Productivity Concept & Definition:: Productivity Improvement Through Assembly Line Design
October 3, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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8
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
8. KF KF]P ]PJM JMYB YB]K ]KJF JF Ivir Iv ir skfbi skfbi `iokf `iokffkf fkfo o jg tli bkvk bkvkek ekzht zhtkjf kjf,, ahf ahf lhs lhs htti httiap aptim tim tj kaprj kaprjvi vi prjmubtkvkty jg j g lks ekaktim risjurbis ri sjurbis kf jrmir jrmi r tj ahxkakzi brihtkjf jg wihetl, wlkbl ks issiftkhe gjr survkvhe hfm ifdjyaift jg tli ekgi. Lks gkrst risjurbis wiri ahfpjwir hfm hfkahe pjwir hfm tlif li brihtim lhfm tjje hfm ehtir tli ahblkfis hfm tli ahblkfi tjje tj kaprjvi tli prjmubtkvkty jg ahfpjwir. ]li bjftkfuim pursukt jg lkolir lko lir pr prjmu jmubt btkv kvkt kty, y, Kfmust Kfmustrk rkhe he ifokfi ifokfiir ir siics siics tj ahxk ahxkak akzi zi tli pirgjr pirgjrah ahfbi fbi jg kfbiftkvi ahf-ahblkfi-ahtirkhe. ^rjmubtkvkty Bjfbipt & Migkfktkjf4
^rjmubtkvkty ^rjmubtk vkty ks h quhftkthtkvi riehtkjf `itwiif wlht wi prjmubi, wlht wi usi & h risjurbi tj prjmubi tlia, k.i. hrktlaitkb rhtkjf jg hajuft jg prjmubi (jutput) tj tli hajuft jg risjurbi (kfput). ^rjmubtkvkty rigirs tj iggkbkifby jg tli prjmubtkjf systia. Kt ks tli bjfbipt tlht oukmis tli ahfhoiaift jg tli prjmubtkjf systia. Kt ks tli kfmkbhtjr jg ljw wiee tli ghbtjrs jg prjmubtkjf (ehfm, bhpkthe, eh`jur, ifiroy, ahtirkhe) hri utkekzim.
Gko.8 ^rjmubtkvkty bjfbipt
―]jthe ^rjmubtkvkty ^rjmubtkvkty ks tli rhtkj jg tli hooriohti kfput. ^hrtkhe prjmubtkvkty prjmubtkvkty ks tli rhtkj jg tli hooriohti jutput tj hfy skfoei kfput.‑ ]li `hskb j`dibtkvis `ilkfm prjmubtkvkty aihsuriaift hri4
]j stumy pirgjrahfbi jg h systia jvir tkai.
]j htthkf h riehtkvi bjaphrksjfs jg tli mkggirift systia gjr h okvif eivies.
]j bjaphri tli hbtuhe prjmubtkvkty jg h systia wktl kts pehffim prjmubtkvkty
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
0
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
^rjmubtkvkty ^rjmubtkvkt y kaprjviaif kaprjviaifts ts tiblfkquis4 ]li `hskb prjmubtkvkty kaprjviaifts hri hs `iejw4
Gko.0 ^rjmubtkvkty kaprjviaifts tiblfkqui
]iblfjejoy `hsim
Bjaputir hkmim miskof BHM & ahfughbturkfo BHA.
Bjaputir kftiorhtim ahfughbturkfo systia BKAR.
Ekfi `hehfbkfo, Ahblkfi ejhmkfo, Rblimuekfo hfm Riquifbkfo.
Geixk`ei ahfughbturkfo systia.
^rjbiss `hsim
_jrc stumy.
Irojfjakbs & Luahf ghbtjr ifokfiirkfo.
Dj` ivheuhtkjf.
Ahtirkhe `hsim
_hsti iekakfhtkjf.
^urblhskfo.
^rjmubt `hsim
Wheui ifokfiirkfo.
Piekh`kekty.
^rjmubt akx
Rthfmhrmkzhtkjf
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
2
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
8.8 ^rjdibt J`dibtkvi4
@hskb j`dibtkvi jg tli ^rjdibt ks tj4 8) ]j hblk hblkivi ivi skfo skfoei ei pkib pkibii gejw. gejw. 0) Kaprjvia Kaprjviaift ift kf usi usi jg aif, aif, ahtirk ahtirkhe he & ahblkf ahblkfi. i. 2) Kaprjvia Kaprjviaifts ifts kf ahfughbt ahfughbturkf urkfo o prjbiss prjbiss hfm prjbimuri. prjbimuri. =) ]j bjfmubt bjfmubt Irojfja Irojfjakb kb stumy stumy tj riajvi riajvi ghtkou ghtkoui. i.
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
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^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
8.0 Rbjpi jg tli tli prjdibt & Aitljmjejoy4 Aitljmjejoy4
Pisjurbis riqukrim tj prjmubi ojjms hfm sirvkbis wjuem `i grja tli gjeejwkfo4 Ahf, ahblkfi, Ajfiy, tiblfjejokis, tkai. ]liy hri tj `i mipejyim kf ajst iggibtkvi ahffir. ]lks prjbiss jg mipejyaift ks h bjftkfujus jfi skfbi tli `ist hvhkeh`ei bja`kfhtkjf jg tli risjurbis ht sjai pjkft wjuem `i `ist gjr jtlir pjkft. ]lkss iaplhsk ]lk iaplhskzis zis tlht tliri ks h bjftkfuk bjftkfukfo fo fiim fiim gjr hfheyzk hfheyzkfo fo ixkstkf ixkstkfo o wjrckfo wjrckfo aitljms tj miviejp ajri iggkbkift wjrckfo aitljm gjr guturi. _jrc stumy ks tli systiahtkb ixhakfhtkjf jg tli aitljms jg bhrrykfo jf hbtkvktkis sj hs tj kaprjvi tli iggibtkvi usi jg risjurbis hfm tj sit up sthfmhrms jg pirgjrahfbi gjr tli hbtkvktkis `ikfo bhrrkim jut.
Gjeejwkfo stips hri migkfim tj sit j`dibtkvi4 MIGKFI ]LI ^PJ@EIA
KMIF]KGKFO ^PJDIB] RBJJ^I & AI]LJMJEJO[
RE^ ]JJER
MH]H BJEEIB]KJF
MH]H HFHE[RKR
I\HAKFI & MIWIEJ^
IWHEYH]I & MIGKFI
Gko.2 Rtips migkfim tj sit j`dibtkvi
0>88-0>80 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80
H^^EKBH]K JF JG EIHF BJFBI^]R
9
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
8.2 ^rj`eia ^rj`eia Migkfktkjf Migkfktkjf44
Hkr Bjfmktkjfkfo Bjfmktkjfkfo & Pigrkoirhtkjf Pigrkoirhtkjf ks tli jemist Rtrhtiokb @uskfiss Yfkts kf tli Ckrejschr ^fiuahtkb ^ehft ht Rhswhm, ^ufi. HBP-Iqukpaift mkvkskjf ahfughbturis 28 ajmies jg bjaprissjrs bjapris sjrs hs pir tli bustjair bustjair riqukriaift. riqukriaift. Gjr hee tli prjmubts tj ixbiimkfo ixbiimkfo sthciljemirs ixpibthtkjfs jf Xuhekty, Bjst, Miekviry ks tli prkai j`dibtkvi jg tli bjaphfy. @utt tli ixbiss @u ixbissis is ahfpj ahfpjwi wirr mipejy mipejyim im gjr fjf ahblk ahblkfkf fkfo o hb hbtk tkvk vkty, ty, `hbct `hbctrh rhbck bckfo fo jg ahtirkhe, lkol whktkfo tkai gjr phrts hri gjufm tj `i tli ahdjr j`sthbeis kf guegkeekfo tlks j`dibtkvis. Rj kf jrmir tj hblkivi tli wjrem behss ahfughbturkfo ahfughbturkfo sthtus gjr tli ixkstkfo utkekty utkekty hs wiee hs h fiw prjpjsi pehft jg C^BE kf tli shai mjahkf jg HBP-Iqukpaift mkvkskjf ht fiw ejbhtkjf, tli h`jvi aiftkjf lurmeis sljuem `i throitim hfm iekakfhtim. ]lks ks tli bjri j`dibtkvi jg tli prjdibt ufmirthcif ht C^BE.
J`dibtkvis4]j kfbrihsi tli bhphbkty jg tli hssia`ey, ]istkfo, ^hkftkfo ekfi grja 8 bjaprissjrs
pir ajftl tj 2>> bjaprissjrs bjapriss jrs pir ajftl wjrckfo jf jfijfi-slkgt slkgt `hsks.
Rpibkgkb J`dibtkvis4 J`dibtkvis4
]j kfbrihsi prjmubtkvkty kf Hssia`ey, tistkfo hfm phkftkfo hrih.
]j hblkivi mui mhtis k.i. Eihm tkai rimubtkjf.
]j akfkakzi `hbctrhbckfo & brjss-trhggkb.
]j hblkivi skfoei pkibi gejw.
]j kftrjmubi shgi wjrckfo bjfmktkjfs.
Jptkaua utkekzhtkjf jg ahfpjwir.
]j akfkakzi wjrc kf prjoriss kf kfviftjry kf tli sljp.
0>88-0>80 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80
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^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
0. BJ BJA^ A^HF HF[ [ ^P ^PJG JGKE KEII-
_ktl h oriht peihsuri, K thci tli prkvkeioi prkvkeioi jg kftrjmubkfo ―CKPEJRCHP ―CKPEJRCHP OPJY^‑ OPJY^‑ hs h Eihmir kf tli gkiems jg Aiblhfkbhe Ifokfiirkfo.
]li orjup bjaprkskfo bjaprkskfo jg sivif bjaphfkis ifohoim kf auetkpei auetkpei hbtkvktkis, ks iqukppim wktl ehtist sthti-jg-tli-hrt ahblkfiry.
Ckrejschrr ^fiuahtkb Bj. Etm whs isth`ekslim Ckrejsch isth`ekslim kf 8;78 sthrtim wktl ahfughbturi jg Hkr bjaprissjrs bjaprissj rs hfm ^fiuahtkb ^fiuahtkb ]jjes. ]lirihgtir, tli bjaphfy ixphfmim kts hbtkvktkis hbtkvktkis kf tli gkiem gkiem jg Hkr Bjfmktk Bjfmktkjfkf jfkfo, o, Pigrko Pigrkoirht irhtkjf kjf hfm Lymrhue Lymrhuekb kb ^jwir ^jwir ]rhfsa ]rhfsakssk ksskjf jf iqukpaift.
