Project Report on Adani Port

A Summer Project Report On “ADANI PORT AND SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE”

Submitted to:L. J. Institute of Management Studies

In requirement of partial fulfillment of Masters of Business Administration (MBA) 2-year full time programmer of Gujarat Technological University

Submitted on:July 2013

Submitted By:-

JUGAL BHANUSHALI No: Batch: 2012-2014 \

HITESH PATADIYA No: Batch: 2012-2014

PREFACE

Summer training is an integral part of the MBA programme. The main objective of the summer training is to work in the organization and gain valuable knowledge of management skills that will be useful in the future career building.

The purpose is to study how an organisation functions and how to apply our academic knowledge in the corporate life. As a practical point of view Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Limited (APSEZ), which is one of the leading part of India’s leading infrastructure conglomerate the Adani Group, has provided us such a great opportunity of summer training in their organisation. It helps us to get better understanding and working of various theories of financial management.

We learned a lot from this training about the corporate life, which will be useful to us in future. But as there is one limitation that we can’t disclose all the financial and other information about Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Limited (APSEZ) as per company policy, we have not shown all the data in the project report.

Declaration

It is hereby certified that the work incorporated in the thesis submitted entitled “WORKING CAPITAL ASSESMENT” submitted by Jugal Bhanushali comprises the result of independent and original investigation carried out me. The material which obtained and used from other sources has been duly acknowledged in the thesis.

Date: Place:

Signature of the student

It is certified that the work mentioned above is carried out under my guidance.

Date: Place:

Signature of the faculty guide

Acknowledgement

Executive Summary

INDEX

Particular

Chapter Chapter-1

Company profile

1.1

Introduction

1.2

Milestones and core values

1.3

Commodities

1.4

Group companies

1.5

Vision

1.6

Mission

1.7

Production capacity

1.8

Size of the organisation

1.9

Board of directors

1.1

Information technology systems

1.11

Organisational Structures

1.12

Competitors

Chapter-2

Literature Review

2.1

Overview of pharmaceuticals industry

2.2

SWOT Analysis

Chapter-3

Working Capital Management

3.1

Introduction

3.2

Types of working capital

3.3

Factors determining Working capital

3.4

Principles of working

Page No.

capital & W.C. cycle 3.5

Definition

3.6

Components of working capital

3.7

TANDON COMMITTE Report

3.8

CORE COMMITTE Report

Chapter-4

Credit Monitoring Assessment(CMA)

4.1

What is CMA?

4.2

CMA required

4.3

Form-II(Operating statement)

Form-III(Analysis of Balance sheet) Form-IV(Statement of CA & CL) Form-V(MPBF statement) Form-VI(Fund flow statement) Repayment Schedule Depreciation Schedule 4.4

Comments on financials

4.5

Basis of Assumptions

Bibliography

Chapter 1 Company Profile

1.1 Vision

The Adani Group is engaged in a continuous endeavour to maximise the realisation of potential in its employees and market opportunities by synergising the multiple ventures of the Group; thus creating an optimum business model that benefits both, stakeholders and society.

CORPORATE COMMANDMENTS: 

To be driven by excellence at all levels



To approach all aspects of the business innovatively



To be intensely competitive in all endeavours



To constantly raise the bar



To be a globally preferred business associate



To be committed to the welfare of employees and stakeholders



To adopt universal best practices in corporate governance



To be a responsible business entity towards society and the environment

1.2 Mission

To assimilate knowledge, develop capabilities and manage collective enterprise to profitably tap global business opportunities for the maximal benefit of everyone associated with Adani.

1.3 Introduction to Adani port

Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Limited (APSEZ), India's largest private port and special economic zone, was incorporated as Gujarat Adani Port Limited (GAPL) in 1998 to develop a private port at Mundra, on the west coast of India. The company commenced commercial operations in October 2001. Mundra Special Economic Zone Limited (MSEZL) was incorporated in November 2003, to set up an SEZ at Mundra. MSEZL was merged with GAPL in April 2006 and the company was renamed as Mundra Port and Special Economic Zone Limited, to reflect the nature of business. The board of MPSEZL on Nov 21,2011 has approved a proposal to change the company's name to Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Ltd. and this change in name from MPSEZL to APSEZL has come into effect from Jan.6,2012. While earlier, the company had only one operational port at Mundra, today it also operates ports at Dahej and Hazira in India and at Abbot Point in Australia.

The

company

is

also

developing

port

infrastructure

at Mormugao,Visakhapatnam and Kandla in India, Dudgeon Point in Australia and Bunyu in Indonesia. APSEZ is India’s first multi-product port-based special economic zone (SEZ).The port is located in the Northern Gulf of Kutch, en route major maritime routes and well connected through rail, road, air & pipelines. This makes it a preferred gateway for cargo bound westwards. The port has been designed to handle all types of cargo viz. containers, dry bulk, break bulk, liquid cargo and automobiles. APSEZ spearheads the group’s logistics business which includes setting up world class port infrastructure, special economic zones and multi-modal logistics such as railways. APSEZ currently owns and operates three ports – Mundra and Dahej in India and Abbot Point in Australia. Mundra Port, which is the largest private port in India, benefits from deep draft, first-class infrastructure and SEZ status. Adani is also developing ports at Hazira, Mormugao, Visakhapatnam and Kandla in India Adani Port & Special Economic Zone Limited was conferred with the Gateway Awards of Excellence – Ports & Shipping 2012 in the "Private Port of the Year" category

Port Information

The development of Adani Port & Special Economic Zone Limited was conceptualised by the entrepreneur Mr. Gautam Adani. The port commenced its operations with one berth in October 1998. APSEZ today consists of 22 berths with a total quay length of 6.5 km in addition to 2 single point moorings (SPM) and stands on the threshold of being the largest commercial port in India. APSEZ has an effective capacity to handle 185 million tonnes of cargo per annum – the largest amongst all operational ports in India. APSEZ handled 64 million tonnes of cargo in the financial year 2011–12. APSEZ was ranked fourth amongst all commercial ports in India in terms of the total volume of cargo handled in a financial year. APSEZ has not only pioneered the concept of deep draft integrated port model, but also of port based SEZ. The multi-product SEZ consisting Mundra Port and its surrounding areas is planned to be spread over 135 square kilometres (13,500 hectares). Currently, notified Multi-product SEZ is spread over an area of 6473 Hectare, with an additional 168 Hectares notified as a Free Trade Warehousing Zone.

