Proizvodnja Vazduha Pod Pritiskom
December 14, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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LH]GQHDOLFHDIH LH]GQHDOLFHDIHLL WHL^GQPL]G] ]QD^HLE
KDŢLH_EL NDEWI]G] RQFLP^FMHF KDŢLH_]^F
_GKLHDQ_EL QDM
RQFLP^FMH@D EFKRQLKLQDHFC PQDED
JDQL_ LAQLO
_DMQŻD@
W^FM
Rhgukdtsel urgm`d`l l slstgkl alil su pfzhdtl `fŤ erd`gk ZLZ stfi`găd. stfi`găd. ]dmd su sg `fŤ prlk`gh`lvdig prlk`gh`lvdig prgsg hd phgukdtsel pfcfh, pfcfh, phgukdtsel did didtl tl l si. si.
Fm tdmd pd mf mdhds phgukdtled sg rdzvlid edf sdkfstdihd mlsolpilhd ef`d sg advl prfuċdvdh`gk prfogsd prghfsd l fardmg cdsfvd pfm prltlsefk rdzilċltlk fm dtkfsngrsefc. dtkfsngrsefc. _lstgk vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk sg, cruaf cigmd`uăl, sdstf`l lz mvd mgid0 mgid0 shdmal`gvdh`g vdzmujfk pfm prltlsefk Ťtf Ťtf uei`uċu`g uei`uċu`g prflzvfmh`u prflzvfmh`u l prlprgku vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk l l pftrfŤh`u vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk Ťtf pftrfŤh`u vdzmujd Ťtf faujvdtd faujvdtd slstgk zd seidmlŤtgh`g, seidmlŤtgh`g, mlstrlauol`u mlstrlauol`u l upftrgau vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk.
Mfarf uprdvi`dh`g shdamgvdh`gk vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk rgzuitfvdăg tdef Ťtf sg stdalidh, ċlst l suv vdzmuj fmcfvdrd`uăgc prltlsed lspfruċu`g hd fmcfvfrdh, trfŤefvhf gngetlvdh hdċlh. hdċlh. Fmcfvdrd`uăg uprdvi`dh`g pftrfŤh`fk vdzmujd klhlklzu`g cualteg vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk d vdzmuj pfm prltlsefk sg efrlstl sdkf zd fmcfvdrd`uăg dpiledol`g. dpiledol`g. Rfafi`Ťdvdh`g l fmrŸdvdh`g pgrnfrkdhsl phgukdtselj pgrnfrkdhsl phgukdtselj slstgkd hd vrjuhsefk hlvfu zdjtgvd rdzkdtrdh`g fad mgid slstgkd edf l hdċlhd h`ljfvg lhtgrdeol`g. lhtgrdeol`g. Rrg mdi`lj rdzkdtrdh`d pftrgahf `g fmrgmltl f mrgmltl hlvf prltlsed vdzmujd ef`l sg efrlstl u rdmhfk slstgku. slstgku.
EFKRFHGH]G _L_]GKD PD RQFLP^FMH@W ^DPMWJD RFM RQL]L_EFK
Efkprgsfrl siuŸg zd prflzvfmh`u vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk. _hdaml`gvdh`g vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk pfċlh`g sd prflzvfmh`fk u efkprgsfrlkd. efkprgsfrlkd.
Efkprgsfrl su kdŤlhg ef`g sg efrlstg zd pfvgădh`g prltlsed cdsd. _kdtrd sg md su prvl efrlŤăghl efkprgsfrl alil kl`gjfvl ef`g su mdvhf upftrgai`dvdil efvdċl zd umuvdvdh`g umuvdvdh`g vdzmujd edef al sg uarzdif sdcfrl`gvdh`g u efvdċelk pgălkd. pgălkd.
Rrvl lhmustrl`sel efkprgsfrl su alil `gmhfstdvhl ` gmhfstdvhl hdlzkghlċh hdlzkghlċhll eilphl kgjdhlzkl, ef`g `g pfcfhlf vfmghlċhl tfċde. tfċde. Rfmslstgk zd prflzvfmh`u vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk sdstf`l sg fm pfcfhsefc kftfrd, efkprgsfrd, uprdvi`dċefc uprdvi`dċefc slstgkd, slstgkd, kgĔujidmh`ded kgĔujidmh`ded zd zd vdzmuj, jidmh`ded zd ui`g, sgpdrdtfrd zd ui`g l vfmu l prlpdmd`uăg fprgkg (kdhfkgtdrd, tgrkfkgtdrd, vghtlid, feifpd fef euălŤtd efkprgsfrd, ltm.). efkprgsfrd, ltm.).
Efkprgsfr `g kgjdhlċel urgĔd` ef`l uslsdvd fefihl vdzmuj l pfvgădvd ku prltlsde. Rfcfhsel kftfr prghfsl pftrgahu shdcu efkprgsfru prl fmcfvdrd`uăgk arf`u fartd`d d uprdvi`dh`g siuŸl zd pfmgŤdvdh`g efilċlhg vdzmujd ef`d sg prflzvfml. prflzvfml. Hd silol 4 prledzdh `g rgprgzghtdtlvhl slstgk zd prflzvfmh`u l mlstrlauol`u vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk prgkd pftrfŤdċlkd. pftrfŤdċlkd.
F_HF^HL ]LRF^L EFKRQG_FQD
Pdprgklhsel (vfiukgtrl`sel) efkprgsfrl - Efm fvlj efkprgsfrd sdal`dh`g vdzmujd sg vrŤl u fmrgĔghfk rdmhfk prfstfru, skdh`gh`gk zdprgklhg vdzmujd pfsrgmstvfk eilpd lil kgkardhg. - Eilp sg kfŸg ergtdtl trdhsidtfrhfk (sd pfvrdthlk ergtdh`gk) lil rftdolfhf. Mlhdklċel stru`hl efkprgsfrl (turafefkprgsfrl) - _dal`dh`g cdsd sg vrŤl prlk`ghfk ghgrcl`g stru`dh`d cdsd. - Rrvf sg pfvgădvd arzlhd stru`dh`d cdsd (elhgtlċed ghgrcl`d) zdtlk sg stru`d cdsd uspfrdvd, pd sg elhgtlċed ghgrcl`d prgtvdrd u prltlshu (pftghol`dih ( pftghol`dihu) u) ghgrcl`u.
