicetrk jnzcl quc cstn skguíék npnrcín iklk ekvn tcebïeihn bc lcrinbk. Cl >888, en Hemgntcrrn, k jkrecihlcetk bc cecrmhn cgètrhin pnrn n nrcen lugth-cspkrthvn ‗Lhggceehul Bklc“ cxhmhn khtk sufcstníócs >> aZ, quc bcvcrhnl scr ngkinbks jkrn bn iÿpugn. Ks prheihpnhs rcquhshtks pnrn n hestngníék crnl? trnfngdk lìehlk ek gking1 ngtn scmurneín bk nfnstcihlcetk1 cgcvnbk eìvcg bc scmurneín pnrn ks kpcrnbkrcs c nk pÿfghik cl mcrng1 c lneutceíék lìehln. Bc jkrln n ntcebcr ks rcquhshtks nprcscetnbks jkh uthghznbk sufcstníócs lkbugnrcs prè-jnfrhinbns bk thpk cgctrkicetrk pnrn k jkrecihlcetk bc cecrmhn Q:\. Q:\ . Pnrn uln ekvn hestngníék pkrtuîrhn, bcvhbk n iklpgcxhbnbc bk prkoctk, ikestruíék, iklhsshkenlcetk c kpcrníék bks cquhpnlcetks c shstclns, jkh csikgdhbk k usk bc sufcstníócss cgètrhins prè-jnfrhinbns pnrn k jkrecihlcetk bc cecrmhn pnrn k kgckbutk quc sufcstníóc ghmn ns rcmhócs prkbutkrns bc pctrùgck bk Lnr Iîsphk ntè k Lnr Ecmrk. Rkbk cquhpnlcetk cgètrhik jkh kfrhmnbk n cstnr cl ikejkrlhbnbc ikl ns ekrlns c rcmugnlcetks bn Jcbcrníék bn Vÿsshn k bk Inznquhsték Q3\. Sln bns prheihpnhs rnzócs pnrn n bcihsék bc uthghznr sufcstníócs cgètrhins bk thpk cgctrkicetrk jkh k ingcebîrhk luhtk npcrtnbk, uthghzníék bcstn skguíék jkh n ÿehin ceiketrnbn quc pkbcrhn iulprhr k irkekmrnln bk prkoctk. Ngèl bhssk, clfkrn k iustk 60

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

bc uln sufcstníék ikestruìbn cl ngvcenrhn ek gking npnrcetku scr lnhs fnrntk, n neîghsc  pnrn k prkoctk lkstrku quc k iustk tktng hestngnbk usnebk ikestruíócs prè-jnfrhinbns scrhn fcl lcekr Q3\.  Ek icetrk bk Pcru, ek bhstrhtk bc lhecrníék lhecrníék Lkrkikidn n >20 quhgòlctrks n gcstc bc Ghln c n uln ngthtubc bc 2.300 lctrks scrî prkbuzhbk icrin bc > lhgdék bc tkecgnbns bc ikfrc pkr nek. Pnrn k jkrecihlcetk bc cecrmhn ecssc gking ték heùsphtk scrî uthghznbk K jkrecihlcetk bc cecrmhn bnbk pkr sufcstníóc sufcstníócss uehtîrhns, trnesjkrlnbkrcs bc bhstrhfuhíék c sngns cgètrhins prè-jnfrhinbns bk thpk cgctrkicetrk, iketcebk icetrks bc iketrkgc bc lktkrcs c hevcrskrcs bc jrcquïeihn Q=\.

6>

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

9.  Prkoctk 9.>.   Lcrinbk bc Lhecrníék K Frnshg cstî cetrc ks pnìscs ikl lnhkr pktceihng lhecrng bk luebk, nk gnbk bc Vÿsshn, Cstnbks Sehbks, Inenbî, Idhen c Nustrîghn. Cxhstcl ek pnìs icrin bc >,2 lhg clprcsns lhecrnbkrns quc cxtrncl cl tkrek bc 40 sufstæeihns. Ns prheihpnhs clprcsns sék nprcscetnbns en tnfcgn >.  Rnfcgn >. Prheihpnhs clprcsns lhecrnbkrcs ek Frnshg. (Jketc? Vcvhstn Cxnlc).

Clprcsn

Rhpk

Iketrkgc

Zcebns (cl S$ lhgdócs)

Zngc

Prhvnbn

Frnshgchrk

96.::0,90

Ynlnrik

Prhvnbn

Frnshgk-Nustrng.

9.800,80

IFLL

Prhvnbn

Frnshgchrk

>.4>=,80

Nguekrtc

Prhvnbn

Frnshgchrk

>.::0,40

Enlhsn

Prhvnbn

Frnshgchrk

>.>02,>0

9.6.   ZNGC Clprcsn mgkfng scbhnbn ek Frnshg ikl lnhs bc >00 lhg clprcmnbks, n ZNGC (nethmn Iklpnedhn Zngc bk Vhk Bkic) è uln bns lnhkrcs lhecrnbkrns bk luebk. Frnshgchrn, irhnbn pnrn n cxpgkrníék bns lhens bc jcrrk en rcmhék bc Htnfhrn, ek cstnbk bc  bc Lhens Mcrnhs cl >826 ek mkvcrek mkvcrek  Mctÿghk Znrmns, Znrmns,   n Zngc è dkoc uln clprcsn uln  clprcsn  prhvnbn, bc  prhvnbn,  bc inphtng  inphtng nfcrtk, nfcrtk, ikl  ikl scbc ek ek Vhk  Vhk bc Onechrk Q2\.

66

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

K prheihpng ecmùihk bn ZNGC è n lhecrníék, uln nthvhbnbc cssceihng pnrn n vhbn lkbcren. Ks lheèrhks sék hemrcbhcetcs pnrn bhvcrsks htces hebhspcesîvchs pnrn k bhn n bhn Q2\. È ikeshbcrnbn n tcrichrn lnhkr lhecrnbkrn bk luebk, n lnhkr prkbutkrn bc  lheèrhk bc jcrrk c n scmuebn lnhkr bc eìqucg.  eìqucg.  N Zngc bcstnin-sc nhebn en prkbuíék bc lnemneïs, bc lnemneïs, ikfrc,  ikfrc, inrvék,  inrvék, ikfngtk,  ikfngtk,   pcgktns, pcgktns, jcrrkghmns  jcrrkghmns c ngmues jcrthghznetcs,  jcrthghznetcs,  iklk ks jksjntnbks (RYP c BIP) c ehtrkmcenbks (urchn c nlòehn)  nlòehn) Q2\.  Q2\.

9.9.   LIV (Lkfhgc Irusdhem Vhem) 9.9.>.   Bcsirhíék K prkoctk ikeshstc en nghlcetníék bc 9 Lîquhens bc Frhtnmcl Lùvcg (LIV), iklpkstks pkr cquhpnlcetks bk thpk frhtnbkrcs bc lnebìfugn lùvchs (LOI) c trnespkrtnbkrcs lkbugnr pkrtîtchs (PLI) pkr sufcstníék cgètrhin bk thpk cgctrkicetrk (ikejkrlc jhmurn 8), quc scrî uthghznbn ens hestngníócs bn ZNGC - Prkoctk Jcrrk Inrnoîs Y>>B. Ns hestngníócs bc fcecjhihnlcetk c clfnrquc scrék rcnghznbns en pkríék sug bn rcmhék bn mrnebc Inrnoîs, n subcstc bk Cstnbk bk Pnrî, n icrin bc 900 al bn ihbnbc bc Lnrnfî Q2\. Ns lîquhens bc Frhtnmcl Lùvchs jnrék n cxtrníék bk lheèrhk bc jcrrk ntrnvès bk  frhtnbkr bc lnebìfugn lnebìfugn c cssc lheèrhk scrî trnespkrtnbk n hestngníék hestngníék prheihpng ntrnvès ntrnvès bks trnespkrtnbkrcs lkbugnrcs, pnrn quc ceték, cssc lheèrhk pkssn scr trntnbk ntè quc ntheon n jkrln c tnlnedk cspciìjhik pnrn jhes iklcrihnhs. N prheihpng vnetnmcl bk usk bc cgctrkicetrk ecssc prkoctk è n lkfhghbnbc, pkhs nk pnssk quc sc cxtrnh k lheèrhk n lîquhen bc frhtnmcl prcihsn sc gkiklkvcr pnrn iketheunr cxtrnhebk, c ikl k cgctrkicetrk nikpgnbk n lîquhen, hssk è pkssìvcg. N jhmurn nfnhxk lkstrn n cstruturn bk LIV ikl k cgctrkicetrk nikpgnbk.

69

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Jhmurn 8  ’  Cstruturn  Cstruturn bn Lnquhen bc Frhtnmcl Lùvcg c pkshíék bk cgctrkicetrk.

Ks cquhpnlcetks bk LIV jkrnl prkoctnbks pnrn trnfngdnr cl scquceihn, kebc ul cquhpnlcetk LOI nghlcetn ntè bkhs cquhpnlcetks PLI cl scquceihn ngcntùrhn, jkrlnebk ul mrupk bc trnfngdk ku kpcrn hebhvhbunglcetc trnesjcrhebk lntcrhng bhrctnlcetc n uln lîquhen bn Zngc. Ceték, tcl-sc 09 mrupks bc trnfngdk, pkrèl hebcpcebcetcs hebcpcebce tcs cl kpcrníék.

Jhmurn >0  ’  LOI  LOI  ’  Frhtnbkr  Frhtnbkr bc lnebìfugn

62

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Jhmurn >>  ’  PLI  PLI  ’  Rrnespkrtnbkr  Rrnespkrtnbkr lkbugnr pkrtîthg

Jhmurn >6  ’  Nrrneok  Nrrneok kpcrnihkeng bc 0> mrupk bc kpcrníék LOI/PLI/PLI

Pnrn nghlcetníék c jueihkenlcetk bks LIVs jkrnl ecicssîrhk bhvcrsks cquhpnlcetks, inpnzcs bc nihkenr c prktcmcr ks heÿlcrks lktkrcs c nghlcetnbkrcs bn lîquhen, scon pnrn rcnghzníék bn frhtnmcl, scon pnrn n rcnghzníék bk trnespkrtc bk lheèrhk ntrnvès bc ikrrchns, ku scon pcgns vîrhns kutrns ecicsshbnbcs bn lîquhen. N bcjhehíék bn ecicsshbnbc bk prkoctk è prè-bcjhehbn pcgn iketrntnetc ntrnvès bk bhnmrnlns uehjhgnrcs, quc scrék cstubnbks n scmuhr.

