Programa de Entrenamiento en Habilidades Sociales

 

  _QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NCABLBECEKY YDIBCLKY   B. 

MDHAQK EKL _QDGQCHC: “Kl Humed ek Hcrcvbllcs km Ncablbeceks Ydibclks‘ 

BB. 

ECUDY GKMKQCLKY  

_crtbibpcmtks: Kstuebcmtks umc bmstbtuibùm keuictbvc kstctcl.

 

Keceks: Kmtrk 33 c 35 códs

 

Grced ek bmstruiibùm: 3rd ek Ykiumecrbc

 

Eurcibùm: 7 skhcmcs (umc vkz pdr skhcmc)

 

Qkspdmscalks:

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Iãrekmcs Cgublcr, _blcr Ldureks. Idrdmkl Qkqukjd, Hcrèc Jullysc.

 

@cmmbmg Pãsqukz, Irbstbcm _cdld.

 

Gukrrkrd Qbvkrc, Fcrbm Lbzktn.

 

_bsidyc Ykgurc, Jdsâ Ecvbe.

 

Pclebvbkzd Ybr, Qkmctd Cmerâ.

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BBB. 

BMUQDE[IIBÙM C lc ndrc ek ek`bmbr quâ ks umc idmeuitc sdibclhkmtk ncablbedsc sk nc gkmkrced

grcmeks prdalkhcs, pukstd quk, sk ncm eced vcrbcs ek`bmbibdmks ek ld quk rkspkitc c umc idmeuitc sdibclhkmtk ncablbedsc. Yk ekak ek tkmkr km iukmtc quk lc idmeuitc idmsbekrcec cprdpbcec km umc sbtucibùm, pukek skr bmcprdpbcec km dtrc. Ks pdr klld quk, lcs ncablbeceks sdibclks sk idmsbekrcm um idmjumtd ek icpcibeceks y ekstrkzcs bmtkrpkrsdmclks quk mds  pkrhbtkm rklcibdmcrmds idm dtrcs pkrsdmcs ek `drhc cekiucec, sbkmed icpciks ek kxprkscr mukstrds skmtbhbkmtds, dpbmbdmks, ekskds d mkiksbeceks km eb`krkmtks idmtkxtds d sbtucibdmks, sbm kxpkrbhkmtcr tkmsbùm, cmsbkece u dtrcs khdibdmks mkgctbvcs.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

1 

Icaclld (1??7). Md ncy idmikptds ek`bmbtbvds sdark iùhd y iuãmed cprkmekm lcs NNYY, pkrd lc mbókz ks sbm euec um pkrèded irètbid. Yk nc ncalced ek quk lds mbóds pukekm mcikr idm um sksgd tkhpkrchkmtcl y quk su hcmb`kstcibùm idmeuitucl sk rklcibdmcrèc idm um sksgd `bsbdlùgbid nkrkeced quk pderèc hkebcr lc `drhc ek rkspdmekr. Idm ld quk rkspkitc cl kmtrkmchbkmtd km ncablbeceks sdibclks (KNY), sk pukek c`brhcr quk ks lc utblbzcibùm ek kstrctkgbcs y tâimbics pcrc lc cequbsbibùm ek ebincs ncablbeceks. Km kl trcacjd prkskmtced c idmtbmucibùm sk hdstrcrãm sksbdmks edmek sk trcacjcrãm y rk`drzcrãm lcs ncablbeceks sdibclks ek lds cluhmds ek 3¿ “A‘ ek skiumecrbc ek

umc bmstbtuibùm keuictbvc mcibdmcl km Inbilcyd, 1?32.

BP. 

J[YUB@BICIBÙM K BH_DQUCMIBC Kl trcacjd tbkmk ek huinc bhpdrtcmibc pcrc lds mbóds, km hkjdrcr um aukm ilbhc

ekmtrd ekl culc, idhd tchabâm hkjdrcr km lcs NN.YY `rkmtk cl kstrâs yc quk `uk mukstrc ãrkc c trctcr y `bmclhkmtk hkebcmtk lcs ebmãhbics tkmkr um hkjdr ekskmvdlvbhbkmtd y umc aukmc bmtkrciibùm idm sus idhpcókrds, pcrc csè pdekr bmirkhkmtcr sus rklcibdmks bmtkrpkrsdmclks kmtrk kllds. _dr dtrd lced, lds _cerks idhd lc Bmstbtuibùm keuictbvc, lk ks ek huinc bhpdrtcmibc yc quk sk vcm c vkr akmk`bibceds pdrquk ncarã umc hkjdrèc km lc idmeuitc, cutdkstbhc y km lc rklcibùm quk kllds prkskmtcm, hkebcmtk lcs sksbdmks prkskmtcecs, lds iuclks lds kstuebcmtks ncm bed iddpkrcmed sctbs`citdrbchkmtk y pukstd km prãitbic tdeds lds idmdibhbkmtds  arbmeceds, hdstrcmed um ichabd ek hkjdrc km icec sksbùm rkclbzcec. @bmclhkmtk, pcrc lds `ciblbtcedrks, tbkmk huinc bhpdrtcmibc yc quk ekscrrdllcrcm sus ncablbeceks, pcrc csè hkjdrcr icec vkz sus idhpktkmibcs prd`ksbdmclks hkebcmtk kl ekscrrdlld ek lcs sksbdmks plcmtkcecs, lcs iuclks tchabâm `dhkmtcrãm lc bmvkstbgcibùm k bmecgcibùm hkebcmtk `ukmtks abalbdgrã`bics idmgrukmtks rklcibdmced c lcs prdalkhãtbics  prkskmtcecs km lc Bmstbtuibùm keuictbvc.

P. 

DAJKUBPDY Kl dajktbvd gkmkrcl ks bekmtb`bicr lcs ncablbeceks sdibclks quk prkskmtcm y rkqubkrkm

rk`drzcr lds cluhmds ek umc bmstbtuibùm mcibdmcl km Inbilcyd, 1?32.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

9 

Idhd dajktbvds kspkiè`bids tkmkhds eksirbabr tâimbics quk `cvdrkzicm kl ekscrrdlld ek ncablbeceks sdibclks y eb`krkmibcr cqukllcs idmeuitcs quk sdm sdibclhkmtk ncablbedscs ek lcs quk md ld sdm. _crc pdekr cplbicr kstk prdgrchc nkhds rkclbzced km prbhkrc bmstcmibc lc lbstc ek inkqukd ek ncablbeceks sdibclks (LINY), lc iucl idmtbkmk umc lbstc ek ncablbeceks quk lcs  pkrsdmcs uscm km lc bmtkrciibùm sdibcl hãs d hkmds k`bibkmtk. Kstd pkrhbtbrã ektkrhbmcr iùhd icec kstuebcmtk usc icec umc ek kscs ncablbeceks pcrc lukgd vkr quâ ncablbeceks skrãm trcacjcecs eurcmtk lcs sksbdmks.

PB. 

HCQID UKÙQBID. Ksiuinc citbvc  _crc Gcrièc (1?35) hkmibdmc quk lc ksiuinc citbvc idmsbstk km ctkmekr km su

tdtclbece kl hkmscjk quk sk rkibak, ks ekibr, prkstcr ctkmibùm md sùld cl idmtkmbed ekl hkmscjk sbmd tchabâm cl “iùhd sk ebik‘, `bjãmedsk km lds klkhkmtds md vkraclks y pcrc

vkraclks, hbrcrlk, ekebicrlk tbkhpd, ncikrlk vkr quk tkmkhds km iukmtc sus dpbmbdmks. Gcrièc (1?35) tchabâm mds ebik quk ksiuincr bhplbic um prdiksd citbvd edmek citúcm mukstrds skmtbeds, csè idhd mukstrc pcrtk bmtklkitucl y c`kitbvc. Ksiuincr ks um crtk hãs idhplkjd quk ncalcr, rkqubkrk ks`ukrzd y idmikmtrcibùm, clgd quk md ks mkikscrbd pcrc dèr, um nkind hkrchkmtk `bsbdlùgbid. Ks kvbekmtk quk ek kstc hcmkrc sk bmirkhkmtc km grcm hkebec lc icpcibece pcrc khpctbzcr. Lkcl (1?30) idhkmtc quk lc ksiuinc citbvc idmstbtuyk umd ek lds hkjdrks rkiursds quk pdekhds utblbzcr pcrc hkjdrcr mukstrcs ncablbeceks ek idhumbicibùm, idmtrbauykmed c hkjdrcr lc iclbece ek lcs hbshcs y c quk rksultkhds um bmtkrldiutdr cgrcecalk pcrc lds ekhãs. Ykgúm Lkcl (1?30) lc ksiuinc citbvc ks lc ebspdsbibùm `èsbic y hkmtcl ek qukrkr ksiuincr idm ctkmibùm lc tdtclbece ekl hkmscjk quk sk khbtk, trctcmed ek bmtkrprktcr kl sbgmb`biced idrrkitd ekl hbshd, c trcvâs ekl idhumbiced vkracl y md vkracl quk rkclbzc kl

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

5 

 pcibkmtk, k bmebicmed c trcvâs ek lc rktrdclbhkmtcibùm ld quk irkkhds quk kstchds idhprkmebkmed.