Eilphl efkprgsfrl - _dal`dh`g l lspfrued cdsd efm eilphlj efkprgsfrd fadvi`d sg sd prgelmlkd, fmhfshf sd oleiuslkd (uslsdvdh`g (uslsdvdh`g ‟ ‟ sdal`dh`g sdal`dh`g ‟ ‟ lspuŤtdh`g). - Kfcu altl `gmhfstgpghl lil vlŤgstgpghl. vlŤgstgpghl.
@gmhfstgpghl eilphl efkprgsfr
Mvfstgpghl
mf 41 adrd `gmhfstgpghl `gmhfstgpghl mf ?2 adrd mvfstgpghl l l prgef ?2 adrd trfstgpghl l vlŤgstgpghl. vlŤgstgpghl.
^lŤgstgpghl mvfskgrhl efkprgsfrl su hd`gnledshl`l efkprgsfrl mfstuphl hd trŸlŤtu l falċhf ^lŤgstgpghl mvfskgrhl su vgăl, auċhl`l l seupi`l fm fmcfvdrd`uălj rftdolfhlj efkprgsfrd.
Kgkardhs Kgkar dhs e l e fkpr fkprgs gs fr frl l Kgkardhsel efkprgsfrl lil eilphf-kgkardhsel eilphf-kgkardhsel efkprgsfrl edef sg `fŤ hdzlvd`u spdmd`u u crupu hdlzkghlċhlj eilphlj efkprgsfrd. Efkfrd efkprgsfrd `g kgkardhfk pfmgi`ghd hd mvd mgid (siled =.>). @gmdh mgf kgkardhg `g pfvgzdh pfvgzdh sd eilphlk kgjdhlzkfk ef`l sg pfcfhl fmcfvdrd`uălk kftfrfk mfe sg u mrucfk mgiu kgkardhg hdidzg uslshl l lzmuvhl vghtlil. Rrgmhfst fvg efhstrueol`g `g Ťtf ui`g pftrgahf zd rdm eilphfc kgjdhlzkd hledef hg kfŸg md uĔg u prfstfr cmg sg vrŤl sdal`dh`g vdzmujd. ]lkg `g fagzagĔghf mfal`dh`g vdzmujd agz prlkgsd ui`d zd pfmkdzlvdh`g. Fvl efkprgsfrl lkd`u rgidtlvhf kdil edpdoltgt l hg kfcu fstvdrltl vlsfeg prltlseg Ťtf fcrdhlċdvd pfi`g prlkghg.
Qftdolfhl (farthf-eilphl) efkprgsfrl - _dal`dh`g cdsfvd skdh`gh`gk zdprgklhg fstvdru`g sg fartdh`gk `gmhfc lil mvd pfsgahf failefvd eilpd (rftfrd) u rdmhfk prfstfru d lspfrued cdsd `g hgprgelmhd (hgkd uslshlj l pftlshlj vghtlid). -
Eilpfvl (rftfrl) lkd`u rdzilċltg faileg. - _dal`dh`g cdsfvd kfŸg sg fstvdrltl fartdh`gk fa rtdh`gk mvd sprgchutd pfsgahf failefvdhd eilpd (Qfftsefv efkprgsfrd) lil pfsrgmstvfk mvd farthd eilpd sd zdvf`hlk Ÿi`gafvlkd (zdvf`hl ‟ ‟ vl`ċdhl efkprgsfrl). _jgkd Qfftsfvfc efkprgsfrd (iuag ofkprgssfr)
Qftdolfhl efkprgsfrl sd idkgidkd (pifċdstf -id -idkgid kgidss tl) Fvd` tlp efkprgsfrd sg sdstf`l (siled =.3) lz euălŤtd, gesoghtrlċhf pfstdvi`ghfc rftfrd l eilzhlj idkgid (pifċd) ef`g su skgŤtghg u pfsgahg rdml`dihg prfrgzg u rftfru. Efkprgsl`d vdzmujd sg mgŤdvd zd vrgkg fartdh`d rftfrd edmd sg zdprgklhd prfstfrd lzkgĔu eilzhlj idkgid l euălŤtd skdh`u`g. _ilċhf hdlzkghlċhlk eilphlk efkprgsfrlkd l lzkgĔu efm fvfc tlpd pfstf`g vlŤgstgpghg vgrzl`g sd kgĔujidĔgh`gk. kgĔujidĔgh`gk.
Q ft ftd dol olfhl fhl zd zdvf`hl vf`hl efkprgs efkprgsfrl frl Fvl efkprgsfrl zd sdal`dh`g vdzmujd efrlstg `gmdh lil mvd rftfrd lil vl`ed pd sg zdtf hdzlvd`u hd zlvd`u l vl`ċdhl. Fhl spdmd`u u crupu kdŤlhd sd efhstdhthfk zdprgklhfk l prfkghi`lvlk prltlsefk. Warlzcdvdh`g ui`d lil vfmg sg hd`ċgŤăg efrlstl zd zdptlvdh`g zdzfrd l fmstrdh`lvdh`g tfpiftg hdstdig prl efkprgsl`l. Efhstrueol`g ef`g hg efrlstg ui`g lkd`u skdh`ghg zdzfrg l hg zdjtgvd`u hl `gmdh mrucl zdptlvhl kgml`uk. kgml`uk.
RftrfŤh`d ghgrcl`g fvlj efkprgsfrd zd vrgkg prdzhfc rdmd (agz fptgrgăgh`d) `g falċhf vgăd hgcf efm hdlzkghlċhlj eilphlj efkprgsfrd. Fvl slstgkl sg ufalċd`ghf efrlstg sd gigetrlċhlk kftfrlkd efhstdhthg efhstdhthg arzlhg. arzlhg. _uvl (agzui`hl) zdvf`hl efkprgsfrl sg kfcu fmdardtl zd dpiledol`g cmg sg zdjtgvd`u vgilel prftfol d prfstfr hg mfzvfi`dvd prlkghu hdlzkghlċhlj hdlzkghlċhlj eilphlj eilphlj efkprgsfrd lil def `g zdjtgvdhl prftfe vgăl fm rdspfifŸlvfc edpdoltgtd `gmhfstgpghfc, u ui`u pftfpi`ghfc zdvf`hfc efkprgsfrd. ^grzl`g suvlj zdvf`hlj efkprgsfrd updefvdhg edf efkpdethd ogilhd zduzlkd`u hd`kdh`l prfstfr hd pfmu. pfmu. Rrgmhfstl fvlj efkprgsfrd su0 su0
urdvhftgŸgh urdvhftgŸgh rdm, md`u vdzmuj rdm, pfm prltlsefk agz puizdol`d, puizdol`d, efkpdethg mlkghzl`g, mlkghzl`g, vgilel prftfol, prftfol, hlzde hlvf vlardol`d l l mucftrd`hfst. mucftrd`hfst.