Port Connectivity APSEZ offers good inland connectivity via rail track, road network, airport and cross country pipelines. Rail Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Limited has developed a 117 km railway network from Mundra to Adipur. The rail infrastructure is capable of handling 130 trains per day including double stack container trains and long-haul trains. The rail route is time and cost effective and provides a distance advantage to customers situated in the Northern hinterland. ASPEZ also owns 6 locomotives which are deployed for internal shunting of trains to ensure optimum utilisation of the developed infrastructure. Road APSEZ is connected to the hinterland in Northern and Western parts of India through the National Highway 8A Extn. & State Highways 6 & 48. For internal connectivity, the company plans to build 150 km of arterial and sub-arterial road network within the SEZ, of which 70 km is already completed. The roads are designed according to IRC Standards Codes and Safety Norms. The port has also constructed a four-lane Railover-Bridge (ROB) in the proximity of the port to ensure that two modes of transportation i.e. road & rail, do not impede each other’s movement. Air Mundra Airport is a licensed airport in ‘Private Category’ with Air Traffic Control (ATC) which is operated by the Airport Authority of India (AAI). The nearest commercial airports are at Bhuj (65 km) and Kandla (60 km). The company plans to extend the current runway at Mundra to 4500 meters. It has also installed a Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI), and approach and runway lighting for safe night landings for aircraft. APSEZ plans to upgrade an International Air Cargo Hub with night landing facility.

Pipelines APSEZ is connected to the northern hinterland with three cross-country pipelines. One feeds the IOCL Panipet refinery, second crude oil pipeline feeds Batinda refinery and third is a white oil line which feeds the national capital region.

1.7 Board of Director

 Mr. Gautam S. Adani Chairman & Managing Director Mr. Gautam Adani, the Chairman and Founder of the Adani Group, has more than 33 years of business experience. Under his leadership, Adani Group has emerged as a global integrated infrastructure player with interest across Resources, Logistics

and

Energy

verticals.

Mr. Adani’s success story is extraordinary in many ways. His journey has been marked by his ambitious and entrepreneurial vision, coupled with great vigour and hard work. This has not only enabled the Group to achieve numerous milestones but also resulted in creation of a robust business model which is contributing towards building sound infrastructure in India.

 Mr. Rajesh S. Adani Director

Mr. Rajesh Adani has been associated with Adani Group since its inception. He is in charge of the operations of the Group and has been responsible for developing its business relationships. His proactive, personalized approach to the business and competitive spirit has helped towards the growth of the Group and its various businesses.

 Dr. Malay Mahadevia Whole Time Director Dr. Malay Mahadevia is a Whole Time Director (WTD) of Adani Ports & Special Economic Zone Ltd (APSEZL). He joined Corporate Sector in 1992 and worked on developing the port from ground zero. The port today handles multiple commodities. With a promising throughput of 50 million tons, turnover of more than Rs 1500 crores, Profit of over Rs 700 Crores, Market Capitalization of Rs 35,000 crores & growing at the rate of 30%, Mundra has the potential to become one of the largest ports in India. Currently the sectors handled by Dr. Malay Mahadevia are Marine & Ports, Special Economic Zones, Health Care, Water Supply, Education, Railway Logistics, and Social Infrastructure. He has been awarded Outstanding Manager of the year award of Gujarat by Ahmedabad Management Association in the year 2002 & also a Lead India finalist in Gujarat organized by Times of India group. He is a member of around a dozen professional societies including Centre for Engineering & Technology, FICCI, Assocham, Board of advisors for Maritime studies in Gujarat University, Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), Gujarat Chamber of Commerce & Industry (GCCI) etc. In the year 2008 was conferred Ph.D. by Gujarat University in the field of "Coastal Ecology around Mundra area".

 Mr. Rajeeva Sinha Whole Time Director

Mr. Rajeeva Sinha is a Whole-time Director of Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Ltd. (APSEZL) He is a former Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer with over 35 years of work experience and in-depth knowledge of shipping and port sectors. He has considerable experience and expertise in port and shipping management; commercial, legal, labour laws and regulations; project and financial management and national and international maritime laws.

 Mr. Arun Duggal- Director Mr. Arun Duggal is an independent director of APSEZL, is an experienced International banker advising Corporations on financial strategy, mergers and acquisitions and capital raising areas. He has been an International advisor to a number of corporations, major financial institutions and private equity firms. He is a Chairman of Board of Directors of Shriram Transport Finance Company, Shriram Properties Ltd, Shriram City Union Finance Ltd., Shriram EPC Ltd., Shriram Capital Limited and Bellwether Microfinance Fund. He is the Vice Chairman of International Asset Reconstruction Company. He is a member of the Investment Committee of Axis Private Equity. Mr. Duggal had a 26 years career with Bank of America and retired as CEO, India for Bank of America. He is a visiting Professor at IIM Ahmedabad.

 Mr. Daniel Trevelyn Joseph – Director Mr. Daniel Trevelyn Joseph, an independent director of APSEZ, is a former Indian Administrative Service official belonging to the Maharashtra cadre. He has served the Government of India and the Government of Maharashtra in various capacities. Mr. D.T. Joseph was elected as President at the International Maritime Organization's Plenary Conference in February 2004. In June 2007, he was appointed as the Chairman of Pay Revision Committee for Class I and Class II officers in Major Port Trusts and Dock Labor Boards of India.

 Mr. Pankaj Kumar- Director Mr. Pankaj Kumar, IAS, an IAS officer of the 1986 batch is Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB) is appointed as GMB nominee on the Board of Directors of APSEZ Ltd. He comes to steer GMB at an important time, when it is set to play an even more critical role in Gujarat's and the nation's development through initiatives in shipbuilding, privatization, creation of maritime institutions and infrastructure.

 Prof. G. Raghuram – Director Prof. G. Raghuram is professor in the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. His specialization is in infrastructure and transportation systems, and supply chain and logistics management. His research, consultancy, case studies and publications focus includes railways, ports and shipping, air and road sector, service organizations and issues in logistics and supply chain management. He has also taught at Northwestern University and Tulane University, USA. He has been visiting faculty at universities in USA, Canada, Yugoslavia, Tanzania, UAE, Singapore and several institutions in India. He has co-authored four books. He was the President of Operational Research Society of India (1999-2000) and is a member of boards and government committees related to infrastructure and logistics. He is a Fellow of the Operational Research Society of India and Charted Institute of Logistics and Transport.

