PROGRAMACION ANUAL DE 2o DE SECUNDARIA 2022

 

–Bòd @mc Edrtbcmihghmltd @m cb Ydjmrblçb Lbihdlbc‗ Hlsthtuihùl M`uibthvb –66=0?-VDYHI‗

VZDOZBGBIHÙL BL]BC :6:: H. @BPDY HLEDZGBPHUDY 2.2. H.M. L¶ 2.:. @HZMIPDZB 2.9. @DIMLPM 2.0. ÂZMB 2.=. OZB@D 2.5. YMIIHÙL 2.?. LHUMC 2.>. P]ZLD 2.8. @]ZBIHDL

; 66=0?-VÙYHI ; BCMKBL@ZD ZBGDY LBUBZZD ; GBZÇB GHCMLB UÂYR]M[ O]HCCÈL ; GBPMGÂPHIB ; YMO]L@D ;BXJ ; YMI]L@BZHB ; PBZ@M ; 20 @M GBZ[D BC 2? @M @HIHMGJZM :6::

HH. @MYIZHVIHÙL OMLMZBC Lumstrb sdihm`b` mxpmrhgmltb ibgjhds vmrohldsds y sustblihb sustblihbcms cms rmcbihdlb`ds b cds idldihghmltds, cbs tmildcdoçbs, cb sbcu` y `hvmrsbs gblhemstbihdlms sdihdiucturbcms qum rmpmriutml ml cb vh`b pmrsdlbc y sdihbc. Ml mstm idltmxtd, cb gbtmgâib mstâ prmsmltm ml `hvmrsds mspbihds `m cb bivh`b` nugblb, tbcms idgd; cbs bivh`b`ms ebghchbrms, sdihbcms, iucturbcms, `mpdrvbs1 y ml cb ghsgb lbturbcmzb. Mccd hgpchib bsughr `msbds ml mc prdimsd mlsmòblzb bprml`hzbkm `m cb gbtmgâib idlsh`mrbl`d cb eulihdlbch`b` y sholhibvh`b` sholhibvh`b`,, y pdlhml`d èlebshs mc `msbrrdccd `m iubtrd idgpmtmlihb idgpmtmlihbss b pbrr `m `hsltbs shtubihdlms qum prdvhmlml `m su mltdrld hlgm`hbtd d `m mxpmrhmlihbs imriblbs y id`hblbs.  B `mgâs sm `mjm rmidldimr mc lhvmc `m `msbrrdccd `m cbs idgpmtmlihbs bciblzb`bs pdr cds mstu`hbltms gm`hbltm ul `hbolùsid pbrb b pbrr `m mccd rmidldimr cbs lmimsh`b`ms m hltmrmsms `m mccds pbrb mc cdord `m cbs gmtbs qum idrrmspdl`ml bc ihicd UH. @hinbs idgpmtmlihbs `mjml bjdr`brsm ml iubtrd bspmitds rmcbihdlb`ds b cb Gbtmgâib; pbrb btmlubr mc prdjcmgb bgjhmltbc, pbrb bblzbr cb idgulhibihùl ml vbcdrms, mlebzbr cb h`ml`b` iucturbc y pbrb cb mrrb`hibihùl `m cb idrrupihùl prhgbl`d cb `mgdirbihb. Ml mstm orb`d, sm mspmrb qum cds mstu`hbltms `msbrrdccml cbs shouhmltms idgpmtmlihb idgpmtmlihbs; s; ZMY]MCUM VZDJCMGBY @M IBLPH@B@. Idlshstm ml qum mc mstu`hbltm sdcuihdl sdcuihdlm m prdjcmgbs d pcbltmm lumvds qum cm `mgbl`ml idlstruhr y idgprml`mr cbs ldihdlms `m lûgmrd, `m shstmgbs lugèrhids, sus dpmrbihdlms y prdphm`b`ms. B`mgâs, `dtbr `m sholhib`d b mstds idldihghmltds ml cb shtubihùl y usbrcds pbrb rmprmsmltbr d rmprd`uihr cbs rmcbihdlms mltrm sus `btds y idl`hihdlms. idl`hihdl ms. Hgpchib tbgjhèl `hsimrlhr sh cb sdcuihùl jusib`b rmquhmrm `brsm idgd ulb msgbihùl d iâciucd mxbitd, y pbrb mstd smcmiihdlb mstrbtmohbs, prdim`hghmltds prdim`hghmltds,, ulh`b`ms `m gm`h`b y `hvmrsds rmiursds. Mc rbzdlbghmltd cùohid ml mstb idgpmtmlihb ms usb`d iubl`d mc mstu`hbltm nbim idgpbrbihdlms, mxpchib b trbvès `m blbcdoçbs, hl`uim prdphm`b`ms b pbrr `m ibsds pbriucbrms d mkmgpcds, ml mc prdimsd `m rmsdcuihùl `mc prdjcmgb. ZMY]MCUM VZDJCMGBY @M ZMO]CBZH@B@, MR]HUBCMLIHB X IBGJHD. Idlshstm ml qum mc mstu`hbltm cdorm ibrbitmrhzbr mquhvbcmlihbs y omlmrbchzb omlmrbchzbrr rmoucbrh`b`ms y mc ibgjhd `m ulb gbolhtu` idl rmspmitd `m dtrb, b trbvès `m rmocbs omlmrbcms qum cm pmrghtbl mlidltrbr vbcdrms `msidldih`ds, `mtmrghlbr rmstrhiihdlms y nbimr prm`hiihdlms sdjrm mc idgpdrtbghmltd `m ul emlùgmld. Vbrb mstd pcbltmb miubihdlms, hlmiubihdlms y eulihdlms, y usb mstrbtmohbs, prdim`hghmltds prdim`hghmltds y prdphm`b`ms pbrb rmsdcvmrcbs, orbibrcbs d gblhpucbr mxprmshdlms shgjùchibs. Bsç tbgjhèl rbzdlb `m gblmrb hl`uivb y `m`uivb, pbrb `mtmrghlbr cmyms omlmrbcms gm`hbltm vbrhds mkmgpcds, prdphm`b`ms y idltrbmkmgpcds. ZMY]MCUM VZDJCMGBY @M EDZGB, GDUHGHMLPD X CDIBCH[BIHÙL. Idlshstm ml qum mc mstu`hbltm sm drhmltm y `msirhjb cb pdshihùl y mc gdvhghmltd `m djkmtds y `m sç ghsgd ml mc mspbihd, vhsubchzbl`d, vhsubchzb l`d, hltmrprmtbl`d y rmcbihdlbl`d cbs ibrbitmrçsibs `m cds djkmtds idl edrgbs omdgètrhibs jh`hgmlshdlbcms y trh`hgmlshdlbcms. Hgpchib qum rmbchim gm`hihdlms `hrmitbs d hl`hrmitbs `m cb supmrihm, `mc pmrçgmtrd, `mc vdcugml y `m cb ibpbih`b` `m cds djkmtds, y qum cdorm idlstruhr rmprmsmltbihdlms `m cbs edrgbs omdgètrhibs pbrb `hsmòbr djkmtds, pcblds y gbqumtbs, usbl`d hlstrugmltds, hlstrugmltds, mstrbtmohbs y prdim`hghmltds prdim`hghmltds `m idlstruiihùl y gm`h`b. B`mgâs `msirhjb trbymitdrhbs y rutbs, usbl`d shstmgbs `m rmemrmlihb y cmloubkm omdgètrhid. .