9.9.6.   Bhnmrnlns Sehjhgnrcs Cl prkoctks cgètrhiks bc sufcstníócs bk thpk cgctrkicetrk, bcvc-sc pnrthr bc ngmulns hejkrlníócs prcvhnlcetc bcjhehbns pcgk ighcetc iketrntnetc bk prkoctk. Sl bkiulcetk 63

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

hlpkrtnetc quc jnz pnrtc bcssns hejkrlníócs prè-bcjhehbns pcgk iketrntnetc è k bhnmrnln uehjhgnr bn sngn cgètrhin. Ntrnvès bcssc bkiulcetk k prkocthstn è inpnz bc bcjhehr cquhpnlcetks c lîquhens ecicssîrhns quc hrék iklpkr k cgctrkicetrk. K lkbcgk bc cquhpnlcetks iklk rcgès bhmhtnhs, iketntkrcs, cetrc kutrks pkbcl scr cspcihjhinbks pcgk iketrntnetc cl ngmues insks kebc cstc ikeshbcrn pnbrócs prùprhks ku lkbcgks oî cxhstcetcs cl kutrns sufcstníócs bc sun prkprhcbnbc, pkrèl, insk eék dnon eceduln bcjhehíék prèvhn n csikgdn bks cquhpnlcetks c scus lkbcgks jhinl n inrmk bk prkocthstn.  Ek Bhnmrnln Sehjhgnr, tcl-sc ns hejkrlníócs fîshins bn pnrtc bc pktïeihn c bn  prktcíék bn sufcstníék. K Bhnmrnln Sehjhgnr iklpgctk bk prkoctk bc cstubk LIV pkbc scr nenghsnbk ek Necxk H. N pnrthr bns hejkrlníócs ecgc ikethbns, pkbc-sc vcrhjhinr quc n sufcstníék cl cstubk pkssuh uln cetrnbn bc >9,4aZ ikejkrlc lkstrnbk en jhmurn >9. K pnhecg bc cetrnbn scrî ghmnbk n ul trnesjkrlnbkr n scik >9,4aZ/240Z bc 6000aZN n ul fnrrnlcetk bupgk pnrn n bhstrhfuhíék bhstrh fuhíék bk ihriuhtk bc fnhxn tcesék.

Jhmurn >9 - Bhnmrnln uehjhgnr bn cetrnbn bc >9,4aZ bk prkoctk LIV

6:

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Npùs n pnssnmcl pcgk trnesjkrlnbkr tcl-sc n qucbn bc tcesék c, ceték è ghmnbk tkbk k shstcln bc fnhxn tcesék quc iklprccebc cl pnheèhs bc iketrkgc bc lktkr (jhmurn >2 c >3), pnhecg bc hevcrskr (jhmurn >:) c qunbrks nuxhghnrcs (jhmurn >= c >4).

Jhmurn >2 - Bhnmrnln uehjhgnr quc rcprcscetn k pnhecg bc icetrk bc iketrkgc bc lktkr 240Z

Jhmurn >3 - Bhnmrnln uehjhgnr quc rcprcscetn k pnhecg bc icetrk bc iketrkgc bc lktkr 240Z

Ks pnheèhs bc icetrk bc iketrkgc bc lktkr scrék rcspkesîvchs pkr nihkenr ks lktkrcs c nghlcetnbkrcs bn pgnetn, trntn-sc bc ul shstcln bc lnekfrn c iklnebk ntè >00 vkgts. bc lktkrcs bc lktkrcs cgètrhiks bc fnhxn bc fnhxn tcesék (ntè >000 vkgts) ek bhnmrnln uehjhgnr è pkssìvcg hbcethjhinr tkbns ns lnekfrns njhl bc ntcebcr n ecicsshbnbc bk prkoctk. 6=

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Jhmurn >: - Bhnmrnln uehjhgnr quc rcprcscetn k pnhecg bc hevcrskrcs 240Z

K pnhecg bc hevcrskrcs jkh uthghznbk ek prkoctk LIV pkr skghihtníék bk iketrntnetc  pnrn nihkenr ngmues lktkrcs c nghlcetnbkrcs quc ecicsshtnvnl ntceíék cspcihng iklk k  frhtnbkr bn pgnetn n pcechrn vhfrntùrhn cetrc kutrks, bcvhbk ns vnetnmces nprcscetnbns nprcscetnbns nfnhxk? • Cgcvnbn prcihsék bc rcmugníék bc vcgkihbnbc1   • Ngtn pcrjkrlneic bheælhin1   • Iketrkgc bc tkrquc ghecnr pnrn npghiníócs bc  pkshíék ku bc trníék1 • Kpcrníék sunvc cl fnhxn vcgkihbnbc c scl   ksihgníócs

bc tkrquc, lcslk ikl

vnrhníék bc inrmn.

64

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Jhmurn >= - Bhnmrnln uehjhgnr quc rcprcscetn ks pnheèhs bc hgulheníék c iklnebk 940Z c >60Z rcspcithvnlcetc

Jhmurn >4 - Bhnmrnln uehjhgnr quc rcprcscetn ks pnheèhs bc hgulheníék c iklnebk 940Z c >60Z rcspcithvnlcetc

Csscs bhnmrnlns sék rcjcrcetcs nks qunbrks nuxhghnrcs quc rcprcscetnl n nghlcetníék bks qunbrks bc hgulheníék, qunbrks bk shstcln bc bctciíék, ngnrlc c iklfntc n heiïebhk, shstcln bc ighlnthzníék, qunbrks bc iklnebk, cti.

9.9.9.   Cspcihjhiníék Rèiehin

N pnrthr bks bhnmrnlns uehjhgnrcs pkbc sc rcnghznr n cspcihjhiníék tèiehin bks cquhpnlcetks quc hrék iklpkr k shstcln cgètrhik bk Cgctrkicetrk, fcl iklk k 68

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

gcvnetnlcetk bn ghstn bc inrmn n jhl bc bctcrlhenr n inpnihbnbc bc pktceihn hestngnbn ek ikeouetk bc frhtnmcl lùvcg cl kpcrníék.

9.9.9.>.   Yhstcln cgètrhik bc lèbhn tcesék K shstcln cgètrhik bc lèbhn tcesék sék qunbrks prkoctnbks usunglcetc ens tcesócs bc 6,2 aZ, 9,: aZ, 2,>: aZ ku nhebn >9,4 aZ quc iketèl cgclcetks iklk jusìvchs DD, iketntkrcs, ku bhsouetkrcs n vîiuk, trnesjkrlnbkrcs bc ikrrcetc c pktceihng, rcgcs bc  prktcíék ecicssîrhks ecicssîrhks pnrn ni nihkenlcetk hkenlcetk c prktc prktcíék íék bc lktkrcs bc lèbhn tcesék. tcesék.  Ecssc prkoctk n lîquhen è nghlcetnbn ntrnvès bn ikecxék cgètrhin bc ul infk quc vcl bn sufcstníék prheihpng bn lhecrnbkrn en tcesék bc >9,4 aZ, cssc infk è ikecitnbk nk pnhecg bc lèbhn tcesék quc hrî rcnghznr n bhstrhfuhíék bn cecrmhn nks kutrks shstclns  fcl iklk hrî nihkenr nihkenr ks lktkrcs bc bc lèbhn tcesé tcesékk ghmnbks en l lîquhen. îquhen. Pnrn cspcihjhiníék bcssc qunbrk bc lèbhn tcesék jkh ecicssîrhk hejkrlníék bn sufcstníék prheihpng, n jhl bc cetcebcr n ikrrcetc bc fnrrnlcetk c n ikrrcetc bc iurtk ihriuhtk, pkrèl ek bhnmrnln uehjhgnr eék pkbc-sc kfscrvnr n sufcstníék prheihpng, scebk nsshl, pnrn kftcr ks bnbks pnrn cspcihjhinr k pnhecg jkh prcihsk iketntk ikl n iketrntnetc. Ecssc insk k phecg bcvcrhn scr bc >9,4 aZ ikl ikrrcetc bc fnrrnlcetk bc :90 N c ikrrcetc bc iurtk ihriuhtk bc 63 aN. Ikl cssns hejkrlníócs, k qunbrk bc lèbhn tcesék csikgdhbk pnrn iklpkr k Cgctrkicetrk jkh k qunbrk NFF SEHMCNV hskgnbk n nr (jhmurn >8), pkr scr ul qunbrk inpnz bc ntcebcr ns ecicsshbnbcs bc ikrrcetc c nhebn pcgk pnhecg nprcscetnr bhsouetkrcs bc lèbhn tcesék quc clprcmnl k vîiuk pnrn n cxtheíék bk nrik cgètrhik iklk hskgnetc. N qucsték bks bhsouetkrcs clprcmnrcl vîiuk pnrn cxtheíék bk nrik cgètrhik sc lkstrku 90

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

luhtk hlpkrtnetc pcgk jntk bn ulhbnbc rcgnthvn bk nr ek gking bc hestngníék bk prkoctk scr ikeshbcrnbn fnstnetc ngtn, vnrhnebk cetrc =0% c 43% c pkbcebk, nhebn, jhinr nihln bks 83% ek pcrìkbk bc ekvclfrk n lnhk, hssk jnz ikl quc ks iketntks bk pnhecg tcednl uln tcebïeihn crksék. Ecssc pnhecg qunebk kikrrc k bcstnquc bks iketntks, uln nlpkgn iklpkstn bc fghebnmcl lctîghin inpturc ks vnpkrcs lctîghiks ghfcrnbks jnzcebk ikl quc mcrc ul inlpk lnmeèthik quc kfrhmn k nrik n rkbnr c n nthemhr uln supcrjìihc luhtk lnhs nlpgn bk quc n quc scrhn nthemhbn pcgk nrik bc iketntk jhxk. Hssk, ngèl bc ghlhtnr n skghihtníék tèrlhin eks iketntks, tkren n crksék bks iketntks heshmehjhinetc c, skfrctubk, pcrlhtc iketrkgnr k prkicssk bc hetcrrupíék lcslk ikl ikrrcetcs bc iurtkihriuhtk luhtk cgcvnbns.

Jhmurn >8 - Cxclpgk bc ul pnhecg bc lèbhn tcesék

K pnhecg scrî iklpkstk pkr 6 ikguens uln bc cetrnbn n :90 N c uln bc snìbn quc hrî nghlcetnr ul trnesjkrlnbkr bc jkrín trhjîshik scik bc 6000 aZN gkinghznbk jkrn bk cgctrkicetrk.