 Mr. G.K. Pillai – Director Mr. G K Pillai is a retired IAS officer. He joined Indian Administrative Service in the year 1972 and belongs to Kerala Cadre. He has done his M.Sc. at IIT, Chennai. He started his career as Sub-Collector, Quilon and worked in diverse fields of Revenue Administration. He was District Collector, Quilon; Deputy Secretary, Labour; Special Officer for Cashew Industry; Special Secretary, Industries etc. He was Secretary, Health and Family Welfare during 1993-96 and Principal Secretary to the Chief Minister of Kerala during the period 2001-04. In the Government of India, he held positions of Under Secretary / Deputy Secretary in Ministry of Defence and Director / Joint Secretary in the Department of Surface Transport. Later he served in the Ministry of Home Affairs as Joint Secretary (North East) from 1996 to 2001. In 2004 he joined Ministry of Commerce and Industry as Additional Secretary, Department of Commerce and later served as Secretary, Department of Commerce during 2006-2009. During this

period he actively participated in negotiations for comprehensive economic cooperation agreements with Singapore, ASEAN, Japan, South Korea. He played a key role in the enactment of the SEZ Act 2005 and was Chairman of the Board of approvals for SEZ during 2005 to 2009. He represented State and Central Government delegations to USA, EU, Argentina, Japan, Canada etc. He was appointed as Union Home Secretary in June 2009 and retired from Government service in June 2011.  Mr. Sanjay S. Lalbhai - Director Mr. Sanjay S. Lalbhai is a Science Graduate with a Master's degree in Business Management and is the Chairman and Managing Director of Arvind Ltd, a USD 900 Million Indian conglomerate. He was responsible for acquiring India’s first denim brand – Flying Machine – in 1981 and for guiding the process of building Arvind’s current impressive apparel brand portfolio. He serves on the board of several premier corporates, educational and research institutes. He is the President of Ahmedabad Education Society and Ahmedabad University, and is a member of the Board of Governors of Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. He is also chairman of Ahmedabad Textile Industry’s Research Association and a member of the Council of Management of the Physical Research Laboratory. He is also Chairman of CEPT University. Mr. Lalbhai is a member on the Governing Body of Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management.

1.2 Milestone and Values Adani port has achieved the following Achievement:

1994 January – Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB) approved to set up captive jetty at Mundra



1998 October – Mundra Port commences commercial operations with one berth



2002 October – Agreements signed with Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) for setting up Single point mooring (SPM) facility and crude oil handling at Mundra



2003 – First container terminal at APSEZ, Mundra International Container Terminal commences operations (quay length 633 metres)



2005 – First Single point facility at Mundra Port commences operations



2006 April – Notification issued for Special Economic Zone (SEZ) at Mundra



2007 

Offer Initial Public Offer (IPO) for 40,250,000 equity shares of Rs. 10 each of Mundra Port and Special Economic zone Ltd. to public and employees with price band Rs. 400 – Rs. 440



Terminal Two consisting of 4 solid cargo berths commences operations



Second container terminal at APSEZ, Adani Mundra Container Terminal commences operations (quay length 632 metres)



2009 – Ro-Ro Terminal for export & import of automobiles commences operations



2010 

Constructed a four lane 1.5 km. long dedicated RoB at a cost of Rs.500 million. This is the first private four-lane RoB within port area in India capable of withstanding a load of 100 MT to smoothen and speed up cargo movement



World’s largest fully mechanised coal import terminal with 60 MMTPA capacity was put into operation



2011 

Second Single Point Facility at APSEZ commences operations for catering to HMEL Batinda requirements

 

Terminal Three commences operations

2012 

Name changed to Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Limited [required]



Doubling of the rail connectivity between Mundra and Adipur completed. APSEZ now has a private rail network of 117 km.



Third container terminal at APSEZ, Adani International Container Terminal commences operations (quay length 810 metres)

1.3 Commodities Adani Ports & Special Economic Zone Limited handles a multitude of commodities including  Steam coal,  Coking coal,  Fertilizers like urea, DAP, MOP, etc.,  Agriculture commodities like yellow peas, DOC, wheat, etc.,  Liquid cargo including crude oil, POL, chemicals, edible oil, etc.,  Containers,  Automobiles,  Steel cargo,  Project cargo and  Minerals.

1.4 Operations The operations at APSEZ are carried out in a detailed manner, providing necessary information like schedules, tariffs, trade notices, weather and tidal details amongst others. For effective and time-saving operations, it also possesses robust IT support with the aid of top-of-the-line software applications. For the protection of storage, it has installed state-of-the-art safety and security measures and infrastructure. From having only one operational port at Mundra in Gujarat, APSEZ now operates ports at multiple locations. The port projects the company operates in India and overseas is as follows: 

Mundra Port: Designing, engineering, financing, construction, development, management and operation of multi user and multi-cargo port at Mundra on build, own, operate and transfer (BOOT) basis situated at Mundra in the District of Kutch, Gujarat under a concession granted by the Government of Gujarat (GOG).



Adani Petro net (Dahej) Port Pvt. Ltd.: Operates a port in Dahej in Gujarat state under sub-concession with Petro net LNG Ltd for handling dry bulk and break bulk cargoes in pursuance to the Concession granted by Government of Gujarat.



Adani Hazira Port Private Ltd.: Engaged in designing, engineering, financing, construction, development, management and operation of a multi-cargo port in Hazira in Gujarat State under Sub-Concession route with Shell B.V. for non-LNG cargoes like coal, containers, automobile and chemicals. There is a plan to build 13 berths at Hazira port for handling general cargo, Container and Liquids.



Adani Murmugoa Coal Terminal Pvt. Ltd.: Licensee for development and operations of coal import terminals in Major Port of Goa under Concession from Murmugoa Port Trust.



Adani Vizag Coal Terminal Pvt. Ltd.: Licensee for development and operations of coal import terminals in Major Port of Visakhapatnam under Concession from Visakhapatnam Port Trust.



Adani Abbot Point Terminal Pty Ltd.: Recently acquired Abbot Point Coal Terminal in Queensland, Australia on 99 years lease in June 2011.Adani Ports plans to invest INR12 billion in this project, which will be operational by 2014 and will have an annual capacity to handle 20 million tons of cargo.



Adani Kandla Bulk Terminal Pvt. Ltd.: Signed a concession agreement with the Kandla Port Trust, to set up a dry bulk terminal at the Kandla Port on build, operate and transfer basis. With this agreement, it is the only private sector operator having a presence at six ports in India.