Ht prisift, tli bjaphfy lhs tlrii Rtrhtiokb @uskfiss Yfkts (R@Y) vkz.4 8. Hkr Bjaprissjr Bjaprissjr R@Y (HBM) gjr ahfughbturi ahfughbturi jg Hkr & Ohs Bjaprissjrs. Bjaprissjrs. 0. Hkr Bjfmk Bjfmktkj tkjfkfo fkfo & Pigrk Pigrkoirh oirhtkjf tkjf R@Y R@Y (HBP) (HBP).. ]liri hri tlrii `uskfiss ufkts kf tlks R@Y vkz. HBP iqukpaift, ^rjbiss Ohs Ryst Ry stia iass
&
Pig Pigrk rkoir oirht htkjf kjf Ryst Rystia iass
wlkb wlkbl l
ahfug ahfughb hbtur turis is
Pig Pigrko rkoir irhtk htkjf jf
Bjaprissjrs /^hbchois. 2. ]rhfsa ]rhfsakssk ksskjf jf R@Y (]PA) (]PA) wlkbl ks ifohoim ifohoim kf ahfughb ahfughbturi turi ^jwir ^jwir ]rhfsak ]rhfsaksskj sskjf f gjr Ejbjs, Kfmustrkhe Kfmustrkhe Oihr`jxis, Oihr`jxis, Ahrkfi Oihr`jxis, _kfmakee Oihr`jxis, ^jwir ^hbcs.
C^BE's jpirhtkjfs hri bhrrkim jut kf twj pehfts hs okvif `iejw4 8.
Lhmh Lhmhpsh pshr4 r4 HBMHBM-Hk Hkrr Bjap Bjapris rissjr sjr & ]PA]PA-]r ]rhfs hfsak akssk sskjf jf R@Y' R@Y'ss gufbt gufbtkjf kjfss bjfsjekmhtim
wktl HBM.
0>88-0>80 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80
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^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
0. Rhswhm4 Rhswhm4 HBP - Hkr Hkr Bjfmkt Bjfmktkjfk kjfkfo fo & Pigrk Pigrkoirh oirhtkjf tkjf R@Y. R@Y.
Rhswhm pehft whs isth`ekslim kf 8;-9>> ]P). 0. Pibkprjbhtkfo Pibkprjbhtkfo ]ypi Pigrkoirh Pigrkoirhtkjf tkjf bjaprissjrs bjaprissjrs (CB\ Rirkis) (9>-0>> ]P). 2. Pibkprjbhtkfo Pibkprjbhtkfo ]ypi Pigrkoirhtkjf Pigrkoirhtkjf bjaprissjrs bjaprissjrs (^B-0) (9> ]P). =. Hkr-bjf Hkr-bjfmktk mktkjfkf jfkfo o bjaprissjr bjaprissjrss (HB-GC (HB-GC Rirkis) Rirkis) (9-8?9 (9-8?9 ]P). ]P).
]li Hffuhe ahfughbturkfo vjeuais ixbiim 8> Pigrkoirhtkjf Pigrkoirhtkjf Bjaprissjrs Bjaprissjrs hfm hri hvhkeh`ei kf `jtl hkr-bjjeim hfm whtir-bjjeim virskjf.
Hffuhe Hff uhe ]urf ]urfjvi jvirr jg tli tli C^BE C^BE HBP HBP Iqukp Iqukpai aift ft Mk Mkvk vkskj skjf f kf yihr yihr 0>8>-0 0>8>-0>88 >88 ks ;?.79br.
Bjaprissjr ahfughbturkfo ghbkektkis hri bjftkfuheey uporhmim hfm kaprjvim tj ifsuri tli riqukskti quhektkis ht bjapitktkvi. Brktkbhe bjapjfifts ekci brhfcbhsi, byekfmir `ejbc, brhfcslhgt, bjffibtkfo bj ffibtkfo rjm hri gh`rkbhtim gh`r kbhtim hfm ahblkfim kf lju ljusi. si.
]lii pris ]l pristk tkok okju juss KR KRJ J ;> ;>>8 >840 40>> >> >>40 40>> >>= = birt birtkg kgkb kbht htkj kjfs fs gjr gjr Xuhe Xuhekt kty y ahfhoiaift Rystia kf 8;;; hri prjjg jg Ckrejschr‛s bjaaktaift tj quhekty hfm ifvkrjfaift.
C^BE ks tli gkrst bjaprissjrs ahfughbturkfo bjaphfy kf Kfmkh tj `i hwhrmim tli JRLHR8>840>>? birtkgkbhtkjf.
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
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^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Bjaprissjr ^rjmubts Phfoi Ajmie
Bjjekfo
Phfoi CB 0,2,=,7,;,80
CB
_htir Bjjeim
byekfmirs kf Rkfoei
(9>-9>> ]P)*
jr twj-sthoi.
]jthe 89 kf fj.
CB\
Hkr Bjjeim (9>-0>> ]P)*
CB 0,2,=,7,;,80 byekfmirs. ]jthe 7 kf fj.
_htir Bjjeim ^B
^B-0
(Yp tj9>)*
_htir Bjjeim HB
(9>- 8?9]P)*
; ajmie
]h`ei 8 Bjaprissjr ^rjmubts Phfoi
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
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^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
GIH]YPIR4
8. Hee stiie gh`rkbhtim Brhfcbhsi Ajmuehr Bjfstrubtkjf. 0. ^rjtibtkjf hohkfst ekqukm lhaair iggkbkift liht mksskphtkjf. 2. Xukbc sirvkbi hbbiss gjr Ahkftifhfbi.
H^^EKBH]KJF4 -
8. @ivirhoi @ivirhois, s, @riw @riwirki irkiss & @jttek @jttekfo fo ufkts ufkts 0. Gksl Gksl &Ai &Aiht ht ^rj ^rjbi biss sskf kfo o 2. Wioit Wioith`e h`eii bjem bjem Rtjrh Rtjrhois ois =. Mhkry Mhkry & Akec Akec ^rj ^rjbis bisskf skfo o Yfkt Yfktss 9. Kbi ^eh ^ehfts fts / Blia Bliakbh kbhes es / ^lhra ^lhrahb hby y
2. ]LI ]LIJP[ JP[ H HFM FM EK EK]IP ]IPH]Y H]YPI PI RY RYPWI PWI[4 [4 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
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^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
2.8Hssia`ey Ekfi S80Q4 Hssia`ey ekfi ahfughbturkfo ks tiblfkqui kf wlkbl prjmubt ks bhrrkim `y sjai gjra jg aiblhfkzim aihfs hajfo sthtkjf ht wlkbl vhrkjus phrts hri hmmim `y jpirhtkjfs fibisshry tj `ukem tli gkfhe prjmubt. Kt K t ks usim tj ehroi fua`ir jg h uf ufkgjra kgjra prjmubt qukbcey.
Hssia`ey ekfi miskof4 ]j, heeivkhti bjapeixkty jg miskof hf hssia`ey ekfi3 hf hssia`ey ekfi ks su`mkvkmim kftj fua`ir jg ejokbhe jr plyskbhe sibtkjfs. ]li miskof tiha usuheey kfbeumi aia`ir grja sivirhe miphrtaift3 ihbl rispjfsk`ei gjr jfi jr ajri sibtkjfs. ]li su`mkvkskjf aitljm hfm tli migkfktkjfs jg tli sibtkjf hri tli hppekbhtkjf mipifmift. Grja hfheytkbhe pjkft jg vkiw kt ks bjfvifkift tj su` mkvkmi h ekfi h fua`ir jg sibtkjf, hfm mihe wktl kfmkvkmuhe sibtkjfs siphrhtiey. siphrhtiey. Jf tli jtlir lhfm h sibtkjf aust `i miskofim kf kftiorhtim kftiorh tim ahffir. ]j hblkivi miskof kftiorhtkjf, kftirriehtim kftirriehtim bjapjfifts aust `i miskofim kf kftiorhtim bjapjfifts aust `i bjfskmirim ufmir tli shai miskof gufbtkjf. Gkvi subl gufbtkjfs hri kmiftkgkim4 8. Ekfi Ekfi gej gejw w hfm hfm bjfgk bjfgkour ourhtk htkjf jf 0. Ekfi Ekfi jpirh jpirhtk tkjf jf 2. Ahti Ahtirk rkhe he ej ejok okst stkb kb =. ^rjmu ^rjmubt bt ykiem ykiem hf hfm m quhe quhekt kty y 9. Kfgjra Kfgjraht htkj kjf f ahfh ahfhoia oiaift ift ]li riehtkjf `itwiif ekfi sibtkjf hfm gufbtkjf ks okvif `iejw kf th`ei. Gejw
& Ekfi
bjfgkourhtkjf ^rjbiss miskof
\
Ekfi `hehfbi
\
]ist strhtioy
\
[kiem ahfhoiaift Ahtirkhe lhfmekfo Ahkftifhfbi pjekby
jpirhtkjf
Ahtirkhe
[kiem
ejokstkb
quhekty
& Kfgjrahtkjf ahfhoiaift
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| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
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^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Luahf risjurbi
\
Ekfi skzi
\
Ekfi ehyjut
\
Kfgjrahtkjf systia
\
\
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Fjti4 ―\‑ kfmkbhtis gufbtkjfhe gufbtkjf he riehtkjfslkp ]h`ei 0 Gufbtkjfhe riehtkjfslkp `itwiif ekfi sibtkjfs & ekfi gufbtkjfs
2.0Ekfi `hehfbkfo S0, =Q Ekfi `hehfbkfo ks bjaajfey tiblfkqui tj sjevi prj`eias jbburrim kf hssia`ey ekfi. Ekfi `hehfbkfo ks h tiblfkqui tj akfkakzi ka`hehfbi `itwiif wjrcirs hfm wjrcejhms kf jrmir tj hblkivi riqukrim riqukrim ruf rhti. ]lks bhf `i mjfi `y iquhekzkfo iquhekzkfo tli hajuft jg wjrc kf ihbl sthtkjf hfm hsskof tli saheeist fua`ir jg wjrcirs kf tli phrtkbuehr wjrcsthtkjf. Liri tli dj` ks mkvkmim kftj sahee pjrtkjf bheeim ―dj` ieiaift‑ .]li hka ks tj ahkfthkf prjmubtkjf ht hf iquhe rhti. Ekfi `hehfbkfo jpirhtis ufmir twj bjfmktkjfs4
^ribimifbi Bjfstrhkft.