9>

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

9.9.9.6.   Rrnesjkrlnbkrcs Ks shstclns bc ikrrcetc ngtcrenbn bcvcl kpcrnr cl inbn uln bc sun pnrtc ikl n tcesék lnhs ikevcehcetc bk pketk bc vhstn tèiehik, bcpcebcebk bn sun jhenghbnbc, scon bhstrhfuhíék ku trneslhssék bc cecrmhn, qunetk bk pketk bc vhstn cikeòlhik. Cssn vnrhníék bc tcesék è kfthbn ntrnvès bks trnesjkrlnbkrcs t rnesjkrlnbkrcs.. Ks trnesjkrlnbkrcs scrvcl pnrn trnesjkrlnr c trnesjcrhr n cecrmhn bc ul ihriuhtk cgètrhik pnrn kutrk, noustnebk k shstcln bc pktceihn pnrn quc n tcesék bc snìbn bc ul cstnmhk scon iklpntìvcg ikl n tcesék bc cetrnbn bk scmuhetc. K trnesjkrlnbkr nssulc tnlfèl n jueíék bc hskgnr ihriuhtks cetrc shl c noustnr hlpcbæeihns bc ul cstnmhk netcrhkr à ul cstnmhk scmuhetc, pkbcebk scr? • 

Lkekjîshiks1

• 

Rrhjîshiks.

Pnrn quc sc rcnghzc n csikgdn cetrc ul trnesjkrlnbkr trhjîshik c ul lkekjîshik bcvcl-sc rcnghznr cstubks tèiehik-cikeòlhiks, ikeshbcrnebk jntkrcs iklk inpnihbnbc bc jnfrhiníék, ghlhtníócs bc trnespkrtc, iustks bc hevcsthlcetk, cetrc kutrks. Ecssc  prkoctk n cspcihjhiníé cspcihjhiníékk bk trnesjkrlnbkr jkh rrcnghznbn cnghznbn prheihpnglcetc n pnrthr bc iustks bc hevcsthlcetks. Prhlchrnlcetc jkh bcjhehbk sc k trnesjkrlnbkr bcvcrhn scr trhjîshik ku lkekjîshik c pkr sc trntnr bc ul shstcln trhjîshik n uthghzníék bc ul trnesjkrlnbkr tnlfèl trhjîshik sc lkstrku lnhs vhîvcg jheneichrnlcetc, pkhs insk jkssc uthghznr ul trnesjkrlnbkr lkekjîshik bcvcrhn scr rcnghznbk ul fneik bc trnesjkrlnbkrcs lkekjîshiks, jkrlnbk pkr 9 trnjks, ul pnrn inbn jnsc. Cl scmuhbn jkh gcvnetnbk ntrnvès bn ghstn bc inrmn quc scrî nprcscetnbn lnhs n jrcetc ecssc trnfngdk n pktïeihn ecicssîrhn bk trnesjkrlnbkr, scebk cssn bc 6000 aZN. Pkr scr ul Rrnjk bcsthenbk n fnhxnr k eìvcg bc tcesék bk shstcln pnrn bhstrhfuhr c nghlcetnr k rcstk bks cquhpnlcetks bk cgctrkicetrk, cstc bcvcrhn tcr n ikejhmurníék >9,4 aZ/0,24 aZ. 96

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Pkr jhl jkh cspcihjhinbk sc k Rrnjk bcvcrhn scr n scik ku n ùgck. Ks trnesjkrlnbkrcs n ùgck sék ks lnhs iklulcetc usnbks, pkr scrcl lnhs fnrntks c pkr  pkssuìrcl lcekrcs rcstrhíócs qunetk n ghlhtníék bc tcesék c pktïeihn, pkrèl ecssc  prkoctk jkh csikgdhbk n uthghzníék bk Rrnjk n scik, hssk pkrquc cstc nprcscetnvn lnhkr hlpcbæeihn, jnzcebk ikl quc n ikrrcetc bc iurtk ihriuhtk bks cquhpnlcetks bc fnhxn tcesék jksscl lcekr, k quc bhlheuh k iustk bcstcs cquhpnlcetks. Ycebk nsshl k trnesjkrlnbkr cspcihjhinbk (jhmurn 60) nprcscetn ns scmuhetcs inrnitcrìsthins? Rnfcgn 6? Inrnitcrìsthins bk trnesjkrlnbkr bc pktceihn bk prkoctk LIV

Pktïeihn Rcesék Prhlîrhn Rcesék Yciuebîrhn Hlpcbæeihn Rhpk

6000 aZN >9,4 aZ 0,24 aZ 6*6,3% Ycik

Bcvhbk n ngtn bhsshpníék tèrlhin c n sun bhlcesék k trnesjkrlnbkr eék jkh ngkinbks hetcrenlcetc nk cgctrkicetrk, kthlhznebk nsshl n îrcn bc ikestruíék bn sngn fcl iklk k bhlceshkenlcetk bk shstcln bc ighlnthzníék.

Jhmurn 60  ’ Hgustrníék bc trnesjkrlnbkr bc pktïeihn n scik 6000 aZN 

Ngèl bk trnesjkrlnbkr bc pktïeihn, ntrnvès bk uehjhgnr pkbc-sc hbcethjhinr c cspcihjhinr tnlfèl k trnesjkrlnbkr bc hgulheníék, quc snh bk pnhecg bc fnhxn tcesék  pnrn fnhxnr k eìvcg bc tcesék n 0,94 aZ c nghlcetnr k shstcln bc hgulheníék bk prùprhk cgctrkicetrk. N jhmurn 6> hgustrn cssc trnesjkrlnbkr n scik 240/940 Z ’  63  63 aZN

99

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Jhmurn 6> - Hgustrníék bc trnesjkrlnbkr bc hgulheníék n scik 63 aZN

9.9.9.9.   Icetrk bc Iketrkgc bc Lktkr `

Ks icetrks bc iketrkgc bc lktkr (IILs) sék qunbrks quc iketèl ks cgclcetks

bc iklnebk c prktcíék ecicssîrhks nk nihkenlcetk bc lktkrcs bc fnhxn tcesék, tnhs iklk idnvcs jusìvchs ku bhsouetkrcs, iketntkrcs prheihpnhs c nuxhghnrcs, rcgcs tèrlhiks ikevceihkenhs ku hetcghmcetcs, cti. Yék prkoctnbks usunglcetc ens tcesócs bc 240 Z ku :90 Z. N cspcihjhiníék bcsscs pnheèhs jkh kfthbn ntrnvès bk iîgiugk bn ikrrcetc bc iurtk ihriuhtk bnbn n pnrthr bk trnesjkrlnbkr bc pktïeihn bc 6000 aZN quc nghlcetn cssc shstcln, ntrnvès bn cquníék nfnhxk?

 <

P   9 Zs∝_ ∟ 9Zs∝_

Q>:\ 

Kebc? Hii? Ikrrcetc bc Iurtk Ihriuhtk cl aN P? Pktceihn bk trnesjkrlnbkr cl aZN Zs? Rcesék bk sciuebîrhk bk trnesjkrlnbkr aZ _? Hlpcbæeihn bk trnesjkrlnbkr

92

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Hii<

000 < 24,>> aN  ∝0,2∝(∝,%∝000) ∟ ∝0,2∝(∝,%∝000)

Gkmk Hii < 24,>> aN, nsshl pnrn tcr sc vngkrcs iklcrihnhs jkh ikeshbcrnbk ikrrcetc bc iurtk ihriuhtk hmung n 30 aN. Hssk ousthjhin n uthghzníék bk trnesjkrlnbkr n scik, insk jkssc uthghznbk k trnesjkrlnbkr n ùgck, cstc tcl hlpcbæeihn bc 2% jnzcebk ikl quc n ikrrcetc bc iurtk ihriuhtk jkssc?

000

Hii< ∟ ∝0,2∝(2%∝000) < :0,>2 aN  ∝0,2∝(2%∝000) Ikl cssc vngkr bc Hii, noustnebk pnrn vngkrcs iklcrihnhs scrhn ecicssîrhk quc k  fnrrnlcetk jkssc inpnz bc supkrtnr uln Hii bc :9 aN jnzcebk ikl quc cssc prcihsnssc scr lnhs rkfustk c ikescqucetclcetc lnhs inrk. Ycebk nsshl k pnhecg cspcihjhinbk jkh pnhecg NFF LEY (jhmurn 66) ikl ns inrnitcrìsthins ikejkrlc nprcscetnbns nprcscetnbns en tnfcgn n scmuhr? Rnfcgn 9. Bnbks Rèiehiks bk pnhecg LEY

Rcesék Eklheng? Ikrrcetc iurtk ihriuhtk? Jrcquïeihn? Iklpnrthlcetníék? Iklpnrthlcetníé k? Fnrrnlcetk Prheihpng Fnrrnlcetk Bhstrhfuhíék Lneutceíék c nicssk bc infks Lneutceíék Cetrnbn pkr infks Ynìbn pkr infks

240 Zin ’  9  9 Jnscs + PCE 30 aN :0 Dz IIL - Jkrln 2f (*) Prntcnbk, Hskgnbk ikl Rcrlkiketrîthg Prntcnbk c ceignusurnbk en pnrcbc hskgnetc Jrketng (jrcetc ÿehin) Hejcrhkr Hejcrhkr

93

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Jhmurn 66  ’ IIL bc fnhxn tcesék uthghznbk ek prkoctk

9.9.9.2.   Hevcrskrcs bc Jrcquïeihn FR Pnrn ks hevcrskrcs bc jrcquïeihn bc fnhxn tcesék, fusiku-sc ul hevcrskr quc mnrnethssc uln fkn pcrjkrlneic pnrn npghiníócs quc ecicsshtnl bc iketrkgc rîphbk c  prcihsk (cssns npghiníócs scrék lcgdkr bhsiuthbns lnhs n jrcetc ecssc trnfngdk en pnrtc p nrtc bc ghstn bc inrmn), ngèl bc prcihsnr ntcebcr ks lcslks rcquhshtks bc ikrrcetc bc iurtk ihriuhtk bks IILs bnbk pcgk trnesjkrlnbkr bc cetrnbn. Ycebk nsshl jkh uthghznbk k hevcrskr NFF NIY430 (jhmurn 69) quc nprcscetn tciekgkmhn bc iketrkgc BRI. K BRI è ul lètkbk ÿehik bc Iketrkgc Bhrctk bk lktkr, scl n uthghzníék bc lkbugnbkrcs, kebc n iklutníék bns idnvcs bc pktïeihn è bctcrlhenbn scpnrnbnlcetc  fnscnbn cl vngkrcs rcnhs bc jguxk c tkrquc bk lktkr. K BRI bctcrlhen n inbn hestnetc, k cstnbk bk lktkr. Hstk è jchtk ntrnvès bns lcbhíócs bc ikrrcetc bk lktkr, bn tcesék bk  fnrrnlcetk BI c bns pkshíócs bns idnvcs bc pktïeihn, quc ntrnvès bc ul lkbcgk nbnptnthvk bk lktkr, bctcrlhen ks vngkrcs bc tkrquc c jguxk rcnhs n inbn 63 lhirkscmuebks. 9:

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Cstcs vngkrcs sék iklpnrnbks ikl ks vngkrcs bc rcjcrïeihn bc tkrquc c jguxk, c bctcrlhenl n ekvn pkshíék hbcng bns idnvcs. K rcsugtnbk è uln lcgdkr prcihsék bc vcgkihbnbc, lcgdkr iketrkgc bc tkrquc, lceks dnrlòehiks pnrn k lktkr, lceks ruìbk, cti.

