Progress Jurnal LCA Kayu Lapis - Interpretation

Mata Kuliah Tugas No. Topik :

SIL 621. Bangunan B angunan dan Lingkungan

 Nama :

Isandre Fajarrachman Fajarrachman

 NRP

F451140041

Tanggal selesai :

1 April 2015

#2 Pemilihan Material Konstruksi berdasarkan berdasarkan LCA

Goal Definition and Scoping Plywood is panel product from veneer sheets which are glued together,and fiber line  perpendicular with some some timber veneer or same direction direction as panel (SNI, 1992). Artificial board made of thin sheets (wood veneer) which consists of three layers where each each layer is stacked. (Hing, 1992). Generally, veneer thickness between 0,6  –  3  3 mm, and wood layers always odd number is 3, 5 , 7,etc. (Haygreen &Bowyer, 2003) .In Indonesia, standard size of plywood production are 122x244 centimetres, with commonly raw material : meranti log ( 42%), keruing (7%), kapur (0,5%) and mixture of lightwood (50,5%). Playwood production process in Indonesia generally same among other plywood companies, first, raw material(log) gathered into one area to sort size, shape, and quality, then continued with debarking and peeling process, process, to made veneer with thickeness thickeness ranges 1,3  –   3,30mm, after that veneer will be dried by steam or electric heated ovens(drying time 10-25 minutes in 180°C),after veneer dried, it be separated to be face, back, and inner layer, three parts layer will be glued(using melamine Formaldehyde, Formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde formaldehyde resin), to merge and will be pressed with cold pressing, to develop better glue bonding (the pressure is 8 + kg/cm2 for 30 minutes) and hot pressing to cure the resin, thereby bonding to make plywood(preesing temperature 110 - 115°C). After hot pressing, the  plywood panels are are cut into standard size size 122 cm x 244cm or based on the order size.Putty size.Putty process for minimalize defects area. Sanding process for smooth outer plywood layers (sanding speed 58+3 m/min depend on the plywood thickness), the last packing. The plywood is packed per pack/cra pack/crate te with thickness categories categories (2,4mm, (2,4mm, 5mm, etc) and 250, 50, and 35 pieces.

Log

Grading Logs

Cold & Hot Pressing

Debarking &

Peeling &

Bucking

Cripping

Glue Spreading

Drying

Vaneer Selection &

Lay Up

Repairing

Sizing & Sanding

Sorting & Grading

Packing

Plywood

apllication Scheme 1.1 Simple Scheme of plywood production in Indonesia. Source : International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, March 2014)

Plywood uses as building & transportation construction : paneling, sheating material, floor, sidding, plyform, (massijaya, 2006) .In environmental issue, such as pressing, drying , and sorting  process, it has biggest emissions that affect the environment. Consumption energy for making  plywood has also big affect to environment too. Environmental problems will be reviewed is Global Warming Potential(GWP) increase carbon gases made of warming effect on the earth, Acidification Potential (AP) transformation of air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide into acids, Eutrophication Potential (EP) it accelerates the growth of algae that may cause a reduction of oxygen, Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) due to CFCs and Nitrogen oxides, Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) summer smog which damage vegetation and material.

Inventory Analysis In material analyze, observation taken three Indonesia plywood company. In 12 month, the data taken and calculated for supporting material data and energy in one-cubic meter

Monthly log Input Monthly plywood  production Co-products

Units m3

A 11,322

Company B 15,314

m3

6,702

10,495

Blockboard Veneer

Blockboard, lamineboard

-

-

Electicity  National grid Co-generation Coal power plant

C 21,164 11,249 Blackboard, veneer

-

Tabel 1.1 log input and type company. Source : ITTO, profiles of Indonesia plywood companes (2014)

Avereging log input amount 12.707m3/month, then for LCI basic material and water quantity needed in one cubic meter plywood production :