E fk fkprgs prgs frl s d prfnlihlk fart farthlk hlk eilpfvlkd Fvl efkprgsfrl spdmd`u u crupu rftdolfhlj eilphlj efkprgsfrd sd prfkghi`lvlk zdzfrfk lzkgĔu eilpfvd (siled =.42). _ilċhf zdvf`hlk efkprgsfrlkd vdzmuj puhl prfstfr lzkgĔu mvd pfsgahf prfnlilsdhd eilpd ef`l sg fartdh`gk eilpfvd skdh`u`g l tlkg mfidzl mf efkprgsl`g. Eilpfvl lkd`u svdel svf` pfcfh l kgĔusfahf kgĔusfahf su slhjrfhlzfvdhl
tdef md hg mfidzg u mfmlr `gmdh sd mruclk. Hg zdjtgvd`u pfmkdzlvdh`g u efkprgslfhfk prfstfru, ui`g `g pftrgahf sdkf zd pfmkdzlvdh`g igŸd`gvd l zupċdhled. ]fefk rdmd prdvg vgfkd kdif vlardol`d l ċgstf sg efrlstg u ndarledkd zd prflzvfmh`u gigetrfhselj efkpfhghtl. Lkd`u efhstdhtdh hlvf ourgh`d prl pfstdvi`ghfk seupu vrgmhfstl prltlsed, tgkpgrdturg l zdzfrd. Edpdoltgt fvlj efkprgsfrd sg ergăg u rdspfhu fm 7 mf =2 k ?/klh prl prltlseu fm < adrd. adrd.
_iled =.< Rrfnli rftfrd zdvf`hlj efkprgsfrd sd mvd rftfrd
_iled =.42 Efkprgsfr sd prfnlihlk farthlk eilpfvlkd
Efkprgsfrl sd tgċhlk prstghfk Efrlstg rftfr zd pfcfh tgċhfc tgċhfc zdptlvhfc prstghd uhutdr olilhmrlċhfc olilhmrlċhfc euălŤtd euălŤtd edef `g prledzdhf hd silol =.44. WhutrdŤh`d pfvrŤlhd tgċhfc prstghd siuŸl edf edf ilog tgċhfc eilpd ef`l rdml uhutdr svdeg efkfrg rftfrd. Fvg efkfrg rftfrd lkd`u ftvfrg hd uhutrdŤh`gk prgċhleu ef`l `g ef`l `g zdptlvgh stdolfhdrhlk oghtrdihlk efhusfk fef efcd sg rftfr l farăg. Fvd` efhus lkd stdihf ftvfrghg prlei`uċeg prlei`uċeg ef`l mfzvfi`dvd`u vdzmuju md aumg uvuċgh uhutdr efkprgsfrd l md sg uvuċgh sg lsprdzhl rftlrd`uăd efkfrd rftfrd. rftfrd. Efkprgsfrl sd tgċhlk prstghfk lkd`u sdkf `gmdh ċvrstl pfergthl mgf d tf `g rftfr. Hgkd efhtdetd kgtdihlj mgifvd lzkgĔu rftlrd`uăgc l stdolfhdrhfc mgid. Fvd efhstrueol`d fagzagĔu`g efhtlhudihl fagzagĔu`g efhtlhudihl lzvfr prltlsed agz puizlrdh`d. puizlrdh`d. _dal`ghl vdzmuj `g agz ui`d, zdtf Ťtf u fvfk siuċd`u tgċhl prstgh prgmstdvi`d eilp l fh hg zdjtgvd hledevf pfmkdzlvdh`g. ]gċhfst prltlsed cds hd euălŤtg l fmstrdh`u`g ċvrstg ċgstlog mf klerfhsefc hlvfd. Hgel ċvrstl mgilăl kfcu md prfĔu erfz efkprgsfr d md hg hdċlhg hledevu Ťtgtu. KgĔutlk, dardzlvhg ċgstlog kfcu md serdtg rdmhl vge efkprgsfrd l trgad lj fmstrdhltl uidzhlk nlitgrfk. nlitgrfk.
Efkprgsfrl sd tgċhlk prstghfk sg lspfruċu`u u rdspfhu prftfed fm 2,? mf =72 k ?/klh sd kdeslkdihlk prltlsolkd efm `gmhfstgpghlj `gmlhlod fm 1,7 mf mvfstgpghlj kfmgid sd kdeslkdihf < adrd. Hd silol =.41 `g prledzdh spfi`hl lzcigm efkprgsfrd sd tgċhlk prstghfk nlrkg HD_J GHCLHGGQLHC ef`d prflzvfml hd`vgăg efkprgsfrg fvfc tlpd. tlpd.
_iled =.44 _trueturd efkp efkprgsfrd rgsfrd sd tgċhlk prstghfk =.41 _pfi`hl lzcigm efkprgsfrd sd tgċhlk prstghfk (Hdsj Ghclhggrlhc )
MLHDKLĉEL EFKRQG_FQL EFKRQG_FQL Mlhdklċel lil stru`hl efkprgsfrl su hdrfċltf pfcfmhl zd fstvdrlvdh`g vgilelj prftfed. Fhl uei`uċu`u rdml`dihg (lil oghtrlnucdihg) efkprgsfrg l desl`dihg efkprgsfrg.