Jhmurn 69  ’ Hevcrskr bc jrcquïeihn bc fnhxn tcesék NIY 430

9.9.9.3.   Yhstcln bc SPY Ks cgctrkicetrk bcvcl scr cquhpnbks ikl shstcln SPY bcbhinbks n cquhpnlcetks bc nutklníék, n jhl bc jkrecicr uln u ln jketc bc cecrmhn hehetcrruptn n csscs cquhpnlcetks c rcmugnr n vkgtnmcl. Pnrn bhlceshkenlcetk bcssc shstcln gcvku-sc cl ikeshbcrníék ns inrmns nprcscetnbns ek bhnmrnln uehjhgnr bc jkrln quc ns fntcrhns jksscl inpnz bc  prkpkrihkenr nk shstcln nutkeklhn bc bc pcgk lceks 90 90 lheutks n pgcen iinrmn. nrmn. Ycebk nsshl, pcgk bhnmrnln uehjhgnr pkbc-sc kfscrvnr quc ks Ek Frcnas sék bc 3aZN, ikl tcesék bc fnrrnlcetk bc >60Zii, pnrn rcnghzníék bk iîgiugk bc fntcrhn uthghzku-sc n scmuhetc cquníék?

9=

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

H<

f∝p 

Q>=\ 

Kebc? H < Ikrrcetc bn fntcrhn cl N pnrn > dkrn Pef < Pktceihn tktng bk EkFrcna cl ZN  p < Pcrbns bk hevcrskr (bnbk ppcgk cgk jnfrhinetc) Zii < Rcesék bk fnrrnlcetk II bk Ek Frcna cl Z Ikl hssk kftcvc-sc quc?

H<

000∝, 0 < :6,3 Nd  Ku scon, H < :6,3 N è n ikrrcetc bn fntcrhn pnrn nutkeklhn bc > dkrn, lns iklk

sc bcscon nutkeklhn bc pcgk lceks 90 lheutks, ecstc insk, pnrn cjchtk bc bhlheuhíék bc iustks c uthghzníék uthghzníék bc fntcrhns ikl vngkrcs iklc iklcrihnhs rihnhs jkh cspcihjhinbk cspcihjhinbk fntcrhns bc 30 Nd pnrn tkbks ks cgctrkicetrk. Ngmulns bns Prheihpnhs inrnitcrìsthins bns SPY‘s  cspcihjhinbns sék

nprcscetnbns

n scmuhr? • 

Rciekgkmhn Rruc Ke-Ghec / Bupgn Ikevcrsék

• 

Sthghzn Prkicssnbkr Bhmhtng bc Yheng (BYP)

• 

Vcthjhinbkr Rrneshstkrhznbk (HMFR)

• 

Ngtk jntkr bc pktïeihn bc cetrnbn? 5< 0.88

• 

Fnhxn Bhstkríék Dnrlòehin bc Ikrrcetc bc Cetrnbn (RDBh)? 7 9%

• 

Hevcrskr Rrneshstkrhznbk (HMFR) P]L idnvcnbk cl ngtn jrcquïeihn

• 

Pkssuh Fkték bc Bcsghmnlcetk bc Clcrmïeihn (CPK)1

• 

Nicssks pnrn lneutceíék1

94

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn • 

Mnfhectc iklpnitk1

Ngèl bc scrcl fntcrhns bk thpk nginghens, scgnbns c hestngnbns cl rnias ikejkrlc hgustrnbk en jhmurn 62.

Jhmurn 62  ’ Hgustrníék bk shstcln bc SPY uthghznbk ek prkoctk 

9.9.9.:.   ^unbrks bc bhstrhfuhíék Ks qunbrks bc bhstrhfuhíék ku inhxn bc jusìvchs è k gking bc kebc pnrthrék ks ihriuhtks quc hrék nghlcetnr pketks bc guz, hetcrruptkrcs, k shstcln bc iketrkgc bc nicssk c k shstcln bc bctciíék, ngnrlc c iklfntc n heiïebhk, cstcs jkrcl cspcihjhinbks c bctcrlhenbks n pnrthr bk bhnmrnln uehjhgnr.

Jhmurn 63  ’ Hgustrníék bk ul qunbrk bc bhstrhfuhíék 

9.9.9.=.   Yhstcln bc iketrkgc bc nicssk N prckiupníék ikl n scmurneín en prcvceíék bc hevnsócs c en prcscrvníék bk  pntrhlòehk è inbn vcz lnhkr, jrcetc n cssn shtuníék, sék ecicssîrhns skguíócs irhnthvns quc sc nbnptcl cspcihjhinlcetc ns ihriuestæeihns ihr iuestæeihns bc inbn krmnehzníék. 98

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

 Ecstc iketcxtk, lkstrku-sc inbn vcz lnhs ecicssîrhk n hlpgclcetníék bc ul iketrkgc bc nicssk bc sufcstníócs, fcl iklk cl sufcstníócs prè-jnfrhinbns, pnrn iketrkgnr n cetrnbn c snìbn bc sklcetc pcsskns nutkrhznbns nks cgctrkicetrk, k quc eék jkh bhjcrcetc ecstc prkoctk. Pnrn k shstcln bc iketrkgc bc nicssk jkh cspcihjhinbk n uthghzníék uln pgnin mcrceihnbkrnn quc sc ikluehin vhn ineng scrhng VY-243 ikl ns pgnins iketrkgnbkrns bc mcrceihnbkr bkhs gchtkrcs, scebk quc ek insk bn sufcstníék tkbns ns pgnins bcvcl jhinr bcetrk bc ul ÿehik qunbrk bc 400x:00x630ll ikl nutkeklhn bn jketc bc 20 Nd quc mnrnethrî nk Yhstcln uln nutkeklhn bc ntè 02 (quntrk) dkrns nk shstcln, ikejkrlc ecicsshbnbc bn iketrntnetc.

9.9.9.4.   Yhstcln bc ighlnthzníék K shstcln bc ighlnthzníék bcvc scr prkoctnbk bc nikrbk ikl ns ikebhíócs bc trnfngdk, pkbcebk scr ikl n uthghzníék bc npnrcgdks bupgks pnrn jueihkenlcetk iketìeuk, shstcln nutklîthik bc rkbìzhk cetrc npnrcgdks ku npnrcgdks shlpgcs. Ks ikebhihkenbkrcs hestngnbks bcvcl iketcr ul shstcln bc cxnusték jkrínbn, pnrn jueihkenlcetk cl clcrmïeihn, pnrn n cxpugsék bc mnscs mcrnbks cl cvcetung kikrrïeihn bc iurtk-ihriuhtk. Ngèl bks ikebhihkenbkrcs, k shstcln bc ighlnthzníék bcvc iketnr ikl shstclns bc  prcssurhzníék,  prcssurhzníé k, prkoctnbks pnrn inptnr k nr cxtcrek, trntî-gk c heoctnr en sngn lnetcebk n  prcssék pkshthvn pkshthvn hetcren cl 63PN. K shstcln bcvc scr prkmrnlnbk pnrn scr bcsghmnbk qunebk dkuvcr ntuníék bk shstcln bc bctciíék bc heiïebhk ek hetcrhkr bk cgctrkicetrk.  Ecstc prkoctk n cspcihjhiníé cspcihjhiníékk c k bhlceshkenlce bhlceshkenlcetk tk bns lîquhens bc nr ikebhihkenbk jkrnl rcnghznbns fnscnbk fnscnbk en bhsshpníék rcng bks cquhpnlcetks cquhpnlcetks hestngnbks ens sngns cgètrhins, lnhs n jrcetc ecssc trnfngdk scrî cstubnbk ikl lnhkr bctngdc k iîgiugk bc bhsshpníék tèrlhin njhl bc bctcrlhenr n qunethbnbc bc lîquhens bc rcjrhmcrníék ecicssîrhns pnrn lnetcr n tclpcrnturn hetcren bk cgctrkicetrk quc bcvc scr 20

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

bc 66°I +/- 6°I, ikl fnsc ek prkoctk LIV. N jhmurn nfnhxk hgustrn ul cxclpgk bc shstcln bc ighlnthzníék bc tctk.