Units m3

1,69

Company B 1,46

kg

134

103

73

kg kWH

17

11

10

061

769

0.167

kWH

-

-

-

kg Liter

,,49

40

-

0,135

0,130

0,941

Water (river water)

m3

7,69

5,72

0,00

Water (municipal)

m3

0,57

0,34

1,23

Input Raw Material/log Resin : Urea formaldehyde Hardener Energy/Water Electricity-grid Electricity  –  cogeneration Electricity – coal Diesel

A

C 1,88

Tabel 1.2 LCI inputs to produce a unit (one cubic meter). Source : ITTO (2014)

Gained average material & energy consume in one cubic meter plywood, using 1,6m 3 log, resin 103,3kg, hardener 12,7kg, coal 41 kg, diesel 0,402 liter, water (river) 4,47m3, and water (municipal) 0,713m3. For material released to environment in plywood production. Emissions, solid waste, liquid waste, and air waste.

Impact Assessment Results The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phase establishes links between the life cycle inventory results and potential environmental impacts. The LCIA calculates impact indicators, such as global warming potential and smog. These impact indicators provide general, but quantifiable, indications of  potential environmental impacts. Environmental impacts are determined using the TRACI method (Bare et al. 2011).

Impact Indicator

Characterization Model

Impact Category

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

Calculate total emissions in the reference unit of CO2 equivalents for CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide.

Global warming

Releases to air decreasing or thinning of ozone layer

Calculate the total ozone forming chemicals in the stratosphere including CFC’s HCFC’s, chlorine, and bromine. Ozone depletion values are measured in the reference units of CFC equivalents.

Ozone depletion

Releases to air potentially resulting in acid rain (acidification)

Calculate total hydrogen ion (H+) equivalent for released sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrochloric acid, and ammonia. Acidification value of H+ mole-eq. is used as a reference unit.

Acidification

Releases to air potentially resulting in smog

Calculate total substances that can be  photo-chemically oxidized. Smog forming potential of O3 is used as a reference unit.

Photochemical smog

Releases to air potentially Calculate total substances that contain resulting in eutrophication available nitrogen or phosphorus. of water bodies Eutrophication potential of N-eq. is used as a reference unit.

Eutrophication

Tabel 1.3 Five categories Impact Assesment. Source : CORRIM (2013)

Each impact indicator is a measure of an aspect of a potential impact. This LCIA does not make value  judgments about the impact indicators, meaning that no single indicator is given more or less value than any of the others. Additionally, each impact indicator value is stated in units that are not comparable.

Impact categories Global Warming Potential (GWP) Adification Potential (AP) Eutrofication Potential (EP) Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)

Unit Kg CO2 – Equiv.

592

Company B 485

Kg SO2 – Equiv

1.7

1.35

2.08

0,197

0,333

6,74x10-9 

1,84x10-8

0,147

0,250

A

Kg Phosphate 0,253 (PO4) – Equiv Kg CFC11- 8,95x10-9  Equiv Kg Ethylene  –  0,188 Equiv

C 411

Tabel 1.3 Environmental Impact for the production 1m 3 plywood production. Source : ITTO, 2014

Environmental impact result averagely production from one cubic meter plywood is GWP 446kgCO2-Equiv, AP 1,91 kg SO2-Equiv, 0,311kg (PO4)-Equiv, ODP 1,40x10-8kg CFC11-Equiv and POCP 0,233kg Ethylene-Equiv. Company A had higher carbon emission because 30% of electricity are came from coal. This comparison companies chart :

Global Warming Potential (GWP) 800 600 400

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

200 0 Company A

Company B

Company C

Chart1.1 Chart GWP for 1m3 plywood production.

Adification Potential (AP) 2.5 2 1.5 Adification Potential

1 0.5 0 Company A

Company B

Company C

Chart1.2 Chart AP for 1m3 plywood production.

Eutrofication Potentital (EP) 0.4 0.3 0.2

Eutrofication Potentital (EP)

0.1 0 Company A

Company B

Company C

Chart1.3 Chart EP for 1m3 plywood production.

Ozone Depeletion Potential (ODP) 0.000002 0.0000015 0.000001

Ozone Depeletion Potential (ODP)

0.0000005 0 Company A Company B Company C

Chart1.4 Chart ODP for 1m3 plywood production.