^rjmubts bhf‛t ajvi tj jtlir sthtkjf kg kt mjisf‛t guegkee riqukrim thsc ht tlht sthtkjf. Kt sljuemf‛t hbrjss jtlir sthtkjf `ibhusi birthkf phrt fiims tj `i mjfi `igjri jtlirs.
Bybei tkai Pistrkbtkjf
Bybei tkai ks ahxkaua tkai gjr prjmubts spifm kf iviry wjrcsthtkjf. wjrcsthtkjf. Mkggirift wjrcsthtkjf wjrcsthtkjf lhs mkggirift bybei tkai. J`dibtkvi jg Ekfi @hehfbkfo4 Ekfi `hehfbkfo tiblfkqui ks usim tj4 8. ]j ahfho ahfhoii tli wjrcejhm wjrcejhmss hajfo hajfo hssia hssia`eir `eirss 0. ]j kmift kmiftkgy kgy tli ejbhtkj ejbhtkjf f jg `jtteifi `jtteifibc bc 2. ]j mitira mitirakfi kfi fua`ir fua`ir jg wjrcsth wjrcsthtkjf tkjf
=. ]j rimubi prjmubtkjf bjst. Hssia`ey Hssia` ey ekfi `hehfbkfo4 `hehf bkfo4 _lkbl _l kbl ajmie tj usi wlif: S88-0>80 0>88-0>80
80
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
]li vhst gkiem jg HE@ hbbjrmkfo tj blhrhbtirkstkb prhbtkbhe sittkfos hfm lkolekolts rieivhft ajmie ixtifskjfs wlkbl hri riqukrim tj riffibt h rihe-wjrem prj`eia, wlkbl okvis lkfts jf ljw tj skfoei jut suktim `hehfbkfo prjbimuris gjr akx-ajmie typi jg hssia`ey systia. Rkfoei ajmie-hssia`ey ekfis4 H skfoei-ajmie hssia`ey ekfi ks ekaktim tj prjmubkfo
jfi vhrkhft hfm ks ahkfey usim gjr ahss prjmubtkjf jg jfi ljajoifijus prjmubt. Akxim Ak xim-a -ajmi jmiee hs hssia sia`e `ey y ekfi ekfi4-H 4-H akxim akxim-aj -ajmie mie hssia hssia`ey `ey ek ekfi fi prjmu prjmubi biss sivirh sivirhee
sthfmhrm sthf mhrmkzi kzim m prjmubt prjmubtss ahy mkggir mkggir tljuol tljuol hee aust bjfthkf bjfthkf birthkf birthkf pirbifth pirbifthoi oi jg kmiftkbhe `hskb phrts sj prjmubtkjf ks ghkrey skakehr. Mipifmkfo jf tli jrmir jg jptkjfhe phrts ixtrh thscs hri iktlir ixibutim jr eigt ju jut. t. Auetk-ajmie hssia`ey ekfi4-H auetk-ajmie hssia`ey ekfi prjmubis mkggirift vhrkhfts
kf `htblis. ]li hmvhfthoi ks tj hvjkm/rimubi situps. H trhmi-jgg prj`eia jbburs wlif mibkmkfo `htbl skzis hfm siquifbis
Gko.= Kfvistkohtim ckfms jg hssia`ey ekfis
Riquifbkfo akxim-ajmie hssia`ey ekfis S;Q ]li akxim-a akxim-ajmie jmie siquifbk siquifbkfo fo prj`eia prj`eia (AR^) (AR^) hka tj akfkak akfkakzi zi wjrc jvirejhm, jvirejhm, gkfmkfo gkfmkfo siquifbis wliri ajmies wktl ejfoir hfm sljrtir prjbisskfo tkais hetirfhtis. Kf jrmir tj miviejp hf iggkbkift siquifbi ajmies hri sblimueim ht ihbl sthtkjf hfm bybei, `y ixpekbktey thckfo thc kfo
kftj kftj hbbjuft hbbjuft prjbisskfo prjbisskfo tkais, tkais, wjrcirs wjrcirs ajviaif ajviaifts, ts, sthtkjf sthtkjf `jrmirs hfm gurtlir gurtlir
jpirhtkjfhe blhrhbtirkstkbs jg tli ekfi.
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
82
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Hpprjhbl
^ehffkfo ljrkzjf
Akxim
Akm Ak m jr jr ejfo ejfo tira tira
ajmie `hehfbkfo
Eivie jg mibkskjf ahckfo
Ahkf bjfbirf hfm hka
Lkol Lkol eivie eivie,, wkt wktl l bjfs bjfskmi kmirh rhtk tkjf jf Kfstheehtkjf jg ekfi, tj tli strhtiokb ojhes jg tli
ri`hehfbkfo, mkvkmkfo
bjaphfy hfm tli prjmubtkjf jvir h giw yihrs.
wjrc `itwiif sthtkjfs. Gkfmkfo h siquifbi jg
Akxim
Rljrt tira
Jpirhtkjf eivie, wktl
ajmie
bjfskmirhtkjf jg sljp gejjr
siquifbkfo
hfm tli mhkey prjmubtkjf.
ajmies tlrjuol h mithkeim sblimuekfo jg wjrc bjftift kf jrmir tj akfkakzi4 wjrc jvir ejhmim jr tlrjuolput tkais itb. Lkol kftifskvi ajmies hetirfhti wktl eiss kftifskvi ajmies. Brihtkfo h siquifbi tlht
Eivie
Rljrt tira
sblimuekfo
Jpirhtkjf eivie, wktl bjfskmirhtkjf jg sljp gejjr hfm tli mhkey prjmubtkjf.
suppjrts tlht DK] plkejsjply. Eiviekfo jut ju t ahtirkhe miahfmim grja tli prjmubtkjf ekfi sj tlht ivif hfm sajjtl miekvirkis bhf `i hblkivim.
]h`ei 2 Ruaahry jg hpprjhblis gjr sjevkfo prj`eias jf h akxim-ajmie ekfi
Aihsuri jg iggibtkvifiss S=, 82Q 4 ]j hssuri tlht tli ekfi hpprjprkhtiey hpprjprkhtiey miskofim, ekfi aihsuriaift ks isth`ekslim tj ufmirsthf ufmirsthfm m mi misko skof f iggib iggibtk tkvif vifiss iss.. Aihsur Aihsuria iaif iftt bhf `i behss behsskg kgkim kim kftj kftj twj twj bhtio bhtiojrk jrkis is bj bjst st & ek ekfi fi pirgjrahfbi.
0>88-0>80 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80
8=
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
H bjst ktia usuheey aihsuris tli tjthe hajuft jg spifmkfo fiimim tj prjmubi okvif hajuft jg prjmubt. ]lks kfbeumis kfbeumis prjmubt miskof, miviejpaift, miviejpaift, eh`jrhtjry tistkfo, mkribt hfm kfmkribt eh`jr, iqukpaift, ghbkektkis, hfm jtlir jvirlihms. ]li rhtkj jg tjthe spifmkfo tj tjthe hajuft jg prjmubts ks tlif tli prjmubt ufkt bjst. Ekfii pirgjra Ekf pirgjrahfbi hfbi ks mitirak mitirakfim fim `y ahfy phrhait phrhaitirs, irs, subl hs wjrcsth wjrcsthtkjf tkjf hvhkeh`k hvhkeh`kekty ekty,, jpirhtkjf prjbiss gejw phttirf, jpirhtjr sckee eivie, ekfi jpirhtkjf ahfhoiaift pjekby, hfm ekfi ehyjut. Ekfi Ekfi aihsu aihsuri ri ks mi mirkv rkvim im grja grja wjrc wjrcst sthtk htkjf jf bh bhphb phbkt kty, y, ykiem ykiem,, ek ekfi fi sblim sblimue uekf kfo o pjek pjekby, by, dj` mksphtblkfo pjekby, phrts hvhkeh`kekty, hfm ekfi ehyjut hfm ahtirkhe lhfmekfo aitljm. Rivirhe mkggirift aihsuris sljuem `i usim tj bjapeiti ekfi pirgjrahfbi ivheuhtkjf hs gjeejws. ]lii tkai tkai ri riquk qukrim rim `itwi `itwiif if bjapei bjapeitk tkjfs jfs jg subbi subbissk sskvi vi ufkts ufkts jg ifm 8. ]hct tkai4-]l prjmubt. ]hct tkai ks usim tj phbi ekfis kf tli prjmubtkjf ifvkrjfaifts kf jrmir tj shtksgy ahrcit miahfm. ]hct tkai 1 ] / M _liri, ]- ]jthe prjmubtkjf tkai hvhkeh`ei. M ‒ ]jthe bustjair miahfm.. 0. ]lrjuol put put tka tkai4 - ]lks ks tli tjthe hajuft tlht h prjmubt spifms kf tli ekfi,
kfbeumkfo whktkfo hfm riwjrc. Eihm tkai ks hesj hf kapjrthft phrhaitir gjr ahtirkhe riqukriaift pehffkfo.. 2. _jrc _jrc sthtk sthtkjf jf utkek utkekzh zhtk tkjf jf44-]lks ks tli prjpjrtkjf jg tkai tlht h sthtkjf ks `usy mjkfo
usigue wjrc. Gjr h wiee `hehfbim ekfi, hee wjrcsthtkjf sljuem lhvi hpprjxkahtiey tli shai utkekzhtkjf. Kg tli tkai ekfi ks ruffkfo ht guee spiim, wjrcsthtkjfs utkekzhtkjf wkee `i bejsi tj jfi. ]li hvirhoi wjrcsthtkjf wjr csthtkjf utkekzhtkjf ks m migkfim igkfim `y,
_ 1
8 f
f
∘ rksk k1 8
_liri, f 1 Fua`ir jg wjrcsthtkjfs 0>88-0>80 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80
89
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Rk 1Hvirhoi prjbiss tkai ht wjrcsthtkjf k.
r k 1 ]lrjuolput tkai ht wjrcsthtkjf k. =. Jpir Jpirht htjr jr utk utkek ekzh zhtk tkjf jf44 - ]lks ks skakehr tj wjrcsthtkjf utkekzhtkjf, ixbipt tlht jpirhtjrs
hri ajri geixk`ei. Rjaitkais, ivif gjr hf uf`hehfbim bhsi, wjrcejhm ahy `i ivifey mkstrk`utim tj jpirhtjrs. Jpirhtjr utkekzhtkjf ks h aihsuri gjr tli iggkbkifby jg dj` hsskofaift pjekby. ]li jpirhtjr utkekzhtkjf ks migkfim `y,
W 1 (^R / F]) _liri, ^ ‒ ^rjmubtkjf vjeuai pir mhy.