 

ZMY]MCUM VZDJCMGBY @M OMYPHÙL @M @BPDY M HLIMZPH@]GJZM Idlshstm ml qum mstu`hbltm blbchim `btds sdjrm `m hltmrès d mstu`hd d `myshtubihdlms bcmbtdrhbs, bcmbtdqum rhbs, cm qum cmhlsugds pmrghtb tdgbr `mihshdlms, mcbjdrbr prm`hiihdlms rbzdlbjcms y idlicushdlms rmspbc`b`bs ml cbmchledrgbihùl prd`uih`b. Vbrb mccd,ul mc tmgb mstu`hbltm rmidphcb, droblhzb rmprmsmltb `btds `bl pbrb mc blâchshs, hltmrprmtbihùl m hlemrmlihb `mc idgpdrtbghmltd `mtmrghlhstb d bcmbtdrhd `m cds ghsgds usbl`d gm`h`bs mstb`çsibs y prdjbjhcçsibs.

 

–Bòd @mc Edrtbcmihghmltd @m cb Ydjmrblçb Lbihdlbc‗ Hlsthtuihùl M`uibthvb –66=0?-VDYHI‗

Cds ibgpds tmgâids b idlsh`mrbrsm ml mc prmsmltm orb`d pbrb cdorbr cbs gmtbs `m bprml`hzbkm prmvhstbs, sm vhliucbl b shtubihdlms `m; Ibl`b`; Lûgmrds rbihdlbcms, bugmltds y `msiumltds pdrimltubcms, prdpdrihdlbch`b` `hrmitb m hl`hrmitb, pdtmlihbihùl. 

Zmoucbrh`b`, mquhvbcmlihb y ibgjhd; Miubihdlms m hlmiubihdlms chlmbcms, prdormshùl brhtgèib, eulihùl chlmbc y chlmbc bl. Edrgb, gdvhghmltd y cdibchzbihùl; Iumrpd omdgètrhid `m rmvdcuihùl, prhsgbs, pdcçodld, trhâloucds, trblsedrgbihdlms ml mc pcbld, gbpbs, pcbld y msibcb. Omsùl `m `btds m hlimr`ugjrm; Vdjcbihùl, orâids mstb`çsids, tbjcbs `m ermiumlihb bjsdcutb y rmcbvb, hltmrprmtbihùl `m orâids y prdjbjhch`b`.

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@çb gul`hbc `m cb m`uibihùl 62/60

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@çb Gul`hbc `m cb Ybcu` 6?/60

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Kumods @mpdrvds Msidcbrms 29/60

VZHGMZ YHG]CBIZD :6/60 (ml mc gbrid `m `mcc `çb gul`hbc `m

IB IBGV GVD D PMG PMGBP BPHI HID D

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@çb gul`hbc `mc boub ::/69

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ID IDGV GVMP MPML MLIH IHBY BY

Juml hlhihd `mc Bòd Msidcbr 20 `m gbrzd

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LDGJZ DGJZMM @M @M CB CB ]LH ]LH@B @B@ @ /YH /YHP] P]BI BIHD HDLM LMYY YH YHOL OLHE HEHI HIBP BPHU HUBY BY

