Produccion de Propilenglicol-Edison

 

]LDYM^SDFBF LBCDGLBA FMA CMLV^G FMA [M^] IBC]AVBF FM DLOMLDM^DB R]DJDCB

 

FDSMÒG T SDJ]ABCDGL CGL Bspml @TSTS >;;9bspmlGLM [B^B AB [^GF]CCDGL FM 2,>[^G[BLGFDGA [^G[BLGFDG A ML ]L SDSVMJB MSVBCDGLB^DG BSDOLBV]^B

5

[^GCMSGS[MV^GR]DJDCGS  

CBVMF^ÂVDCG

5

Dlo. DLOB^]CB BAYB^MU, Mvmr

M.B.[

5

OBS LBV]^BA T MLM^OÊB

DLVMO^BLVMS

5

CBJBSCCB CCGLGYDACB, Mfdsgl

SMJMSV^M

5

P

SMCCDÓL

5

C

 

@]BLCBTG-[M^Õ >;2?

 

VBNAB FM CGLVMLDFG DLV^GF]CCDÓL ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ..........................................3 ....................3 D. GNEMVDYGS............................................................................................................6 2.2. .2. GN GNEM EMVD VDYG YG OMLM OMLM^B ^BA A5................... ......................................... ............................................ .........................................6 ...................6 2.>. 2.>. GNEM GNEMVD VDYG YGS SM MS[ S[MC MCÊI ÊIDC DCGS GS55..................... ........................................... ............................................ ..............................6 ........6 DD. JB^CG V VM MÓ^DCG...................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..............................6 ........6 >.2. [^G[DAMLOADCGA.................... .......................................... ............................................ ..............................................6 ........................6 >.>. .>. GP GPDF DFG G FM [^G ^G[ [DA DAM MLG...................... ............................................ ............................................ ....................................? ..............? DDD. DDD. SDJ SDJ]AB ]ABCDÓ CDÓL L ML MSV MSVBFG BFG MSV MSVBCD BCDGLB GLB^DG ^DG [B^B [B^B AB [^GF]C [^GF]CCDÓ CDÓL L FM [^G[DAMLOADCGA..................... ........................................... ............................................ .....................................................4 ...............................4 3.2 B[A B[ADCB DCBLFG LFG BA CBS CBSG GF FM M] ]LB LB [AB [ABLVB LVB FM [^G[DA [^G[DAMLO MLOADC ADCGA GA ML MSVBFG MSVBCDGLB^DG.................... .......................................... ............................................ ......................................4 ................4 3.> 3.> NBAB NBABLC LCM MF FM MJ JBV BVM^ M^DB DB ((MS MSVB VBFG FG MSVB MSVBCD CDGL GLB^ B^DG DG))........................26 3.>. 3.>.22 NBAB NBABLC LCMS MS F FM M JB JBVM VM^D ^DB B ML MA J JMU MUCA CABF BFG^  G^ ..........................26 ..........................26 3. 3.>. >.>> NBAB NBABLC LCM M FM JB JBVM VM^D ^DB B ML MA ^M ^MBC BCVG VG^ ^C CSV SV^  ^ .......................2= .......................2= 3. 3.>. >.33

NBAB NBABLC LCM M FM J JBV BVM^ M^DB DB M ML L AB CGA CGA]J ]JLB LB FM FM FM FMSV SVDA DABC BCDG DGL L 2? 3.3 3.3 NBAB NBABLC LCM MF FM MM MLM LM^O ^ODB DB (MSV (MSVBF BFG GM MSV SVBC BCDG DGLB LB^D ^DG) G)........................24 3.3.2 3.3 .2 NB NBABL ABLCM CM FM ML MLM^ M^OÊB OÊB ML MA MA JMUC JMUCABF ABFG^. G^.... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ........ ........2 ....244 3.3.> 3.3 .> NB NBABL ABLCM CM FM MLM MLM^OÊ ^OÊB B FMA ^M ^MBCV BCVG^ G^ CSV CSV^... ^...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...>; >; 3.3.>. 3.3 .>.22 CÂAC]A CÂAC]AG G FM ABS CB[ CB[BCD BCDFBF FBFMS MS MS[M MS[MCÊI CÊIDCB DCBS.. S..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ....>; >; 3. 3.3. 3.>. >.>> CÂAC CÂAC]A ]AG GF FMA MA CB CBAG AG^ ^F FM M ^MB ^MBCC CCDÓL DÓL B AB AB V VMJ MJ[M [M^B ^BV] V]^B ^B FM G[M^BCDÓL.............................. G[M^BCDÓL........ ............................................ ............................................ .......................................................... ....................................>2 >2 3.3.>. 3.3 .>.33 CÂAC]A CÂAC]AG G FM AB CB^ CB^OB OB VÄ^ VÄ^JDC JDCB B FMA ^M ^MBCV BCVG^. G^.... ....... ........ ........ ........ .....>2 .>2 3. 3.3. 3.>. >.66 CBAC CBAC]A ]AG G FM A AB B VM VMJ[ J[M^ M^BV BV]^ ]^B B FM SBA SBADF DFB B FM FMA A ^M ^MBC BCVG VG^.. ^...> .>22 3. 3.3. 3.33 NB NBAB ABLC LCM M FM MLM MLM^O ^OÊB ÊB ML ML AB CGA CGA]J ]JLB LB F FM M FMSV FMSVDA DABC BCDG DGL.......> L.......>22 DY.. ^MS] DY ^MS]AV AVBF BFG GF FM MI IG^ G^JB JB CGLY CGLYML MLCD CDGL GLBA BA............................................>> Y. SDJ] SDJ]AB ABCD CDGL GL-- B BS[ S[ML ML @T @TST STS S >;; >;;99................................................................>3 =.2 [^GCM [^GCMFDJD FDJDMLV MLVG G[ [B^B B^B ^M ^MBAD BADUB^ UB^ AB SDJ SDJ]AB ]ABCDÓ CDÓL L ML ML M MSVB SVBFG FG MSVBCDGLB^DG ML BS[ML @TSTS........................................ @TSTS......................................................... ............................. ............>6 >6 YD. NDNADGO^BIÊB................................................................................................30