R ‒ Ixpibtim tjthe ahfuhe prjbiss tkai F- Fua`ir jg jpirhtjrs ]- ]jthe prjmubtkvi tkai pir mhy. 9. @heh hehfbi fbi mieh miehy y4
@hehfbi miehy ks tli iggkbkifby kfmix hfm ks tli hajuft jg kmei tkai ixprissim hs h pirbifthoi jg hbtuhe prjmubtkjf tkai jg tli ekfi. Rbkifbi tli jutput jg tli ekfi ks mitira mit irakfim kfim `y tli sejwist sejwist wjrcsth wjrcsthtkjf tkjf tkai tkai auetkpe auetkpekim kim `y fua`ir fua`ir jg wjrcsth wjrcsthtkjf tkjf lifbi,
f
( f . R a )∐∘ Rk
M 1 ⌌
k1 8
f.Ra
8>> >% ⌋∟8>
_liri,
M1 @hehfbi miehy.
Ra 1 Ahxkaua sthtkjf tkai jf tli ekfi.
f 1 Fua`ir jg sthtkjfs.
Rk 1Hbtuhe sthtkjf tkai. | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
87
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
7. Ekf kfii iggkb gkbkifb kifby y4 - ]lks wkee bhrrkim jut tj gkfm iggibtkvifiss jr utkekzhtkjf jg ekfi.
Lkolir tli utkekzhtkjf pirbifthoi `ittir ks tli risjurbi utkekzhtkjf hfm iggkbkifby. ]li ekfi iggkbkifby bhebuehtim `y,
]hsc tkai ∘ jg ]hsc
Ekfi Iggkbkifby 1
Fj . jg wjrcsthtkjf∟]hct tkai
2.2Irojfjakbs S?Q Irojfjakbs ks tli sbkiftkgkb stumy jg pijpei ht wjrc. ]li ojhe jg irojfjakbs ks tj rimubi striss stri ss hfm iek iekakf akfhti hti kfdurkis kfdurkis hfm mksjrmir mksjrmirss hssjbkh hssjbkhtim tim wktl wktl tli jvirusi jvirusi jg ausbeis ausbeis,, `hm pjsturi, hfm ripihtim thscs. ]lks ks hbbjapekslim `y miskofkfo thscs, wjrc sphbis, bjftrjes, mkspehys mksp ehys,, tjjes, tjjes, ekoltkf ekoltkfo, o, hfm iqukpai iqukpaift ft tj gkt tli iapejyi iapejyii‛s i‛s plyskbh plyskbhee bhph`kek bhph`kektkis tkis hfm ekakthtkjfs. ekakth tkjfs. ^rjpir irojfjakb miskof ks fibisshry tj privift ripitktkvi strhkf kfdurkis, kfdurkis, wlkbl bhf miviejp jvir tkai hfm bhf eihm tj ejfo-tira mksh`kekty
2.=. MH]H BJEEIB]KJF ]IBLFKXYIR4 Wkmij sljjtkfo4 Wkmij hfm pljtjorhply ks tli `hskb aitljm wlkei bjeeibtkfo riehtim thsc kfgjrahtkjf gjr ghbkekthtkfo dj` hfheysis hfm hssissaifts. Ahtirkhes fiimim4 Wkmij bhairh hfm `ehfc thpis/BM, `httiry blhroir. Gjeejwkfo hri tli prjtjbjes hvhkeh`ei gjr vkmijthpkfo tli thsc 4 S82Q
]j virkgy tli hbburhby jg tli vkmij bhairh tj ribjrm kf rihe tkai, Wkmijthpi Wkmijthpi h wjrcir jr dj` wktl h stjpwhtbl stjpwhtbl ruffkfo kf tli gkiem jg vkiw gjr ht eihst 8 akf. ]li pehy-`hbc pehy-`hbc jg tli thpi sljuem bjrrispjfm tj tli ehpsim tkai jf tli stjpwhtbl.
Hffjufbi tli fhai jg tli dj` jf tli vjkbi blhffie jg tli vkmij bhairh `igjri tli hpkfo jg hfy dj`. Pistrkbt ruffkfo tkai bjaaifts tj tli ghbts. Ahci fj imktjrkhe bjaaifts.
]hpi ihbl dj` ejfo ifjuol tj j`sirvi hee hspibts jg tli thsc. ]hpi 9 tj 8>akf gjr hee dj`s, kfbeumkfo ht eihst eihs t 8> bjapeiti bybeis.
Giwir bybeis ahy `i fiimim kg hee hspibts jg tli dj` hri ribjrmim ht eihst 2 tj = tkais.
0>88-0>80 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80
8?
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Ljem Lje m tl tlii bhairh bhairh stkee stkee,, uskfo uskfo h trk trkpjm pjm kg hvhke hvhkeh`e h`ei. i. Mjf' Mjf'tt whec whec ufeiss ufeiss h` h`sje sjeuti utiey ey fibisshry.
@iokf thpkfo ihbl thsc wktl h wljei-`jmy sljt jg tli wjrcir. Kfbeumi tli siht/blhkr hfm tli surghbi tli wjrcir ks sthfmkfo jf. Ljem tlks gjr 0 tj 2 bybeis, hfm tlif gjbuskfo jfey jf tli lhfms/hras jg bhrkfo hbtkvkty.
2.9. HFHE[RKR ]JJER4 _jrc stumy ks tli systiahtkb ixhakfhtkjf jg tli aitljms jg bhrrykfo jf hbtkvktkis sj
hs tj kaprjvi tli iggibtkvi usi jg risjurbis hfm tj sit up sthfmhrms jg pirgjrahfbi gjr tli hbtkvktkis `ikfo bhrrkim jut. S2Q
Gko.9 Rbliahtkb jg wjrc stumy
Eihf ]jjes hfm ]iblfkquis S0, =Q4 Bustjair shtksghbtkjf, ht tli biftir jg tli eihf plkejsjply ks aihsurkfo hee hbtkvkty grja tli bustjair‛s pjkft jg vkiw. Rj okvi bustjairs ixhbtey wlht tliy whft fj ajri, fj eiss. Bjst, prjgkt & bhsl gejw, kt thecs h`jut pjkft kf ahfughbturkfo gkra. ^rjgkt wkee `i tli mkggirifbi `itwiif bjsts hfm sieekfo prkbi. Eihf ahfughbturkfo ks tj mitirakfi yjur rihe bjst, kf jrmir tj ahci jfi ktia jg birthkf prjmubt, h pirsjf aust wjrc gjr fua`ir jg ljurs hfm prjbiss hfm hajuft h ajuft jg ahtirkhe. ahtirk he. ]li bjst jg jvir jv ir prjmubtkjf pr jmubtkjf ks sjaitlkfo s jaitlkfo `igjri yju slkp kt tj sjaijfi kf ixblhfoi gjr bhsl. Jvirprjmubtkjf & ixbisskvi kfviftjry hri tli ajst brktkbhe
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
8<
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
hrihs jg whsti kf tli eihf plkejsjply. ]liri ks hewhys `hehfbkfo hbt `itwiif wlif yju spifm ajfiy, ljw aubl yju spifm ajfiy hfm wlif yju oit ajfiy tj phy gjr yjur ixpifsis. ]jyjth prjmubtkjf systia S9Q
Gko.7 ]jyjth prjmubtkjf systia
Gko.? ]li 2 A
]lks tira ks riehtim wktl gejw jg ahfughbturkfo. ahfughbturkfo. @htbl & Xuiui Ws eihf gejw4 @htbl hfm Xuiui ks ahss ahss prjmubtk prjmubtkjf jf hpprjhbl hpprjhbl hfm kts jppjskti jppjskti jg tli skfoei pkibi jg gejw kf tli eihf ifvkrjfaift. ifvkrjfaift. Kt ks kapjrthft kapjrthft tj ufmirsthfm ufmirsthfm tli hbtkvktkis hbtkvktkis wlkbl hri tli vheui hmmim, Fjf vheui hmmim riqukrim fjf vheui hmmim, whsti tj tli prjmubt.
0>88-0>80 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80
8;
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
=. AI]LJMJEJO[4
=.8 Rtumy jg ixktkfo H]^ H]^ ekfi gjr hee ajmie jg bjaprissjr bjaprissjr4
^X Hfheysks
Jpirhtkjf siquifbi
Rtumy jg tjjes, ahtirkhe lhfmekfo iqukpaifts, bjfsuah`eis itb.
Rtumy jg fjf-vheui hmmim hbtkvktkis.
Rtumy jg _ARM lhzhrms hbtkvktkis.
Ehyjut jg ixktkfo hssia`ey ekfi.
=.0 Mhth hfheysks4 hfheysks4
Wkmij hfheysks.
Gkfm jut hrihs jg kaprjviaifts.
=.2 ^rjpjshe jg ajmkgkbhtkjf jg tli hssia`ey ekfi4
^rjbiss hutjahtkjf hfm riajvi fjf vheui hmmim hbtkvktkis.
Ekfi `hehfbkfo.
0>88-0>80 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80
0>
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
]jje, ohuoi, ahtirkhe lhfmekfo iqukpaifts itb
Ehyjut jg prjpjsim hssia`ey ekfi.
9. MKRBYRRKJF JG ]LI _JPCMJFI4 9.8 MH]H BJEEIB]KJF4
9.8.8 ^X Hfheysks4 -
Gko.< ^X hfheysks ^rjmu ^rjmubt bt (jr ahti ahtirk rkhe he)) aihfs aihfs44 (wlht (wlht ks tj `i ahmi ahmi jr prjmub prjmubim: im:). ). ]li ]li prjmub prjmubts ts prjmubim `y tli bjaphfy jr hrih kf quistkjf, tli sthrtkfo ahtirkhes jr purblhsim phrts, tli gjraim jr trihtim phrts hfm tli gkfkslim ojjms. ^rjmubts ahy `i tiraim hs ktias, vhrkitkis, ajmies, styeis. ^hrt fua`irs, gjrauehtkjfs, jr prjmubt orjups.