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Pçtucd; "ZMPDZLBGDY B ICBYMY IDL VZMUMLIHÙL X YMO]ZH@B@" Yhtubihùl Yholhibvb; Ml gm`hd `mc mstb`d `m mgmromlihb y ml mc gbrid `m cb Zmsumcvm prdjcmgbs `m ibl`b`. rmbivbih rmbivbihùl ùl midl midlùghi ùghib, b, sm `hd mc rmhlhihd rmhlhihd orb`ubc `mc smrvhihd m`uibvd. Vbrb ccmvbrcd b ibjd, Ghlhstmrhd `m Ybcu Ybcu` ` (Ghlsb) (Ghlsb) `mtb `mtbccù ccù chlmbghml chlmbghmltds tds idgd prdtd prdtdidcds idcds Zmsumcvm prdjcmgbs `m omsùl `m `btds m pbrb bsmourbr mc smrvhihd b ebvdr `m cds mstu`hbltms b hlimr`ugjrm lhvmc lbihdlbc idlstuyèl`dsm qum su prâiib y usd ms ulb dpihùl smourb pbrb gbltmlmr ul gçlhgd rhmsod `m trblsghshùl `mc IDUH@-28. Ymoûl cb shtubihùl rmspdl`m b cbs shouhm shouhmltm ltmss prm prmoul oultbs tbs;; ´Ml què idlshstm idlshstml l cds Ym `msmlvumcvm ml mltdrlds vhrtubcms prdtdidcds sblhtbrhds mgh`d pdr mc Ghlhstmrhd `m cb Ybcu Ybcu`4 `4 ´Ruè biih biihdlms dlms nb prmvhstd prmvhstd mc Ghlh Ghlhstmrh stmrhd d `m omlmrb`ds pdr cbs PHI M`uibihùl M`uib ihùl pbrb ccmvb ccmvbrr b ibjd mc smrvh smrvhihd ihd m`uibvd prmsmlihbc prmsm lihbc44 ´Ruè dphlbl tus bghobs/ds bghobs/ds y ebgh ebghchbrm chbrmss Omsdlb su bprml`hzbkm sdjrm cb gd`bch`b` `m smrvhihd m`uibvd ml cb H.M Vdshi4 `m gblmrb butùldgb ´Ms smourd d ld ms smour smourd4 d4 ´Ruè jumlbs jumlbs prâi prâiibs ibs ihu`b`blbs pd`mgds rmbchzbr pbrb idltrhjuhr b cb sbcu` hltmorbc ml mc idltmxtd bitubc4 ´Ruè brougmltds èids bsughgds ermltm b prdpumstbs `m jumlbs prâiibs qum idltrhjuyml bc mkmrihihd `mc `mrmind b cb sbcu`4 ZMECM^HDLBGDY VBZB PDGBZ @MIHYHDLMY Yhtubihùl Yholhibvb; Yholhibvb;

Zmsumcvm prdjcmgbs `m omsùl `m `btds m hlimr`ugjrm

Lûgmrds mltmrds

Dpmrbihdlms idl lûgmrds mltmrds Pbjcbs `m ermiumlihb Orâids mstb`çsids

Pbjcbs `m ermiumlihb idl

Vblmc hledrgbvd sdjrm mc iuh`b`d `m cb sbcu`

 

–Bòd @mc Edrtbcmihghmltd @m cb Ydjmrblçb Lbihdlbc‗ Hlsthtuihùl M`uibthvb –66=0?-VDYHI‗

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Ndy ml `çb, `çb, cb prdjcm prdjcmgâi gâibb ml cb sbcu` sbcu` mlm ulb `hgmlshùl ocdjbc `mjh`d bc hlirmgmltd `m cb hlomstb `m

@çb gul`hbc `m cb Phmrrb ::/60 @çb Gul Gul`hb `hbcc `mc Chjrd Chjrd - –Vcbl

bchgmltds pdid sbcu`bjc bchgmltds sbcu`bjcms ms cb pdjcbi pdjcbihùl hùl nb b`quh b`quhrh`d rh`d Ym `msmlvumcvm ml mltdrlds vhrtubcms gbcds nâjhtds bchgmlihds, pdr mccd, cb ebctb `m iuh`b`d b omlmrb`ds pdr cbs PHI su sbcu` rmpmriutm ml cd edrtbcmih`d qum sm mliumltrb su droblhsgd droblh sgd bltm pdsh pdshjcms jcms mlemrgm`b` mlemrgm`b`ms. ms. ]lb `m cbs Omsdlb su edrgbs `m tmlmr idltrdc sdjrm su iumrpd ms idldihml`d bprml`hzbkm `m gblmrb su HGI yb qum cds vbcdrms djtmlh`ds ml èc, ms ulb edrgb butùldgb `m idldimr mc mstb`hd `m su iumrpd. Cds mstu`hbltms `mc :`d `m smiul`brh smiul`brhbb gumstr gumstrbl bl prmdi prmdiupbih upbihùl ùl ermltm ermltm bc ibgjhd jrusid `m cb sbcu` b lhvmc gul`hbc. Vdr mccd cms ms lmimsbr lmimsbrhd hd sbjmr sbjmr ´Ruè gm`h`bs prmvmlvbs `mjmgds prmsmrvbr rvbr lumstrb sbcu`4 ´Vdr què ms b`dptb b`dptbrr pbrb prmsm hgpdrtbltm idldimr lumstrd HGI4

Cmitdr‗  :5/60  :5/60 

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@çb Msi Msidcb dcbrr `m cb gbtmg gbtmgâi âibb

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@çb `m cb gb`rm - :`d `dghlod `m gbyd.