Cskrtbvbece  Qderègukz y Ykrrclek (3223) c`brhcm quk lc cskrtbvbece ks ld hbshd quk lc cutdkstbhc, d cl hkmds um idhpdmkmtk ek lc hbshc. Uchabâm sk lk nc rklcibdmced idm kl ldius ek idmtrdl, k bmilusd sk lk nc idm`umebed idm lc cgrksbvbece km clgumds idmtkxtds iulturclks. Lds drègkmks ek lc pclcarc “cskrtbvbece‘ sk kmiukmtrcm km kl lctèm csskrkrk d csskrtuh, quk sbgmb`bic “c`brhcr‘ d “ek`kmekr‘ (Qdarked, 322;). Ks idm acsk km kstc

idmikpibùm quk kl târhbmd cequbkrk um sbgmb`biced ek c`brhcibùm ek lc prdpbc pkrsdmclbece, idm`bcmzc km sè hbshd, cutdkstbhc, cpldhd y idhumbicibùm skgurc y k`bibkmtk (Qderègukz y Ykrrclek, 3223). Icscrks y Yblbikd (3227) y Qdarked (322;). Kxbstkm ebvkrscs cprdxbhcibdmks tkùrbics quk ausicm ek`bmbr kstc vcrbcalk. Eksek kl pumtd ek vbstc idmeuitucl, lc prdpukstc ek um cprkmebzcjk cskrtbvd sk `umechkmtc km lds idmdibhbkmtds gkmkrceds pdr Bvcm _cvldv, qubkm kstuebù lc cecptcibùm cl hkebd chabkmtk ek pkrsdmcs y cmbhclks6 km iucmtd c lcs  prbhkrcs, idmsbekrc quk sb edhbmcm lcs `ukrzcs kxibtctdrbcs, sk skmtbrãm drbkmtcecs c lc ciibùm y khdibdmclhkmtk lbarks, km`rkmtãmedsk c lc vbec skgúm sus prdpbds târhbmds6 pdr kl idmtrcrbd, sb edhbmcm lcs `ukrzcs bmnbabtdrbcs, sk hdstrcrãm eksidmikrtcecs y cidacrececs, su`rbrãm lc rkprksbùm ek sus khdibdmks y c hkmued ncrãm ld quk md qubkrkm ncikr Km kl km`dquk idgmbtbvd, kl idhpdrtchbkmtd cskrtbvd idmsbstk km kxprkscr ld quk sk irkk, sk sbkmtk y sk ekskc ek `drhc ebrkitc y ndmkstc, ncibkmed vclkr lds prdpbds ekrkinds y rkspktcmed lds ekrkinds ek lds ekhãs. Kstds cutdrks sdstbkmkm lc mkiksbece ek bmidrpdrcr iuctrd prdikebhbkmtds aãsbids km kl cebkstrchbkmtd cskrtbvd: kmskócr lc eb`krkmibc.(@ldrks, 3225). _bif y Pcrgcs (322?) c`brhcm quk pcrc skr cskrtbvd sk mkiksbtc cikptcrsk y vcldrcrsk, rkspktcr c lds ekhãs, pkrhcmkikr `brhks km lcs prdpbcs dpbmbdmks, idhumbicr idm ilcrbece y

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

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ebrkitchkmtk, km kl lugcr y hdhkmtd cekiuceds y ek `drhc cprdpbcec, ld quk sk qubkrk d sk mkiksbtc ekibr.

_rksbùm ek Grupd  Yãminkz (1?31). Kl idmikptd ek prksbùm ekl grupd ncik rk`krkmibc c lc `ukrzc, mkgctbvc d pdsbtbvc, quk kjkrik um ektkrhbmced grupd ncibc umc pkrsdmc. Kstc hbshc  prksbùm vc c prdeuibr km huincs dicsbdmks eurcmtk lc ktcpc ek lc cedlksikmibc, quk lc  pkrsdmc llkvk c icad idmeuitcs idm lcs quk md m d sbkhprk kstcrã idhplktchkmtk ek ciukred ciukre d Ykgúm Yãminkz (1?31), Lc prksbùm ekl grupd km lds cedlksikmtks ks um nkind ek bhpdrtcmtk bm`lukmibc km sus idmeuitcs y ekibsbdmks, yc quk kstãm km umc ktcpc km lc quk lc bekmtb`bicibùm idm su grupd sdibcl ks um `citdr quk ektkrhbmcrã km grcm hkebec su prdpbd ekscrrdlld y hceurcibùm. Ek cnè, quk lc `ukrzc quk pukek kjkrikr kl grupd sdark kl hkmdr skc bhpdrtcmtk. Ybm khacrgd, kstcs bm`lukmibcs pukekm skr mkgctbvcs idhd pdsbtbvcs, ekpkmebkmed ekl grupd ksidgbed quk sbrvk idhd hdekld y/d lcs idmeuitcs k bekdldgècs quk tkmgc ebind grupd.

Ubpds  Ebrkitc  Idrrkspdmek c lc kxprksbùm cabkrtc ek idmeuitcs ek bmibtcibùm cl idmsuhd rkclbzcecs pdr lds  pcrks, prksbùm quk pukek kstcr rkprkskmtcec km aurlcs, pktbibdmks y d`rkibhbkmtd d`r kibhbkmtd ek clgumc  akebec. (Edmclesdm, Grcnch, Ncmskm, 322;)

Bmebrkitc  Idrrkspdmek cl idmjumtd ek mdrhcs y ciibdmks ekl grupd quk ek hcmkrc bhplèibtc lk bhpdmkm kl idmsuhd ek akabecs clidnùlbics idhd pcrtk ek lc vbec cedlksikmtk, kmtrk lcs mdrhcs kvbekmibcecs sk kmiukmtrc lc ek kxilubr cl md idmsuhbedr km citbvbeceks  prdgrchcecs d lc ek sdarkkstbhcr c qubkmks idmsuhkm grcmeks icmtbeceks ek clidndl. (Edmclesdm, Grcnch, Ncmskm, 322;)

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

0 

@citdrks quk ncikm cl Cedlksikmtk skr hãs vulmkrcalk c lc prksbùm ek grupd.   Kxbstkm `citdrks km lds hkmdrks quk lks ncikm skr hãs vulmkrcalks c lc prksbùm ekl grupd sdibcl. @cltc ek ncablbeceks sdibclks d prkicrbkece ek kstcs, quk lk ekm idm`bcmzc c lc ndrc ek kxprkscr sus dpbmbdmks y ek ncikrsk kmtkmekr eklcmtk ek lds ekhãs, tclks idhd lc cskrtbvbece, kl ncalcr km púalbid, lc khpctèc, kti. Acjc cutdkstbhc, pdr ld quk skrã `ãibl quk sk ekjk bm`lubr pdr dtrds. Acjc pkrikpibùm ekl rbksgd, quk ks clgd gkmkrclbzced km lc ktcpc cedlksikmtk, idm ld quk pbkmscm quk kllds tbkmkm kl idmtrdl tdtcl ek ld quk lks pukek diurrbr. @cltc ek idhumbicibùm d idhumbicibùm bmcekiucec idm lds prdgkmbtdrks. Kstcalkibhbkmtd ek lèhbtks y ek mdrhcs bmcekiucecs km kl ndgcr. (Yãminkz, 1?31)

Khpctèc.  Ykgúm Aclcrt (1?39). Lc khpctèc ks lc ncablbece pcrc kmtkmekr lcs mkiksbeceks, skmtbhbkmtds y prdalkhcs ek lds ekhãs, pdmbâmedsk km su lugcr y ek kstc hcmkrc pdekr rkspdmekr idrrkitchkmtk c sus rkciibdmks khdibdmclks. Ek ciukred cl hdekld, lc idhpktkmibc khdibdmcl ek khpctèc sk ldgrc iucmed idhabmchds c mbvkl bmtklkitucl lc ksiuinc citbvc, c mbvkl khdibdmcl lc idhprkmsbùm y c mbvkl idmeuitucl lc cskrtbvbece. Ykgúm Lcmicstkr (1?30) Lc khpctèc ks umc nkrrchbkmtc pcrc idmkitcr idm lds ekhãs,  pdrquk mds llkvc c khpctcr idm sbhpctèc, ld quk sbgmb`bic ausicr aus icr kl gcmcr/gcmcr km lc rklcibùm idm kl dtrd idm bmtkrâs c trcvâs ek lc ksiuinc citbvc, ek idmdikr iuãl ks kl hcpc idm kl quk kxpldrc kl humed y hkebcmtk lc idhprkmsbùm, kmtkmekr y rkspktcr pdr quâ ksidgk lcs rutcs quk ksidgk pcrc cmecr pdr lc vbec. Ykgúm @krmãmekz, P. (1?3>) umc pkrsdmc khpãtbic prkskmtc lcs sbgubkmtks icrcitkrèstbics: _rkskmtcr umc klkvcec skmsbablbece sdibcl: lks prkdiupcm lds prdalkhcs ek lds ekhãs, lds skmtbhbkmtds ek lds dtrds, ktiâtkrc. Icptcr lc idhumbicibùm lc idhumbicibùm md vkracl ek lds dtrds: scakm lkkr km lds gkstds, km kl tdmd ek vdz, ktiâtkrc lds kstceds khdibdmclks ek sus skhkjcmtks.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

7 

Ykr rkspktudscs: scakm cikptcr lds skmtbhbkmtds y idmeuitcs ek lds dtrds idm bmekpkmekmibc ek quk md lcs cprukakm. Qkspktcr d idhprkmekr lds hdtbvds ek lcs idmeuitcs ek lds ekhãs. Lks gustc ksiuincr (md sdld dèr), y sdm aukmds idmvkrscedrks.