Rr. Fj
Misbrkptkjf Fj.
Bjaprissjr typi CB0 0
CB2 2
CB= =
CB7 7
CB; ;
CB80 80
8
Fj. jg Byekfmir
0
Byekfmir @jri aa
87>
87>
87>
87>
87>
87>
2
^ksjf Rrjci aa
88>
88>
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= 9
Byekfmir Hrrhfoiaif Mkribtjf Jg Pjhtjf
8xv
8xw 0xv 0xw 2xw Hftbejbcwksi Ejjckfo grja Geywliie ifm
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
=xw
08
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof Rhfmhrm bjaprissjr spiims (ajjr rpa 8=9>)
7
(ajjr rpa 8>>>)
?
JKE blhroi bhphbky
<
@hri bjaprissjr _ikol
Rr. j
_kmt l
=9>,9>>,99>,7>>,79>,?>>,?9>,>,,;>>,;9> & 8>>> rpa. =>>,=9>,9>>,99>,7>>.79>,?>>,?9>,>,,;>>,;7>,&8>>> rpa ;
8>
8>.9
82
0>
20
=29
929
779
;>>
80=9
89
;29
089
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0
CB2
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929
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9
CB;
8
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8988-80 29> 2>> 09> 0>> 89> 8>> 9> > 0 2 2 \ = 7 ; 0 88-0>80 0>88-0>80
00
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
^ hfm X hri tli twj `hskb ieiaift jf wlkbl tli prj`eia rists. ]lisi twj ieiaifts ufmireki ufmi reki hee jtlir jtlir Gihturi Gihturiss hfm bjfmktk bjfmktkjfs jfs kf ehyjut ehyjut wjrc. wjrc. ]lirigj ]lirigjri ri ghbts, ghbts, istkah istkahtim tim jr kfgjrahtkjf h`jut tlisi twj ieiaifts hri istkahtis, jr kfgjrahtkjf h`jut tlisi twj ieiaifts hri issiftkhe.
9.8.0 Jpirhtkjf ^rjbiss blhrt4
Kt ks jutekfi prjbiss blhrt. Kt okvis us `krm vkiw jg tli iftkri prjmubts prjbiss. _ljei prjbiss ks ribjrmim jfey ahdjr prjbiss k.i. jpirhtkjf & kfspibtkjf. Kt lieps vksuhekzis tli bjapeiti siquifbi jg tli prjbiss.
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
02
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Gko.; Hssia`ey prjbiss siquifbi- Ixkstkfo
9.8.2 Hssia`ey blhrt4 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
0=
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Hssia`ey blhrt ks bjfsksts jg tli why kf wlkbl prjmubt ks ojkfo tj hssia`eim. ^rjmubt hfm kts su` prjmubt hri kmiftkgkim `y tlks blhrt.
Gko.8> Kmiftkgkbhtkjf jg prjmubts kts su`-prjmubts
9.8.= ^risift Hssia`ey ekfi4 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
09
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Ht C^BE, CB & CB\-0/2/=/7/;/80 byekfmir bjaprissjr hssia`ey ks bhrrkim jut jf skfoei hssia hssia`e `ey y ek ekfi. fi. ]lisi ]lisi hssia hssia`ey `ey jg bj bjap apris rissjr sjr ks mjfi mjfi ht sthfm sthfm hejfi hejfi st sthtk htkjf jf,, bh bhusi usi kf brkssbrjss ajviaift hfm `hbctrhbckfo jg ahf hs wiee hs ahtirkhe wlkbl ks ahfuhe hfm ufshgi gjr ahtirkhe ahtirkhe lhfmekf lhfmekfo. o. ^hrts ^hrts ekci `ihrkfo `ihrkfo bjvir, jke puap, slhgt slhgt sihe bjvir hfm WEM hri suppekim kf bjapjfift trjeeiy3 sjai jg tli bjaajf phrts k.i. B-behss ktias i.o. fut, `jet, stum, whslir itb. hri stjrim kf pehstkb brhtis jf tli ekfi. ]li su` hssia`ekis hri mjfi kf su` hssia`ey hssia`e y hrih hfm tlif `rjuolt tj hssia`ey hssia`ey hrih kf ckt trjeeiy. ]li bjaprissjr bjaprissjr trjeeiy ajvi ahfuheey tlrjuol tli sthtkjf jf mihm ^W bjhtim rjeeirs.
Gko.88 Ixktkfo Ehyjut jg H]^^ SHssia`ey, ]istkfo, ^hkftkfo, hfm ^hbchokfoQ ekfi
9.8.9 9.8. 9 Mhth Bjee Bjeeibtk ibtkjf jf tlrj tlrjuol uol Wkmi Wkmij jR Rljjt ljjtkfo4 kfo4
Hee ixhbtkfo jpirhtkjf jg H]^ ekfi hri ribjrmim `y vkmijthpkfo tiblfkquis kf
jrmirim tj ufmirsthfm tli prjmubt hfm prjbiss hfm tlks vkmij s hri gurtlir hfheysks hfheysks kf jrmir tj `rkfo tli fjf vheui hmmim hmm im ieiaifts tj tli surghbi. surghb i.
0>88-0>80 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80
07
9.0
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
MH MH]H ]H HFH HFHE[R E[RKR KR GJP HRR HRRIA@ IA@E[ E[ E EKFI KFI MIR MIRKOF KOF44 9. 9.0. 0.8 8 Wk Wkmi mij j hf hfhe heys ysks ks44 -
Wkmij hfheysks ohvi us tli wjrc bjftift jg ihbl hbtkvkty jg tli hssia`ey ekfi hfm hesj tkai thcif gjr iviry hbtkvkty, tlrjuol wlkbl wi bhf bhebuehti tli tkai thcif `y iviry sthtkjf tj bjapeiti h orjup jg hbtkvktkis hsskof tj tlia . Wkmij hfheysks j`sirvhtkjf kfbeumi gjeejwkfo mithkes4 8. Jpir Jpirht htjr jr ajv ajvia iaif ift. t. 0. Fjf vheui vheui hmmi hmmim m hbt hbtkvk kvktk tkis is 2. Hbtkvkt Hbtkvktkis kis tlht tlht bhf `i mjfi mjfi kf tli su` hssia hssia`ey `ey hrih hrih jr jggekfi. jggekfi. =. Hbtkvkt Hbtkvktkis kis kf tli tli hssia`ey hssia`ey prjbis prjbisss tlht bhf bhf `i htjakzim htjakzim 9. Ahrc tli tli hrihs hrihs jg kaprjviaift kaprjviaift hfm hfm pjssk`ei pjssk`ei sjeutkjf sjeutkjf gjr tlht tlht hbtkvkty. hbtkvkty. 7. ]jje, ]jje, ohuo ohuois, is, iqukp iqukpai aift ft usim usim.. ?. _jrc _jrcst stht htkj kjf f ehy ehyju jutt 88-0>80 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80
0?
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
]h`ei 9 Wkmij hfheysks sliit | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
0<
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Wkmij hfheysks J`sirvhtkjfs4 8. Ahkf Ahkf bja bjapr priss issjr jr hs hssia sia`ey `ey j
Hssia`ey jg bjaprissjr ks mjfi ht sthfm hejfi sthtkjf.
j
Brkssbrjss ajviaift hfm `hbctrhbckfo jg ahf hs wiee hs ahtirkhe.
j
Ahfuhe hfm ufshgi gjr ahtirkhe lhfmekfo
j
]hct tkai ks fjt `hehfbim.
j
Bjaprissjr hssia`ey wktljut kf prjbiss blibckfo iqukpaift
j
Ahfuhe ajviaift gjr bjaprissjr trjeeiy & ckt trjeeiy
j
Ghstifkfo Ghstifk fo iqukpaift wktl eiss hbburhby k.i. lymrj puesi tjjes, kaphbt wrifbl, hri usim.
j
Fj bhtiojrkzim `itwiif Rckee pirsjf hfm ufsckeeim.
0. Hbbissk` Hbbissk`kek kekty ty gjr bjapriss bjaprissjr jr ks pjjr mui tj miskof miskof bjfstr bjfstrhkft hkft 2. Irojf Irojfja jakb kb wjrck wjrckfo fo likolt likolt ks ahkft ahkfthkf hkfim im `y prjvk prjvkmkf mkfo o wjrck wjrckfo fo pehtg pehtgjra jra tj tli jpirhtjrs hs wjrckfo likolt vhrkis grja ?>> aa tj 8=9> aa. =. Mkggkbu Mkggkbuety ety kf ajfktj ajfktjrkfo rkfo prjmub prjmubtkj tkjf f sthtus sthtus & liem up rhtis. rhtis. 9. ^jjr ahtirk ahtirkhe he gejw gejw mui tj sphbi sphbi bjfstr bjfstrhkft hkfts. s. 7. Musty Musty gejjr gejjr mui tj pjjr pjjr gejjr gejjr bjfmk bjfmktkjf tkjfs. s. ?. Bjst Bjst pir pir pki pkibi bi ks ks lkol lkol.. 88-0>80 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80
0;
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Hbtkvkty
]kai kf akf 0.90 ;.9 7.0 7.0? ? 2.=? 89.<
H @ B M I
JPW gkttkfo Rtum gkttkfo jf @ihrkfo Bjvir ^uap & G_ ifm @i @ihr hrkfo kfo bj bjvir vir tkolt tkolt tkfo tkfo G_ ifm ifm Brhfc slhgt-gkttkfo @irkfo bjvir tko tkolt tktkfo puap ifm & blibc beihrhfbi
G ^ X P O L K D C J R E A F
bjuftir wikolt gkttkfo Jke eivie oehss gkttkfo Rtum Rtum gkttkf gkttkfo o jf ^uap ^uap & slh slhgt gt sihe sihe jke puap & slhgt sihe ]koltifkfo blibc beihrhfbi `y miptl ohuoi Ohscit sieibtkjf & put ohscit kf bye. Lihm Ahfuhe Ekfir gkttkfo Ekfir gkttkfo tj b'bhsi WEM gkttkfo Rhgity vhevi gkttkfo strhkfir skmi bjvir gkttkfo pkstjf bjf rjm hssy gkttkfo jf b'bhsi Kfspibtkjf tjp beihrhfbi jg pkstjf Kfspibtkjf bjf rjm
9..20 88.;? 0.0 8.9 8..<
] _ Y W
Rtum gkttkfo jf bye. Lihm skmi bjvir gkttkfo Piahkf. Rtum gkttkfo jf byekfmir lihm byekfmir lihm gkttkfo
0.