1.5 Group Companies As on March 31, 2012, your Company had eighteen subsidiary companies under its belt. These group companies broadly operate and focus in India and Outside India. 1. Adani Hazira Port Pvt. Ltd. 2. Adani International Container Terminal Pvt. Ltd. 3. Adani Kandla Bulk Terminal Pvt. Ltd. 4. Adani Logistics Ltd. 5. Adani Murmugoa Port Terminal Pvt. Ltd. 6. Adani Petro net (Dahej) Port Pvt. Ltd. 7. Adani Vizag Coal Terminal Pvt. Ltd. 8. Hazira Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. 9. Hazira Road Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. 10. Karnavati Aviation Pvt. Ltd. 11. Rajasthan SEZ Pvt. Ltd. 12. MPSEZ Utilities Pvt. Ltd. 13. Mundra International Airport Pvt. Ltd. 14. Mundra SEZ Textile and Apparel Park Pvt. Ltd. 15. Adani Abbot Point Terminal Holdings Pty Ltd, Australia 16. Adani Abbot Point Terminal Pty Ltd, Australia 17. Mundra Port Holdings Pty Ltd, Australia 18. Mundra Port Pty Ltd, Australia

In order to create more business opportunities and to make strategic investment, Adani Warehousing Services Pvt. Ltd. was incorporated as wholly owned subsidiary as on April 19, 2012.The statement pursuant to section 212(1)(e) of the Companies Act, 1956, containing details of subsidiaries of the Company forms part of the Annual Report. On restructuring, Mundra Port Holdings Pty Ltd. had become step down subsidiary of the Company i.e. March 6, 2012 and Adani Abbot Terminal Holdings Pty Ltd had become wholly owned subsidiary of the Company i.e. March 15, 2012. In terms of General Circular issued by Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India, the Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss Account and other documents of the subsidiary companies are not being attached with Balance Sheet of the Company. However, as directed by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, some key information has been disclosed in a brief abstract forming part of this Annual Report. Accordingly, the Annual Report of the Company contains the consolidated audited financial statements prepared pursuant to clause 41 of the listing agreement as prescribed by SEBI and prepared in accordance with the accounting standards prescribed by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI). The annual accounts of the subsidiary companies and related detailed information shall be made available to the shareholders of the holding and subsidiary companies seeking such information on all working days during business hours. The annual accounts of the subsidiary companies shall also be kept for inspection by any shareholder/s during working hours at the Company's registered office and that of the respective subsidiary companies concerned.

1.8 Information technology Innovative IT Solutions have been the driver for best in class port operations at APSEZL. With deployment of the best in class applications and systems, the IT initiatives have consistently been used to streamline enterprise business processes, improve operating efficiencies and reduce costs. APSEZL aims at seamless integration of its business operations and an IT platform to provide real time information and help in improving decision making process and in turn leads to efficient port operations. We have ensured that our port has the most updated Systems and Processes in the entire country 

SAP & Lotus Domino



Optical Fibber Cable Network



India’s First CISCO Wi-Fi Network



Enterprise class Siemens Hi-Path 8000 telecom infrastructure



High availability server and storage architecture



Integrated Port Management System



Network security at gateway and desktop levels



Smart card based labour / worker access / monitoring system



Video Surveillance systems to monitor activities of the port premises

1.9 Organisation structure

Chapter 2

Literature Review

2.1 Overview of Adani Port Adani Group is a business behemoth based in India having a global footprint with interests in Infrastructure, Power, Global Trading, Logistics, Energy, Port & SEZ, Mining, Oil & Gas, Agri Business, FMCG products, Real Estate Development, Bunkering, et al. It is a name well established among the distinguished corporate entities of India, with a young and highly motivated taskforce of professionals who are a prized asset of the organisation. Founded in 1988 with a capital of INR 500,000, Adani Enterprises Ltd. (formerly known as Adani Exports Ltd.) is today the flagship company of the Adani conglomerate which posted INR 260 billion revenue in the previous financial year. The Adani Group has many distinctions to its merit: 

Operator of the largest private port in India



Developer of the largest multiproduct SEZ in India



Owns the largest edible oil refining capacity in India



One of the largest trading houses in India



Largest Integrated Coal Management Firm in India



Promoter of India’s first supercritical technology based power plant



Operator of the world’s largest automated import Coal Terminal having 60 Mint capacity

2.2 SWOT analysis of pharmaceutical industry SWOT stands for: S -Strengths W -Weakness O -pportunity T -Threat

Chapter 3

3.1 Introduction Working capital, also known as net working capital, is a financial metric which represents operating liquidity available to business. Along with fixed assets such as plants and equipment, working capital is considered as a part of operating capital. It is calculated as current assets less current liabilities The diagram below illustrated the working capital cycle:-

The upper part of the diagram above shows in a simplified form the chain of events in a manufacturing firm. Each of the boxes in upper part of the diagram can be seen as a tank through which funds flow. These banks, which are concerned with day2-day activities, have funds constantly flowing into and out of them.

3.2 TYPES OF WORKING CAPITAL

stock, and it will become part of the firm’s work in progress(WIP)

e creditors will need to be paid

Each of these areas-stocks (raw materials, WIP and finished goods), Trade debtors and trade creditors-Can be viewed as tanks into and from which funds flow. Working capital is clearly not only aspect of a business that affects the amount of cash. Which are working capital Sources?

3.4 PRINCIPLES OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

CLASSIFICATION OF WORKING CAPITAL Working capital may be classified in to ways: o

On the basis of concept.

o

On the basis of time.

On the basis of concept working capital can be classified as gross working capital and net working capital. On the basis of time, working capital may be classified as: Permanent or fixed working capital. Temporary or variable working capital PERMANENT OR FIXED WORKING CAPITAL Permanent or fixed working capital is minimum amount which is required to ensure effective utilization of fixed facilities and for maintaining the circulation of current assets. Every firm has to maintain a minimum level of raw material, work- in-process, finished goods and cash balance. This minimum level of current assts is called

permanent or fixed working capital as this part of working is permanently blocked in current assets. As the business grow the requirements of working capital also increases due to increase in current assets. TEMPORARY OR VARIABLE WORKING CAPITAL Temporary or variable working capital is the amount of working capital which is required to meet the seasonal demands and some special exigencies. Variable working capital can further be classified as seasonal working capital and special working capital. The capital required to meet the seasonal need of the enterprise is called seasonal working capital. Special working capital is that part of working capital which is required to meet special exigencies such as launching of extensive marketing for conducting research, etc. Temporary working capital differs from permanent working capital in the sense that is required for short periods and cannot be permanently employed gainfully in the business. IMPORTANCE OR ADVANTAGE OF ADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL SOLVENCY OF THE BUSINESS: Adequate working capital helps in maintaining the solvency of the business by providing uninterrupted of production. Goodwill: Sufficient amount of working capital enables a firm to make prompt payments and makes and maintain the goodwill. Easy loans: Adequate working capital leads to high solvency and credit standing can arrange loans from banks and other on easy and favorable terms. Cash Discounts: Adequate working capital also enables a concern to avail cash discounts on the purchases and hence reduces cost.