Chbstce.  Aufdwsfb (1?35). Lc chbstce ekak skr kmtkmebec idhd umc bmtkr`cz kmtrk kl yd y kl dtrd, y ncy quk kstuebcrlc ek ciukred c lcs mkiksbeceks d prdalkhcs quk sk prkskmtcm km lc rklcibùm, pkmscmed km quk lc kxpkrbkmibc lc vbvkm eds inbids/ics y quk diurrk ekmtrd ek icec umd ek kllds cl hbshd tbkhpd. Ek ciukred idm kstk km`dquk lc bhcgkm ekl mbód/c sk vk c`kitcec pdr lc prkskmibc y kxpkrbkmibc ek su chbgd/c y, idhd tbkmkm um `ukrtk vèmiuld ek chbstce, sk vuklvk kspkibclhkmtk idmsibkmtk y skmsbalk c lcs mkiksbeceks ekl dtrd. Akrg (1?30). Km lc kxpkrbkmibc ekl kstcalkibhbkmtd ek umc rklcibùm ek chbstce kmtrk eds d hãs pkrsdmcs sk iultbvcm kspdmtãmkchkmtk clgumcs iuclbeceks quk sdm icrcitkrèstbics ek ld quk llchchds chbstce. Ybm kl iultbvd idmstcmtk ek kstcs iuclbeceks eb`èiblhkmtk  pdekhds ncalcr ek chbstce d ebs`rutcr ek lc chbstce. Km prbhkr, lugcr ekakhds skóclcr lc irkkmibc km lc dtrc pkrsdmc. C pkscr ek quk md pderkhds mumic llkgcr c idmdikr tdtclhkmtk cl chbgd, idhd tchpdid pdekhds idmdikrmds c mdsdtrds hbshds km tded ld quk sdhds, y ekakhds cikptcr (y cehbrcr) kl hbstkrbd quk ks kl ndhark, pdekhds pdmkr `k km kl dtrd. Ecgukrr (1?3?). Cndrc abkm, huy prdacalkhkmtk mds rksultk bhpdsbalk skr chbgds ek tdecs lcs pkrsdmcs vbrtudscs km lc hkebec km quk tdec rklcibùm ek chbstce bhplbic, idhd hèmbhd, ekebicr ibkrtc icmtbece ek tbkhpd c citbvbeceks idhpcrtbecs idm kl chbgd, y mukstrd tbkhpd ks mkikscrbchkmtk `bmbtd. Yurgk, kmtdmiks, um lugcr pcrc lc idmtbmgkmibc km lc ektkrhbmcibùm ek qubâmks skrãm mukstrds chbgds. Yb abkm kl surgbhbkmtd ek umc rklcibùm ek chbstce idm umc pkrsdmc vbrtudsc km pcrtbiulcr kstã ektkrhbmced pdr nkinds idmtbmgkmtks quk ld kxplbicm sbm justb`bicrld, ld ibkrtd ks quk, umc vkz kstcalkibec lc chbstce, kstã  justb`biced idmtbmucr idm ksc rklcibùm y mmdd trctcr cl chbgd idhd um abkm `umgbalk, kstd ks, idhd c um dajktd quk pukek skr rkkhplczced pdr dtrd sbhblcr, sbm pârebec ek vcldr.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

> 

_kebr Cyuec.  Icaclld (1??7), lc ictkgdrèc ek ncikr pktbibdmks bmiluyk kl ek pkebr `cvdrks, pkebr cyuec y pkebr c dtrc pkrsdmc quk ichabk su idmeuitc. kstc ictkgdrèc bhplbic quk kl pcibkmtk skc icpcz ek pkebr ld quk qubkrc sbm vbdlkmtcr lds ekrkinds ek lds ekhãs. [mc pktbibùm sk ncik ek tcl hcmkrc quk md bmtkmtk `ciblbtcr kl rkinczd pdr pcrtk ek lc dtrc pkrsdmc6 lc  pkrsdmc quk ncik lc pktbibùm kspkrc quk kstc ks tc skc cikptcec. Lùpkz (1?3?), skóclc quk scakr pkebr um `cvdr mds pkrhbtk rkidmdikr quk ncy idscs quk md pdekhds ncikr pdr mdsdtrds hbshds, ks ekibr, quk mkiksbtchds lc cyuec ek lds ekhãs. Kxbstkm pkrsdmcs quk mumic pbekm um `cvdr, yc skc pdr tbhbekz d pdr drgulld, y dtrds quk pbekm `cvdrks c tdecs ndrcs, pkrd ksd md ks umc ncabl bece, ld pderèchds llchcr “icrc‘, lc ncablbece sdibcl ek pkebr um `cvdr idmsbstk km ecrmds iukmtc quk mkiksbtchds cyuec y  pkebrlc. Lds pcsds quk ncy quk skgubr scakr pkebr um `cvdr cskrtbvchkmtk sdm: _rkgumtcrsk bmtkrbdrhkmtk quk tkmgd quk ncikr: pkebr cyuec pcrc kmtkmekr um prdalkhc, pkmscr bmtkrbdrhkmtk idhd pderèc ncikrld, c qubâm pkeèrskld, ek quâ hcmkrc prdpdmkrld y ekibebr quâ hcmkrc ks lc hkjdr y umc vkz ekibebec ncikrlc abkm. Icaclld (1??7). Hkmibdmc quk kl kl KNY kmskóc c lds pcibkmtks c quk ncgcm  pktbibdmks c hkmued idm kl `bm ek idmskgubr hãs idscs, pkrd kl pcibkmtk tbkmk quk ecrsk iukmtc ek quk umc pktbibùm md ks sbmùmbhd ek kxbgkmibc, yc quk kstk últbhd icsd kstcrèc vbdlcmed lds ekrkinds ek lc dtrc pkrsdmc. Kl rkidmdikr kl ekrkind ek lc dtrc pkrsdmc c rkinczcr mukstrc pktbibùm prdtkgk mukstrd ekrkind ncikr pktbibdmks y cuhkmtc lc `rkiukmibc ek lcs hbshcs6 pkrd tchpdid sk trctc ek ncikr pktbibdmks ek `drhc bmebsirbhbmcec, yc quk sk pukek llkgcr ncikr um pklhczd sb kstchds pbebkmed idmtbmuchkmtk c lds ekhãs `cvdrks bmmkikscrbds y kstc idmeuitc ks hdlkstc y ekhdstrcrèc pdid bmtkrâs pdr lds ekrkinds ek lds ekhãs. Gclcssb y Gclcssb, (3277), ibtced km Icaclld (1??7), skóclc quk iucmed ncikhds  pktbibdmks c dtrc pkrsdmc, âstc d md kmtbkmek tdtclhkmtk tdtclhk mtk lc mcturclkzc ek mukstrc pktbibùm d md nc ekibebed sb qubkrk sctbs`cikrlc y idhd rksultced sus rkspukstcs md sdm ilcrcs6 km kstds icsds pcrkik skr cprdpbced vdlvkr c kxprkscr y ilcrb`bicr lc pktbibùm. Clgumcs rkidhkmecibdmks pcrc prcitbicr lcs ncablbeceks ek ncikr pktbibdmks: Ykr ebrkitd, md ks

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

2 

mkikscrbd justb`bicr, cumquk lcs kxplbicibdmks mdrhclhkmtk cyuecm, md ks mkikscrbd mbmgumc ebsiulpcs, md ncy quk tdhcr umc rkspukstc mkgctbvc ek hded pkrsdmcl y ncy quk kstcr  prkpcrced pcrc dèr tcmtd um “md‘ idhd um “sb‘, y rkspktcr kl ekrkind ek lc dtrc pkrsdmc cl

ekibrld.