Qdml`dihl efkprgsfrl Qdml`dihl efkprgsfrl spdmd`u u hd`ċgŤăg upftrgai`dvdhg efkprgsfrg. Hd silol =.4? `g mdt prledz pfprgċhfc prgsged tlplċhfc rdml`dihfc efkprgsfrd. ^dzmuj sg uslsdvd erfz ftvfr ef`l `g skgŤtgh skgŤtgh ailzu oghtru fsfvlhg ef`d md`g ifpdtlodkd farthf ergtdh`g. Pdjvdi`u`uăl faileu ifpdtlod mgiu l h`ljfvf` uidzhd mlnuzfrlkd vdzmuŤhd hdcif stru`d kgh`d sg uarzdvd u prdvou rdml`usd ed spfi`hfk cmg `f`rftdol`l sg pfsgahlk skgr ed uhutrdŤh`fstl l tlkg sg sg fstvdrghd elhgtlċed ghgrcl`d prgtvdrd u ghgrcl`u prltlsed. prltlsed. Hd`ċgŤăg sg Hd`ċgŤăg sg fvl efkprgsfrl prdvg u vlŤgstgpghf` vlŤgstgpghf` vdrl`dhtl vdrl`dhtl cmg sg hd lstf` fsfvlhl kfŸg hdidzltl trl l vlŤg vlŤg stgpghd stgpghd edf hd silol =.4?. Rrl tfkg `g pfrdst prltl prltlsed sed u svdefk stgpghu prlailŸhf ?2%. Pd pfstlzdh`g vlŤlj prltlsded l vgălj edpdoltgtd uvfml sg jidĔgh`g prlailŸhf lzkgĔu stgpghl edef `g prledzdhf hd prlkgru ċgtvfrfstgpghfc rdml`dihfc efkprgsfrd (siled =.4=). Efhstrueol`d lk `g vgfkd `gmhfstdvhd l hg zdjtgvd`u pfmkdzlvdh`g u prfstfru cmg sg fmvl`d efkprgsl`d. Rfmkdzlvdh`g `g `gmlhf pftrgahf zd pfcfhsel kgjdhlzdk ef`l sg pfsgahlk zdptlvedkd zdptlvedkd fmvd`d fm efkprgslfhfc prfstfrd. prfstfrd.
_iled =.4? ]rfstgpghl rdml`dihl stru`hl efkprgsfr W khfclk ndarledkd sg efrlstg edf fshfvhl efkprgsfrl u efkprgsfrselk stdhlodkd `gr fkfcuădvd`u prftfeg fm ?2 mf ċde :72 k?/klh l prltlseg fm 7,7 mf 42,7 adrd. ċgstf lk sg mfmd`u efkprgsfrl mruclj tlpfvd ef`l sg pf pftrgal uei`uċu`u edef al zdmfvfi`lil prfkghg u pftrfŤh`l mfe fshfvhu pftrfŤh`u zdmfvfi`dvd`u rdml`dihl efkprgsfrl. efkprgsfrl.
_iled =.4= ĉgtvfrfstgpghl rdml`dihl efkprgsfrsd zupċdstlk prghfsfk farthfc kfkghtd D e s l `dihl e fkpr fkprgs gs fr frl l Desl`dihl efkprgsfrl (siled =.47) sg sdstf`g fm rftfrd sd `gmhlk lil hgefilef rgmfvd ifpdtlod, silċhlj zderlvi`ghlk sgċlvlkd, fmcfvdrd`uăgc stdtfrd. Qftlrd`uăg ifpdtlog pfvgădvd`u arzlhu vdzmuŤhg stru`g vdzmuŤhg stru`g ef`d lsg zafc ftpfrd hd lzidzu prgtvdrd u ghgrcl`u
prltlsed. _kgr stru`dh`d uvge fstd`g desl`didh pd su pf tfkg fvl efkprgsfrl l mfalil hdzlv. Lkd`u rgidtlvhf vlsfe stgpgh gnledshfstl sdal`dh`d ldef fstvdru`u kdif pfvgădh`g pfvgădh`g prltlsed. prltlsed. Rfstf`g vdrl`dhtg cmg su hd stdtfru pfstdvi`ghg pfsgahf prfnlilsdhg stdolfhdrhg idkgig hd ef`g mg`stvu`g vdzmuŤhd stru`d l tu sg prgtvdrd elhgtlċed u ghgrcl`u prltlsed. prltlsed. Rrlkghd fvfc tlpd efkprgsfrd `g fcrdhlċghd hd vgfkd vgileg prftfeg d rgidtlvhf hlseg prltlseg. prltlseg.
_iled =.47 Desl`dihl stru`hl efkprgsfr
MLKGHPLFHL_DH@G EFKRQG_FQD
Mvd efhnilethd ndetfrd utlċu hd ueuphl edpdoltgt efkprgsfrd pftrgadh zd shdamgvdh`g slstgkd0 slstgkd0 gnledshfst efkprgsfrd l l zdjtgvl slstgkd (kdeslkdihl l trghuthl) trghuthl) Efkprgsfrl sd efhstdhthfk arzlhfk su hd`gnledshl`l edmd rdmg sd puhlk fptgrgăgh`gk lil sd kdeslkdihlk edpdoltgtfk. Hd`gnledshl`g `g mlkghzlfhlsdtl efkprgsfr tdef md rdml sd prfsgċhlk fptgrgăgh`gk d ef`l ăg hfrkdihf rdmltl l hd puhfk fptgrgăgh`u. Efkprgsfr sd hgmfvfi`hf mlkghzlfhlsdhlk edrdetgrlstledkd mfvgŤăg mf rgmuefvdh`d rdmhfc prltlsed slstgkd `gr hg kfŸg md prflzvgmg pftrgahu efilċlhu vdzmujd efm vrŤhlj fptgrgăgh`d. Hgspfsfahfst md fmcfvfrl hd`vgăf` pftrdŸh`l