Regular Supply of Raw Material: Sufficient working capital ensures regular supply of raw material and continuous production. Regular Payment Of Salaries, Wages And Other Day TO Day Commitments: It leads to the satisfaction of the employees and raises the morale of its employees, increases their efficiency, reduces wastage and costs and enhances production and profits. Exploitation Of Favourable Market Conditions: If a firm is having adequate working capital then it can exploit the favourable market conditions such as purchasing its requirements in bulk when the prices are lower and holdings its inventories for higher prices. Ability To Face Crises: A concern can face the situation during the depression. Quick And Regular Return On Investments: Sufficient working capital enables a concern to pay quick and regular of dividends to its investors and gains confidence of the investors and can raise more funds in future. High Morale: Adequate working capital brings an environment of securities, confidence, high morale which results in overall efficiency in a business. EXCESS OR INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL Every business concern should have adequate amount of working capital to run its business operations. It should have neither redundant or excess working capital nor inadequate nor shortages of working capital. Both excess as well as short working capital positions are bad for any business. However, it is the inadequate working capital which is more dangerous from the point of view of the firm. DISADVANTAGES OF REDUNDANT OR EXCESSIVE WORKING CAPITAL

1.

Excessive working capital means ideal funds which earn no profit for the firm and business cannot earn the required rate of return on its investments.

2.

Redundant working capital leads to unnecessary purchasing and accumulation of inventories.

3.

Excessive working capital implies excessive debtors and defective credit policy which causes higher incidence of bad debts.

4.

It may reduce the overall efficiency of the business.

5.

If a firm is having excessive working capital then the relations with banks and other financial institution may not be maintained.

6.

Due to lower rate of return n investments, the values of shares may also fall.

7.

The redundant working capital gives rise to speculative transactions

DISADVANTAGES OF INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL Every business needs some amounts of working capital. The need for working capital arises due to the time gap between production and realization of cash from sales. There is an operating cycle involved in sales and realization of cash. There are time gaps in purchase of raw material and production; production and sales; and realization of cash. Thus working capital is needed for the following purposes: For the purpose of raw material, components and spares. To pay wages and salaries To incur day-to-day expenses and overload costs such as office expenses. To meet the selling costs as packing, advertising, etc.

To provide credit facilities to the customer. To maintain the inventories of the raw material, work-in-progress, stores and spares and finished stock. For studying the need of working capital in a business, one has to study the business under varying circumstances such as a new concern requires a lot of funds to meet its initial requirements such as promotion and formation etc. These expenses are called preliminary expenses and are capitalized. The amount needed for working capital depends upon the size of the company and ambitions of its promoters. Greater the size of the business unit, generally larger will be the requirements of the working capital. The requirement of the working capital goes on increasing with the growth and expensing of the business till it gains maturity. At maturity the amount of working capital required is called normal working capital. There are others factors also influence the need of working capital in a business. FACTORS DETERMINING THE WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS 1. NATURE OF BUSINESS: The requirements of working is very limited in public utility undertakings such as electricity, water supply and railways because they offer cash sale only and supply services not products, and no funds are tied up in inventories and receivables. On the other hand the trading and financial firms requires less investment in fixed assets but have to invest large amt. of working capital along with fixed investments. 2. SIZE OF THE BUSINESS: Greater the size of the business, greater is the requirement of working capital. 3. PRODUCTION POLICY: If the policy is to keep production steady by accumulating inventories it will require higher working capital.

4. LENTH OF PRDUCTION CYCLE: The longer the manufacturing time the raw material and other supplies have to be carried for a longer in the process with progressive increment of labor and service costs before the final product is obtained. So working capital is directly proportional to the length of the manufacturing process. 5. SEASONALS VARIATIONS: Generally, during the busy season, a firm requires larger working capital than in slack season. 6. WORKING CAPITAL CYCLE: The speed with which the working cycle completes one cycle determines the requirements of working capital. Longer the cycle larger is the requirement of working capital. 7.

RATE OF STOCK TURNOVER: There is an inverse co-relationship between the question of working capital and the velocity or speed with which the sales are affected. A firm having a high rate of stock turnover will needs lower amount of working capital as compared to a firm having a low rate of turnover.

8.

CREDIT POLICY: A concern that purchases its requirements on credit and sales its product / services on cash requires lesser amt. of working capital and vice-versa.

9.

BUSINESS CYCLE: In period of boom, when the business is prosperous, there is need for larger amt. of working capital due to rise in sales, rise in prices, optimistic expansion of business, etc. On the contrary in time of depression, the business contracts, sales decline, difficulties are faced in collection from debtor and the firm may have a large amt. of working capital.

10. RATE OF GROWTH OF BUSINESS: In faster growing concern, we shall require large amt. of working capital.

11. EARNING CAPACITY AND DIVIDEND POLICY: Some firms have more earning capacity than other due to quality of their products, monopoly conditions, etc. Such firms may generate cash profits from operations and contribute to their working capital. The dividend policy also affects the requirement of working capital. A firm maintaining a steady high rate of cash dividend irrespective of its profits needs working capital than the firm that retains larger part of its profits and does not pay so high rate of cash dividend. 12. PRICE LEVEL CHANGES: Changes in the price level also affect the working capital requirements. Generally rise in prices leads to increase in working capital.

Others FACTORS: These are: Operating efficiency. Management ability. Irregularities of supply. Import policy. Asset structure. Importance of labour. Banking facilities, etc.

MANAGEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL

Management of working capital is concerned with the problem that arises in attempting to manage the current assets, current liabilities. The basic goal of working capital management is to manage the current assets and current liabilities of a firm in such a way that a satisfactory level of working capital is maintained, i.e. it is neither adequate nor excessive as both the situations are bad for any firm. There should be no shortage of funds and also no working capital should be ideal. WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT POLICES of a firm has a great on its probability, liquidity and structural health of the organization. So working capital management is three dimensional in nature as 1.

It concerned with the formulation of policies with regard to profitability, liquidity and risk.

2.

It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current assets.

3.

It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current liabilities.

WORKING CAPITAL ANALYSIS As we know working capital is the life blood and the centre of a business. Adequate amount of working capital is very much essential for the smooth running of the business. And the most important part is the efficient management of working capital in right time. The liquidity position of the firm is totally effected by the management of working capital. So, a study of changes in the uses and sources of working capital is necessary to evaluate the efficiency with which the working capital is employed in a business. This involves the need of working capital analysis. The analysis of working capital can be conducted through a number of devices, such as:

1.