´Iùhd _kebr Cyuec4  C vkiks kl prdalkhc kstã km lc hcmkrc bmcekiucec ek pkebr cyuec. _ukek ecrsk kl icsd ek quk lc pktbibùm skc justc pkrd lc `drhc ek idhumbicrlc md skc idrrkitc6 ks idmvkmbkmtk quk bekmtb`bqukhds iuãl ks kl kstbld quk utblbzcs pcrc trcmshbtbr c lds ekhãs quk mkiksbtchds quk mds cpdykm (_ârkz, 1?39). Yb krks idmsibkmtk ek quk suklks idhumbicrtk idm um kstbld cgrksbvd, trctc ek ausicr um hdhkmtd km kl quk tk kmiukmtrks trcmqubld/c. Urcmshbtbr umc mkiksbece km um tdmd bmcekiuced pukek llkvcr c datkmkr umc rkspukstc mkgctbvc. Lcs kxbgkmibcs md suklkm clicmzcr aukmds rksultceds iucmed ncalchds ek pkebr `cvdrks, y lc tcrkc rksultc huind hãs k`bicz iucmed kl dtrd ld ncik ek hcmkrc vdlumtcrbc y md idhd dalbgcibùm. _ukeks ekibrlk c lc dtrc pkrsdmc quk pcrc tb supdmk um ks`ukrzd bhpdrtcmtk pkebr ksc cyuec y quk kstk ks kl hdtbvd pdr kl quk tk idhumbics ek kstc hcmkrc. Yb krks idmsibkmtk ek quk tk iukstc skr ebrkitd c lc ndrc ek pkebr um `cvdr, pukeks ekebicr um tbkhpd prkvbd c plcmb`bicr y eksirbabr iucl ks kl cpdyd quk mkiksbtcs. Ekaks khpkzcr kxpdmbâmedld ek hcmkrc ilcrc y ekspuâs ikmtrcrtk km lds ektcllks y md cl rkvâs.

Ilcvks pcrc quk skc hãs `ãibl _kebr cyuec   _kebr cyuec ks umc ncablbece quk sk cprkmek y md kxbstk umc `ùrhulc hãgbic pcrc ldgrcr. Clgumcs pcutcs quk cyuecrãm c idmskgubr um `cvdr ek hcmkrc k`bicz.  Bekmtb`bicibùm ekl _rdalkhc. sk ekak tkmkr ilcrd quâ d qubâm ld icusc y iuclks sdm

sus k`kitds.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

3? 

 _bkmsc km qubâm pukek cyuecrtk.  ´Uú hbshd pukeks sdluibdmcrld4 Yb md, ekibek

qubâm ks cptd pcrc ncikrld.  _lcmb`bic iùhd pukeks pkebr cyuec. Idm cskrtbvbece, kxplbicmed ek hcmkrc ilcrd

lds hdtbvds y cskgurcmedtk quk lc pkrsdmc kmtbkmec quâ mkiksbtcs. Qkiukrec quk lc icpcibece ek pkebr cyuec, idhd kl rkstd ek lc ncablbeceks sdibclks, sk cprkmekm y sk kmtrkmc. [mc pkrsdmc tbkmk eb`biultceks pcrc idmskgubrld y pdr klld md dlvbekhds quk _kebr cyuec, md ks sbgmd ek ekablbece sbmd ek vclkmtèc y ek bmtklbgkmibc y cl  pkebrlc ekakhds skr ilcrds y idmibsds, y md ekakhds causcr y sk ekak cyuecr sb dtrds ld mkiksbtcm (_ârkz, 1?39).

Bhpdrtcmibc ek _kebr Cyuec _kebr cyuec ks um sbgmd ek chdr ncibc mdsdtrcs hbshcs, ks um sbgmd ek quk idhprkmekhds quk sdhds vclbdsds sbm tkmkr quk skr pkr`kitds y kstd mds bmebic umc cltc cutdkstbhc y nuhblece pkebr c dtrd, puks sk kxpdmk c quk kl dtrd pukec ekibr quk md y sk mkiksbtc ek huind chdr huind  chdr prdpbd  prdpbd pcrc cikptcr quk ksd md ichabc mcec ek qubkm sdhds s dhds y ek quk ksd md sbgmb`bic quk md ld hkrkikhds sbmd quk kl dtrd km ksk hdhkmtd md kstã ebspdmbalk d ek ciukred idm lc pktbibùm. y kmtrk lcs bhpdrtcmibcs sk ekstcicm, (Lùpkz, 1?3?). Echds lc dpdrtumbece c dtrc pkrsdmc ek quk mds cyuek, rkidrekhds quk umc ek lcs idscs quk hãs mds hdtbvc c lcs pkrsdmcs ks "skr útblks pcrc dtrcs". Hkjdrchds lc idm`bcmzc km lc rklcibùm kmtrk cyuecmtk y cyueced. Qkidmdikhds mukstrcs ekablbeceks y csè sdhds hãs justds rkidmdibkmed lcs ek dtrcs. Cituchds ek `drhc mcturcl kvbtcmed kl kstrâs y lcs tkmsbdmks.  Mds carbhds y pkrekhds kl hbked c kqubvdicrmds. kqubvdicrmd s.

Ycakr ecr lcs grcibcs  Ykgúm Lùpkz (1?3?). C`brhc quk hdstrcr cgrcekibhbkmtd md ks sùld scakr ekibr “grcibcs‘ clgd quk mds kmskócrdm eksek pkqukóds iucmed clgubkm mds ecac um icrchkld d um rkgcld y mukstrc hcerk mds rkidrecac: “´quâ sk ebik4‘. Kstcr cgrcekibed ks umc citbtue

huind hãs prd`umec quk sk eksirbak abkm km kl rk`rãm: “Ek abkm mcibed, ks skr cgrcekibed‘.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

33 

 Md sk trctc ek umc ncablbece pcrc ldgrcr quk clgubkm quk hk nc nkind um `cvdr ld sbgc ncibkmed km kl `uturd6 ks pdmkrsk km kl lugcr ekl dtrd, ecrsk iukmtc ekl ks`ukrzd quk nc tkmbed quk ncikr pcrc cyuecrhk, ekl c`kitd y chdr idm quk ld nbzd y skr icpcz ek ekhdstrcr quk hk edy iukmtc ek tded ld quk nc nkind. Lds pcsds c skgubr pcrc idmskgubr scakr ecr lcs grcibcs sdm: (_rkgumtcrsk bmtkrmchkmtk c qubâm tkmgd clgd quk cgrcekikr, pdr tcl d iucl `cvdr quk mds nbibkrdm, pkmscr bmtkrbdrhkmtk idhd pderèc cgrcekiârskld: sbhplkhkmtk idm umcs grcibcs, idm um aksd, um carczd. Ekibebr quâ hcmkrc ks lc hkjdr y umc vkz ekibebec ncikrlc abkm). (Lùpkz 1?3?).

PBB.

EKYIQB_IBÙM EK CIUBPBECEKY.

YKYBÙM M¿ ?3 

“Ksiuincrmds pcrc kmtkmekrmds‘ 

IDMUKMBED  Yk trcacjcrã lc ncablbece ek ksiuinc citbvc, arbmeãmedlks kstrctkgbcs pcrc  pdekr uscrlc. Yk khpkzcrã idm psbidkeuicibùm psbidkeu icibùm pcrc quk lds mbóds skpcm km quâ idmsbstk lc ksiuinc citbvc, lukgd sk pcscrã c lc klcadrcibùm ek kjkhplds pcrc su hcydr idhprksbùm y ekspuâs sk utblbzcrã umc ebmãhbic  pcrc c`bcmzcr lc ncablbece. pdr últbhd sk rkclbzcrã um `kkeacif. YKYBÙM M¿ ?1 

“Idhumbicmed hb bekc cskrtbvchkmtk‘  

IDMUKMBED  Km kstk cpcrtced sk trcacjcrã lcs eb`krkmtks `drhcs ek rkspdmekr ek hcmkrc cskrtbvc c umc vcrbkece ek icsds prdpukstds pdr lds `ciblbtcedrks. Yk pcscrã c rk`drzcr kstc sksbùm idm umc skrbk ek prkgumtcs cidrek cl tkhc rkclbzced, pbebkmed sugkrkmibcs ekhãs icsds ek lds dtrds grupds.c lds kstuebcmtks, pcrc csè rksdlvkr lds

YKYBÙM M¿ ?9 

“Ybkhprk pderãs ekibr quk md‘ 

IDMUKMBED  Km kstc sksbùm sk trcacjù lc prksbùm ek grupd, sdarktded kl iùhd lbebcr idm kllc, pcrc klld sk rkclbzù umc psbidkeuicibùm, km lc iucl sk arbmeù bm`drhcibùm ek iùhd lcs pkrsdmcs pukekm bm`lubr km icec umd. _dr ld iucl  pcrc rk`drzcr kstc sksbùm, sk cplbiù umcs ebmãhbics pcrc quk lds kstuebcmtks sk ekm iukmtc km iùhd pukekm bm`lubr km mdsdtrds.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

31 

YKYBÙM M¿?5  “Hbrc idm lds djds ek dtrd, ksiuinc idm lds dèeds ek dtrd y sbkmtk idm kl idrczùm ek dtrd‘ 

IDMUKMBED 

Km kstk pumtd sk trcacjù lc khpctèc, hkebcmtk lc psbidkeuicibùm,  arbmeãmedlks bm`drhcibùm cikric ek ld quk ks lc khpctèc, su bhpdrtcmibc y lcs icrcitkrèstbics ek umc pkrsdmc khpãtbic. _crc rk`drzcr kstd, sk cplbicrdm ebmãhbics quk tkmècm rklcibùm idm lc khpctèc.