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@çb `m cb irmbihùl `mc pbrqum `m

 

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@çb `m cb jbl`mrb lbihdlbc 6?/65

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@çb `mc pb`rm 9mr. @dghlod `m Kulhd

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Nhstdorbgb y pdcçodld `m ermiumlihb

@çpid hledrgbvd sdjrm mc HGI ml gh bucb

´V ´Vdr dr què què y pbrb pbrb què què `m `mjm jmgd gdss iuh` iuh`br br lums lumstr trbb bchgmltbihùl4

cb idr`hccmrb bzuc :2/6= HH

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mstb `m Ybl Kubl :0/65 PMZIMZ YHG]C PMZIMZ YHG]CBIZD BIZD   @M YH YHYG YGD D 22/6? (ml mc gbrid `mc `çb gul`hbc `m cb pdjcbihùl y pdjcbghmltd `mc

]lh`b` 9

@mc ::99 `m gbyd bc 2? `m  kulhd / 5 smshdlms

I]H@BGDY L]MYPZB YBC]@ VZBIPHIBL@D NÂJHPDY Zmsumcvm prdjcmgbs `m ibl`b`. YBC]@BJCMY Yhtubihùl Yholhibvb; Ndy ml `çb cb pdjcbihùl ml omlmrbc ld tdgb ml iumltb mcZmsumcvm prdjcmgbs `m trbjbkd trbjb kd idrpdrbc idrpdrbc qum sm rmbchzb `hbrhbgmltm `hbrhbgmltm y iùgd omsùl `m `btds m rmpmriutm mstd ml cb sbcu`, ul mstu`hd mstb`çsid gumstrb hlimr`ugjrm qum ml m`b` mstu`hblc mc 06% `m cds lhòds y mc 56% `m lhòbs suerml `m `dcdrms ml cb mspbc`b, pdr cb gbcb pdsturb d pdr mc pmsd mximshvd ml sus gdinhcbs. Vdr mccds cds Ym `msmlvumcvm ml mltdrlds vhrtubcms mstu`hbltm mstu` hbltms s `mc :`d `m smiul`brhb smiul`brh b mlml hltmrè hltmrès s ml omlmrb`ds pdr cbs PHI idl dld dimr imr cbs rmp mpmmrius riushd hdl lms `m mccd mccd y `m cbs cbs rmidgml`bihdlms b smouhr pbrb mvhtbr bcoulds gbcms. Ms hgpdrtbltm qum smpbl ´Iuâltd ms mc pmsd gâxhgd qumOmsdlb su bprml`hzbkm pum`m ibrobr ul mstu`hbltm rmspmitd bc pmsd qum èc d mccb `m gblmrb butùldgb mlm4 ´Ruè idlsmiumlihb trbm cb gbcb pdsturb y cb ibrob mximshvb ml cbs gdinhcbs4 ´Ruè sdcuihdlms sm pum`ml `br b mstm prdjcmgb4   ´Iùgd hledrgbr hledrgbr `m mstm prdjcmgb prdjcmgb b cb idgulh`b idgulh`b` `   mstu`hblc4

Vdrimltbkms Mxpmrhgmltds bcmbtdrhds Vrdjbjhch`b` Mspbihd gumstrbc Zmocb `m Cbpcbim y `hborbgb `mc ârjdc

Hledorbb sdjrm mc iuh`b`d `m cb sbcu`

 

–Bòd @mc Edrtbcmihghmltd @m cb Ydjmrblçb Lbihdlbc‗ Hlsthtuihùl M`uibthvb –66=0?-VDYHI‗

tmrrhtdrhd) EDZPBCMIMGDY H@MLPH@B@ LBIHDLBC PZB@HIHDLMY L]MYPZB IDLDIHMGDY B L]MYPZD VBÇY X Yhtubihùl sholheibvb;

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Kuchd Ymgblb Vbtrhùib :=-:8/6?  :=-:8/6?  

@mc :6 `m Kulhd bc :: `m kuchd/ ]lh`b` 0 5 smshdlms

Irmbihù Lbihùlbc bc Irmbihùl `mc pbrqum Lbihùl rhù bjhsmù 22/6> Ybltb Zùsb `m Chgb 96/6> Ymgblb `m cb m`u Ymgblb m`uibihù ibihùl vhbc. 2rb smgblb `m smthmgjrm

@mc 6> `m bodstd bc ]lh`b` = 68 `m smmgjrm/ ? smshdlms HU

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@çb `m cb ibpb `m dzdld y

]lh`b` 5

Vb Vbrb rb edrtbc edrtbcmim mimrr lumstr lumstrbb h`ml` h`ml`b` b` iuctur iucturbc bc ms prdgdihdlbr cds cuobrms turçsids `m cb rmohùl. Mc turhsg turhsgd d sm mstâ mstâ idlst idlstuym uyml`d l`d ml ulb eumltm eumltm hgpdrtbltm `m trbjbkd ml td`bs cbs rmohdlms b`mgâs `m nbimr gâs idldih`d mc cuobr sm mstâ omlmrbl`d ul irmihmltm gdvhghmltd midlùghid. Idgd rmsuctb`d, rmsuctb`d, cds imltrds imltrds idgmrihb idgmrihbcms cms nbl `upchib`d sus vmltbs y cds brtmsblds nbl trhpchib`d sus oblblihbs. Vdr mccd cds mstu`hbltms `m :`d `m smiul` smiul`brh brhbb `msmbl `msmbl sbjmr ´Iuâc ´Iuâc ms mc uk ukd d `m turhstbs turhst bs qum vhshtbl vhshtbl lumstrb lumstrb rmohù rmohùl4 l4 ´B iuâltd bsihml`ml cbs oblblihbs `m cds brtmsblds4´Ruè cuobrms turçsids tmlmgds ml cb rmohùl y ml cb prdvhlihb4

Zmsumcvm prdjcmgbs `m ibl`b`. Zmsumcvm prdjcmgbs `m edrgb, gdvhghmltd y cdibchzbihùl Ym `msmlvumcvm ml mltdrlds vhrtubcms omlmrb`ds pdr cbs PHI

Vdrimltbkms Vdcçodlds rmoucbrms m hrrmoucbrms Yùch`ds omdgètrhids

Gbqumtb b msibcb sdjrm ul cuobr turçsid `m cb zdlb.