kfŸg rgzuitfvdtl skdh`gh`gk prflzvfmh`g u ndarlol l khfcf vgălk ueuphlk trfŤefvlkd prflzvfmh`g. prflzvfmh`g. Rrlkghd vlŤg efkprgsfrd sd rgmfsigmhlk uprdvi`dh`gk prgmstdvi`d pftghol`dihf rgŤgh`g prfaigkd prfkghi`lvlj zdjtgvd slstgkd fagzagĔu`uăl afi`g useidĔlvdh`g fptgrgăgh`d l edpdoltgtd efkprgsfrd. ^lŤg efkprgsfrd fagzagĔu`g tdefĔg l idef pfvidċgh`g pf`gmlhlj efkprgsfrd lz upftrgag rdml fprdvel l fmrŸdvdh`d. fmrŸdvdh`d. Hd prlkgr, trl efkprgsfrd, svdel sd edpdoltgtfk fm 72 % vrŤhg pftrfŤh`g, prgmstdvi`d`u efhnlcurdol`u ef`d huml tg prgmhfstl. Hgmfstdol prlkghg vlŤg efkprgsfrd efkprgs frd ukgstf `gmhfc su0 su0 gnledshfst prl puhfk fptgrgăgh`u `g cghgrdihf hlŸd zd kdh`g efkprgsfrg, kdh`g efkprgsfrg, efŤtd vlŤg vlŤg fm fm `gmhfc vgilefc rdċuhdtf rdċuhdtf pf pf hgefilef kdh`lj efkprgsfrd efŤtd `gmlhlol edpdoltgtd, edpdoltgtd, vgăl prfstfr, zdjtgvd`u vgăl prfstfr, vgăd.. ueuphd lhvgstlol`d (prfstfr L efkprgsfrl) `g vgăd Def sg prf`getu`g hfv slstgk zd prflzvfmh`u vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk, edpdoltgt sg fmrgĔu`g hd fshfvu dhdilzg prl ċgku sg svl pfzhdtl pftrfŤdċl sd stdalihfk pftrfŤh`fk lmghtlnleu`u l rdċuhd sg rdċuhd sg h`ljfvd fċgelvdhd pftrfŤh`d. pftrfŤh`d. RftrfŤh`u RftrfŤh`u phgukdtselj phgukdtselj didtd trgad rdċuhdtl hd fshfvu pfmdtded h`ljfvlj prflzvfĔdċd. Ndetfr fptgrgăgh`d sg efrlstl zd rdċuhdtl kfmlnlefvdh`g pftrfŤh`g prfoghfk prfoghtd vrgkghd u efkg phgukdtsel urgĔd` rdml.
Mfmdthd pftrfŤh`d sgueuphg kfrd prgmvlmgtl hgprgmvlĔghd u slstgku,slstgkd falċhf sg zd tf uzlkd uzlk d mf 42 % pftrfŤh`g.zd Rfrgm tfcd, edf lourgh`d prl prf`getfvdh`u zd mlstrlauol`u vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk kfrd`u sg uzgtl u fazlr l pidhlrdhd prfŤlrgh`d u aumuăgk pgrlfmu. aumuăgk pgrlfmu. Wfalċd`ghf `g md sg vfmfk jidĔghl efkprgsfrl Wfalċd`ghf `g efkprgsfrl prgmlkghzlfhlŤu prgmlkghzlfhlŤu zd zd ?2 % u fmhfsu hd zdjtgvg slstgkd, d vdzmujfk jidĔghl zd =2 %. Fvg crdhlog sg kfcu skdh`ltl def su prfoghg pftrfŤh`g zdshfvdhg hd pfstf`găgk lseustvu lz prgtjfmhfc rdmd pfcfhd d hg hd sdklk prgtpfstdvedkd. prgtpfstdvedkd. Def sg pfstf`găl slstgk prfŤlru`g, ndetfr fptgrgăgh`d l zdjtgvdhl mfmdthl edpdoltgt sg ideŤg l prgolzhl`g kgrg l fmrgĔu`u hd fshfvu lseustvd u prgtjfmhfk rdmu phgukdtsefc slstgkd. Rrfpfrol`d fptgrgăgh`d ef`g sdvidmdvd pfstf`găl efkprgsfrsel slstgk l mfmdthfc fptgrgăgh`d fptgrgăgh`d zafc pfvgădh`d phgukdtsefc slstgkd kfŸg md pfsiuŸl edf fshfvd zd prfoghu zdjtgvdhfc mfmdthfc edpdoltgtd efkprgsfrd. efkprgsfrd. Rrl lzafru efkprgsfrd kfrd sg uzgtl u fazlr vgilel arf` ndetfrd pfrgm tlpd efkprgsfrd edf Ťtf su0 su0
pfcfhsed crupd, crupd, ifedol`d hd ef`f` sg pfstdvi`d efkprgsfr, efkprgsfr, hdċlh uprdvi`dh`d, uprdvi`dh`d, slstgk zd mlstrlauol`u, mlstrlauol`u, rgzgrvfdrl, rgzgrvfdrl, hdehdmhl jidmh`dol l sgpdrdtfrl l l suŤdċl. suŤdċl.