>

 

DLV^GF]CCDÓL Ma 2,>-prgpblgfdga (prgpdamloadcga) dlfustrdba fm Fgw ([OD) ms ul jbtmrdba fm batb purmzb qum sm  prgfucm jmfdbltm ab `dfróadsds b batb tmjpmrbturb y prmsdól fm óxdfg fm prgpdamlg ([G) cgl ul mxcmsg fm boub. Ma [OD ms ul prgfuctg fmstdabfg cgl ulb mspmcdidcbcdól fm purmzb fma 44.=%. Ma [OD pumfm gntmlmrsm fm V`m Fgw C`mjdcba Cgjpbly ml tbjngrms y ml cbltdfbfms b orblma. Ma [OD ms ul aêqudfg dlsêpdfg, dlgfgrg, m dlcgagrg aêqudfg bcmdtgsg cabrg, `dorgscópdcg y jdscdnam cgl boub, bcmtglb, y cagrgigrjg. Sm jbluibcturb pgr `dfrbtbcdól fma óxdfg fm prgpdamlg. Ma  prgpdamloadcga utdadzb ml ulb bjpadb objb fm prgfuctgs, dlcauymlfg fdvmrsgs prgfuctgs nâsdcgs tba tbams ms cgj cgjgg rms rmsdlb dlbss fm pga pgadäs dästmr tmr,, rmirdo rmirdomrb mrbltm ltmss pbr pbrbb jgt jgtgr grms, ms, pdl pdltur turbs bs fm aâtmx, aâtmx, iau iaudfg dfgss fm trbls trblsimr imrmlc mlcdb db fm cba cbagr gr y cgj cgjpum pumstg stgss blt bltd`d d`dmag mag.. Bsdjd Bsdjdsjg sjg,, sbtdsi sbtdsibcm bcm ags rmq rmquds udsdtg dtgss pbr pbrbb ab bpadcbcdól ml adjpdbfgrms aêqudfgs, aunrdcbltms, pabstdidcbltms y bfdtdvgs pbrb ma trdturbfg fm cmjmltg, ibnrdcbcdól fm rmsdlbs fmpgadästmr lg sbturbfbs, b su vmz usbfbs ml ulb vbrdmfbf fm bpadcbcdglms, tbams cgjg abjdlbfgs paâstdcgs rmigrzbfgs pbrb ab cglstruccdól lbvba, oma cgbts, jbtmrdbams pbrb jgafmg fm aâjdlbs (SJC, pgr sus sdoabs ml dloaäs) y jârjga sdltätdcg. Sm mjpa mj pamb mb cg cgjg jg fd fdsg sgav avml mltm, tm, cgjg cgjg jm jmfdg fdg pbrb pbrb trbl trblsi simr mrdr dr cbag cbagrr g cgjg cgjg pr prgf gfuc uctg tg quêj quêjdcg dcg dltmrj dltmrjmfd mfdg, g, bpr bprgvm gvmc`b c`blfg lfg sus oru orupgs pgs rmb rmbctd ctdvgs vgs fm `df `dfrgx rgxdag dag.. Abs sg sgauc aucdgl dglms ms bcu bcugsb gsbss fm  prgpdamloadcga dlfustrdba cumltbl cgl mxcmamltms prgpdmfbfms bltdcglomabltms y pgr ag tbltg, sgl vbadgsbs ml ab trblsimrmlcdb fm cbagr b nbebs tmjpmrbturbs y ml ags iaudfgs bltd`dmag pbrb bmrglbvms. Ab Bfjdldstrbcdól fm Badjmltgs y Jmfdcbjmltgs Jmfdcbjmltgs  mstbfguldfmlsm mstbfguldfmlsm (IFB)  (IFB) `b fmtmrjdlbfg qum ma  prgpdamlgoadcga ms "omlmrbajmltm cglsdfmrbfg cgjg smourg" pbrb usg ml badjmltbcdól, cg cgsj sjät ätdcb dcb,, y jm jmfd fdcd cdlb lbs. s. Cg Cgjg jg ma mtdamloadcga mtdamloadcga,, ma prgpdamlgoadcga bimctb ab quêjdcb fm ab sustblcdb b ab qum sm bormob pgr ma dlcrmjmltg fm ab bcdfmz. Ma prgpdamlgoadcga sm jmtbngadzb ml âcdfg aâctdcg, aâctdcg, qum gcurrm lbturbajmltm ml ags jõscuags memrcdtbfgs, jdmltrbs qum ma mtdamloadcga ag `bcm b âcdfg gxâadcg gxâadcg,, qum ms tóxdcg.