Gbpbs y pcblds b msibcb

Omsdlb su bprml`hzbkm `m gblmrb butùldgb

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Lûgmrds rbihdlbcms; Dpmrbihdlms y prdphm`b`ms

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VZDGDUMGDY BIIHDLMY VBZB I]H@BZ MC BGJHMLPM -ZMIHICBGDY CBPBY, JDPMCCBY X IBKBY @M VCÂYPHID‗

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Zmsumcvm prdjcmgbs `m edrgb, gdvhghmltd y cdibchzbihùl

ihchl`rds Vrhsgbs Iujds

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Eulihdlms chlmbcms Vrdormshdlms brhtgèibs

Vrd`uitd rmbchzb`d `m rmihicbkm

 

–Bòd @mc Edrtbcmihghmltd @m cb Ydjmrblçb Lbihdlbc‗ Hlsthtuihùl M`uibthvb –66=0?-VDYHI‗

pd`mgds `br4 ´Ruè pbsbrçb ml mc euturd sh ms qum ld omlmrb`ds pdr cbs PHI iuh`bgds mc pcblmtb4 ´pd`mgds irmbr idsbs ldvm`dsbs idl cd rmihicb`d4 Ym ccmvbrâ b ibjd ul pcbl `m rmihicbkm y Omsdlb su bprml`hzbkm omlmrbihùl `m briucds ûcms pbrb lumstrd pcblmtb idl `m gblmrb butùldgb cd rmihicb`d.=

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`mc `hstrhtd `hstrhtd `m Vùshi. Vùshi.

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@mc :2 `m ldvhmgj rm bc 25 `m `hihmgjrm ? smshdlms

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Zmsumcvm prdjcmgbs `m ibl`b`.

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Prçpid sdjrm biihdlms qum byu`bl b idlsmrvbr cb jhd`hvmrsh`b`

Omsdlb su bprml`hzbkm `m gblmrb butùldgb

MLEDR]MY PZBLYUMZYBCMY

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–Bòd @mc Edrtbcmihghmltd @m cb Ydjmrblçb Lbihdlbc‗ Hlsthtuihùl M`uibthvb –66=0?-VDYHI‗

. UBCDZMY Idlihmlihb `m `mrminds

Chjmrtb` y rmspdlsbjhch`b`

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UBCDZMY Zmspmtd pdr cbs `hemrmlihbs

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Mquh`b` ml cb mlsmòblzb

Idlblzb ml cb pmrsdlb

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PZBPBGHMLPD @MC MLEDR]M @M @MZMINDY YM @MG]MYPZB, VDZ MKMGVCD, I]BL@D; Cds `dimltms prdgumvml mc idldihghmltd `m cds @mrminds Nugblds y cb Idlvmlihùl sdjrm cds @mrminds `mc Lhòd pbrb mgpd`mrbr b cds mstu`hbltms ml su mkmrihihd `mgdirâid. Cds `dimltms omlmrbl mspbihds `m rmmxhùl y irçib sdjrm mc mkmrihihd `m cds `mrminds hl`hvh`ubcms y idcmivds, mspmihbcgmltm ml orupds y pdjcbihdlms vuclmrbjcms. Cds `dimltms prdgumvml dpdrtulh`b`ms pbrb qum cds mstu`hbltms mkmrzbl sus `mrminds ml cb rmcbihùl idl sus pbrms y b`uctds. Cds `dimltms `dimltms prdgumvml prdgumvml edrgbs `m pbrihpbi pbrihpbihùl hùl mstu` mstu`hblc hblc qum pmrg pmrghtbl htbl mc `msbr `msbrrdccd rdccd `m idgp idgpmtmli mtmlihbs hbs ihu`b`blbs, briucbl`d biihdlms idl cb ebghchb y idgulh`b` ml cb jûsqum`b `mc jhml idgûl. Cds `dimltms prdphihbl y cds mstu`hbltms prbiibl cb `mchjmrbihùl pbrb brrhjbr b idlsmlsds ml cb rmmxhùl sdjrm bsultds pûjchids, cb mcbjdrbihùl `m ldrgbs u dtrds.

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Lh `dimltms lh mstu`hbltms msogbzbl b lb`hm. Cbs ebghchbs rmihjml hledrgbihùl idllub sdjrm cds mseumrzds, gèrhtds, bvblims y cdords `m sus nhkds, mltml`hml`d sus `hiuctb`ms idgd pbrtm `m su `msbrrdccd y bprml`hzbkm. Cds `dimltms prdorbgbl y mlsmòbl idlsh`mrbl`d mgpds, mspbihds y bivh`b`ms `hemrmlihb`bs `m biumr`d b cbs ibrbitmrçsibs y `mgbl`bs `m cds mstu`hbltms, cbs qum sm briucbl ml shtubihdlms sholhibvbs vhliucb`bs b su idltmxtd y rmbch`b`.

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–Bòd @mc Edrtbcmihghmltd @m cb Ydjmrblçb Lbihdlbc‗ Hlsthtuihùl M`uibthvb –66=0?-VDYHI‗

Zmspmtd b cb h`ml`b` iucturbc

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Kusi usihb hb

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Cds `dimltms y mstu`hbltms bidoml idl rmspmtd b td`ds, shl gmldsprmihbr lh mxicuhr b lb`hm ml rbzùl `m su cmloub, su gblmrb `m nbjcbr, su edrgb `m vmsr, sus idstugjrms d sus irmmlihbs.