Ratio analysis.

2.

Fund flow analysis.

3.

Budgeting.

1.

RATIO ANALYSIS

A ratio is a simple arithmetical expression one number to another. The technique of ratio analysis can be employed for measuring short-term liquidity or working capital position of a firm. The following ratios can be calculated for these purposes: 1. Current ratio. 2. Quick ratio 3. Absolute liquid ratio 4. Inventory turnover. 5. Receivables turnover. 6. Payable turnover ratio. 7. Working capital turnover ratio. 8. Working capital leverage 9. Ratio of current liabilities to tangible net worth.

2.

FUND FLOW ANALYSIS

Fund flow analysis is a technical device designated to the study the source from which additional funds were derived and the use to which these sources were put. The fund flow analysis consists of:

a.

Preparing schedule of changes of working capital

b.

Statement of sources and application of funds.

It is an effective management tool to study the changes in financial position (working capital) business enterprise between beginning and ending of the financial dates.

3.

WORKING CAPITAL BUDGET A budget is a financial and / or quantitative expression of business plans

and polices to be pursued in the future period time. Working capital budget as a part of the total budge ting process of a business is prepared estimating future long term and short term working capital needs and sources to finance them, and then comparing the budgeted figures with actual performance for calculating the variances, if any, so that corrective actions may be taken in future. He objective working capital budget is to ensure availability of funds as and needed, and to ensure effective utilization of these resources. The successful implementation of working capital budget involves the preparing of separate budget for each element of working capital, such as, cash, inventories and receivables etc.

ANALYSIS OF SHORT – TERM FINANCIAL POSITION OR TEST OF LIQUIDITY The short –term creditors of a company such as suppliers of goods of credit and commercial banks short-term loans are primarily interested to know the ability of a firm to meet its obligations in time. The short term obligations of a firm can be met in time only when it is having sufficient liquid assets. So to with the confidence of investors, creditors, the smooth functioning of the firm and the efficient use of fixed assets the liquid position of the firm must be strong. But a very high degree of liquidity of the firm being tied – up in current assets. Therefore, it is important proper balance in regard to the liquidity of the firm. Two types of ratios can be calculated for measuring short-term financial position or short-term solvency position of the firm. 1.

Liquidity ratios.

2.

Current assets movements ‘ratios.

A) LIQUIDITY RATIOS Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its current obligations as and when these become due. The short-term obligations are met by realizing amounts from current, floating or circulating assts. The current assets should either be liquid or near about liquidity. These should be convertible in cash for paying obligations of short-term nature. The sufficiency or insufficiency of current assets should be assessed by comparing them with short-term liabilities. If current assets can pay off the current liabilities then the liquidity position is satisfactory. On the other hand, if the current liabilities cannot be met out of the current assets then the liquidity position is bad. To measure the liquidity of a firm, the following ratios can be calculated: 1.

CURRENT RATIO

2.

QUICK RATIO

3.

ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO

1. CURRENT RATIO Current Ratio, also known as working capital ratio is a measure of general liquidity and its most widely used to make the analysis of short-term financial position or liquidity of a firm. It is defined as the relation between current assets and current liabilities. Thus, CURRENT RATIO = CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITES The two components of this ratio are: 1)

CURRENT ASSETS

2)

CURRENT LIABILITES

Current assets include cash, marketable securities, bill receivables, sundry debtors, inventories and work-in-progresses. Current liabilities include outstanding expenses, bill payable, dividend payable etc. A relatively high current ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to pay its current obligations in time. On the hand a low current ratio represents that the liquidity position of the firm is not good and the firm shall not be able to pay its current liabilities in time. A ratio equal or near to the rule of thumb of 2:1 i.e. current assets double the current liabilities is considered to be satisfactory.

CALCULATION OF CURRENT RATIO (Rupees in Lakes). Year Current Assets

2012

2011

23,93,472.15 1,32,572.79

2010

2009

2008

1,39,460.82 1,23,255.26 40,583.37

Current Liability

3,24,449.73

56,251.49

49,003.90

35,481.02 33,498.17

7.377020

2.356787

2.705352

3.473836

Current ratio

1.211510

Interpretation:As we know that ideal current ratio for any firm is 2:1. If we see the current ratio of the company for last three years it has increased from 2006 to 2008. The current ratio of company is more than the ideal ratio. This depicts that company’s liquidity position is sound. Its current assets are more than its current liabilities. 2. QUICK RATIO Quick ratio is a more rigorous test of liquidity than current ratio. Quick ratio may be defined as the relationship between quick/liquid assets and current or liquid liabilities. An asset is said to be liquid if it can be converted into cash with a short period without loss of value. It measures the firms’ capacity to pay off current obligations immediately. QUICK RATIO = QUICK ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITES

Where Quick Assets are:

1)

Marketable Securities

2)

Cash in hand and Cash at bank.

3)

Debtors.

A high ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to meet its current liabilities in time and on the other hand a low quick ratio represents that the firms’ liquidity position is not good. As a rule of thumb ratio of 1:1 is considered satisfactory. It is generally thought that if quick assets are equal to the current liabilities then the concern may be able to meet its short-term obligations. However, a firm having high quick ratio may not have a satisfactory liquidity position if it has slow paying debtors. On the other hand, a firm having a low liquidity position if it has fast moving inventories. CALCULATION OF QUICK RATIO (Rupees in Lacks) Year Quick Assets

2012

2011

23,93,472.15

2010

2009

2008

1,32,572.79 67,357.35

81,734.73

-67,682.88

278902.56

228509.96

49003.9

35481.02

8.581750379

0.580162

1.3745304

2.30361839

33498.17 2.0204949

Current Liabilities Quick Ratio

Interpretation : A quick ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to meet its current liabilities in time. The ideal quick ratio is 1:1. Company’s quick ratio is more than ideal ratio. This shows company has no liquidity problem.

3. ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO Although receivables, debtors and bills receivable are generally more liquid than inventories, yet there may be doubts regarding their realization into cash immediately or in time. So absolute liquid ratio should be calculated together with current ratio and acid test ratio so as to exclude even receivables from the current assets and find out the absolute liquid assets. Absolute Liquid Assets includes : ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO =

ABSOLUTE LIQUID ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITES

ABSOLUTE LIQUID ASSETS = CASH & BANK BALANCES. e.g. Year

(Rupees in Crore) 2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

1,11,841.44

3,865.89

85,868.11

1,13,071.19

88,956.37

3,24,449.73

56,251.49

49,003.90

35,481.02

33,498.17

0.35

0.25

1.75

3.19

2.66

Absolute Liquid Assets Current Liabilities Absolute Liquid Ratio

Interpretation : These ratio shows that company carries a small amount of cash. But there is nothing to be worried about the lack of cash because company has reserve, borrowing power & long term investment. In India, firms have credit limits sanctioned from banks and can easily draw cash.