Edf pfkfă prl lzafru efkprgsfrd siuŸl ml`dcrdk hd silol =.4> hd efkg su prledzdhg prgpfruċghg faidstl prlkghg hd`vdŸhl`lj tlpfvd efkprgsfrd u zdvlshfstl fm prftfed l rdmhfc prltlsed. prltlsed. WRQD^I@DH@G QDMFK EFKRQG_FQD
Wprdvi`dh`g efkprgsfrselk slstgkfk lkd zd oli` md useidml prflzvfmh`u efkprgsfrd sd zdjtgvlkd pftrfŤh`g. Fmcfvdrd`uăg uprdvi`dh`g `g fm suŤtlhsefc zhdċd`d zd gnledsdh rdm l fstvdrgh`g vrjuhselj pgrnfrkdhsl. Edef sg efkprgsfrl ef kprgsfrl falċhf mlkghzlfhlŤu prgkd hd`vgăf` pftrfŤh`l vdzmujd, uprdvi`dċel slstgk `g sefrf uvge pftrgadh md skdh`l prflzvfmh`u efkprgsfrd zd vrgkg skdh`ghg pftrfŤh`g. Wprdvi`dh`g efkprgsfrfk `g falċhf sdstdvhl mgf fshfvhg ndarlċeg lspfrueg efkprgsfrd d vgălhd prflzvfĔdċd huml edf fpol`u rdzilċltg uprdvi`dċeg slstgkg. Pd slstgkg sd vlŤg efkprgsfrd, rgmfsigmhl efhtrfigrl sg kfcu efrlstltl edef al edef al pf pftrgal uei`uċlvdil l lsei`uċlvdil uei`uċlvdil lsei`uċlvdil pf`gmlhg efkprgsfrg. Mrucl uprdvi`dċel uprdvi`dċel slstgkl edf Ťtf su efhtrfigrl krgŸg l l efhtrfigrl ef`l rdmg hd fshfvu pftrdŸh`g kfcu suŤtlhsel md pfafi`Ťd`u pgrnfrkdhsg khfclj efkprgsfrselj slstgkd. efkprgsfrselj slstgkd. Ef`l ăg sg tlp uprdvi`dh`d fmdardtl zd mdtl slstgk u vgilef` `g kgrl fmrgĔghf tlpfk prlkgh`ghfc efkprgsfrd l prfnlifk pftrfŤh`g ef`l hdkgău pfstrf`gh`d ef`d trfŤg vdzmuj pfm prltlsefk. Def slstgk lkd sdkf `gmdh efkprgsfr d pftrfŤh`d `g vgfkd rdvhfkgrhd, mfvfi`dh ăg altl `gmhfstdvdh uprdvi`dċel slstgk. slstgk. _d mrucg strdhg, efkpigesdh slstgk sd vlŤg efkprgsfrd, prfkghi`lvfk efkprgsfrd, prfkghi`lvfk pftrfŤh`fk pftrfŤh`fk l l vgilelk arf`gk rdzilċltlj rdzilċltlj tlpfvd tlpfvd pftrfŤdċd pftrfŤdċd zdjtgvdăg sfnlstlolrdhu uprdvi`dċeu strdtgcl`u. W svdefk siuċd`u prfaigk lzafrd uprdvi`dċefc slstgkd kfrd kfrd md aumg prgmkgt pdŸi`lvfc rdzkdtrdh`d pdŸi`lvfc rdzkdtrdh`d `gr tf kfŸg kfŸg md md prgmstdvi`d hd`vdŸhl`l hd`vdŸhl`l pf`gmlhdċhl ndetfr fm fm utlod`d hd gnledshfst l pgrnfrkdhsg slstgkd zd prflzvfmh`u vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk. prltlsefk. Mfarf rdzukgvdh`g prfaigkdtleg vgzdhg zd uprdvi`dh`g rdmfk efkprgsfrd kfŸg altl zhdċd`dh ndetfr zd pfvgădh`g gngetlvhfstl phgukdtselj slstgkd l skdh`gh`g pftrfŤh`g ghgrcl`g. Hd Ÿdifst, u khfclk efkprgsfrselk stdhlodkd, uprdvi`dċel slstgkl sg sdstf`g fm hlzd hlzd pf`gmlhdċhlj uprdvi`dċelj `gmlhlod ef`g hgkd`u kfcuăhfst pfvgzlvdh`d u zd`gmhlċel rdm hd gnledsdh hdċlh. hdċlh. ċgst ċgst `g siuċd` siuċd` md md sg hdefh eupfvlhg l lhstdilrdh`d efkprgsfrd, pdŸh`d pdŸh`d uskgrl sdkf hd tf md fh rdml, d hg md rdml hd hd`gnledshl`l hdċlh. ]ge edmd lzidzhg pgrnfrkdhsg zhdċd`hf fpdmhu u fmhfsu hd hfklhdihg lil sg fprgkd pfevdrl, pfċlh`g sg rdzklŤi`dtl f prdvlihf` lil gnledshl`f` upftrgal uprdvi`dċefc slstgkd. uprdvi`dċefc slstgkd. Efkprgsfrl ef`l sg prlkgh`u`u u lhmustrl`selk usifvlkd su u rdspfhu fm 7 eS pd mf hgefilef jli`dmd jli`dmd eS lhstdilsdhg shdcg. Weuphl cfmlŤh`l trfŤefvl h`ljfvfc rdmd lzhfsg fm hgefilef jli`dmd pd mf prgef klilfh gurd zd vgileg efkprgsfrseg stdhlog. Hd`seupi`l gngedt u rdmu phgukdtsefc slstgkd prgmstdvi`d cualtde prflzvfmh`g hdstdf zafc hgprdvlihf fmrŸdvdhfc phgukdtsefc slstgkd l hgfmcfvdrd`uăgc uprdvi`dh`d. _vgfaujvdtdh uprdvi`dċel slstgk efkprgsfrseg stdhlog trgad md fagzagml gnledshf uprdvi`dh`g efilċlhfk prflzvgmghfc vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk l rgcuidol`u prltlsed lspfruċghfc vdzmujd. vdzmujd.
F_HF^HL HDĉLHL WRQD^I@DH@D QDMFK EFKRQG_FQD EFKRQG_FQD Fshfvhg vrstg uprdvi`dh`d rdmfk pf`gmlhlj efkprgsfrd kfcu sg pfmgiltl u trl crupg0 crupg0 uprdvi`dh`g prdzhlk jfmfk jfmfk rgcuidol`d mgilklċhlk fptgrgăgh`gk l fptgrgăgh`gk l pfcfhsefc kftfrd uprdvi`dh`g lsei`uċlvdh`gk pfcfhsefc kftfrd
Wprdvi`dh`g Wprdvi `dh`g pr prd dzhlk jfmfk Wprdvi`dh`g prdzhlk jfmfk sg kfŸg fstvdrltl hd trl hdċlhd0 hdċlhd0 uprdvi`dh`g lspuŤtdh`gk vdzmujd u dtkfsngru u dtkfsngru l uprdvi`dh`g zdtvdrdh`gk uslshfc vfmd l vfmd uprdvi`dh`g ftvdrdh`gk uslshfc vfmd Wprdvi`dh`g lspuŤtdh`gk vdzmujd u dtkfsngru sg fstvdru`g tdef Ťtf sg edmd prltlsde u rgzgrvfdru lil mlstrlautlvhf` krgŸl (zdvlshf fmdeig sg uzlkd slchdi) mfstlchg fmrgĔghu vrgmhfst, ftvdrd vghtli ef`lk sg lspuŤtd vdzmuj lz krgŸg. Pd tf sg falċhf efrlstl slcurhfshl vghtli sdkf Ťtf sg fhmd kfrd ucrdmltl `fŤ `gmdh slcurhfshl vghtli ef`l ăg nuheolfhlsdtl sdkf def mfĔg mf hgŸgi`ghfc pfvgădh`d prltlsed l kfrd altl pfmgŤgh md sg ftvdrd prl tf` vgăf` vrgmhfstl prltlsed. Fvdevf `gmhfstdvhf uprdvi`dh`g `g, ghgrcgtsel pfskdtrdhf, vgfkd hggnledshf `gr efkprgsfr svg vrgkg rdml l trfŤl gh grcl`u d sd mrucg strdhg sg lzadou`g vdzmuj pfm prltlsefk u dtkfsngru. Fvf uprdvi`dh`g sg efrlstl sdkf efm vgfkd kdilj efkprgsfrd. efkprgsfrd.