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PZBPBGHMLPD @MC MLEDR]M HO]BC@B@ @M OÈLMZD UBCDZMY Houbc`b` y @holh`b` Kusi usihb hb

Mg Mgpb pbb b

UBCDZMY Ydch`brh`b` pcblmtbrhb y mquh`b` hltmromlmrbihdlbc Kusihb y sdch`brh`b`

BIPHP]@MY R]M Y]VDLML Zmidldihghmltd bc vbcdr hlnmrmltm `m ib ib`b `b pm pmrs rsdl dlb, b, pd pdrr mlih mlihgb gb `m iubcquhmr `hemrmlihb `m oèlmrd @hs hspd pdsh shiihù hùl l b bit bitub ubrr ` `mm gd` gd`d d qum qum sm `è b ib`b quhml cd qum cm idrrmspdl`m, ml mspmihbc b quhmlms sm v ml pmrku`hib`ds pdr cbs `mshoubc`b`ms `m oèlmrd Prbl Prblse sedr drgb gbrr cbs cbs `hem `hemrm rmlt ltms ms ssht htub ubih ihdl dlms ms `m `mshoubc`b` `m oèlmrd, mvhtbl`d mc rmedrzbghmltd `m mstmrmdpds

BIPHP]@MY R]M Y]VDLML @hspds @hspdshih hihùl ùl pbr pbrbb idc idcbjd bjdrbr rbr idl mc jhmlmstbr y cb ibch`b` `m vh`b `m cbs omlmrbihdlms prmsmltms y euturbs, bsç  idgd idl cb lbturbcmzb bsughml`d mc iuh`b`d `mc pcblmtb @hspdshihùl b mvbcubr cds hgpbitds y idstds bgjhmltbcms `m cbs biihdlms y bivh`b`ms id`hblbs, y b bitubr ml jmlmihd `m shstmgbs, td`bs cbshlstuihdlms pmrsdlbs, bsç  idgd `m cds y gm`hds idgpbr`ds `m cds qum td`ds `mpml`mgds

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YM @MG]MYPZB, VDZ MKMGVCD, I]BL@D; @dimltms y mstu`hbltms ld nbiml `hslihdlms `hsirhghlbtdrhbs mltrm vbrdlms y gukmrms. Mstu`hbltms vbrdlms y gukmrms mlml cbs ghsgbs rmspdlsbjhch`b`ms ml mc iuh`b`d `m cds mspbihds m`uibvds qum uchzbl. @dimltms y `hrmivds edgmltbl ulb vbcdrbihùl sblb y rmspmtudsb `mc iumrpd m hltmorh`b` `m cbs pmrsdlbs1 ml mspmihbc, sm prmvhmlm y bml`m b`miub`bgmltm cbs pdshjcms shtubihdlms `m vhdcmlihb smxubc (Mkmgpcd; tdibghmltds hl`mjh`ds, bidsd, mti.).

Mstu`hbltms y `dimltms blbchzbl cds prmkuhihds mltrm oèlmrds. Vdr mkmgpcd, qum cbs gukmrms chgphbl gmkdr, qum cds ndgjrms ld sdl smlshjcms, qum cbs gukmrms mlml gmldr ibpbih`b` qum cds vbrdlms pbrb mc bprml`hzbkm `m cbs gbtmgâibs y ihmlihbs, qum cds vbrdlms mlml gmldr ibpbih`b` qum cbs gukmrms pbrb `msbrrdccbr bprml`hzbkms ml mc ârmb `m Idgulhibihùl, qum cbs gukmrms sdl gâs `èjhcms, qum cds vbrdlms sdl gâs hrrmspdlsbjcms. PZBPBGHMLPD @MC MLEDR]M BGJHMLPBC YM @MG]MYPZB, VDZ MKMGVCD, I]BL@D; @dimltms @dim ltms y mstu`hbltm mstu`hbltmss `msbrrdccb `msbrrdccbl l biihdlms biihdlms `m ihu`b`blç ihu`b`blçb, b, qum `mgumstr `mgumstrml ml idlih idlihmlihb mlihb sdjrm cds mvmltd mvmltdss ichgâids mxtrmgds dibshdlb`ds pdr mc ibcmltbghmltd ocdjbc (smquçbs m hlul`bihdlms, mltrm dtrds.), bsç idgd mc `msbrrdccd `m ibpbih`b`ms `m rmshchmlihb pbrb cb b`bptbihùl bc ibgjhd ichgâid. @dimltms y mstu`hbltms pcbltmbl sdcuihdlms ml rmcbihùl b cb rmbch`b` bgjhmltbc `m su idgulh`b`, tbc idgd cb idltbghlbihùl, mc bodtbghmltd `m cb ibpb `m dzdld, cb sbcu` bgjhmltbc, mti. @dimltms y mstu`hbltms rmbchzbl biihdlms pbrb h`mlibr cds pbtrdlms `m prd`uiihùl y idlsugd `m bqumccds prd`uitds uchzb`ds `m edrgb id`hblb, ml cb msiumcb y cb idgulh`b`. @dimltms y mstu`hbltms hgpcmgmltbl cbs 9Z (rm`uihr, rmusbr y rmihicbr), cb smormobihùl b`miub`b `m cds rmsh`uds sùch`ds, cbsygm`h`bs `m midmihmlihb, cbs prâiibs iuh`b`d `mbccb bndrrd sbcu` y pbrb mc jhmlmstbr idgûl.`m cbs iumlibs @dimltms mstu`hbltms hgpucsbl biihdlms qum `m idltrhjuybl `mc boub y mc iuh`b`d nh`rdorâibs `m cb idgulh`b`, h`mlibl`d su rmcbihùl idl mc ibgjhd ichgâid, b`dptbl`d ulb lumvb iucturb `mc boub.  @dimltms y mstu`hbltms prdgumvml cb prmsmrvbihùl `m mltdrlds sbcu`bjcms, b ebvdr `m cb chgphmzb `m cds

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–Bòd @mc Edrtbcmihghmltd @m cb Ydjmrblçb Lbihdlbc‗ Hlsthtuihùl M`uibthvb –66=0?-VDYHI‗

Zmspmtd b td`b edrgb `m vh`b

UBCDZMY Mquh`b Mquh`b` ` y kus kusih ihbb

Ydch`brh`b`

Mgpbb

Zmspdlsbjh Zmspd lsbjhch`b` ch`b`

UBCDZMY

Bprmihd, vbcdrbihùl y `hspdshihùl pbrb mc iuh`b`d b td`b edrgb `m vh`b sdjrm cb Phmrrb `ms`m ulb ghrb`b shstèghib y ocdjbc, rmvbcdrbl`d cds sbjmrms blimstrbcms.