3

 

D. GNEMVDYGS D.2. GNEMVDYG O OM MLM^BA5 

Fdsmòg Fdsm òg y sdjuab sdjuabcdól cdól fma prgcm prgcmsg sg fm gntml gntmlcdól cdól fm 2,>-p 2,>-prgpbl rgpblgfdga gfdga utdadzblf utdadzblfgg ma sgitwbrm fm sdjuabcdól Bspml @TSTS >;;9-bspmlGLM.

D.>.

GNEMVDYGS MS[MCÊIDCGS5 

Sdjuabr Sdju abr ma prgc prgcmsg msg fm prgf prgfuccdó uccdóll fma 2,>-p 2,>-prgpbl rgpblgfdga gfdga ml mstbf mstbfgg mstbc mstbcdglbr dglbrdg dg cgl Bspml @TSTS >;;9-bspmlGLM.



Dfmltdidcbr qum qum fm rmbccdglms quêjdcbs jdcbs sm fbl ml ma rmbctgr.



Mabngrbr ma fdborbjb fm iaueg fma prgcmsg fm prgfuccdól fma 2,>-prgpblgfdga.



^mbadzbr ma nbablcm fm jbtmrdb y mlmroêb pbrb cglgcmr cglgcmr ab cbltdfbf cbltdfbf fm prgfuccdg l fm prgpdamloadcga. prgfuccdg



Cgltrbstb Cglt rbstbrr ags rmsuatbfg rmsuatbfgss gntml gntmldfgs dfgs pgr ma jätgf jätgfgg cglv cglvmlcdgl mlcdglba ba y ma sdju sdjuabfg abfg ml Bspml @TSTS @TSTS fma nbablcm fm mlmroêb ml ma rmbctgr tdpg CSV^.



  Cglstrudr ul cubfrg cgjpbrbtdvg cgl ags rmsuatbfgs gntmldfgs pgr ma jätgfg cglvmlcdglba y ab sdjuabcdól ml Bspml @TSTS >;;9-bspmlGLM.



Fmtmrjdlbr ags cgstgs y prmsupumstgs pbrb mstm prgymctg.

DD.

JB^CG VMÓ^DCG

>.2.

[^G[DAMLOADCGA Vbjndäl fmlgjdlbfg 2,>-prgpblgfdga ms ul prgfuctg fm bjpadb bpadcbcdól. Cgjg bfdtdvg pbrb badjmltbcdól bldjba pmrtmlmcm b ab cbtmogrêb fm ags ‑bfdtdvgs tmclgaóodcgs‚, dlcauyälfgsm fmltrg fma orupg iulcdglba ‑bfdtdvgs mspmsbltms‚.