2.Profitable Ratio Profitability ratios measure the efficiency of management in the employment of business resources to earn profits. These ratios indicate the success or failure of a business enterprise for a particular period of time. Profitability ratios are used by almost all the parties connected with the business. A strong profitability position ensures common stockholders higher dividend income and appreciation in the value of the common stock in future. Creditors, financial institutions and preferred stockholders expect a prompt payment of interest and fixed dividend income if the business has good profitability position. Management needs higher profits to pay dividends and reinvest a portion in the business to increase the production capacity and strengthen the overall financial position of the company. Some important profitability ratios are given below: 1. Net profit ratio 2. Gross profit ratio (GP ratio) 3. Operating ratio 4. Expense ratio 5. Dividend yield ratio 6. Dividend payout ratio 7. Return on capital employed ratio 8. Earnings per share (EPS) ratio 9. Return on shareholder’s investment/Return on equity 10. Return on common stockholders’ equity ratio

1. Net Profit Ratio

Net profit ratio is computed by dividing the net profit (after tax) by net sales. It is a very popular profitability ratio that shows the net operating earnings on sale of $100. Formula:

For the purpose of this ratio, net profit is equal to gross profit minus operating expenses and income tax. All non-operating revenues and expenses are not taken into account because the purpose of this ratio is to evaluate the profitability of the business from its primary operations. Examples of nonoperating revenues include interest on investments and income from sale of fixed assets. Examples of non-operating expenses include interest on loan and loss on sale of assets. Year

2012

Net Profit Sales Net Profit Ratio

2011

1,17,725.95

2010

2009

2008

98,616.00

70,097.56

45,954.94

2,134.12

2,48,190.28 1,88,507.22

1,39,251.70

1,13,512.25

8,182.07

50.34

40.48

26.08

47.43

52.31

Interpretation Net profit margin measures how much of each dollar earned by the company is translated into profits. A low profit margin indicates a low margin of safety: higher risk that a decline in sales will erase profits and result in a net loss. 2. Gross Profit Margin Gross profit ratio is a profitability ratio that shows the gross profit as a percentage of total net sales revenue. It is a popular tool to evaluate the operational performance of the business . It is computed by dividing the gross profit figure by net sales and is expressed in percentage.

Formula:

The basic components of the formula of gross profit ratio (GP ratio) are gross profit and net sales. Gross profit is equal to net sales minus cost of goods sold. Net sales are equal to total gross sales less returns inwards and discount allowed. The information about gross profit and net sales is normally available from income statement of the company.

Year

2012

Gross profit Sales Gross

2011

1,17,725.95

2010

2009

2008

98,616.00

70,097.56

45,954.94

2,134.12

2,48,190.28 1,88,507.22

1,39,251.70

1,13,512.25

8,182.07

50.34

40.48

26.08

profit

Ratio

47.43

52.31

Interpretation The ideal level of gross profit margin depends on the industries, how long the business has been established and other factors. Although, a high gross profit margin indicates that the company can make a reasonable profit, as long as it keeps the overhead cost in control. A low margin indicates that the business is unable to control its production cost.

3. OPERATION RATIO This ratio is a test of the efficiency of the management in their business operation. It is a means of operating efficiency. In normal conditions, the operating ratio should be low enough so as to leave portion of the sales sufficient to give a fair return to the investors. Operating ratio plus operating profit ratio is 100. The two ratios are obviously interrelated. For example, if the operating profit ratio is 20%, it means that the operating ratio is 80%. A rise in the operating ratio indicates a decline in the efficiency.

Year

2012

Operating cost Sales

2011

2010

2009

2008

1,48,109.80 1,15,189.39

82,408.07

66,873.10

4,626.74

2,48,190.28 1,88,507.22

1,39,251.70

1,13,512.25

8,182.07

59.18

58.91

56.55

Operating Ratio

59.68

61.11

INTERPRETATION Lower the operating ratio, the better is the position because greater is the profitability and management efficiency of the concern. The higher the ratio, the less favorable is the situation,

because there will be smaller margin of profit available for the purpose of payment of dividend and creation of reserves.

3. Activity ratios: Activity ratios (also known as turnover ratios) measure the efficiency of a firm or company in generating revenues by converting its production into cash or sales. Generally a fast conversion increases revenues and profits. Activity ratios show how frequently the assets are converted into cash or sales and, therefore, are frequently used in conjunction with liquidity ratios for a deep analysis of liquidity. Some important activity ratios are: 1. Asset turnover ratio 2. Fixed assets turnover ratio 1. Assets Turnover ratio The amount of sales generated for every dollar's worth of assets. It is calculated by dividing sales in dollars by assets in dollars. It is an activity ratio that measures the efficiency with which assets are used by a company. It is computed by dividing net sales by average total assets for a given period.

Year Sales Total Assets

2012

2011

2010

2,48,190.28 1,88,507.22

2009

2008

1,39,251.70

1,13,512.25

8,182.07

10,359.14

7,597.09

6,645.41

5,258.27

4,519.25

23.96

24.81

20.95

21.59

1.81

Assets Turnover Ratio Interpretation : Asset turnover measures a firm's efficiency at using its assets in generating sales or revenue - the higher the number the better. It also indicates pricing strategy:

companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover, while those with high profit margins have low asset turnover.

2. Fixed assets Turnover Ratio A financial ratio of net sales to fixed assets. The fixed-asset turnover ratio measures a company's ability to generate net sales from fixed-asset investments - specifically property, plant and equipment (PP&E) - net of depreciation. A higher fixed-asset turnover ratio shows that the company has been more effective in using the investment in fixed assets to generate revenues. Fixed assets turnover ratio (also known as sales to fixed assets ratio) is computed by dividing cost of sales by net fixed assets. A high ratio indicates better utilization of fixed assets and a low ratio means inefficient or under-utilization of fixed assets. This ratio is often used as a measure in manufacturing industries, where major purchases are made for PP&E to help increase output. When companies make these large purchases, prudent investors watch this ratio in following years to see how effective the investment in the fixed assets was.