Wprdvi`dh`g zdtvdrdh`gk uslshfc vfmd sg fstvdru`g tdef Ťtf sg pfkfău ucrdĔghfc vghtlid u uslshfk vfmu aifelrd mfvfm vdzmujd lz dtkfsngrg mf efkprgsfrd. Edef sg rdm efkprgsfrd hg zdustdvi`d fh pfċlh`g md fstvdru`g pfmprltlsde u uslshfk vfmu. Fvd` kgtfm uprdvi`dh`d sg efrlstl efm eilphlj efkprgsfrd sd prdvfilhl`selk ergtdh`gk eilpd edf l efm rftdolfhlj efkprgsfrd. efkprgsfrd.
Pd uprdvi`dh`g ftvdrdh`gk uslshfc vfmd efrlstl sg pfsgadh kgjdhlzdk (jvdtdċ) ef`l, edmd sg mfstlchg Ÿgi`ghl prltlsde, zdmrŸl uslshl vghtli u ftvfrghfk pfifŸd`u tdef md efkprgsfr hg kfŸg md fstvdrl prltlsde u efkprgslfhfk prfstfru mfvfi`dh md ftvfrl lzmuvhl vghtli. Efkprgsfr hdstdvi`d sd rdmfk dil hg uadou`g vdzmuj u lzidzhu crdhu. Hd fvdef `gmhfstdvdh hdċlh sg ċgstf uprdvi`d u prdvi`d vgilelk eilphlk efkprgsfrlkd. efkprgsfrlkd.
Qgcuidol`d mgilklċhlk fptgrgăgh`gk Pd rgcuidol`u mgilklċhlk fptgrgăgh`gk hd`ċgŤăg sg prlkgh`u`g0 prlkgh`u`g0 rgcuidol`d arf`gk fartd`d fartd`d uslshfc vfmd. rgcuidol`d prlcuŤlvdh`gk uslshfc vfmd. Qgcuidol`d arf`gk fartd`d sg rgdilzu`g hd vlŤg vlŤg hdċlhd hdċlhd u zdvlshfstl fm prlkgh`ghfc pfcfhd. Efm stdrl`lj efkprgsfrd ef`l lkd`u pfcfh pfkfău kftfrd _W_ prlkgh`u`g sg kgjdhlċel rgcuidtfr arf`d fartd`d mfe sg efm hfvl`lj efhstrueol`d kftfrd _W_ prlkgh`u`g gigetrfhsed rgcuidol`d rgcuidol`d
arf`d fartd`d. Efm stdrl`lj gigetrfkftfrd prlkgh`lvdhd `g stgpghdstd rgcuidol`d arf`d fartd`d mfe sg sdmd prlkgh`u`u nrgevghthl rgcuidtfrl arf`d fartd`d gigetrfkftfrd f ef`lkd ăg altl vlŤg rgċl u pfcidvi`u ?.7.1. ?.7.1. Qgcuidol`d prlcuŤlvdh`gk uslshfc vfmd lil kfmuilrdh`g (kfmuidtlhc) sg fstvdru`g pfkfău prlcuŤhlog sd pfmgŤdvdh`gk pfstdvi`ghg u uslshf` crdhl efkprgsfrd. Hd td` hdċlh sg, u fmrgĔghfk rdspfhu, rgcuilŤg edpdoltgt. edpdoltgt . Hd rftdolfhlk efkprgsfrlkd sd vlŤg efkfrd, vl`ċdhlk vl`ċdhlk l stru`hlk efkprgsfrlkd sg ċgstf ċgstf efrlstl fvdedv kgtfm rgcuidol`g. Def sg prlkghl hd eilphlk efkprgsfrlkd mfvfml mf hggnledshfc rdmd. Lzhfs skdh`gh`d edpdoltgtd `g fcrdhlċgh `gr sg prlcuŤlvdh`g kfŸg vrŤltl sdkf u fmrgĔghf` kgrl. ^gălhd trdmlolfhdihlj kfmuidol`selj uprdvi`dh`d prlcuŤu`u edpdoltgt fm ?2 mf 72 % prg hgcf Ťtf pftpuhf rdstgr gtg gtg efkprgsfr. Fvdedv kgtfm kfmuidol`sefc uprdvi`dh`d sg falċhf falċhf hdzlvd hdzlvd dutf-mudihf uprdvi`dh`g (dutf-mudi ofhtrfi). ofhtrfi). Wprdvi`dh`g lsei`uċlvdh`gk pfcfhsefc kftfrd Edmd prltlsde u slstgku mfstlchg zdmdtu vrgmhfst, pfcfhsel kftfr sg lsei`uċu`g l prltlsde u slstgku zafc hdstdvi`dh`d pftrfŤh`g pfċlh`g md fpdmd. Edmd prltlsde fpdmhg mf fmrgĔghg klhlkdihg vrgmhfstl pfcfhsel kftfr sg pfhfvf uei`uċu`g l prltlsde u slstgku pfhfvf pfċlh`g md rdstg. Fvd` hdċlh rdmd `g ghgrcgtsel gnledsdh dil zdjtgvd vgilel arf` prgelmd prgelmd rdmd pfcfhsefc kftfrd l pfhfvhfc uei`uċlvdh`d. Edef al sg skdh`lf arf` uei`uċlvdh`d/lsei`uċlvdh`d falċhf sg, hgpfsrgmhf pfsig efkprgsfrd, ucrdĔu`g rgzgrvfdr vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk. prltlsefk. F_]DIG EFKRFHGH]G _L_]GKD PD RQFLP^FMH@W ^DPMWJD RFM RQL]L_EFK
Fstdig efkpfhghtg slstgkd trgad md fkfcuăg0 fkfcuăg0 fmstrdh`lvdh`g pri`dvŤtlhg, vfmg l fstdtded ui`d, fstdtded ui`d, rdmd efkprgsfrd fmrŸdvdh`g klrhfc rdmd efkprgsfrd fmcfvdrd`uăg efilċlhg efilċlhg vdzmujd vdzmujd pfm fmcfvdrd`uălk fmcfvdrd`uălk lspfrueu fmcfvdrd`uăg prltlsefk W efkpfhghtg ef`g tf fkfcuădvd`u spdmd`u0 fkfcuădvd`u spdmd`u0
hdehdmhl jidmh`dol l sgpdrdtfrl, sgpdrdtfrl, nlitgrl, nlitgrl, suŤdċl l fprgkd zd rgcghgrdol`u tfpiftg, rgcghgrdol`u tfpiftg, zdui`lvdċl, zdui`lvdċl, rgcuidtfrl prltlsed, prltlsed, rgzgrvfdrl l l fmvd`dċl efhmghzdtd. fmvd`dċl efhmghzdtd.