BIPHP]@MY R]M Y]VDLML @hspds @hspdshih hihùl ùl b rmidld rmidldimr imr b qum bltm shtubihdlm shtub ihdlmss `m hlhih hlhihd d `hem `hemrmltm rmltms, s, sm rmquhmrml idgpmlsbihdlms b bqumccds idl gbydrms `hiuctb`ms @hspdshihùl b bpdybr hlidl`hihd hlidl `hihdlbcg lbcgmltm mltm b pmrs pmrsdlbs dlbs ml shtubihdlms idgprdgm`bs d `hihcms H`mlibihùl bemivb idl cds smlghmltds `mc dtrd y `hspdshihùl pbrb bpdybr y idgprml`mr sus ihriulstblihbs @hspdshihù @hspdshihùl l b vbcdrb vbcdrbrr y prdtmo prdtmomr mr cd cdss jhmlms idgulms y idgpbr`ds `m ul idcmivd

mspbihds m`uibvds qum idgpbrtml, bsç idgd `m cds nâjhtds `m nhohmlm y bchgmltbihùl sbcu`bjcms. @dimltms pcblhibl y `msbrrdccbl biihdlms pm`boùohibs b ebvdr `m cb prmsmrvbihùl `m cb drb y ebulb cdibc, prdgdvhml`d cb idlsmrvbihùl `m cb `hvmrsh`b` jhdcùohib lbihdlbc. @dimltms y mstu`hbltms prdgumvml mscds `m vh`b ml brgdlçb idl mc bgjhmltm, rmvbcdrbl`d cds sbjmrms cdibcms y mc idldihghmltd blimstrbc. @dimltms y mstu`hbltms hgpucsbl cb rmiupmrbihùl y usd `m cbs ârmbs vmr`ms y cbs ârmbs lbturbcms, idgd mspbihds m`uibvds, b l `m vbcdrbr mc jmlmihd qum cms jrhl`bl. PZBPBGHMLPD @MC MLEDR]M DZHMLPBIHÙL BC JHML IDGÛL YM @MG]MYPZB, VDZ MKMGVCD, I]BL@D; Cds mstu`hbltm mstu`hbltmss idgpbrtml idgpbrtml shmgprm cds jhmlms jhmlms `hspd `hspdlhjcm lhjcmss pbrb mccds ml cds mspbihds mspbihds m`uibvds m`uibvds (rmiursds (rmiursds,, gbtmrhbcms, hlstbcbihdlms, mgpd, bivh`b`ms, idldihghmltds) idl sml`d `m mquh`b` y k usihb. 

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Cds mstu`hbltms `mgumstrbl sdch`brh`b` idl sus idgpbòmrds ml td`b shtubihùl ml cb qum pb`miml `hiuctb`ms qum rmjbsbl sus pdshjhch`b`ms `m berdltbrcbs. Cds `dimltms h`mlibl, vbcdrbl y `mstbibl idllubgmltm bitds mspdltâlmds `m cds mstu`hbltms ml jmlmihd `m dtrds, `hrhoh`ds b prdiurbr d rmstburbr su jhmlmstbr ml shtubihdlms qum cd rmquhmrbl.

Cds `dimltms prdgumvml dpdrtulh`b`ms pbrb qum cbs y cds mstu`hbltms bsugbl rmspdlsbjhch`b`ms `hvmrsbs y cds mstu`hbltms cbs bprdvminbl, tdgbl`d ml iumltb su prdphd jhmlmstbr y mc `m cb idcmivh`b`. PZBPBGHMLPD @MC MLEDR]M JÛYR]M@B @M CB M^IMCMLIHB YM @MG]MYPZB, VDZ MKMGVCD, I]BL@D;

BIPHP]@MY R]M Y]VDLML

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Ecmxhjhch`b` bpmrturb y

Yupmrbihùl pmrsdlbc

@hspds @hs pdshih hihùl pbrb pbr bibl b`b b`bptb rsm cds ib ibgj gjhd hds, s,ùl gd`h gd `hi bl`d `dptbrsm sh beu eumr mrb b lmimsbrhd lmims brhd cb prdph prdphbb idl`uitb idl`uitb pbrb bci bciblz blzbr br `mtmrg `mtmrghlb hlb`ds `ds djkmv djkmvds ds iubl iubl` `d su surrom oml l `h hiu iuct ctbb`m `ms, s, hledrgbihù l ld idldih`b d shtubihdlms lumvbs @hspdshihùl b b`quhrhr iubch`b`ms qum gmkdrbrâl gmkd rbrâl mc prdphd prdphd `msmgpmòd `msmgpmòd y bugmltbrâl mc mstb`d `m sbsebiihùl idlshod ghsgd y idl cbs ihriulstblihbs

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@dimltms y mstu`hbltms idgpbrbl, b`quhmrml y mgpcmbl mstrbtmohbs ûcms pbrb bugmltbr cb mibihb `m sus mseumrzds ml mc cdord `m cds djkmvds qum sm prdpdlml. @dimltms @dim ltms y mstu`hbltm mstu`hbltmss `mgumstrb `mgumstrbl l mxhjhch mxhjhch`b` `b` pbrb mc ibgj ibgjhd hd y cb b`bptbihùl b`bptbihùl b ihriu ihriulstbl lstblihbs ihbs `hvmrsbs, drhmltb`ds b djkmvds `m gmkdrb pmrsdlbc d orupbc.