YKYBÙM M¿ ?;  “Jumtcrsk ks um idhbkmzd, Ykgubr jumtds ks um prdgrksd, Urcacjcr jumtds ks um âxbtd.‘  IDMUKMBED 

Yk trcacjù lc Chbstce c trcvâs ek lc tâimbic _sbidkeuictbvc, km kllc lds cluhmds puebkrdm kxprkscr sus ebstbmtds pumtds ek vbstc cikric ekl tkhc quk ekspuâs `uk rk`drzcec idm bm`drhcibùm idmibsc pcrc csè lds kstuebcmtks ekscrrdllkm y lk ekm bhpdrtcmibc c lc Chbstce, y skpcm rkidmdikr kl vkrecekrd sbgmb`biced ek kstc.

YKYBÙM M¿ ?0 

“Md kstãs sdld, sb md pukeks: _kebr cyuec, ks ek Pclbkmtks.

IDMUKMBED  Km lc sksbùm sk trcacjù lc Ncablbece ek _kebr Cyuec quk tuvd idhd dajktbvd kl ekscrrdlld ek lc ncablbece km lds kstuebcmtks, quk sk rkclbzù hkebcmtk lc tâimbic ek _sbidkeuicibùm, prdpdmbkmed y rkclbzcmed umc ebmãhbic, edmek sk rk`lkjk lc prãitbic ek lc ncablbece y arbmeãmedlks bm`drhcibùm idmibsc, ilcvk, pcrc kl idmdibhbkmtd ekl tkhc, y idm lc  pcrtbibpcibùm ek tdeds sk rkscltâ lc bhpdrtcmibc ek _kebr Cyuec. “Cprkmebkmed c skr Cgrcekibed‘  YKYBÙM M¿ ?7  IDMUKMBED Km kstc últbhc sksbùm sk trcacjù kl tkhc ek Ecr lcs grcibcs hkebcmtk lc psbidkeuicibùm, arbmeãmedlks bm`drhcibùm sdark klld, y iucmed umc pkrsdmc tbkmk quk skr cgrcekibec. _crc rk`drzcr kstd, sk cplbicrdm ebmãhbics quk gucrecm rklcibùm idm kstk tkhc.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

39 

Ekscrrdlld ek Yksbdmks Yksbùm 3: “Ksiuincrmds pcrc kmtkmekrmds‘  Dajktbvd: Ekscrrdllcr lc ncablbece ek ksiuinc citbvc.

@csks

Eksirbpibùm ek citbvbeceks

Ubkhpd 3?

Bmbibd

Hctkrbclks

-_kldtc

Yk bmbibcrã lc sksbùm idm lc prkskmtcibùm ek lds `ciblbtcedrks y hbmutds kstuebcmtks, c trcvâs ek lc ebmãhbic, “Lcmzc lc pkldtc y eb ´Subâm krks4‘   -Ndjc adme.

Yk prdikekrã c lc kxplbicibùm ekl tkhc “Ksiuinc citbvc‘, km quâ

idmsbstk, iùhd pdekhds utblbzcrlc y km quâ sbtucibdmks hkebcmtk lc  prkskmtcibùm ek kjkhplds ek iuãmed sk ec d md lc ksiuinc citbvc. Ekscrrdll Yk rkclbzcrã lc ebmãhbic “kl cutdaús‘ quk idmsbstk km pkebrlks c lds d cluhmds quk ksiuinkm idm ctkmibùm lc nbstdrbc quk tk ebspdmks c idmtcr,  pdrquk cl `bmclbzcr tkmerãm quk rkspdme rkspdmekr kr c umc pr prkgumtc6 kgumtc6 Lc nbstdrbc ks lc sbgubkmtk:

-Bhãgkmks.

9? hbmutds

«Bhcgbmc quk idmeuiks um cutdaús. Bmbibclhkmtk kl cutdaús vc vcièd. Km lc prbhkrc pcrcec suakm ibmid pkrsdmcs. Km lc sbgubkmtk pcrcec trks  pkrsdmcs sk acjcm ekl cutdaús y eds suakm. Hãs ceklcmtk, suakm ebkz  pkrsdmcs y acjcm iuctrd. @bmclhkmtk, km lc últbhc pcrcec acjcm dtrds ibmid pcscjkrds.¶ Lc prkgumtc ks: ´Suâ kece tbkmk kl ind`kr4 Ncalcr sdark lc mkiksbece ek lc ksiuinc citbvc

Ibkrrk

_rkgumtcr c lds cluhmds ´Suâ nkhds cprkmebed4 Acjd lc tâimbic “`kkeacif‘.  @bmclbzcmed, sk rkclbzù lc kvclucibùm ek sctbs`ciibùm ek lc sksbùm, pdr  pcrtk ek lds kstuebcmtks

; hbmutds

@binc ek kvclucibùm.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

35 

Yksbùm 1: “Idhumbicmed hb bekc cskrtbvchkmtk‘   Dajktbvd: Qkidmdikr lcs idmeuitcs cskrtbvcs, md cskrtbvcs y cgrksbvcs.

@csks

Eksirbpibùm ek citbvbeceks

Yk ec bmbibd rkclbzcmed lc ebmãhbic 'Kl auzùm ek skmtbhbkmtds' idhd hdtbvcibùm, lc iucl cyuec c icec pcrtbibpcmtk c kxprkscr sus skmtbhbkmtds. Bmbibd

3? hbmutds

Hctkrbclks -_cpkl ek idldr -Icjc ek icrtùm `drrcec

_dr kjkhpld: 'Rd hk skmtè hcl iucmed hb nkrhcmd md hk ekjd  jugcr idm sus chbgds d iucmed hb idhpcó idhpcókrd krd md hk qubsd cyuecr'. cyuecr '. Km icsd ek quk md pukec ksirbabrld, pukek ebaujcrld. Kl dajktbvd ks quk tdeds khpkikhds ebibkmed: Rd hk sk mtè…. Iucmed…., ekspuâs ek klld edalc icec pcrtbibpcmtk su pcpklbtd y ld hktk ekmtrd ek lc icjc ek icrtùm sbm pdmkr su mdhark, cl `bmclbzcr lc ebmãhbic sk  pkebrãm vdlumtcrbds pcrc br scicmed icec pcpklbtd y kxplbicr quk nuabkrc nkind d idhd ncarèc rkciibdmced `rkmtk c ksc sbtucibùm.

Yk pcscrã c rkclbzcr umc kxplbicibùm cidrek cl tkhc, c trcvâs ek lc Citbvbece "Idrrk, gcmc y Kxprâsctk", idmsbstbrã km `drhcr ; grupds ek ;, icec grupd tkmerã ek lèekr c um `ciblbtcedr, c idmtbmucibùm sk lks kmtrkgcrã umc sbtucibùm bmidhplktc pdr grupd, edmek icec Ekscrrdlld grupd tkmerã quk rksdlvkr y ecrlk um `bmcl c icec sbtucibùm km um tbkhpd dpdrtumd, y tkmerãm quk idrrkr y pkgcr su bekc km lc pbzcrrc, cmtks ek iulhbmcr kl tbkhpd d skrãm eksiclb`biced6 pcrc ecr c idmdikr lc iulhbmcibùm ek lc sbtucibùm, eds c trks cluhmds ekl grupd mds ecrãm c idmdikr c trcvâs ek umc ksikmb`bicibùm y kl ´_dr quâ llkgcrdm c ksc idmilusbùm4 (Pkr Cmkxd 3)

Ibkrrk

Ubkhpd

Yk pcsù c rkclbzcr eb`krkmtks prkgumtcs cidrek cl tkhc rkclbzced  pbebkmed sugkrkmibcs c lds kstuebcmtks, pcrc pdekr hkjdrcr y rkclbzcr idm âxbtd lcs prùxbhcs citbvbeceks. @bmclbzcmed, sk rkclbzù lc kvclucibùm ek sctbs`ciibùm ek lc sksbùm, pdr pcrtk ek lds kstuebcmtks

-Pkstbhkmtcs -Bhãgkmks. 9? hbmutds

-Icrtulbmcs idm kl tkhc. Iukmtd “Kl -chcrgced Edm Jdrgk‘. 

; hbmutds

@binc ek kvclucibùm.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

3; 

Yksbùm 9: “Ybkhprk pderãs ekibr quk md‘  Dajktbvd: Ekscrrdllcr lc ncablbece ek lbebcr idm lc _rksbùm ek Grupd km lds kstuebcmtks

@csks

Eksirbpibùm ek citbvbeceks

Ubkhpd

Yk prkskmtcrã kl mdhark ekl tcllkr c ekscrrdllcr. Ykgubed ek kllds

3? hbmutds

sk bmbibcrã idm lc ebmãhbic “Gldads Crrbac‘ kl iucl idmsbstbrã km

Bmbibd

-Gldads -Bmikmtbvds.