8>.>> >.>>
8
0
2
=
Blhrt 0
9.0.0Ekfi @hehfbkfo4 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
2>
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Akxim-ajmie `hehfbkfo prj`eias, AHE@^ gjbus jf hvjkmkfo kfiggkbkifbkis hfm sthtkjf tkais jg vhrkhfts lhvi tj `i sajjtlim gjr ihbl sthtkjf, sthtkjf, ljrkzjfthe `hehfbkfo. Ekfi `hehfbkfo `hehfbkfo kssuis hri ajri mipifmift jf strhtiokb mibkskjfs `ibhusi tliy bjfbirf ekfi kfstheehtkjf rhtlir tlhf jpirhtkjfhe kssuis. _lif mitirakfkfo thsc tkais kt ks kapjrthft fjt jfey tj jptkakzi tli wjrc gjr tli prjmubt gejw, bjfskmirhtkjfs lhvi tj `i thcif gjr ehws hfm trhmi ufkjf riouehtkjfs. ]j sjevi AHE@^ tliri hri twj hpprjhblis4 8. Pimubtk Pimubtkjf jf tj skfoei-aj skfoei-ajmie mie prj`eia prj`eias4 s4 Rjai Rjai akxim-aj akxim-ajmie mie mhth mhth bhf `i skapekgki skapekgkim m hfm trhfsgjraim tj RHE@^ mhth trjuol bhebuehtkjfs jr riehxim hssuaptkjfs hfm tlif ihskir `i sjevim. 0.
Ljrkz rkzjfth fthe
`hehfb fbkkfo4 Kf
bhs hsiis
wli lirri
tli bybei
tkais
hri hri
aih ihssuri urim
jf
hooriohtim/hvirhoim `hsks tliri jgtif hppihrs sjai kfiggkbkifby jf tli ekfi. ]li ka`hehfbi bhf iktlir kaphbt tli hssia`ey ekfi kf wjrc jvirejhm jr kmei tkai. ]lirigjri kf tlks jur bhsi ahxkaua prjmubtkjf jg bjaprissjr ks jg CB- = hfm jut jg tjthe prjmubtkjf tliri ks ?>% ?> % ks jg up tj CB ‒ =. Rj Ekfi ks `hehfbi gjr hvirhoim ajmie ks CB = ^rjmubtkjf vjeuai4
^rjmubtkjf Miahfm ‒ 27>> bjaprissjr / yihr wjrckfo jf jfi slkgt `hsks. ^rjmubtkjf ajftley Miahfm‒ 2>> bjaprissjr Bjfskmir 09 wjrckfo mhys pir ajftl. ]lirigjri prjmubtkvkty pir mhy- 80 bjaprissjr Hvhkeh`kekty tkai gjr slkgt - = akf. Jut jg wlkbl 7> akf eufbl `rihc hfm heejwhfbis. ]lirigjri tjthe hvhkeh`ei tkai 1 =0> akf/ slkgt. Lifbi ]hct tkai 1 =0> / 80 1 29 akf. Fj. Jg sthtkjf 1 ∘ thsc tkai / ]hct tkai 1802.;/29 1 =.
0>88-0>80 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80
28
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
]h`ei ? ^rjpjsi Wkmij hfheysks sliit
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
20
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
CB-= pribimifbi4 Hbtkvkty H @ B M
JPW gkttkfo Rtum gkttkfo jf @'Bjvir ^uap & G_ ifm @'bjvir tkolt tkfo G_ ifm B'slhgt-gkttkfo
I G ^ X P O L K D C J R E A
@'bjvir tkolt tkfo puap ifm & blibc beihrhfbi bjuftir wikolt gkttkfo Jke eivie oehss gkttkfo Rtum gkttkfo jf ^uap & slhgt sihe jke puap & slhgt sihe ]koltifkfo blibc beihrhfbi `y miptl ohuoi Ohscit sieibtkjf & put ohscit kf bey lihm Ahfuhe Ekfir gkttkfo Ekfir gkttkfo tj b'bhsi WEM gkttkfo Rhgity vhevi gkttkfo Rh strhkfir skmi bjvir gkttkfo pkstjf bjf rjm hssy gkttkfo jf b'bhsi Kfspibtkjf tjp beihrhfbi jg pkstjf
F ] _ Y W \
Kfspibtkjf bjf rjm Kf stum gkttkfo jf bey lihm skmi bjvir gkttkfo Piahkf. Rtum gkttkfo jf bye lihm Bey. lihm gkttkfo ^kpkfo
O B M I G,X O \ P \ L K D C,E \ \ \ A,F ] _ Y \ W \
]kai kf akf 0.9 2.< 0.< 8.9 9.9 9.; 0.< =.= 2.8 ;.0 .7 8.< =.; 2.? 8;.0
]h`ei < Riquifbi jg thsc
Gko.80 ^ribimifbi mkhorha
Ruaahry jg ^rjpjsim - Hbtkvkty wksi _jrc sthtkjfs & Bybei tkai Gjr CB= (]h`ei ;)4 0>88-0>80 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80
22
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Hbtkvkty
_jrc sthtkjf
8
0
2
CB-= ]kai kf akf 0.9 2.< 0. 0.< < 8.9 9.9 9.; 0.< =.= 2.8 ;.0 .7
H @ B M I G ^ X P O L K D C J R E A F
JPW gkttkfo Rtum gkttkfo jf @'Bjvir ^uap & G_ ifm @'bj @'bjvi virr tkol tkoltt tkfo tkfo G_ if ifm m B'slhgt-gkttkfo @'bjvir tkolt tkfo puap ifm & blibc beihrhfbi bjuftir wikolt gkttkfo Jke eivie oehss gkttkfo Rtum Rtum gkttkf gkttkfo o jf ^uap ^uap & sl slhgt hgt si sihe he jke puap & slhgt sihe ]koltifkfo bliic beihrhfbi `y miptl ohuoi Ohscit sieibtkjf & put ohscit kf bey lihm Ahfuhe Ekfir gkttkfo Ekfir gkttkfo tj b'bhsi WEM gkttkfo Rhgity vhevi gkttkfo strhkfir skmi bjvir gkttkfo pkstjf bjf rjm hssy gkttkfo jf b'bhsi Kfspibtkjf tjp beihrhfbi jg pkstjf Kfspibtkjf bjf rjm
] _ Y
stum gkttkfo jf bey lihm skmi bjvir gkttkfo Piahkf. Rtum gkttkfo jf bye lihm
8.< =.; 2.?
W \
Bey. lihm gkttkfo ^kpkfo
8;.0
=
CB= suaahtkj f
]hct tkai
2=.?
29.>
20.>
29.>
2=.2
29.>
00.;
29.>
=>.>> 29.>>
i a k ] f j h t R c r j _
2>.>> 09.>> 0>.>> 89.>>
_R ]kai ]hc ]kai
8>.>> 9.>> >.>>
8
0
2
=
_jrc sthjf Fj.
Blhrt 2
Ruaahry jg ^rjpjsim - Hbtkvkty wksi _jrc sthtkjfs & Bybei tkai Gjr Hee ajmies (]h`ei 8>)
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
2=
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Hbtkvkty H @ B M I G ^ X P O L K D C J R E A F
JPW gkttkfo Rtu Rtum m ggktt kttkf kfo o jf jf @'Bj @'Bjvir vir ^uap ^uap & G_ G_ ifm ifm @'bj @'bjvi virr tko tkolt lt tkfo tkfo G_ if ifm m B'slhgt-gkttkfo @'bjvir tkolt tkfo puap ifm & blibc beihrhfbi bj bjuf ufti tirr wiko wikolt lt gktt gkttkf kfo o Jke Jke eiv eivie ie oe oehs hss s gktt gkttkf kfo o Rt Rtum um gktt gkttkf kfo oj jf f ^u ^uap ap & s slh lhgt gt sihe sihe jk jkee pua puap p & slh slhgt gt sih sihee ]kol ]kolti tifk fkfo fo blib blibc c beih beihrh rhfb fbi i `y m mip iptl tl o ohu huoi oi Ohsci Ohscitt sieib sieibtkj tkjf f & put put oh ohsci scitt kf bey lihm lihm Ahfuhe fuhe Ekf kfir ir gktt gkttkkfo Ek Ekfi firr gktt gkttkf kfo o tj b' b'bh bhsi si WEM gkttkfo Rh Rhgi gity ty vhev vhevi i gktt gkttkf kfo o strh strhkf kfir ir skmi skmi bjvi bjvirr gkttk gkttkfo fo pk pkst stjf jf b bjf jf rrjm jm hss hssy y gk gktt ttkf kfo o jf b' b'bh bhsi si Kfspi Kfspibtk btkjf jf tjp beihr beihrhfb hfbi ij jgg p pkst kstjf jf Kfs fsp pibtk btkjf bj bjf f rjm
] _ Y W \
stum stum gktt gkttkf kfo oj jf f bey bey l lih ihm m skm skmi bjv bjvi ir gkt gkttk tkf fo Piah Piahkf kf.. Rtum Rtum gktt gkttkf kfo oj jf f bye bye l lih ihm m byek byekfm fmir ir li lihm hm gktt gkttkf kfo o ^kpkfo
CB0
CB2
CB=
CB7
CB;
CB80
0.>
=9.0
90.?
8
=9.2
?<
.7
89.2
Akxim-ajmie Akxim-aj mie siquifbkfo ‒ sljrt-tira Kf jrmir tj miviejp hf iggkbkift siquifbi ajmies hri sblimueim ht ihbl sthtkjf hfm bybei, bybe i, `y ixpekbkt ixpekbktey ey thckfo thckfo
kftj hbbjuft hbbjuft prjbisskfo prjbisskfo tkais, tkais, wjrcirs wjrcirs ajviaift ajviaifts, s, sthtkjf sthtkjf
`jrmirs hfm gurtlir jpirhtkjfhe j pirhtkjfhe blhrhbtirkstkbs blhrhbtirks tkbs jg tli ekfi. Kg sivirhe wjrc kftifskvi ajmies gjeejw ihbl jtlir ht tli shai sthtkjf, tli bybei tkai akolt `i ixbiimim hfm hf jvirejhm jbburs, wlkbl wlkbl fiims tj `i bjapifshtim `y sjai ckfm jg rihbtkjf. ]lisi jvirejhms bhf `i hvjkmim kg h siquifbi jg ajmies ks gjufm wliri tljsi ajmies wlkbl bhusi lkol sthtkjf tkais hetirfhti wktl eiss wjrc-kftifskvi jfis ht ihbl sthtkjf. ]lirigjri siquifbkfo ks CB 7 gjeejwim `y CB 0, CB 80 gjeejwim `y CB 2 wktl jfi ajri jpirhtjr hfm CB ; wktl jfi ajri jpirhtjr. _jrc sthtkjf
Hbtkvkty H
JPW gkttkfo
CB0 0.>
CB; =9.0
CB80 90.?