Jhmurn 6: - Cxclpgk bc shstcln shstcln bc ighlnthzníék bc tctk 

9.9.9.8.   Yhstcln bc bctciíék, ngnrlc c iklfntc n heiïebhk Ks heiïebhks sclprc trkuxcrnl niketcihlcetks trîmhiks, bchxnebk lnrins hebcstrutìvchs ens pcsskns cevkgvhbns. Ks mrnebcs heiïebhks csték rcgnihkenbks às jngdns burnetc n cxciuíék bk iklfntc hehihng, à nusïeihn bc pkgìthins pÿfghins en mcsték bn  prcvceíék c nk iketrkgc bc he heiïebhks iïebhks ens cbhjhiníócs. Ns hestngníócs bc prktcíék iketrn heiïebhk nprcscetnl-sc bc jkrln cjhihcetc en sngvníék bc vhbns dulnens. K usk bks cxthetkrcs vcl scebk nfkrbnbk, inbn vcz lnhs,  pcgns clprcsns, csikgns, hebÿstrhns c jniugbnbcs. K scu usk sc tkreku kfrhmntùrhk c hebhspcesîvcg cl gkinhs quc nprcscetnl rhsiks bc heiïebhk. Zhsnebk k fcecjhihk bns  pcsskns, cssc prkoctk vcl pnrn lkstrnr n hlpkrtæeihn bk usk bc lntcrhnhs bc prktcíék iketrn heiïebhk, hebhinebk quc è pkssìvcg iklfntcr k jkmk cl uln shtuníék bc clcrmïeihn Q>0\.  Eks cgctrkicetrks eék bcvc scr bhjcrcetc. Pnrn k prkoctk bk LIV jkh cspcihjhinbk cspcihjhinbk ul shstcln ikl ul icetrng cspcihjhinlcetc pnrn cxciutnr n bctciíék k iklfntc c k ngnrlc bc heiïebhk cl tkbns ns îrcns rcjcrcetcs nk prkoctk. Cl insk bc shehstrk, n icetrng nthvn k shstcln bc shenghzníék bc ngnrlc c k shstcln bc suprcssék bc heiïebhk. Ks bhspkshthvks bc supcrvhsék c iklnebk jkrnl bhstrhfuìbks nk gkemk bns sngns, ikejkrlc n ecicsshbnbc cspcihjhin bc inbn uln. Ks prheihpnhs bhspkshthvks bc supcrvhsék c iklnebk csték ghstnbks? 2>

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Bhspkshthvks bc Yupcrvhsék? - Bctcitkr Pketung bc Julnín1 - Nihkenbkrcs lneunhs ikl idnvc bc nfkrtk1 - Lùbugks Lkehtkrcs. K shstcln bcvc iketcr tnlfèl Yhenghznbkrcs Nubhkvhsunhs, gkinghznbks ens rktns bc jumn c/ku cl gkinhs quc sc jnínl ecicssîrhks. K shstcln bc iklfntc jkh prkoctnbk pnrn scr rcnghznbk pkr mîs EKZCI, usnbk cl shstclns bc suprcssék bc heiïebhk pkr heuebníék tktng. Sln vcz nthvnbk k iklpkstk sùghbk rcnmc tktnglcetc cl ul tclpk cetrc >0 c 63 scmuebks, heuebnebk k nlfhcetc c cxthemuhebk k jkmk ntrnvès bn qucfrn bn rcníék cl inbchn c hecrthznebk k nlfhcetc pkr ntè buns dkrns. K Yhstcln bc Bctciíék, Ngnrlc c Iklfntc iklprccebc ek ikeouetk bc cquhpnlcetks ngkinbks eks nlfhcetcs quc iklpócl n Yufcstníék c sék bhvhbhbks pkr jueíócs.  

9.9.9.8.>.  Pnhecg bc Ngnrlc bc Heiïebhk K Pnhecg bc Ngnrlc bc Heiïebhk iklprccebc uln icetrng hestngnbn cl inbn sufcstníék, iuon jueíék, è lkehtkrnr c iketrkgnr ks bhspkshthvks quc iklpócl k shstcln. N icetrng rcicfc tkbks ks shenhs bc bctciíék bks bhvcrsks sceskrcs ngkinbks en sufcstníék c, cl insk bc shehstrk, è n rcspkesîvcg pcgn nthvníék bks nmcetcs bc iklfntc.

26

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Jhmurn 6= - Cxclpgk bc pnhecg pnhecg bc ngnrlc bc heiïebhk heiïebhk 

9.9.9.8.6.  Bhspkshthvks bc Bctciíék Ks bhspkshthvks bc bctciíék sék bcsthenbks n kpcrnr qunebk hejguceihnbks pkr bctcrlhenbks jceòlceks jìshiks ku quìlhiks quc netcicbcl ku quc niklpnednl k heiïebhk. N scmuhr, ks thpk bc bhspkshthvk quc jnzcl pnrtc bk shstcln prkpkstk?   Bctcitkrcs pketunhs Lugthsceskr bc tclpcrnturn/ julnín1



  Bctcitkrcs Ghecnrcs bc Rclpcrnturn thpk infk1



  Nihkenbkr Lneung bc Ngnrlc bc Heiïebhk.



9.9.9.8.9.  Bctcitkrcs pketunhs thpk lugthsceskr Yék bctcitkrcs quc pkssucl n inpnihbnbc bc bctciíék bc julnín c tclpcrnturn cl ul lcslk hevùguirk. Pkssuh n tciekgkmhn RrucYcesc, RrucYcesc, quc è n ikrrcgníék bn nthvhbnbc bc julnín c tclpcrnturn, prkpkrihkenebk bctciíék netcihpnbn bc ul prheiìphk bc heiïebhk. Bhjcrcetcs jnhxns bc ngnrlc c sceshfhghbnbc pkbcl scr scgcihkenbns bc nikrbk ikl k nlfhcetc c k rhsik. Bcvc scr hestngnbk cl nlfhcetcs hetcreks pnrn nlpghnr n inpnihbnbc bc bctciíék c kpcrnr k shstcln bc bctciíék cl rcbuebæeihn à jngdn bk bctcitkr Zcsbn c GDB, scebk prkoctnbk bcetrk bks ghlhtcs bc îrcn c ngturn, ikeshbcrnebk n rcvkguíék bc nr bk nlfhcetc.

29

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Jhmurn 64 - Cxclpgk bc bctcitkr pketung 

9.9.9.8.2.  Bctcitkrcs Ghecnrcs bc Rclpcrnturn K bctcitkr tèrlhik è ul infk jgcxìvcg quc è npghinbk ek fnebconlcetk cgètrhik. Eék jkh uthghznbk ek prkoctk LIV.

9.9.9.8.3.  Nihkenbkr Lneung bc Ngnrlc bc Heiïebhk Ks nihkenbkrcs lneunhs sék cebcrcíîvchs bk thpk ‗qucfrc k vhbrk c puxc n ngnvnein“ bcvcl scr hestngnbks cl pketks cstrntèmhiks hetcrenlcetc k cgctrkicetrk.

Jhmurn 68 - Cxclpgk bc nihkenbkr lneung

9.9.2.   Ghstn bc Inrmn c Bhlceshkenlcetk bc Pnheèhs Ikl ks cquhpnlcetks oî cspcihjhinbks jkh rcnghznbk ul gcvnetnlcetk bn ghstn bc inrmn bn lîquhen pkr cquhpnlcetk pnrn pkbcr sc bctcrlhenr k bhlceshkenlcetk bks pnheèhs, ecicssîrhks pnrn pkbcr lketnr k gnykut bk cgctrkicetrk bc jkrln quc cstn scon n lnhs kthlhznbn pkssìvcg c pkr jhl bctcrlhenr n pktceihn hestngnbn bk  prkoctk.

22

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

N tnfcgn 2 n scmuhr lkstrn n ghstn bc inrmn bk qunbrk bc bhstrhfuhíék bc lèbhn tcesék. Rnfcgn 2? Ghstn bc Inrmn ^B >9,4aZ BCYIVHÍÉK

INVNIRCVHYRHINY

PKRÏEIHN (A])

RCEYÉK (Z )

Cetrnbn

Cetrnbn

Cetrnbn

Cetrnbn

Rrnes j krlnbkr bc Jkrí n

Rrhj îs hi k, Yci k

6000aZ N

>9400 / 240

Cssc qunbrk nprcscetn npcens buns ikguens, scebk uln bc cetrnbn c uln bc snìbn. Ek lneung bk jnfrhinetc tcl-sc ns bhlcesócs bk pnhecg pkr ikguen, ecstc insk k pnhecg SEHMCNV nprcscetn ns scmuhetcs bhlcesócs pkr ikguen? 6900 x :40 x >920 ll (N x G x I) iklk sék buns ikguens cssc pnhecg nprcscetnrî ns scmuhetcs bhlcesócs? 6900 x >9:0 x >920 ll. N tnfcgn 3 lkstrn n ghstn bc inrmn bk pnhecg bc hevcrskr bc fnhxn tcesék. Ntrnvès bcssn ghstn pkbc-sc kftcr quc cssc pnhecg nprcscetn uln pktceihn hestngnbn bc >899,:3 a], uthghznbks pnrn nihkenlcetk bc bhvcrsks thpks bc lktkrcs bn pgnetn iklk? lktkr bk frhtnbkr, nghlcetnbkr bc pgnins, cti. Rnfcgn 3? Ghstn bc Inrmn Pnhecg bc Hevcrskr BCYIVHÍÉK Cetrnbn 9600N (Ikl Bhs ouetkr)

INVNIRCVHYRHINY

PKRÏEIHN (A])

Cetrnbn

Rrnes j krlnbkr bc Iklnebk

Ikr rc rc et etc (N) 9600

240

>,3aZ N

Rrnes j krlnbkr N ux hghnr

RCEYÉK (Z )

>aZ N

Lktkr bk Irnw gcr - Lktkr >

Rhpk Mnhkgn, Hevcrs kr

230

38>,6

220

Lktkr bk Irnw gcr - Lktkr 6

Rhpk Mnhkgn, Hevcrs kr

9=0

:20

220

 Nghlctnbk  Nghl ctnbkrcs rcs bc P Pgnins gnins - L Lktkr ktkr >

Rh Rhpk pk Mnhkg Mnhkgn, n, Hevcrskr Hevcrskr

9=0

:20

220

 Nghlctnbk  Nghl ctnbkrcs rcs bc P Pgnins gnins - L Lktkr ktkr 6

Rh Rhpk pk Mnhkg Mnhkgn, n, Hevcrskr Hevcrskr

9=0

:20

220

Rhpk Mnhkgn, Hevcrs kr

9=0

220

220

Lktkr bk Frhtnbkr Jrchk bk Irnw gcr >

Jrchk Cgctrklnmeèthik

0,=3

0,9

220

Jrchk bk Irnw gcr 6

Jrchk Cgctrklnmeèthik

0,=3

0,9

220

Jrchk > bk N prke Jccbcr

Jrchk Cgctrklnmeèthik

0,=3

0,9

220

Jrchk 6 bk N prke Jccbcr

Jrchk Cgctrklnmeèthik

0,=3

0,9

220

Jrchk bk Frhtnbkr

Jrchk Cgctrklnmeèthik

0,:3

0,2

220

Cssc qunbrk nprcscetn : ikguens, scebk uln bc cetrnbn n 9600 N, iketcebk ks trnesjkrlnbkrcs bc iklnebk c nuxhghnr c k bhsouetkr bc cetrnbn, c 3 ikguens bc snìbn 23

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

 pnrn n nghlcetníék bks lktkrcs, scebk cstns bhvhbhbns cl inbn ikguen ikl uln  pnrthbn hevcrskrn bc ngtn pktïeihn (9=0 ku 230 a]) c ul pnrthbn hevcrskrn bc fnhxn  pktceihn (0,:3 ku 0,=3 aZ). Pcgks bnbks bk jnfrhinetc n ikguens bc cetrnbn c n ikguen iketcebk n pnrthbn bc 230 a] nprcscetnl ns scmuhetcs bhlcesócs? 6640 x >:00 x :30 ll cequnetk quc ns bclnhs ikguens nprcscetnl? 6640 x 400 x :30 ll. Pkr jhl n tnfcgn : lkstrn n ghstn bc inrmn bk icetrk bc iketrkgc bc lktkr bc fnhxn tcesék. Ntrnvès bcssn ghstn pkbc-sc kftcr quc cssc pnhecg nprcscetn uln pktceihn hestngnbn bc ==4,4: ==4,4: a], uthghznbks pnrn nihkenlcetk bc lk lktkrcs tkrcs c nghlcetnbkrcs bk shstcln bc gufrhjhiníék, bk shstcln bc jrchk, bc b c pcechrns, cti.