`drhcr um ièriuld grcmek, k br pcscmed lds gldads quk idmtkmerã ebvkrsds prkhbds sbm quk skpcm lds kstuebcmtks, kl gldad brã  pcscmed pdr pd r tdec lc rdme rdmec, c, y qubkm ld rkvbkmtk datkmerã dat kmerã um prkhbd cutdhãtbichkmtk. 9? Kxplbicibùm ekl tkhc “C`rdmtchbkmtd ek lc prksbùm ek grupd‘.

_rkskmtcibùm ek kjkhplds ek iucmed mds vkhds kxpukstds c lc hbmutds  prksbùm ek grupd. Qdlk plcybmg: sk ebvbebrã kl sclùm ek ilcsk km grupds, idm kl `bm ek quk drgcmbikm umc erchctbzcibùm km lc quk sk Ekscrrdlld  pukec cprkibcr lc prksbùm ek grupd y idhd ks quk lc c`rdmtcrècm.

Ibkrrk

Hctkrbclks

Lds `ciblbtcedrks cl `bmclbzcr, ncrãm umc pkqukóc rktrdclbhkmtcibùm ekl tkhc trctced. Ekspuâs prkgumtcr ´Suâ cprkmebkrdm4 R ´Iùhd sk ncm skmtbed eurcmtk lc citbvbece rkclbzcec4 _dstkrbdrhkmtk, sk lks pkebrã sugkrkmibcs c lds kstuebcmtks, pcrc pdekr hkjdrcr y rkclbzcr idm âxbtd lcs prùxbhcs citbvbeceks. @bmclbzcmed, sk rkclbzù lc kvclucibùm ek sctbs`ciibùm ek lc sksbùm,  pdr pcrtk ek lds kstuebcmtks

; hbmutds

-Bhãgkmks. -

@binc ek kvclucibùm.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

30 

Yksbùm 5: “Hbrc idm lds djds ek dtrd, ksiuinc idm lds dèeds ek dtrd y sbkmtk idm kl idrczùm ek dtrd‘  Dajktbvd: Arbmecr bm`drhcibùm cikric ek lc khpctèc.

@csks

Eksirbpibùm ek citbvbeceks

Yk prkskmtcrã kl mdhark ekl tcllkr c ekscrrdllcr. Kstc pcrtk sk carbrã idm umc ebmãhbic ekmdhbmcec “Kmsclcec ek `rutcs‘ lc iucl kl `ciblbtcedr ebvbek c lds

Ubkhpd 3?

Hctkrbclks -Mbmgumd

hbmutds

 pcrtbibpcmtks km um múhkrd bgucl ek trks d iuctrd `rutcs, tclks idhd mcrcmjcs d  plãtcmds. Lukgd lds pcrtbibpcmtks sk sbkmtcm km sbllcs `drhcmed um ièriuld. [mc Bmbibd  pkrsdmc tbkmk quk pcrcrsk km kl ikmtrd ekl ièriuld. Kl `ciblbtcedr ebik kl mdhark ek umc `rutc, idhd „mcrcmjcs‒ y tdecs lcs mcrcmjcs tbkmkm quk ichabcrsk ek pukstd

kmtrk kllcs. Lc pkrsdmc quk kstã km kl ikmtrd trctc ek tdhcr umd ek lds csbkmtds iucmed lds dtrds sk hukvcm, ekjcmed c dtrc pkrsdmc km kl ikmtrd sbm sbllc. Lc  pkrsdmc km kl ikmtrd ebik dtrc `rutc y kl jukgd idmtbmúc. id mtbmúc. Iucmed sk ebik „kmsclcec ek `rutcs‒ tdeds tbkmkm quk ichabcr ek csbkmtd s. Idm kstd sk ldgrcrã rkclbzcr lc

skgumec pcrtk ekl tcllkr, yc quk idm kstc sk ldgrù lc `drhcibùm ek grupd.

Yk rkclbzcrã umc _sbidkeuicibùm cikric ek lc khpctèc, km lds iuclks sk tdicrãm lds sbgubkmtks pumtds: Ek`bmbibùm, icrcitkrèstbics ek umc pkrsdmc khpãtbic, bhpdrtcmibc ek lc khpctèc citbvbeceks d ebmãhbics quk `cvdrkzicm c pdtkmibcr

9?

kstc icpcibece. Ekspuâs sk rkclbzcrc umc ebmãhbic lc quk sk tbtulc “´Uk gustcrèc hbmutds Ekscrr  quk ebgcm ksd ek tb4, lc iucl idmsbstk km kmtrkgcr um pcpklbtd c icec cluhmd, km kl dlld ksirbabrãm ld umc pkdricjc qukpcrc ncycm ek umc pkrsdmc, pcpklbtds skrãm idldiceds km skr ebind hkzilceds, ekspuâs umdlukgd c umd lds idgkrã um pcpklbtd

- Bhãgkmks  pcrc lc kxplbicibùm ekl tkhc. - Icjc. -_cpkl.

y ld lkkrã km vdz cltc, skgubed ek klld sk lks rkclbzcrã lc s bgubkmtk prkgumtc: “´tk gustcrèc quk ebgcm ksd ek tb4‘6 `bmclhkmtk, ekakrãm kxprkscr sus skmtbhbkmtds y

dpbmbùm rkspkitd c klld. ;

Yk rkclbzcrã umc rktrdclbhkmtcibùm cikric ek lc bhpdrtcmibc ek lc khpctèc, lukgd ncarã umc rukec ek prkgumtcs, y sk dtdrgcrã umc rkidhpkmsc pdr su pcrtbibpcibùm6 hbmutds Ibkrrk sk rkclbzcrã lc kvclucibùm ek sctbs`ciibùm ek lc sksbùm pdr pcrtk ek lds kstuebcmtks.

-@binc ek kvclucibùm, rkidhpkmsc

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

37 

Yksbùm ;: “Jumtcrsk ks um idhbkmzd, Ykgubr jumtds ks um prdgrksd, Urcacjcr jumtds ks um âxbtd.‘  Dajktbvd: Bmirkhkmtcr kl trcacjd km kqubpd y `dhkmtcr kl rczdmchbkmtd km kllds.

@csks

Eksirbpibùm ek citbvbeceks

Ubkhpd 3?

Yk hkmibdmcrã kl mdhark ekl tcllkr c ekscrrdllcr, y sk idhkmzcrã idm umc ebmãhbic ekmdhbmcec “_kldtc ek icrrkrc‘ lc iucl idmsbstk km

Bmbibd

hbmutds

quk kl `ciblbtcedr ebvbek c lds pcrtbibpcmtks km eds grupds bguclks, icec grupd ekakrã `drhcr umc `blc, umd ektrãs ek dtrd y sk ncrã lc kmtrkgc ek umc pkldtc c icec grupd, kl prbhkrd ek lc `blc tkmerã quk pcscr lc pkldtc  pdr kmibhc eekk su icakzc ncstc kl últbhd pcrtbibpcmtk, qubâm tkmerã quk idrrkr y idldicrsk ceklcmtk ekl prbhkr pcrtbibpcmtk, csè suiksbvchkmtk

Hctkrbclks

1 pkldtcs.  pcrlcmtk

tkmerãm quk ncikr tdeds lds pcrtbibpcmtks: pdr ld quk kl gcmcedr skrã kl grupd iuyd prbhkr bmtkgrcmtk quk sk kmidmtrcac km kl bmbibd ek lc `blc, llkguk mukvchkmtk c lc pcrtk ek ceklcmtk.

9? Yk prdikekrã c ncikr lc kxplbicibùm ekl tkhc cikric ek lc Chbstce, su: ek`bmbibùm, akmk`bibds k bhpdrtcmibc ek lc chbstce, citbvbeceks d ebmãhbics quk `cvdrkzicm c pdtkmibcr kstc icpcibece. Ekspuâs sk hbmutds

- 9Iuads idm bhãgkmks. -_cpkl.

rkclbzcrã umc ebmãhbic sk tbtulcec “Irkcmed Nbstdrbcs‘, quk idmsbstk km

Ekscrrdll ncikr um ièriuld, y lds `ciblbtcedrks dtdrgcrãm 9 iuads c tded kl grupd, d icec icrc ekl iuad prkskmtcrã umc bhcgkm edmek icec umd ek kllds

Qkidhpkmsc

tkmerãm quk lcmzcr lds iuads, pcrc lukgd ksirbabr umc nbstdrbc d ekibr clgúm rkiukred quk ncycm vbvkmibced d skmtbed kl cpdyd ek clgúm idhpcókrd, pdstkrbdrhkmtk ekakrãm kxprkscr sus skmtbhbkmtds y iùhd sk sbmtbkrdm cl tkmkr umc pkrsdmc quk lks arbmec su cpdyd y sk lks ecrã umc rkidhpkmsc pdr su pcrtbibpcibùm. ;

Ibkrrk

Yk rkclbzcrã umc rktrdclbhkmtcibùm y ncalcr ek quâ hcmkrc pderèchds hcmtkmkr kstã rklcibùm chbicl idm um idhpcókrd, cekhãs lds hbmutds kstuebcmtks iclb`bicrcm lc sksbùm, c trcvâs ek umc lbstc ek idtkjd, ekspkebrãm cgrcekibkmed cl grupd pdr su pcrtbibpcibùm.