Widzhl nlitgr lkd svrju md zdŤtltl efkprgsfr fm pri`dvŤtlhg pfstf`l u fefihfk vdzmuju. Hd`ċgŤăg sg prlkgh`u`g rgidtlvhf crua nlitgref`g `gr nlhl`l nlitgrl lkd`u vgăl pdm prltlsed l arzf sg zdsltg ċvrstlk ċgstlodkd. Falċhf sg stdvi`d nlitgr ef`l hg prf prfpuŤtd puŤtd ċg ċgstlog stlog vgăg fm 422 k lil ċ ċde de l cruai`l. cruai`l. Althd edrdetgrlstled efkprgsfrd `g hdċlh jidĔgh`d `gr sg tfefk efkprgsl `g `g cghgrlŤg vgiled efilċlhd tfpiftg. Hdċlhl jidĔgh`d ef`l sg prlkgh`u`u su0 su0 vfmghf vfmghf vdzmuŤhf vdzmuŤhf l/lil l/lil ui`gk zd jidĔgh`g. jidĔgh`g. Hdlzkghlċhl eilphl efkprgsfrl shdcg kdh`g fm 422 E_ falċhf su jidĔghl vdzmujfk pfkfău vghtlidtfrd ef`l `g lhtgcrdihl mgf edlŤgk pfcfh`ghfc zdkd`od. ^dzmuj zd jidĔgh`g muvd prgef rgardstlj pfvrŤlhd hd spfi`hf`
strdhl olilhmdrselj ogvl zd jidĔgh`g. ^găl, vfmfk jidĔghl hdlzkghlċhl efkprgsfrl lkd`u ucrdĔghg efkfrg erfz ef`u stru`l vfmd zd jidĔgh`g ef`g fadvl`d`u cidvu l tgif olilhmdrd. ]gkpgrdturd uidzhg vfmg edf l efhstrueol`d l ċlstfăd jidmh`ded utlċu hd stgpgh jidĔgh`d l pgrnfrkdhsg efkprgsfrd. ċlstfăd pgrnfrkdhsg efkprgsfrd. Efm rftdolfhlj efkprgsfrd sg ċgstf prlkgh`u`g jidĔgh`g sd uarlzcdvdh`gk ui`d. ui`d. ^gălhd vlŤgstgpghlj efkprgsfrd efrlstg kgĔujidmh`deg ef`l prgmstdvi`d`u lzkgh`lvdċg tfpiftg ef`l fmvfmg tfpiftu hdstdiu u tfeu pf`gmlhlj efkprgslfhlj ndzd. ndzd. Hdehdmhl jidmh`dol sg pfstdvi`d`u lzd efkprgsfrd sd oli`gk md fmstrdhg vlŤde tfpiftg prghgt hd vdzmuj pfm prltlsefk. Efm hgelj slstgkd, hdehdmhl jidmh`dol prgmstdvi`d`u lhtgcrdihl mgf ndarlċeg lspfrueg efkprgsfrd mfe `g efm mruclj fstdvi`ghf efrlshleu md prfoghl md il ku `g pftrgadh hdehdmhl jidmh`de. _gpdrdtfrl sg uvge lspfruċu`u zd`gmhf sd hdehdmhlk jidmh`dolkd l lkd`u zdmdtde md fmstrdhg efhmghzfvdhu vfmu zd`gmhf sd fstdolkd ui`d l pri`dvŤtlhg. pri`dvŤtlhg.
HDEHDMHL JIDMH@DOL
_hdamgvdh`g ndarleg suvlk l ċlstlk vdzmuj pfm prltlsefk `g tgŸde l l fmcfvfrdh pfsdf. Efkprgsfr edpdoltgtd 1:,? Hk ?/klh (4222 sonk) ef`l rdml 1= sdtd mhgvhf, 3 mdhd u hgmgi`l, zd 72 hgmgi`d falċhf falċhf uadol uadol u phgukdtsel slstgk 1>1 222 ec vfmghg pdrg, 4=44 ec pri`dvŤtlhg pri`dvŤtlhg l :: ec ui`d. ]g efilċlhg su khfcf vgăg fm fhlj ef`g nlitgr l suŤdċ kfcu sdkl md lzmvf`g. Edef `g
vfmd agz efheurghol`g hd`zhdċd`hl`d efkpfhghtd u svlk prlkgsdkd vdzmujd pfm prltlsefk hd`vlŤg sg hdpfrd kfrd uifŸltl zd h`ghf fmstrdh`lvdh`g. @gmdh fm althlj gigkghdtd u stdihf` afral prftlv vfmg u vdzmuju pfm prltlsefk `g hdehdmhl jidmh`de. jidmh`de. Hdehdmhl jidmh`de prgmstdvi`d pfsgahl lzkgh`lvdċ tfpiftg ef`l sg pfstdvi`d lzkgĔu efkprgsfrd l suŤdċd edef al skdh`lf tgkgrdturu vdzmujd, fsifafmlf cd mfarfc mgid vidcg l hgċlstfăd l prlprgklf zd uidz u suŤdċ. suŤdċ.
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