2:

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn Rnfcgn :? Ghstn bc inrmn IIL 240Z BCYIVHÍÉK

INVNIRCVHYRHINY

P PK KRÏEIHN

RCEYÉK

(A])

(Z )

Cetr nbn >630N

Cetr nbn

240

Cetr nbn >630N ( Mcr nbkr )

Cetr nbn

240

Rr nesj kr lnbkr bc Iklnebk 3aZ N

240

Jccbcr Vcshstkr bc Ntcr rnlcetk

240

Lktkr RI bn Gneí n bc Ynìbn

Rhpk Mnhkgn, Hev cr s kr

=3

220

Lktkr Pcechr n Mr hz z gy

Rhpk Mnhkgn, Hev cr s kr

=3

220

Lktkr bn S.D. bc Cgcv ní ék bn Lîquhen

Rhpk Mnhkgn

600

220

Yhs t. Bc Gufrhj . Yupcr hkr

Rhpk Mnhkgn

0,9=

220

Yhs t. Bc Gufrhj . Hej cr hkr

Rhpk Mnhkgn

0,9=

220

Yhs t. Bc Gufrhj . bks Ir nw gcr s

Rhpk Mnhkgn

0,9=

220

Rr hj îs hi n

>30

220

Rr hj îs hi n

>30

220

Lktkr > Fnj j gc Pgntc RI bc Ynìbn

Rhpk Mnhkgn, rcv cr s ìv cg

=,3

220

Lktkr 6 Fnj j gc Pgntc RI bc Ynìbn

Rhpk Mnhkgn, rcv cr s ìv cg

=,3

220

Sehbnbc bc N ghednlcetk > RI Ynìbn

Rhpk Mnhkgn

6,6

220

Sehbnbc bc N ghednlcetk 6 RI Ynìbn

Rhpk Mnhkgn

6,6

220

Lktkr Yphggnmc Ikev cy kr

Rhpk Mnhkgn

=,3

220

Lktkr bn S.D. bc Cgcv ní ék bn Gneí n

Rhpk Mnhkgn

>3

220

Lktkr bn S.D. bc N fcrtur n bk Irus dcr

Rhpk Mnhkgn

3,3

220

 Nghlcetníék  Nghl cetníék Vkia Vkia Frcna Frcnacr cr

Rrhjîshin

33

220

Jr chk bk RI bn Gneí n bc Ynhbn

Rhpk Mnhkgn

0,:3

220

Vcs crv n ( Ypnrc >3a])

Rhpk Mnhkgn

>3

220

Vcs crv n ( Ypnrc =,3a])

Rhpk Mnhkgn, rcv cr s ìv cg

=,3

220

Vcs crv n ( Ypnrc 6,6a])

Rhpk Mnhkgn

6,6

220

Rr nes j kr lnbkr bc Hgulhení ék

Rr hj îs hi k, Yci k

63aZ N

240 / 940

Rklnbns bc Ykgbn / Lneutceí ék

Rr hj îs hi n

:9 N

240

Rklnbns bc Ykgbn / Lneutceí ék

Rr hj îs hi n

:9 N

240

Rklnbns bc Ykgbn / Lneutceí ék

Rr hj îs hi n

:9 N

240

Iklpr cs s kr pnr n Lneutceí ék  Nr Ikebhihkenbk Ikebhihkenbk Y Yngn ngn Cgètrhin

N ghlcetní ék trhj îs hi n Nghl Nghlcetníék cetníék R Rrhjîs rhjîshin hin

60aZ N 60aZN

240 240

Rngdn Cgètrhi n >

N ghlcetní ék Rrhj îs hi n

>0aZ N

240

Rngdn Cgètrhi n 6

N ghlcetní ék Rrhj îs hi n

>0aZ N

240

SPY ( EK FVCN A)

Lkekj îs hik

=,3aZ N

240 / >60

Vcs crv n ( Ypnrc)

Rr hj îs hi n

20N

240

Vcs crv n ( Ypnrc)

Rr hj îs hi n

30N

240

Vcs crv n ( Ypnrc)

Rr hj îs hi n

>00N

240

 Nghlcetníék Rrnespkrtnbkr  Nghlcetníék Rrnespkrtnbkr Lkbugn Lkbugnrr P Pkrtîthg krtîthg > (PLI>)  Nghlcetníék  Nghl cetníék Rrnespkrtnbkr Rrnespkrtnbkr Lkbugn Lkbugnrr P Pkrtîthg krtîthg 6 (PLI6)

Ikguen Z nz hn (>000ll)

240

Cssc pnhecg nprcscetn 4 ikguens, scebk uln bc cetrnbn n >630 N, iketcebk k trnesjkrlnbkr bc iklnebk, c = ikguens bc snìbn pnrn n nghlcetníék bks lktkrcs, scebk cstns iketcebk pnrthbns bhrctns, jccbcrs, cti bc jkrln quc ikufcsscl bcetrk

2=

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

bn ikguen bk pnhecg. Bc nikrbk ikl bnbks bk jnfrhinetc n ikguens bk IIL nprcscetnl ns scmuhetcs bhlcesócs? bhlcesócs? 6640 x 3200 x 430 ll.

9.9.3.   Pktïeihn Hestngnbn N pnrthr bn ghstn bc inrmn bks prheihpnhs pnheèhs pkbc-sc kftcr n pktceihn hestngnbn bn lîquhen iklk ul tkbk. Bc nikrbk ikl n ghstn bc inrmn kfscrvn-sc quc ks lktkrcs nihkenbks pnrn cjctunr n cxtrníék bk lheèrhk c trnespkrtî-gk ntè n hestngníék prheihpng bn pgnetn sék iketrkgnbks pcgks icetrks bc iketrkgc bc lktkr c  pcgks pnheèhs bc hevcrskrcs, oî quc iklk vhlks, k qunbrk bc lèbhn tcesék tcl npcens n cetrnbn bn sufcstníék prheihpng c snìbn pnrn k trnesjkrlnbkr. Ycebk nsshl  pkbc-sc ikeshbcrnr quc n pktceihng tktng hestngnbn bn lîquhen è hmung pktceihng hestngnbn bk pnhecg bc hevcrskr + pktceihn hestngnbn bk icetrk bc iketrkgc bc lktkr, ku scon n pktïeihn tktng hestngnbn è hmung n nprkxhlnbnlcetc?

Pt < >899,:3 + ==4,4: < 6=>6,3> a]  9.9.:.   Ghstn bc Cquhpnlcetks Cjctunbk n cspcihjhiníék bks cquhpnlcetks quc hrék iklpkr k cgctrkicetrk fcl iklk k bhlceshkenlcetk bks lcslks, jkh gcvnetnbk uln ghstn bc cquhpnlcetks ikl ns cspcihjhiníék fîshin bks prheihpnhs cquhpnlcetks cquhpnlcetks quc hrék iklpkr n sngn cgètrhin. N ghstn rcgnihken tkbks ks cquhpnlcetks lkstrnbks ek bhnmrnln uehjhgnr, bc nikrbk ikl n cspcihjhiníék bnbn n inbn ul bcgcs, njhl bc ntcebcr n ecicsshbnbc bk prkoctk. Sl bnbk luhtk hlpkrtnetc tnlfèl gcvnetnbk ecssn ghstn è n bhsshpníék tèrlhin bc inbn cquhpnlcetk bnbk pcgk jnfrhinetc cl scu lneung. Cssc bnbk è luhtk hlpkrtnetc pnrn  pkstcrhkrlcetc scr rcnghznbk k iîgiugk bc bhsshpníék bc ingkr c ikl hssk è pkssìvcg bhlceshkenr k shstcln bc ighlnthzníék pnrn jhenglcetc cgnfkrnr k gnykut bn sngn cgètrhin. 24

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

N tnfcgn = nfnhxk nprcscetn ks cquhpnlcetks bk k cgctrkicetrk bk prkoctk bk LIV  fcl iklk suns suns inrnitcrìsthins. Rnfcgn =- Cquhpnlcetks bn sngn cgètrhin bk LIV

E¿ Gnykut

0>

Bcsirhíék

^unbrk bc bhstrhfuhíék ->9,4AZ

06 09 02 03 03

Rrnesjkrlnbkr n Ycik 6000aZN Vcshstkr bc Ntcrrnlcetk 9N Pnhecg bc Yupcrvhsék bk Vcshstkr Hevcrskr bc jrcquïeihn - 240Z Hevcrskr bc jrcquïeihn - 240Z

03 03 03 03

Hevcrskr bc jrcquïeihn - 240Z Hevcrskr bc jrcquïeihn - 240Z Hevcrskr bc jrcquïeihn - 240Z Pnhecg bc hevcrskr bc jrcquïeihn - 240Z Ek-Frcna 3aZN Fneik bc Fntcrhns - 3aZN Rrnesjkrlnbkr bc Hgulheníék n scik Pnhecg YPIH Pnhecg bc PGI Pnhecg bc Vcgès bc Clcrmïeihn Pnhecg bc IJRZ Pnhecg bk shstcln bk Iketrkgc bc Nicssk Icetrk bc iketrkgc bc lktkr ’ lktkr ’   240Z ^unbrk bc Hgulheníék ^unbrk bc Bhstrhfuhíék c Iketrkgc Ek-Frcna >0aZN Fneik bc Fntcrhns - >0aZN