@binc ek kvclucibùm.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

3> 

Yksbùm 0: “Md kstãs sdld, sb md pukeks: _kebr cyuec, ks ek v vclbkmtks‘ clbkmtks‘ 

Dajktbvd: Ekscrrdllcr lc ncablbece ek pkebr cyuec km lds kstuebcmtks.

@csks

Eksirbpibùm ek citbvbeceks

Ubkhpd 3?

_rkskmtcibùm ekl Ucllkr: “Md kstãs sdld, sb md pukeks: _kebr cyuec, ks ek vclbkmtks‘, bmbibcmed idm lc ebmãhbic, “Lc incrcec‘, quk

Bmbibd

hbmutds

Hctkrbclks -Icrtulbmc. -Bhãgkmks.

idmsbstk km `drhcr 5 grupds ek 0 pkrsdmcs , y sk lks rkpcrtbrã bhãgkmks ek idscs, ciibdmks, supkrnârdks6 kstds kqubpds kstcrãm icpbtcmkceds pdr um `ciblbtcedr, qubkm tkmerã lc lcadr ek klkgbr c um bmtkgrcmtk ek su kqubpd, y idldicrlk lc bhcgkm csbgmcec km lc `rkmtk, sbm quk kl kstuebcmtk pukec vkrlc y sus idhpcókrds ek kqubpd tkmerãm quk ncikrlks hèhbics, skgúm lc bhcgkm quk vkm, y csè su rkprkskmtcmtk pukec cikrtcr. -Pkstbhkmtcs

Lukgd, sk prdikekrã cl ekscrrdlld ekl Ukhc, hkebcmtk lc mcrrcibùm y ksikmb`bicibùm ek “Kl Chcrgced Edm Jdrgk‘, lc iucl idmsbstk km

klkgbr lds citdrks prbmibpclks y skiumecrbds, y idm lc cyuec ek trks `ciblbtcedrks6 cl idmilubr lc citbvbece, sk prkgumtcrã sb clgumc vkz Ekscrrdlld ncm mkiksbtced d ncm pkebed cyuec c clgubkm, iùhd lks ncm rkspdmebed, y iùhd ncm cituced cmtk umc sbtucibùm ek cyuec, idm kstc sk idmdikrã lcs ebvkrscs pkrspkitbvcs quk tbkmkm lds kstuebcmtks cikric ekl tkhc y kl usd quk lk ncm eced c kstc ncablbece. C

-Bhãgkmks. 9? hbmutds

-Icrtulbmcs idm kl tkhc. -Iukmtd “Kl chcrgced Edm Jdrgk‘. 

idmtbmucibùm, rkclbzcrã lclcskxplbicibùm ekl tkhc: sbgmb`biced ek  pkebr cyuec, lcsk bhpdrtcmibc, `drhcs ek cplbicibùm.

Ibkrrk

Yk `bmclbzcrã idm umc rktrdclbhkmtcibùm, edmek lds kstuebcmtks mds  arbmecm eb`krkmtks dpbmbdmks cikric ekl tkhc rkclbzced, pcrc csè idrrdadrcr kl kmtkmebhbkmtd ek kstk6 cekhãs km kl cspkitd khdibdmcl, sk prkgumtcrã iùhd sk sbmtbkrdm (sb lks gustd d md). Ykgubechkmtk, sk pcscrã lc ndjc ek kvclucibùm ek sctbs`ciibùm ek lc sksbùm pdr pcrtk ek lds kstuebcmtks. R pdr últbhd, sk ncrã lc ekspkebec y cgrcekibhbkmtd pdr su ctkmibùm c lds kstuebcmtks.

; hbmutds

@binc ek kvclucibùm.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

32 

Yksbùm 7: “Cprkmebkmed c ecr lcs Grcibcs‘  Dajktbvd: Ekscrrdllcr lc ncablbece ek _dekr ecr lcs Grcibcs km lds kstuebcmtks

@csks

Eksirbpibùm ek citbvbeceks

Ubkhpd 3?

Bmbibd

Yk prkskmtcrã kl mdhark ekl tcllkr c ekscrrdllcr. Ykgubed ek kllds sk bmbibcrã idm lc ebmãhbic “Lc pkldtc _rkgumtdmc “Yk ncikm vcrbds hbmutds kqubpds, km `umibùm ekl múhkrd ek pkrsdmcs quk tkmgc kl grupd. Yk lks `ciblbtcrã umc pkldtc y skrã mkikscrbd kl usd ek um rkprdeuitdr ek húsbic. Cl bmbibd ek lc húsbic lc pkldtc brã rdtcmed pdr icec idhpdmkmtk ek lds grupds ek `drhc quk md pcrk ncstc quk md iksk lc húsbic. Lc pkrsdmc quk tkmgc lc pkldtc km kl hdhkmtd km quk md sk dbgc sdmbed clgumd ekakrã ekibr su mdhark y umc prkgumtc quk lk ncgc

Hctkrbclks -_kldtc.

icec idhpdmkmtk ekl grupd. - Ndjc adme Kxplbicibùm ekl tkhc “Ycakr ecr lcs grcibcs “Ekspuâs ek klld, sk lk

-Icrtulbmc

rkpcrtbrã c icec kstuebcmtk umc ndjc adme, Yk lks pkebrã quk icec umd km `drhc pkrsdmcl y km sblkmibd, ksirbacm idm tdtcl sbmikrbece um lbstced ek lcs idscs pdr lcs quk suklkm qukjcrsk, y pdr kl dtrd lced ncrãm Ekscrrdlld umc lbstc ek idscs pdr lcs quk suklkm cgrcekikr. Ukrhbmced kstd lds `ciblbtcedrks ncrãm quk lds kstuebcmtks kxpdmgcm sus pumtds y km umc icrtulbmc skpcrcec km eds idluhmcs, brã trcmsirbabkmed tcmtd lcs qukjcs idhd lds cgrcekibhbkmtds. Ld mcturcl skrã quk km lc idluhmc ek qukjc

9? hbmutds

skc hãs kxtkmsc quk lclcsdtrc. _dr ld quk @ciblbtcedrks ncrãm quk _dr lds kstuebcmtks rkvbkmtcm sbtucibdmks ek lds qukjcs km cgrcekibhbkmtd. kjkhpld: Mumic vkd c hb pcpc quk llkgc huy tcrek ek lc d`bibmc: llãhcld pcrc scluecrld, eâjclk umc mdtc eãmedlk lcs grcibcs.

Ibkrrk

Lds `ciblbtcedrks cl `bmclbzcr, ncrãm umc pkqukóc rktrdclbhkmtcibùm ekl tkhc trctced: ´Suâ cprkmebkrdm4 R ´Iùhd sk ncm skmtbed eurcmtk lc citbvbece rkclbzcec4 Lukgd, sk rkclbzcrã prukac c lds kstuebcmtks, sdark lcs sksbdmks km Ncablbeceks Ydibclks. @bmclbzcmed, sk rkclbzù lc kvclucibùm ek sctbs`ciibùm ek lc sksbùm, pdr pcrtk ek lds kstuebcmtks.

; hbmutds @binc ek kvclucibùm.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

PBBB. 

1? 

Y[GKQKMIBCY R QKIDHKMECIBDMKY.

Yk rkidhbkmec tkmkr um hkjdr chabkmtk pcrc prùxbhds prdgrchcs, yc quk km kl culc ncièc ekhcsbced icldr y pdr ld tcmtd, lds pcrtbibpcmtks sk icmscacm y ebstrcècm rãpbed. Uchabâm sk sugbkrk utblbzcr hâtdeds hãs ebmãhbids. _dr últbhd, sk rkidhbkmec umc hkjdr drgcmbzcibùm idm lds kmicrgceds ek lc bmstbtuibùm, yc quk mds idrtcrdm vcrbcs sksbdmks.

B^. 

CMK^DY

Cmkxd 3  Yb tucibù ucibùm m 3:  Sukecstk idm um chbgd km ikmcr km kl pua ek sbkhprk. Qksultc quk sk rktrcsù hãs ek umc ndrc y tú tk skmtècs…. Cl rctd llkgc y …....  

 Yb tucibù ucibùm m 1:  Cykr

idhprcstk um pcmtclùm y ndy tk ld pusbstk y tk ebstk iukmtc quk kl adtùm kstã c pumtd ek eksidskrsk. Kmtdmiks tk ebrbgks c lc tbkmec edmek ld idhprcstk y lk iukmtcs ld quk pcsù cl vkmekedr. Âstk tk ebik quk ld pukeks ncikr tú hbshd , kmtdmiks lk idmtkstcs:

Ybtucibùm 9: Krc umc hcócmc huy sdlkcec, Jucmc tkmèc quk br c idhprcr c lc `crhcibc, pkrd tkmèc huind hbked sclbr ek icsc pdrquk…… pd rquk…… y km ksk hdhkmtd sk lk diurrbù….. 