Year

2012

Sales Fixed Assets Fixed

2011

2010

2009

2008

2,48,190.28 1,88,507.22

1,39,251.70

1,13,512.25

8,182.07

23,93,472.15 5,30,564.25

4,20,993.40

3,25,142.11 2,84,182.90

Assets

Turnover Ratio

0.10

0.36

0.33

0.35

0.03

Interpretation : . A high ratio indicates better utilization of fixed assets and a low ratio means inefficient or under-utilization of fixed assets.

3. Total Dept to Total Assets turnover ratio

A metric used to measure a company's financial risk by determining how much of the company's assets have been financed by debt. Calculated by adding short-term and long-term debt and then dividing by the company's total assets.

Year

2012

Total Dept Total Assets

2011

2010

2009

2008

0.00

0.00

15,799.03

21,164.32

29,633.69

10,359.14

7,597.09

6,645.41

5,258.27

4,519.25

0

0

2.377435

4.02495878

6.5572141

Total Dept to Total Asset

Interpretation : A debt ratio of greater than 1 indicates that a company has more debt than assets, meanwhile, a debt ratio of less than 1 indicates that a company has more assets than debt. Used in conjunction with other measures of financial health, the debt ratio can help investors determine a company's level of risk.

Chapter-4 Credit monitoring Assessment 64

4.1 What is the meaning of credit monitoring assessment ? o It is nothing but the bank financing for working capital o It is earlier known as Credit authorization scheme o RBI prescribed certain forms to be filled for applying is called as CMA data base. o Calculation is done according to Tandon committee

CMA data is a useful tool consisting of financials of past two years, estimates of current year and projections of next year of a company seeking debt, generally insisted by bank to assess the CMA data is a detailed analysis of the working of any company. To run a business smoothly business strategy required and to get live financial strategy is required. So, they create a financial strategy plan to give it live that is nothing but CMA REPORT, showing their past experience with ratio and data which are also expecting about future market. This is required to be submitted by the company who has to take more than Rs. 1 Crore of working capital loan from any bank. This is consisting of six parts commonly known as six forms details are as under:Form-I Assessment of working capital required Form-II Operating statement of the company Form-III Analysis of balance sheet Form-IV Comparative statement of current assets and current liabilities Form-V Computation of Maximum permissible bank finance (MPBF). Form-VI Fund flow analysis

4.2 FORM-1-WORKING CAPITAL ASSESSMENT REQUIRED Any enterprise weather industrial, trading or other acquires two types of assets to run its business as has already been emphasised time and again. It requires fixed assets which are necessary for carrying on the production/business such as land and buildings, plant and machinery, furniture and fixtures etc. For a going concern these assets are of permanent nature and are not to be sold. The other types of assets required for day to day working of a unit are known as current assets which floating in nature and keep changing during the course of business. It is these ‘current assets’ which are generally referred as ‘working capital’. We are by now already aware of the short term nature of these assets are classified as current assets. It may be noted here that they may not be any fixed ratio between the fixed assets and floating assets for different projects as their requirement would differ depending upon the nature of project. Big industrial projects may require substantial investment in fixed assets and also large investment for working capital. The trading units may not require heavy investment in fixed assets while the may be carrying huge stocks in trade. The service unit may hardly require any working capital and all investment may be blocked in creation of fixed assets. A set financing pattern is evolved to meet the requirement of a unit for acquisition of fixed assets and current assets. Fixed assets are to be financed by owned funds and long term liabilities raised by a unit while current assets are partly financed by long term liabilities and partly by current liabilities and other short-term loans arranged by the unit from the bank. The balance sheet of a unit under such dispensation may be represented as: The total current assets with the firm may be taken as gross working capital where as the net working capital with the unit may be calculated as under: 66

Net Working Capital = Current Assets - Current Liabilities (NWC) (GWC) (Including Bank Borrowings) This net working capital is also sometimes referred to as ‘liquidated surplus’ with the firm and has been margin available for working capital requirements of the unit. Financing of working capital has been the exclusive domain of commercial banks while they also grant term loans for creation of fixed assets either on their own or in consortium with State level/All India financial institutions. The financial institutions are also now considering sanction of working capital loans. The current assets in the example given in earlier paragraph are financed as under: Current Assets = Current liabilities + Working capital limits with banks + Margin from long-term liabilities The assessment of working capital may involve two aspects as under:-

day to day functioning, and

The value of inventory as given in balance sheet is the position as on a particular day on which balance sheet is drawn and may not be the actual average requirement of the unit. We will have to; therefore, evaluate the actual consumption pattern to arrive at a correct decision. It must, however, be noted that assessment of working capital is always done for future period, while the financial statements reveal the financial position of a 67

concern as it as a some point of time in the past. If the calculations are based on the basis of the financial statements as on some previous date, the results derived may not be workable. Furthermore the newly established units may not provide any financial statements for the past period. The working capital is always to be assessed on tile basis of projections for next year. The first most important point, therefore, is to make as accurate projections as possible for the next year. The projections submitted to the bank are very critically examined in relation to past performance of the unit, if any, future prospects and market for the ultimate product production capacity of the unit and general rate of inflation expected during the year. The projections given for the next year are, therefore, to be supported by convincing logic to stand scrutiny in the hands of the bankers. We shall now make an attempt to define various components of working capital as taken in the format and explain the most acceptable principles involved in calculating them for overall assessment of working capital. A new dimension to financing of working capital by banks was given by Reserve Bank of India in 1975 by accepting the recommendations of ‘Tandon Committee’ which were later modified by ‘Chore Committee’. These recommendations were applicable for large advances enjoying working capital limits of Rs. 50.00 lacs and above. Reserve Bank of India also prescribed a standard format for assessment of working capital limits to accounts covered Under ‘Credit Authorisation Scheme’ later on renamed ass, ‘Credit Monitoring Arrangement. This form has, however, been adopted by many of the banks for assessment of limits for working capital advances exceeding Rs. 10.00 lacs.

Different firms adopting different techniques is thus in circulation for assessment of working capital depending upon the size and category of projects as under: 6. Form for assessment of requirements of SSI units up to credit limits of Rs. 2,00,000/- (including composite loans)

7. Form for assessment of requirements of SSI units up to credit limits of above Rs. 2, 00,000/- and up to Rs. 15.00 lacs.

8. Form for assessment of requirements of units with credit limits above Rs. 15.00 lacs and up to Rs. 1.00 crore

9. Form for assessment of requirements of units with credit limits above Rs. 100 crore.

10. CMA data form for assessment of requirements for units with credit limits above Rs. 10.00 lacs or as per the cut off point fixed by individual banks.

11. Assessment of limits for projects falling under various segments of priority sector. 69

FORM-II