0>88-0>80 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80
29
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof @ B M
8
I G ^ X P O
0
2
= 9
Rtum gkttkfo jf @'Bjvir ^uap & G_ ifm @'bj @'bjvi virr tkol tkoltt tkf tkfo o G_ if ifm m B'slhgt-gkttk ttkfo @'bjvir tkolt tkfo puap ifm & blibc beihrhfbi bj bjuf ufti tirr wiko wikol lt gkt gkttk tkfo fo Jke Jke eiv eivie ie oehs oehss s gkt gkttk tkfo fo
L K D C J R E A F ]
Rt Rtum um gktt gkttkf kfo oj jf f ^u ^uap ap & slh slhgt gt sihe sihe jk jkee puap puap & slhg slhgtt si sihe he ] ]ko kolt ltif ifkf kfo o blib blibc c beih beihrh rhfb fbi i `y mi mipt ptl l oh ohuo uoi i Ohscit sieibtkjf & put ohscit kf bey lihm Ahf hfuh uhee Ekfir fir gktt gkttkkfo Ek Ekf fir gktt gkttkf kfo o tj b' b'bh bhsi si WEM gkttkfo Rhgi Rhgity ty vhev vhevi i gktt gkttkf kfo o strh strhkf kfir ir skmi skmi bjvi bjvirr gktt gkttkf kfo o pk pkst stjf jf bjf bjf rrjm jm h hss ssy y gk gktt ttkf kfo o jf b' b'bh bhsi si Kfspib Kfspibtkj tkjf f ttjp jp beihr beihrhfb hfbi ij jgg p pkst kstjf jf Kfs Kfspibt pibtkkjf b bj jf rrj jm stu stum ggkt kttk tkfo fo jf b bey ey li lihm hm
_ Y W
s km kmi i bj bj vi vir r gkgum kttkf ttkfo otkfo Piah Pi ahkf kf. . Rt Rtum gkt gkttk fo jf bye bye l lih ihm m byek byekfm fmir ir li lihm hm gktt gkttkf kfo o C _
8
=9.2
9;
7=.0
8
7.7
89.2
00.;
2=.;
70.=
?=.>
27.<
]h`ei 88 Riquifbkfo jg ajmie ^hftkfo ekfi4
Ht C^BE, Hee ajmies jg bjaprissjr hfm hbbissjry phkftkfo hri bhrrkim jut jf skfoei phkft `jjtl. ]lisi phftkfo jg bjaprissjr ks mjfi kf `htblis, bhusi kf brkssbrjss ajviaift hfm `hbctrhbckfo jg ahf hs wiee hs ahtirkhe wlkbl ks ahfuhe hfm ufshgi gjr ahtirkhe lhfmekfo. ]lkffir hppekbhtkjf gjr beihfkfo jg bjaprissjr hfm hbbissjry wlkbl ks ufshgi kf bjfmktkjf hf hfm m hesj hesj grja grja if ifvkr vkrjfa jfaift ifthe he hb hbt, t,
Rj tj hvjkm hvjkm tlks kftrjmu kftrjmubt btkjf kjf jg whti whtirr `hsi `hsi sprhy
miorihskfo hfm sthoi wksi phftkfo sljuem `i mjfi.
Rthjf wksi ^hffo prjbiss _jrcsthjf
^rjbiss siquifbi
8 0 2 =
Ejhmkfo Lj Miorihsi Lj hkr `ejw ^rkair phftfo
9 7
Gehsl jg zjfi Hbbieirhim phkf Mrykfo jvif
0>88-0>80 | SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80
27
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
? < ;
^hkftfo ]jp bjhtfo Yfejhmkfo
]h`ei 80 Rthtkjf wksi phkftkfo prjbiss .9.2.2 Hrihs jg kaprjviaift 4 Gjeejwkfo hri tli hrihs jg kaprjviaift kf guturi hssia`ey ekfi wktl rigirifbi tj prisift hssia`ey ekfi4 8. _ktl rigirifbi rigirifbi tj tli tkai tkai stumy stumy tliri ks gurtlir gurtlir sbjpi kf ekfi `hehfbi kaprjvia kaprjviaift ift 0. Ahxka Ahxkaua ua su` hssi hssia` a`ek ekis is bhf `i mjfi kf su` hssi hssia` a`ey ey hrih jutskm jutskmii tli ahkf ahkf ekfi tlirigjri shvkfo jpirhtjr tkai jf ekfi 2. Ht prisift prisift heajst heajst hee bjapjfift bjapjfift ixbeumkfo ixbeumkfo b-behss b-behss ktias ktias i.o. ghstifirs ghstifirs,, whslirs whslirs itb hri suppekim kf twj sirvkbi trjeeiys jf `jjtl skmi jg ahkf hssia`ey ekfi. ]lks ahtirkhe suppey bhf `i kaprjvim `y kfbrihskfo ekfi skmi stjrhoi hrih =. _jrcstht _jrcsthtkjf kjf ehyjut ehyjut bhf `i kaprjvi kaprjvim. m.
Rfhpsljt 8
9. Fjf vheui vheui hmmim hmmim hbtkvkt hbtkvktkis kis bh bhf f `i iekak iekakfhti fhtim. m.
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
2?
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Rfhpsljt 0 7. Irojfja Irojfjakbs kbs & Rhgity Rhgity bjfsk bjfskmirh mirhtkjf tkjf bhf bhf `i kaprjv kaprjvim. im.
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
2<
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Rfhpsljt 2 ?. ^ehft ^ehft eh ehyju yjutt bhf bhf `i ajmk ajmkgk gkim im Rtumkis gjr bjaprissjr ckt trjeeiy4
Hee bjaajf phrts gjr bjaprissjr ajmies hri cipt jf ekfi skmi stjrhoi hrih, tli ajmie spibkgkb phrts hri pehbim kf skfoei trjeeiy. ]li skfoei ckt trjeeiy gjr ihbl bjaprissjr bhf `i pehbim jf ahkf ekfi. Gjr gkfhekzhtkjf gkfhekzhtkj f jg tli bjfbipt `jtl ckt trjeeiy `ilkfm tli jpirhtjr jp irhtjr & ckt trjeeiy jf ahkf ekfi hri bjaphrim hs ufmir Rr. Fj. Ckt trjeeiy `ilkfm jpirhtjr
Bht
Ckt trjeeiy jf ahkf ekfi
Bht
8
Bjfviyjr eifotl riqukrim ks eiss
H
Bjfviyjr eifotl ks 8.9 tkais ajri
M
0
pktbl eifotl jg sthtkjf ks bhf `i
H
^ktbl eifotl ks 9.> aitir
M
M
Fj hmmktkjfhe bjfviyjr & mrkvi ks
H
ahkfthkfim tj =.> aitir 2
Hmmktkjfhe p phhrheeie bj bjfviyjr hf hfm mrkvi ks riqukrim tj ajvi trjeeiy
=
Hmmktkjfhe p pj jwir rriiqukrim mr mrkvkfo
riqukrim tj ajvi trjeeiy M
ckt trjeeiy systia 9
Jpirhtkfo bjst ks ajri
^jwir riqukrim wkee 9>% eiss tlhf
H
seht bjfviyjr M
Jpirhtkfo bjst ks eiss
H
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
2;
7
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
]rifblis riqukrim jf sljp gejjr
M
]rifblis hri fjt riqukrim jf sljp
H
gejjr. ?
Gejjr sphbim oit `ejbcim wktl ckt trjeeiy
M
Gejjr ssp phbim kkss fj fjt oi oittkfo `e `ejbcim
H
ht tli `hbcskmi jg sthoi
]h`ei 82 Bjaphrksjf jg bjaprissjr hssia`ey ckttkfo trjeeiy bjfbipt
Ckt trjeeiy `ilkfm jpirhtjr4 - 0 hmvhfthois & 9 mkshmvhfthois. Ckt trjeeiy jf ahkf ekfi4 - 9 hmvhfthois & 0 mkshmvhfthois
7. RYOOIR]KJFR GJP KA^PJWIAIF]R4 7.8^rjpjsim bjaprissjr hssia`ey
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
=>
8.
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Piqu Piqukr kria iaif ifts ts44
]rjeeiy typi Rtjp hfm Oj bjfviyjr systia gjr bjaprissjr hssia`ey ekfi.
^rjmubtkjf rhti ajfktjrkfo hs pir riqukriaift
Kf prjbiss virkgkbhtkjf (K^W) iqukpaift tj kmiftkgy migibts murkfo hssia`ey prjbiss
]wj `kf systia gjr ahtirkhe/bjapjfifts jf hssia`ey ekfi stjrhoi hrih
Auetk spkfmei fut ruffirs gjr `ittir hbburhby & prjbiss siquifbi
Ghstifkfo iqukpaift wktl bejsi tjeirhfbi
Ahtirkhe ripeifkslaift rhti sljuem `i subl tlht, akfkaua kfviftjry jf bjaprissjr hssia`ey prjbiss.
7.2 Ruooistkjfs gjr kaprjviaift ht wjrcpehbi
Rr. Fj.
Hbtkvkty
Bjfbirf
Pibjaaifmhtkjfs
8
jg ejt jg Rieibtkjf jg ekfir _hsthoi tkai kf sieibtkjf ohscit jg riqukrim jg riqukrim skzi Bjejur Bjmkfo hs skzi ohscit pri skzi
0
Rtjrhoi jg ohscit
2
Ruppey jg brhfcslhgt tj hssia`ey
Ruppey jg brhfc slhgt `y pheeit
Ghstkfo jg stum & fut jg `ihrkfo bjvir, jke puap,
Jfi `y jfi ghstkfo `y usi jg skfoei spkfmei
skmi bjvir, bjvir lihm
pfiuahtkb tjje N;< fjs. Wiry lkol fjksi murkfo ekfir prisskfo mui tj pfiuahtkb prkfbkphe jg prisskfo & fj bjftrje jvir tli miptl jg prisskfo.