@dimltms y mstu`hbltms uchzbl sus iubch`b`ms y rmiursds bc gâxhgd pdshjcm pbrb iugpchr idl èxhtd cbs gmtbs qum sm prdpdlml b lhvmc pmrsdlbc y idcmivd. @dimltms y mstu`hbltms sm mseumrzbl pdr supmrbrsm, jusibl`d djkmvds qum rmprmsmltml bvblims bvbli ms rmspmitd rmspmitd `m su bitub bitubcc lhvmc `m pdshjhch`b pdshjhch`b`ms `ms ml `mtmrghlb `mtmrghlb`ds `ds âgjhtds âgjhtds `m `msmgpmòd.

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–Bòd @mc Edrtbcmihghmltd @m cb Ydjmrblçb Lbihdlbc‗ Hlsthtuihùl M`uibthvb –66=0?-VDYHI‗

VZD@]IPD BL]BC; ]lb rmvhstb msidcbr idl `btds bitubchzb`ds sdjrm mc iuh`b`d `mc pcblmtb y cb idlvhvmlihb pbrb gmkdrbr lumstrd mscd `m vh`b, mc `msbrrdccd `m cbs rmohdlms y sus bivh`b`ms midlùghibs y cb bchgmltbihùl HHH.

UH. 2. :. •

MUBC]BIHÙL Ml ib` ib`bb ulh`b` ulh`b` sm mvbcu mvbcubrâ brâ idgpmtm idgpmtmlihbs lihbs `mc ârmb. ârmb. @urb @urbltm ltm mc `msbrr `msbrrdccd dccd `m cbs ulh`b`ms ulh`b`ms y smshdlms smshdlms sm rmbchzbrâ rmbchzbrâ cds shouhmltms shouhmltms pds pds `m mvbcubi mvbcubihùl; hùl; Mvbcubihùl `m mltrb`b; Ym tdgb bc hlhihd `mc bòd msidcbr. Ymoûl cds rmsuctb`ds, mc `dimltm rmbkustbrâ su pcblhibihùl. •

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Mc `dimltm h`mlibrâ b bqumccds mstu`hbltms qum rmquhmrml rmedrzbghmltd d lhvmcbihùl. Mvbcubihùl edrgbvb; Ms pmrgblmltm y pmrghtm bc `dimltm tdgbr `mihshdlms sdjrm sus prdimsds `m mlsmòblzb. Vmrghtm bc mstu`hbltm butdrrmoucbr sus prdimsds `m bprml`hzbkm. Mvbcubihùl sugbvb; Vmrghrâ h`mlibr cds cdords `m bprml`hzbkm `m cds mstu`hbltms. Ym `b bc lbchzbr ul pmrhd`d `m mgpd (ulh`b`, jhgmstrm, blubc). Vmrghtm idgulhibr b cds pb`rms `m ebghchb sdjrm cds prdormsds y `hiuctb`ms `m cds mstu`hbltms. •

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UHH UHH..

GBPMZH GBP MZHBCM BCMYY X ZMI]ZY ZMI]ZYDY DY (chjr (chjrds, ds, iub` iub`mrl mrld d `m trbjbk trbjbkd, d, gbtmr gbtmrhbc hbc idli idlirmt rmtd, d, mti.) mti.)

Zmiursds pbrb mc `dimltm; Iub`mrld Iub`mrld `m `m trbjbkd trbjbkd Gbtmgâ Gbtmgâib ib :. :625. Chgb, Chgb, Vmr Vmrû. û. M`htdrhb M`htdrhbcc Ldr Ldrgb gb Y.B.I. Y.B.I. Vbcdghld Bcvb, @. (:62=). Gù`ucd `m Zmsdcuihùl `m Vrdjcmgbs-Zmsdcvbgds 2 (2st m`.). Chgb- Vmrû; Mc Idgmrihd Y.B. Vbcdghld Bcvb, @. (:62=). Gù`ucd `m Zmsdcuihùl `m Vrdjcmgb - Zmsdcvbgds : (2st m`.). Chgb - Vmrû; Mc Idgmrihd Y.B. Pmxtd msidcbr msidcbr Gbtmg Gbtmgâib âib :. :625. Chgb, Chgb, V Vmrû. mrû. M`htdrhbc M`htdrhbc Ldrgb Ldrgb Y.B.I. Y.B.I. Iub`mrld `m trbjbkd Gbtmgâib :. :625. Chgb, Vmrû. M`htdrhbc Ldrgb Y.B.I. Dtrds gbtmrhbcms; Edccmtds, Edccmtds, smpbr smpbrbtbs, btbs, câghlbs, câghlbs, mquhp mquhpds ds ` `mm g gucg ucgm`hb m`hb,, mmti. ti. Vcugdlms, Vcugdlms, ibrtuch ibrtuchlbs, lbs, pbp pbpmcdtm mcdtms, s, ihltb gbsahl gbsahloo tbpm, phzbrrb phzbrrb,, zbs, pbpmc pbpmc ghch ghchgmtr gmtrb`d, b`d, km kmrbs, rbs, mti. mti.

Vrde. BCMKBL@ZD ZBGDY LBUBZZD 

@hrmitdr

Chi. G. Ghcmlb Uâsqumz Ouhccèl @dimltm `m Gbtmgâib

 

–Bòd @mc Edrtbcmihghmltd @m cb Ydjmrblçb Lbihdlbc‗ Hlsthtuihùl M`uibthvb –66=0?-VDYHI‗