Photochemical Ozone Creation (POCP) 0.3 0.2 Photochemical Ozone Creation (POCP)

0.1 0 Company A Company B Company C

Chart1.5 Chart POCP for 1m3 plywood production.

In this study, the global warming potential (GWP) was strongly related to use of fossil fuel and electricity. Generally, the GWP increased with increased use of electricity from national grid for companies C. However, the CO2  emissions for companies A nd B were a few folds higher as these companies generated electricity from coal. The efficiency for coal generated electricity was about 30%. Companies using coal for process heat and generation of electricity should consider using  biogenic fuel as they are close to waste wood or biomass resources. For other environmental impact, the lower consumption of diesel per unit production had led to lower EP, AP, ODP and POCP.

The plywood manufacturing process has some onsite emissions from drying veneers and  pressing the panels with the resins. These emissions were reported by the mills in the surveys. Of the total CO2 emissions, both biogenic and fossil, 69 percent were biogenic based emissions from the combustion of wood fuel. Carbon footprints for products or service are the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the manufacturing of product or delivery of a service. It is normally reported in CO2-equiv. Respectively the CO2 emissions associated with ply wood production, logs and resin used. The formaldehyde resin contributed a high percentage towards the overall CO2 emissions for the plywood.

Interpretation The last step in LCA is interpretation, before going to do an a action and decision . -

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Plywood production uses many coal energy, it release large energy and emission, changing coal energy to other can saving more energy and emission will be reduce. (using hydro-electric energy there is no emissions generated when converting moving water to energy). Improve material flow in the manufacturing process to reduce iternal transportation Increase use of renewable biomass would further reduce the overall use of fossil energy and the GWP impact from industry. Icenaration of plywood(depleted age) can cause higher impacts of acidification and eutrophication than other products, although thermal energy can be recovered. Resin usage contributes to the differences in magnitude of inventory analysis and impact assessment . Phenolformalyde is created through the refining of natural gas dan petroleum. These machine centers contributed the most large energy, the hot pressing machine center had the greatest environment impact because of the energy consumption and resin usage. This impact is most evident in the fossil fuel and climate change. Using bark as fuel source, proves benefiting to the environment. Because fossil fuels for energy and all emissions associated with generating energy.

Referensi :

Apri H. Iswanto (2008)”Kayu Lapis (Plywood)” , USU e-Repository Iwan Risnasari (2008)”Pengaruh Penyusunan dan Jumlah Lapisan Vinir Terhadap Stabilitas Dimensi Kayu Lapis(Plywood)” , USU e-Repository. Metya T. Cahya (2011)”Pengembangan Kayu Lapis Berkualitas Tinggi yang Ramah Lingkungan ” , IPB Repistory Gan K.S & M.Y Massijaya, (2013)”Cradle to Gate Lofe Cycle Assessment of Softwood Plywood Production from the Pacific Northwest” , CORRIM, (1), 1-34. Maureen P, Elaine O, & James W, Leonard J, (2014)”Life Cycle Assessment for Environmental Product Declaration of Tropical Plywood Production in Malaysia and Indonesia” , ITTO, (1), 2 -28. Sujatha D, Pandey C, & Nath S.K, (2014)”Impact of Forestry Products on Climate Change Mitigation in India” , International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, (4),1-6 Effendi Arsad, (2000)”Sifat Fisik Kayu Lapis Berbahan Baku Kayu Akasia (Acacia mangium Willd.) dan Kelampayan (Anthocephalus spp.) ” , Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan, vol.3, 1 -8

EPA, (2004)”Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Plywood and Composite Wood Products NESHAP” , Final Report EPA, (1) Riza R., Mariah U, (2013)”Kayu Lapis Struktural (Structural Plywood)” , USU, (1) Charles J.Ferari, (2000)”Life Cycle Assessment Environmental Modelling of Plywood and Laminated Veneer Lumber Manufacturing” , Oregon State University, (1) Frank W., Klaus R., (2007)”Wood Building Products in Comparative LCA”, Int J LCA , vol. 12, 470 - 479