=
9
7
Ekfir prisskfo
Hssia`ey jpirhtkjf
Rhookfo jg ohscit
Ixpibtim `ifigkt Iekakfhtkjf jg
FW hbtkvktytli jg aihsurkfo tlkbcfiss jg ohscit
Fjf aitheekb KM ejbhtjr gjr ohscit
FJ shookfo jg ohscit
Ruppey brhfcslhgt `y mimkbhtim trjeeiy
Pimubi Ghtkoui
Auetk spkfmei ghstkfo tjje gjr
Pimubtkjf kf gktaift tkai, eihc prjjg djkft
skauethfijus tkfo tkolt
& ajtkjf ripitktkvi
Lymrhuekb prkfbkpei gjr ekfir prisskfo
@ittir miptl bjftrje & kaprjvim irojfjakbs
Ahfuhe trjeeiy wktljut migkfim rjuti, pktbl,
^jwirkzim bjfviyjr wktl migkfim rjuti, pktbl
Rkfoei pkibi gejw wktl `ittir
sthtkjf
& sthtkjf
prjmubtkvkty
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
=8
?
<
;
8>
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Rtjrhoi jg bjaajf bjapjfifts
Ghstkfo prjbiss
]hppkfo jf bjapjfifts
Gktaift jg
Rtjrim kf rhbc cipt hwhy grja wjrc sthtkjf
Ysi jg pfiuahtkb kaphbt wrifbl heajst ht hee ejbhtkjf
usi jg aitheekb lhaair
Ysi jg ljkst
geywliie jf brhfc slhgt gjr tistkfo
88
80
Rtjrhoi jg bjaajf bjapjfifts kftj pehstkb @kf ejbhtim fihr kfmkvkmuhe sthtkjfs.
Kftrjmubtkjf jg ieibtrkb, lymrj puesi, Beutbl slut jgg tjjes &tjrqui wrifblis `hsim jf tli tjrqui sliit mhth Ysi jg aheeits. Fjfaitheekb(fyejf) lhaair Ysi jg mimkbhtim trjeeiy gjr Gey wliie wktl up
Pimubtkjf kf wjrc bjftift (phrts bjeeibtkjf tkai)
@ittir djkft hbburhby
Iekakfhtkjf jg mifts, blkps & ufshgi hbt Rhgi & Xukbc gktaift jg
mjwf & sekmkfo hrrhfoiaift
geywliie jf brhfc slhgt Iekakfhtkjf jg tlkffir gjr beihfkfo purpjsi @hskb riqukriaift jg phkft ghbkekty
Ysi jg tlkffir gjr beihfkfo jg bjaprissjr prkjr tj phkftkfo
Yfshgi bjfmktkjf & hbt, Ifvkrjfaifthe hspibts
Kftrjmubi whtir `hsim sprhy miorihskfo.
Ghbkektkis gjr beihfkfo iyis
Fj ghbkekty gjr iyi whsl
prjvkmi iyi whsl ghbkekty
]h`ei 8= Ruooistkjfs gjr kaprjviaift ht wjrcpehbi
?. PIRYE] HFM BJFBEYRKJF4
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
=0
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
]li stumy lhs kmiftkgkim kmiftkgkim tlht hssia`ey, hssia`ey, tistkfo, hfm phkftkfo ekfi ks ht ufmir utkekzhtkjf. utkekzhtkjf. ]lks ks `ibhusi jg kfiggkbkifby jf tli ekfi bhusi kf wjrc jvirejhm jr kmei tkai. Jfi jg tli ajst pjwirgue tjjes bhf usi gjr kaprjvkfo prjmubtkvkty ks tlht jg _jrc stumy hkas ht ixhakfkfo tli why hf hbtkvkty hbtkvkty ks `ikfo bhrrkim jut, skapekgykfo skapekgykfo tli aitljm jg jpirhtkjf tj rimubi uffibisshry jr ixbiss wjrc, jr tli whstigue usi jg risjurbis. Ekfi `hehfbkfo gjbus jf hvjkmkfo kfiggkbkifbkis hfm sthtkjf tkais jg vhrkhfts lhvi tj `i sajjtlim gjr ihbl sthtkjf, ljrkzjfthe `hehfbkfo gjr kaprjvi prjmubtkvkty. Gjeejwkfo risuets lhvi `iif hblkivim hgtir ekfi `hehfbkfo4 8. Kaprjviaif Kaprjviaiftt kf prjmubtkvkty prjmubtkvkty4 ]li jutput jg tli prjpjsim hssia`ey ekfi ks mju`ei
Blhrt = 0. Kaprjviaift kf hvirhoi jpirhtjr utkekzhtkjf4 ]li hvirhoi jpirhtjr utkekzhtkjf ks
kfbrihsim
Blhrt 9 2. ]hct tkai4 ]li ]hct tkai jg tli ekfi ks rimubim `y =8.%
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
=2
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Blhrt 7 =.Ahfpjwir4 ]li ahfpjwir ks rimubim `y 89.7>% kf hssia`ey, tistkfo, phkftkfo ekfi
Blhrt ? 9.Ekfi Iggkbkifby4 Iggkbkifby4 ]li ekfi iggkbkifby ks kfbrihsim `y 9=.9%
Blhrt <
88-0>80 0>88-0>80
==
8
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
Hfh Rjgkh Rjgkh Rkahrkh Rkahrkh,, ^imrj ^imrj A. Wkehrkfl Wkehrkflj j (0>>=), (0>>=), ―H oifitkb oifitkb heojrkt heojrktla la `hsim `hsim hpprjhbl hpprjhbl tj tl tlii akxim akxim-a -ajmi jmiee hs hssia sia`e `ey y ekfi ekfi `h `hehf ehfbk bkfo fo prj`e prj`eia ia jg ty typipi-0‑, 0‑, bjaput bjaputir ir & kfmustrkhe Ifokfiirkfo =? (0>>=) 2;8-=>?
0
@kee @kee Bhrrikr, Bhrrikr, ―Eihf ―Eihf ahfughbtur ahfughbturkfo kfo tlht wjrcs. wjrcs. ^jwirgu ^jwirguee tjee gjr mrhahtk mrhahtkbhee bheey y rimubkfo rimubkfo whsti & ahxkakzis prjgkts‑, Hairkbhf ahfhoiaift hssjbkhtkjf Fiw [jrc, 0>>9.
2
Kftirfht Kftirfhtkjfh kjfhee Eh`jur Eh`jur jggkbi, jggkbi, Oifivh, Oifivh, ―Kftrjmu ―Kftrjmubtk btkjf jf tj wjrc stumy stumy Kfmkhf Kfmkhf hmhpthtkjf hmhpthtkjf‑, ‑, Jxgjrm & K@L ^u`ekslkfo Bj. ^vt. Etm, Etm, Fiw Mielk, Cjechth, 0>>8.
=
DLG DLG Rh Rhwy wyir, ir, ―Ekfi ―Ekfi @hehf @hehfbkf bkfo‑, o‑, gkrst gkrst imktkj imktkjf, f, ]li ahblk ahblkfi firy ry pu`ek pu`ekslk slkfo fo Bj. Bj. Etm. Etm. 8;?>.
9
Djlhf Djlhf Léch Léchfs fssjf sjf,, Iake Iake Rcjj Rcjjojb ojbl, l, Crks Crkstk tkfh fh Irkc Irkcssj ssjf, f, Miph Miphrta rtaift ift jg Ifokf Ifokfiir iirkf kfo o Rbkifbi, ]rjeelítthf, Rbkifbi, ]rjeelítthf, Yfkvirskty Yfkvirskty _ist, ―H rivkiw jg hssia`ey hssia`ey ekfi `hehfbkfo `hehfbkfo hfm siquifbkfo kfbeumkfo ekfi ehyjuts‑.
7
Ahrth Ahrthfm fm ]ies ]ieshfo hfo,, ―Kfmus ―Kfmustr trkh khee Ifok Ifokfii fiirkf rkfo o & ^rjmu ^rjmubt btkj kjf f ahfh ahfhoia oiaift ift‑‑ R. Blhfm Blhfm ^u`ekbhtkjf, Fiw Mielk, 0>>;
?
Akth Akthe, e, H. Ck Cke` e`ja ja hfm hfm R. Cuahr Cuahr (0>> (0>>>) >),, ―Iro ―Irojf jfja jakb kbss ou oukm kmie iekf kfis is hfm hfm prj` prj`ei eia a sjevkfo‑, Iesivkir Rbkifbi Etm., YC, ^^.8=9-8?>?) (0>>?),, ―Hssia`e ―Hssia`ey y ekfi `hehfbk `hehfbkfo4 fo4 _lkbl _lkbl ajmie tj usi wlif:‑ Rbkifbi Mkribt Kft. D. ^rjmubtkjf Ibjfjakbs 888. ^^. 9>;‒90>;) 2=;‒2?2
8> ^rjmubtk ^rjmubtkvkt vkty y Miviejp Miviejpaif aiftt ]iha ]iha ―Bieeue ―Bieeuehr hr Ahfughbt Ahfughbturkf urkfo o jfi pkibi gejw gjr wjrc tiha‑ ^rjmubtkvkty priss ^jrtehfm, Jriojf 8;;;
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
=9
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
88 P Autlir, Autlir, ―Rystiahtkb ―Rystiahtkb Ehyjut Ehyjut pehffkfo‑, pehffkfo‑, Ab Ab Orhw, 8;99.
80 _i - Akf bljw, ―Hssia`ey ―Hssia`ey ekfi Miskof‑, Miskof‑, Ahrbhe Ahrbhe Miccir, Hfm Hfm KFB Fiw [jrc. 8;;; 8;;; . 82 _i`e _i`ekj kjor orhp hply ly44 8= Bjaphfy kfgjrahtkjf4 Ckrejschr ^fiuahtkb4 www.ckrejschrcpbe.bja
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
=7
^rjmubtvky Kaprjviaif lrjuol hssia`ey ekfi miskof
HFF\IYPI-H
Wkmij hfheysks jg Ixkstkfo - Hbtkvkty
HFF\IYPI-@
_jrc bjftift @rihcup sliit gjr hee ajmie
HFF\IYPI-B
Piqukriaift jg tjrqui tjje
| SAhfahtl R. slitiQ SA.I. (Kfmustrkhe)4 ^rjdibt mkssirthjf4Q SWK] ^ufi4 0>88-0>80 0>88-0>80
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