0: 0= 04 08 >0 >> >6 >9 >2 >: >= >4 >8

Ngturn (ll)

Gnrmurn (ll)

Prkj. (ll)

Pcsk (am)

Bhsshpníék Rèrlhin (])

6900

>9:0

>920

>000

4:3

:33 :00 6640 6640

360 230 400 400

660 600 :30 :30

600 30 900 900

Cxtcrek Cxtcrek 800 6>30 632>

6640 6640 6640

400 >:00 >:00

:30 :30 :30

900 >.>00 >.>00

2:60 48>0 48>0

6640

400

:30

>.>00

>0480

>000 >200

300 220

200 :40

640 900

>>00 -

=00

4:0

200

200

Cxtcrek

6900 6900 >600 >900

:00 >000 :00 400

630 :00 200 400

>30 >30 >00 >00

>00 >00 >00 >00

>900

:80

630

>00

>00

6640

3200

430

>.400

6000

>200

:00

630

>30

>00

>200

:00

630

>30

>00

>000 >200

:00 220

200 :40

640 900

6600 -

>8.088

234=:

28

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

9.9.=.   Iîgiugk bc Bhsshpníék bc Ingkr Ns sngns bc RH c sngn cgètrhins bc dkoc rcqucrcl nlfhcetc cstîvchs c prcihsks pnrn quc ks iklpkecetcs cgctròehiks scesìvchs jueihkecl bc lnechrn ùthln. Cl ul cgctrkicetrk è rciklcebnbk quc n tclpcrnturn scon lnethbn cl 66 mrnus icgshus +/- 6 mrnus c n ulhbnbc rcgnthvn ccetrc etrc 93-30%. Pnrn ln lnetcr etcr cssn tclpcrnturn tclpcrnturn c n ulhbnbc ulhbnbc bcetrk bc uln jnhxn luhtk ghlhtnbn, è ecicssîrhk n uthghzníék bc shstclns bc nr ikebhihkenbk bc prcihsék, cvhtnebk, nsshl quc csscs cquhpnlcetks skjrnl tclpks bc henthvhbnbc inusnbks pkr jngdns cl iklpkecetcs. Sln inrmn tèrlhin ikestn bc bkhs iklpkecetcs hebcpcebcetcs? ingkr scesìvcg c ingkr gntcetc. K ingkr gntcetc sc rcgnihken ikl k nulcetk ku n bhlheuhíék bn ulhbnbc ikethbn ek nr. N inpnihbnbc tktng bc rcjrhmcrníék bc ul ikebhihkenbk bc nr è n skln bk ingkr scesìvcg cxtrnìbk c k ingkr gntcetc cxtrnìbk. Inpnihbnbc tktng bc rcjrhmcrníék < Vcjrhmcrníék scesìvcg + Vcjrhmcrníék gntcetc

(>)

K jntkr bc ingkr scesìvcg è n jrníék scesìvcg bn rcjrhmcrníék tktng.

Jntkr bc ingkr scesìvcg (YDV YDV)) <

jhmíé ì   jhmíé 

(6)

Cl ul cgctrkicetrk k ingkr mcrnbk è fnshinlcetc k ingkr bhsshpnbk pcgns gulheîrhns c cquhpnlcetk hetcreks, scebk nsshl, è iklpkstk prnthinlcetc pkr ingkr scesìvcg, cequnetk quc k ingkr gntcetc è lìehlk, pkhs eék dî ihriugníék bc pcsskns, ku n ihriugníék è luhtk fnhxn. Pkr cssc lkthvk k YDV rcqucrhbk bcvc cstnr cetrc 0,40 n 0,83. Bcssn jkrln, pkbc-sc rcnghznr k iîgiugk bc inrmn tktng ecicssîrhk pnrn rcjrhmcrnr n sngn cgètrhin. Ecssc prkoctk, tclks bn tnfcgn = tclks quc n bhsshpníék tèrlhin bks

30

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

cquhpnlcetks bn sngn è hmung n 234=: ], cssc vngkr è cquhvngcetc nk ingkr scesìvcg. Iklk k jntkr bc ingkr scesìvcg bcvc scr ek lìehlk 0,40 pkbc-sc ikeshbcrnr quc n bhsshpníék tèrlhin bks cquhpnlcetks bn sngn è hmung n 40% bk ingkr tktng, scebk nsshl bn cquníék > pkbclks ikeiguhr quc n inpnihbnbc tktng bc rcjrhmcrníék bn sngn bcvc scr bc 3=923 ]. Ks cquhpnlcetks bc rcjrhmcrníék hebustrhnhs sék bhsthemuhbks pcgn qunethbnbc bc tkecgnbns bc rcjrhmcrníék (RV), kebc > RV è hmung n pktïeihn quc jkrecic n qunethbnbc bc ingkr ecicssîrhn pnrn bcrrctcr uln tkecgnbn bc mcgk cl 62 dkrns. > RV < >6.000 FRS/d < 93>:,8 ]. Bcssn jkrln tclks quc n inpnihbnbc tktng bc rcjrhmcrníék bcvc scr bc >:,9 RV. Ycebk nsshl, pnrn k prkoctk jkh bhlceshkeshkenbk n uthghzníék bc 2 lîquhens bc 2 RV ikl n inrnitcrìsthin bc rcjrhmcrníék pkr nr ikejkrlc jhmurn 9:.

Jhmurn 9: - Yhstcln bc rcjrhmcrníék pkr nr

3>

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

9.9.4.   Gnykut Ikl k gcvnetnlcetk bks cquhpnlcetks hetcreks nk cgctrkicetrk pkbc-sc pkr jhl cgnfkrnr k gnykut bn sngn cgètrhin bc jkrln quc sc kthlhzc n uthghzníék bks cspníks c rcspchtc-sc sclprc ns ekrlns bc scmurneín c vcrsnthghbnbc bns rktns bc jumn c trnespkrtcs bc cquhpnlcetks. N bhlcesék jheng bk lùbugk jkh bc >6 x 2,> l ikejkrlc jhmurn 9=.

Jhmurn 9= - Gnykut - C-Dkusc LIV Pnrn cgnfkrníék cgnfkrníék bk gnykut jkh prcvhstk ul ulnn bhstæeihn lìehln bc >>300 300 ll pnrn n  pnrtc jrketng bks cquhpnlcetks, ngèl bc tcr shbk ikeshbcrnbk n bhstneihn lìehln bc =00 ll pnrn ihriugníék bc kpcrnbkrcs. Ks cquhpnlcetks quc kpcrnl cl fnhxn tcesék jkrnl bhspkstks scpnrnbnlcetc bnqucgcs quc kpcrnl cl lèbhn tcesék, jnihghtnebk nsshl ek lklcetk bn hestngníék n  pnssnmcl c ikecxék bc infks.

36

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

2.  Neîghsc jheng  2.>.   Znetnmces Ns prheihpnhs vnetnmces bn uthghzníék bc cgctrkicetrks nk hevès bc sufcstníócs cgètrhins jchtns cl ngvcenrhn pkbcl scr shlpghjhinbns cl quntrk tùphiks? iustk, qunghbnbc, lék bc kfrn c lkfhghbnbc. • Iustk?

Iustk jheng tcebc n scr lcekr bk quc qunebk iklpnrnbk n sufcstníék cl

ngvcenrhn, ikeshbcrnebk ikeshbcrnebk k iustks bc lntcrhnhs c tclpk mnstk pnrn hlpgclcetníék. •

^unghbnbc? N ikestruíék bk cgctrkicetrk è rcnghznbn cl jîfrhin, pkrtnetk,

hebcpcebc bc qungqucr jntkr cxtcrek. • Lék bc kfrn? Cl sufcstníócs cl ngvcenrhn è

ecicssîrhk quc ul mrnebc eÿlcrk bc trnfngdnbkrcs scon bcsgkinbk pnrn ns kfrns, tkrenebk-sc bcpkhs lék bc kfrn kihksn ikl ngtk iustk skihng. •

Lkfhghbnbc? Vcnprkvchtnlcetk tktng bc tkbk ikeouetk ek insk bc cxpnesék,

lubneín c ekvns pgnetns.

2.6.  

Juturk

Ks cgctrkicetrks sc nprcscetnl iklk uln ekvn tcebïeihn bc skguíék bc shstclns cgètrhiks c csték scebk inbn vcz lnhs iktnbks pnrn îrcns bc ncrkpkrtks, nrcens bc cvcetks, mrnebcs ikestruíócs lctîghins, lcmn sdkpphems, shstcln bc cstníócs lctrkvhîrhns, rkbk-jcrrkvhns, dnemnrcs, hebÿstrhn envng, cetrc kutrks. kut rks. Nbhihkenglcetc ks cgctrkicetrks vïl mnednebk cspník cl prkoctks rcgnihkenbks n hebÿstrhn envng, n cxclpgk bc sun uthghzníék cl fnriks bc lèbhk c mrnebc pkrtc ikestruìbks en Curkpn c Cstnbks Sehbks.

39

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

3.  Ikeigusék N rcnghzníék bcssc trnfngdk pksshfhghtku ul lnhkr cetcebhlcetk bc sufcstníócs cgètrhins c pgnetns bc lhecrníék, fcl iklk nprcebhznbk c ikedcihlcetk tèiehik ek quc sc rcjcrc n cspcihjhiníócs tèiehins c bhlceshkenlcetks cgètrhiks pnrn cgnfkrníék bc  prkoctks bc mrnebc pkrtc. N hesphrníék bcssc trnfngdk surmhu n pnrthr bns nthvhbnbcs  prkjhsshkenhs rcnghznbns ntunebk iklk cstnmhîrhk en pnrtc bc cgnfkrníék bc prkpkstn tèiehin pnrn shstclns cgètrhiks en NFF. Pnrn rcnghzníék bns cspcihjhiníócs tèiehins, bhlceshkenlcetks, iîgiugks bc bhsshpníék tèrlhin, cetrc kutrks, jkrnl uthghznbks lètkbks c nprcebhznbks tcùrhik kfthbks burnetc k iursk bc cemcednrhn bc iketrkgc c nutklníék en SECYP  ’  Ykrkinfn,  fcl iklk à cxpcrhïeihn c ikedcihlcetk bc kutrks ikgcmns prkjhsshkenhs ntunetcs ek  prkoctk, k quc jkh bc csscei cssceihng hng iketrhfuhíék pnrn rcnghzníék bcstc trnfngdk c bn lhedn jkrlníék. Pkr jhl k prkoctk nprcscetku uln pktïeihn hestngnbn bc 6=>6,3> a], n qung hrî nihkenr ns bhvcrsns inrmns c lktkrcs pnrn cjctunr n cxtrníék c frhtnmcl bk lheèrhk bc jcrrk. Ns sufcstníócs bk thpk cgctrkicetrk bcssc prkoctk oî csték cl jnsc bc prkbuíék c lketnmcl c n prcvhsék è quc ks lcslks iklcicl n kpcrnr ek scmuebk sclcstrc bc 60>3.