Ybtucibùm 5: Lc Nkrhcmc ek Fcrlc llkgc huy hdlkstc pdrquk…….y idhbkmzc c grbtcr c tdeds sus nkrhcmds, y kllds lk ebikm…….kmtdmiks Fcrlc sk cikric ci kric y lk……..   Ybtucibùm ;: Kl grupd ek Ykacstbãm y Hcrbmc idmvkrscm idmv krscm sdark…. _krd Lcrc kstã km eksciukred idm ld quk ebik Irbstbãm, kmtdmiks km ebik…… y tdeds 

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

13 

Cmkxd 1 Kl Chcrgced Edm Jdrgk Edm Jdrgk krc um ndhark, rbid, hcld, chcrgced y huy sdlbtcrbd. Ncièc códs quk md qukrèc scakr mcec ek mcebk, y icec vkz sk lk mdtcac hãs trbstùm. Km iucmtd clgumd trctcac ek cikricrsk pcrc idmvkrscr, pkebrlk um `cvdr yc quk krc um ndhark rbid k bmtklbgkmtk d  arbmecrlk sus skrvbibds (ek idibmkrc, idibmkr c, ek clacóbl d iuclqubkr dtrd d`bibd), Edm Jdrgk Jd rgk lk ecac lc kspclec y lks rkspdmeèc ek hclc hcmkrc. Huinds pkmscacm quk krc kl ndhark hãs ekscgrcecalk ekl pukald y ekjcrdm ek ncikrlk icsd, c pkscr ek quk Edm Jcvbkr, um kx ek códs ctrãs, idmtcac quk sbkhprk `uk um ndhark huy admecedsd, y sbkhprk kstcac ebspukstd cyuecr. [m eèc, Lcurc, umc jdvkm rkibâm llkgcec cl pukald ksiuinù cqukllc nbstdrbc, y ekibebù skgubr c Edm Jdrgk skirktchkmtk. Ld eksiuarbù lldrcmed c drbllcs rèd, crrbksgãmedsk pdr lc `ukrtk idrrbkmtk y idhbkmed sdld `rutcs ekl ichpd. Mcebk ld scaèc, pkrd Edm Jdrgk tkmèc skrbds prdalkhcs ek ebmkrd, cekhãs su icsc md tkmèc luz, mb cguc, lc hcydrèc ek sus idscs sk ncaècm hcldgrced, idhèc sdld `rutcs d ld quk kmidmtrcac km kl ichpd, y kstd ld ncièc skmtbr hcl, pdrquk âl sbkhprk ncaèc sbed um ndhark rbid y huy rkspktced y irkèc quk sb tdeds sk kmtkrcrãm pdr ld quk pcscac ld bacm c rkinczcr y nuhbllcr, ks pdr ksd quk sk vdlvbù huy chcrgced, y irkèc quk pdeèc sdluibdmcr sus  prdalkhcs quk sb pkeèc cyuec sdld sk aurlcrècm. aur lcrècm. Iucmed Lcurc sk ebd iukmtc ek cquklld, lk d`rkibù su cyuec, pkrd Edm Jdrgk sk mkgù - Md qubkrd quk hk rkincikm pdr hb idmebibùm y hk nuhbllkm d sk aurlkm ek hè, yc quk sbkhprk lds trctâ hcl -ebjd Edm Jdrgk. - ´_dr ksd llkvc cpcrtcec ek tdeds tcmtd tbkhpd4 -rkspdmebù Lcurc, sbm pdekr irkkrld.- _uks cndrc md pbkmscm km ksd6 kllds pbkmscm quk ks um ndhark chcrgced, ekscgrcecalk, caurrbed y ekscgrcekibed, y quk debc c tdeds. ´Irkk quk ks hkjdr csè4 - Ks quk irkèc quk md hk arbmecrècm su cyuec, pdr ksd sbkhprk hk nk hcmtkmbed ebstcmtk  ’   ebjd Edm Jdrgk. -Eâjksk cyuecr, md kstã sdld, lc gkmtk ekl pukald scarã kmtkmekrld y qukrrãm cyuecrld c sclbr ek kstc ’  ctbmù  ctbmù Lcurc. Kmtdmiks Edm Jdrgk idhprkmebù quk su drgulld, su kxcgkrcec tbhbekz, y kl md ekjcrsk cyuecr, lk ncaècm irkced um prdalkhc hcydr. Crrkpkmtbed, pbebù cyuec c Lcurc pcrc ncalcr idm kl pukald y lk kinkm umc hcmd. R tded kl pukald ld kmtkmebù y ekibebù cyuecrld, eãmedlk trcacjd idhd cyuecmtk, clgumds jùvkmks lk crrkglcrdm lcs idscs ecócecs ek su icsc, _krd tuvd quk ncikr um grcm ks`ukrzd pcrc skr cikptced ek mukvd pdr lcs pkrsdmcs, y ekibebù quk mumic hãs ekjcrèc ek pkebr cyuec sb ek vkrece lc mkiksbtcac, pdr huy hcl quk kstuvbksk.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

^. 

11 

QK@KQKMIBCY 

Cgublcr, K. (32>7). Cskrtbvbece: iùhd skr tú hbshd sbm iulpcs. Hâxbid: _cx. Akrg, N. (1?30). EkCgustèm, chbstceks juvkmblks c umc kspbrbtuclbece ek lcpp.329-131. chbstce: kl idmikptd ek chbstce km Ycm Darcs idhplktcs ek Ycm Cgustèm, 3(90), Aufdwsfb, W. (1?35). Bmvkstbgcibùm sdark lc chbstce ek mbóds y cedlksikmtks: iuctrd vbkjcs y mukvcs prkgumtcs quk hkrkikm mukstrc ctkmibùm. Ydibkece bmtkrmcibdmcl  pcrc kl kstuebd ekl ekscrrdlld ekl idhpdrtchbkmtd. 50(1), pp. 7-3?. Icaclld, P. (1??7). Hcmucl ek kvclucibùm y kmtrkmchbkmtd ek lcs NN.YY . Hcerbe, Kspcóc: Ybgld ^^B. Ecgukrrk, H. (1?3?). Ydark kl vcldr ek lc chbstce y su idm`lbitd pdtkmibcl idm lc hdrcl. [mc rkvbsbùm ekl ekactk idmtkhpdrãmkd , Ebc ̃ mdbc, ;;(05), pp. 57 ’ 02. 02. Y6 `dr Grcnch, B6 Ncmskm,p dtkmtbclly W. (322;)ncrh`ul Qksbstcmiksfblls trcbmbmg cme dmskt d` clidndlEdmclesdm, usk: kvbekmik akmk`bibcl cme pdtkmtbclly k``kits bm pualbi sinddls cme bm  prbvctk ictndlbi sinddl . Nkcltns _syindldgy. 35, 5, 123-9??? @krmãmekz, P. (1?3>). _kr`bl ek umc pkrsdmc khpãtbic. Qkiupkrced ek nttps://www.wkaidmsultcs.idh/hkmtk-y-khdibdmks/khdibdmks-y-cutdcyuec/pkr`bl-ek-umc pkrsdmc-khpctbic-39?9> Gcrièc Y.6 kt cl. (1?35).  Lc bhpdrtcmibc ek lc ksiuinc citbvc. Kspcóc. [mbvkrsbece ek Huribc, vdl 39.6 pp 170-121. @ldrks G., H.H. y Eècz-Ldvbmg, Q. (3225). Ldius ek idmtrdl, cskrtbvbece y idhumbicibùm km lc prkvkmibùm ekl sbec. Lc _sbidldgèc Ydibcl km Hâxbid, ;, 011-017. Irkcibùm ek lc ksiclc sdark ncablbeceks ek idhumbicibùm km Lkcl I.6ekktlccl. (1?30).  prd`ksbdmclks sclue. Kspcóc. [mbvkrsbece ek Huribc, vdl 916 pp 52-;2.

Lùpkz, _. (1?3?).  Ncablbeceks sdibclks quk sk prdpdmkm pcrc hkjdrcr lc rklcibùm idm lds ekhãs. Hâxbid: Keubmmdvc. _ârkz, Y (1?39). ¡Md tkmgcs hbked c pkebr cyuec! . Hkmtk Ycmc. Qkiupkrced ek: nttps://www.bskp.idh/id/wp-idmtkmt/upldces/sbtks/0/1?39/?3/hkmtkpsbid155.pe` Qderègukz, K. y Ykrrclek, H. (3223). Cskrtbvbece pcrc mkgdibcr. Hâxbid: HiGrcwNbll. Qdarked, I. (322;). Lc tdlkrcmibc c lc `rustrcibùm km rklcibùm cl grced ek cskrtbvbece quk tbkmkm lds vkmekedrks idhbsbdmbstcs klkitrdedhâstbids. Uksbs bmâebtc ek Lbikmibcturc km _sbidldgèc. Hâxbid: [mbvkrsbece @khkmbmc ek Hâxbid.

 

_QDGQCHC EK KMUQKMCHBKMUD KM NN.YY

Yãminkz, _. (1?31). Ncablbeceks sdibclks. Hâxbid: Keubmmdvc.

19