32

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

:.  Vcjcrïeihns Fhfghkmrîjhins Q>\ Cgctrkicetrk  ’   Ekvns tcebïeihns ek jkrecihlcetk bc shstclns cgètrhiks prèlkbugknbks. Bhspkeìvcg cl? 7dttp?//www.ksctkrcgctrhik.ikl.fr/wcf/ikguehstns/6997dttp?//www.ksctkrcgctrhik.ikl.fr/wcf/ikguehstns/699cgctrkicetrksekvns-tcebceihns-ek-jkrec cgctrkicetrksekvn s-tcebceihns-ek-jkrecihlcetk-bc-shstclns-c ihlcetk-bc-shstclns-cgctrhiks-prcgctrhiks-prclketnbks.dtlg5. lketnbks.dtlg 5. Nicssnbk cl 64/03/>2. Q6\

Cgctrkicetrks

 ’  

Lcttn

skguíócs

cgètrhins.

Bhspkeìvcg

cl?

7

dttp?//www.lcttn.heb.fr/hebcx.pdp/prkbutks/iufhi dttp?//www.lcttn.heb.fr/hebc x.pdp/prkbutks/iufhiugks-lcbhn5. ugks-lcbhn5. Nicssnbk cl 64/03/>2. Q9\ Intngkmk cgctrkicetrk  ’   ]CM cgctrkicetrk. Bhspkeìvcg cl? 7 dttp?//cintngkm.wcm.ect/jhgcs/wcmect/]CM-cgctrkicetrk->0 dttp?//cintngkm.wcm. ect/jhgcs/wcmect/]CM-cgctrkicetrk->0393940-intngkmk-pk 393940-intngkmk-pkrtumucsrtumucs fr.pbj5. Nicssk Nicssk cl 64/03/>2. Q2\

ZNGC

 ’  

ZNGC

ek

luebk.

7dttp?//www.vngc.ikl/frnshg/PR/nfkutvngc/Pnmhens/bcjnugt.nspx5

Bhspkeìvcg .

Nicssnbk

cl? cl

0:/0:/>2 Q3\ Yufcstníócs prè-jnfrhinbns  ’   Bcshme bc sufcstníócs prè-jnfrhinbns bc nikrbk ikl

pnbrócs

bk

mkvcrek

Vussk.

Bhspkeìvcg

cl?

7dttp?//hcccxpgkrc.hccc.krm/xpg/nrthigcBctnhgs.osp;tp2 Q:\ Ikestruíék bc uln sufcstníék prè-jnfrhinbn  ’   Bcshme c ikestruíék bc uln sufcstníék prè-jnfrhinbn bc >>aZ pnrn k ‗Lhggcehul Bklc“. Bhspkeìvcg cl? 7dttp?//hcccxpgkrc.hccc.krm/xpg/nrthigcBctnhgs.osp 7dttp?//hcccxpgkrc.hcc c.krm/xpg/nrthigcBctnhgs.osp;tp2 Q=\ Yhstclns bc cgctrhjhiníék c nutklníék  ’  Yhstclns   Yhstclns bc cgctrhjhiníék c nutklníék  pnrn

lhen

bc

ikfrc

cl

ngtn

ngthtubc

Bhspkeìvcg

cl?

7dttp?//www02.nff.ikl/mgkfng/schtp/schtp606.esj/0/0=4n06> 7dttp?//www02.nff.ikl/mgkfng/schtp/schtp60 6.esj/0/0=4n06>2n8393f66i 2n8393f66i>63=:j0006ci >63=:j0006ci 6>n/$jhgc/>0[04[Pcru[lhehem.pbj5. 6>n/$jhgc/>0[04[Pc ru[lhehem.pbj5. Nicssnbk cl 64/03/>2 33

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Q4\ Prktcíék bc cstruturns iketrn bcsinrmn ntlkjèrhins . Bhspkeìvcg cl? 7dttp?//bhsihpghens.s dttp?//bhsihpghens.stkn.usp.fr/pgumhe tkn.usp.fr/pgumhejhgc.pdp/9>=0 jhgc.pdp/9>=0>/lkb[rcskuri >/lkb[rcskuric/iketcet/>/Efr[3 c/iketcet/>/Efr[32>8[  2>8[  -[Nfet[-[Prktcink[Bc[Cstrutu[rns -[Nfet[-[Prktcink [Bc[Cstrutu[rns[Iketrn[Bcs [Iketrn[Bcsinrmns[Ntlks inrmns[Ntlksjcrhins.pbj  jcrhins.pbj 5

. Nicssnbk

cl >9/>0/>2 Q8\ Iketrkgc bc nicssk nk pîthk bn sufcstníék bn cgctrkekrtc. Bhspkeìvcg cl? 7dttp?//www9.hcsnl-pn.cb dttp?//www9.hcsnl-pn.cbu.fr/kos/hebcx.pdp/ike u.fr/kos/hebcx.pdp/iketrkgc[nutk/nrthigc/vhc trkgc[nutk/nrthigc/vhcwJhgc/>0>6/:8: wJhgc/>0>6/:8: 5. Nicssnbk cl >2/>0/>2 Q>0\ Nvnghníék bks shstclns bc iklfntc à heicebhk cl uln heshtuhíék bc ceshek supcrhkr

gkinghznbn

cl

Lksskrù.

Bhspkeìvcg

cl?

7dttp?//www6.ujcrsn.cbu.f dttp?//www6.ujcrsn.cbu.fr/pkrtng/vhcw/upgknbs/sc r/pkrtng/vhcw/upgknbs/sctkrcs/6=0/RII%60tkrcs/6=0/RII%60%60FIR/RII%60Lnricgk%60Yhgvn.pbj 5. Nicssnbk cl 60/>0/>2 Q>>\

Prkoctk

bc

sufcstníék

bc

lèbhk

pkrtc.

Bhspkeìvcg

cl?

7dttps?//www.gulc.ujrms.fr/fhtstrc dttps?//www.gulc.ujrms.fr/fhtstrcnl/dnebgc/>0>49 nl/dnebgc/>0>49/:3:02/0004:28 /:3:02/0004:28=>.pbj;scquc =>.pbj;scquceic eic 5. Nicssnbk cl 0:/>>/>2 Q>6\

INLNIDK,

Inrgks.

Yufstníócs

(YCs).

Bhspkeìvcg

cl?

7dttp?//www.inlnidk.cem.fr5. 7dttp?//www.inlni dk.cem.fr5. Nicssnbk cl 0:/>>/>2 Q>9\ Cstubk c prkoctk fîshik bc uln sufcstníék. Bhspkeìvcg cl? 7   dttp?//www6.cgc.ujcs.fr/~prkomrnb/bkiulcetks dttp?//www6.cgc.ujcs.f r/~prkomrnb/bkiulcetks/PM600=[6/jnfhnek /PM600=[6/jnfhnekskusn.pbj  skusn.pbj 5

.

Nicssnbk cl >0/>>/>2 Q>2\ EV >0 ’  Ycmurneín  Ycmurneín cl hestngníócs c scrvhíks cl cgctrhihbnbc. cg ctrhihbnbc. Bhspkeìvcg cl? 7   dttp?//pkrtng.ltc.mkv.fr/bntn/jhgcs/4N=I4>6B904C6 dttp?//pkrtng.ltc.mkv.fr/bntn /jhgcs/4N=I4>6B904C6>::0>9>0:2> >::0>9>0:2>J:=:68J2/er[>0 J:=:68J2/er[>0.pbj  .pbj 5. Nicssnbk cl >0/>>/>2 Q>3\ Bcjhehíék bc ikeichtks rcgnihkenbks ikl cecrmhn cgètrhin. Bhspkeìvcg cl? 7   dttps?//www.ncssug.ikl.fr/shtc/skfrccec dttps?//www.ncssug.i kl.fr/shtc/skfrccecrmhn/CecrmhnN_.ns rmhn/CecrmhnN_.nspx;gctrn>/>2 Q>:\

Ikrrcetc

bc

iurtk

ihriuhtk.

Bhspkeìvcg

cl?7 

dttp?//www.okhevhggc.ubcsi.fr/pkrtng/prkjcsskrcs/jcrmutz/lntcrhnhs/ikrrcetc[b dttp?//www.okhevhggc.ubcsi.fr/pkrtng/prkjcsskrcs /jcrmutz/lntcrhnhs/ikrrcetc[bc[iurtk[l c[iurtk[l ctkbk[shlpghjhinbk[v2[>2.pbj 5 . Nicssnbk cl >0/>>/>2 3:

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

Q>=\ Iîgiugk pnrn bhlceshkenlcetk c nutkeklhn cl Ekfrcnas. Bhspkeìvcg cl? 7   dttp?//www.dklcxpcrt.ikl.fr/nrcnrcscrvnb dttp?//www.dklcxpcrt.ikl .fr/nrcnrcscrvnbn/wp-iketcet/upgknbs/60> n/wp-iketcet/upgknbs/60>>/0:/INGISGK>/0:/INGISGKPNVN-NSRKEKLHN-CL-E-K-FVCNAY>.pbj 5 5.. Nicssnbk cl >0/>>/>2

3=

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

NPÏEBHIC N  ’  GNXKSR  GNXKSR YNGN CGÈRVHIN LIV

34

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

NECTK H  ’  BHNMVNLN  BHNMVNLN SEHJHGNV > PVKOCRK LIV

38

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

NECTK HH  ’  BHNMVNLN  BHNMVNLN SEHJHGNV 6 PVKOCRK LIV

:0

 

 

Inlpus Cxpcrhlcetng bc Ykrkinfn

NECTK HHH ’  BHNMVNLN  BHNMVNLN SEHJHGNV 9 PVKOCRK LIV

:>