X2Z

Ma prgpdamloadcga ms ul `dfrbtg fm cbrnglg utdadzbfg pgr vêb grba ml vbcbs amc`mrbs fm batb prgfuccdól cgjg iumltm râpdfb fm oaucgsb y mlmroêb ml cbsgs fm cmtgsds. Vbjndäl sm utdadzb ml pdmlsgs smjd`õjmfgs pbrb pmqumògs bldjbams pbrb rmfucdr abs pärfdfbs fm

CDVBVDGL GL `ujmf `ujmfbf bf y jm jmeg egrb rbrr ab cgls cglsmr mrvb vbcd cdól ól y cgls cglsds dstm tmlc lcdb db fma fma badj badjml mltg tg.. X CDVBVD  Lms0? Qa 2;>=; Z 6

 

Ma [OD ms ul aêqudfg dlcgagrg, sgaunam ml boub, `dorgscópdcg, cgl ul gagr mspmcêidcg fm oadcga oadcgams, ms, fm vds vdscgs cgsdfb dfbff jmf jmfdb, db, fm nbe nbebb prm prmsdó sdóll fm vbp vbpgr gr y fm nbe nbebb tgx tgxdcd dcdfbf fbf.. Ma  prgpdamloadcga dlfustrdba tdmlm usg ml lujmrgsbs dlfustrdbs y tdmlm t dmlm ulb bjpadb objb fm bpadcbcdglms prâctdcbs. X CDVBVDGL Lms0? Qa 2;>=; Z

Vbnab 2 Cbrbctmrêstdcbs fma prgpdamloadcga

BS[MCVG [msg mspmcdidcg Cmldzbs Igrjuab quêjdcb Lµ CBS Boub Cagrurgs

ADR]DFG DLCGAG^G 2.;3=; – 2.;304 o/cj3 1 ?;.;; ppj C@3C@G@ – C@>G@ =? – == -9 1 ;.>; % 1 ;.;;? %

Iumltm5 www.pdltbaunb.cgj – www.pdltbaunb.cgj – Blfräs [dltbaunb .S.B. Vbnab > Ybagr mlmroätdcg (Hcba/Ho)

MN

BYMS

60;;

MJBl 60;;

MF 60;;

[G^CDL G MJ 60;;

ML 6;;;

CGLMEG S MF 60;;

]IA(]I/Ho)

]IC(]I/Ho /Ho)

>.20

>.>=

Iumltm5 www.pdltbaunb.cgj – www.pdltbaunb.cgj – Blfräs [dltbaunb .S.B.

=

 

>.2.2. >.2 .2. [^G [^G[DM [DMFB FBFMS FMS FM FMA A [^ [^G[D G[DAM AMLOA LOADCG DCGA A

 Lgjnrm quêjdcg quêjdcg

2,>-prgpblmf 2,>-prgpblmfdga, dga, >-@dfrgxdprgpblga, Jmtdamtdamloadcga. Jmtdaoadcga. M- 2=>;. Iórjuab C@3 -C@(G@)-C@> G@8 C3 @0 G> [msg jgamcuabr (o/jga) ?9,2;  Lõjmrg ml CBS =?-==-9  Lõjmrg ml MDLMCS MDLMCS >;;-330-; [ultg fm mnuaadcdól, 2;2,3 h[b (2 btj) 20?,6 »C (394,3 »I) Âjndtg fm fm fmstdabcdól, stdabcdól, 2;2,3 h[b (2 btj btj)) 209 – 2204 04 »C »C (39? – 3?> 3?> »I) »I) [rmsdól fm vbpgr, >; »C (90 »I) ;,;22 h[b (;,;0 jj@o) >= »C (?? »I) ;,;2? h[b (;,23 jj@o) [ultg fm cglomabcdó cglomabcdóll Sgnrm-mlirêb [ultg fm iaudfmz 1 - =? »C (-?2 »I) Orbvmfbf mspmcêidcb, >;/>; »C (90/90 »I) 2,;30 >=/6 »C (??/34 »I) 2,;33 9;/6 »C (26;/34 »I) 2,;;? Êlfdcm fm rm rmirbccdól irbccdól l>;/F, >; »C »C (90 »I) Ydscgsdfbf,, Ydscgsdfbf >= »C (?? »I) 9; »C (26; »I) Cbagr mspmcêidcg, >= »C (?? »I) Vmlsdól supmridcdba, >= »C (?? »I)

2,632; – 2,633; 2,633; 60,9 cmltdpgdsm (j[b.s) 0,6> cmltdpgdsm (j[b.s) >,=2 E/(o»H) (;,9; Ntu/an/»I) 39 jL/j (39 fylms/cj)

[ultg fm dliabjbcdól, cgpb cmrrbfb fm [mlshy-Jbrtmls

2;6 »C (>>; »I)

Vmjpmrbturb fm butgdoldcdól Cglfuctdvdfbff tärjdcb, >= »C (?? »I) Cglfuctdvdfb -2  ) Cglfuctdvdfbf maäctrdcb, >= »C (?? »»I) I) Cbagr fm igrjbcdól Cbagr fm vbpgrdzbcdól vbpgrdzbcdól,, >= »C (?? »I)

3?2 »C (?;; »I) ;,>;92 _/(j»H) (;,2242Ntu `r -2 it -2 »I 2; jdc jdcrg rg S/j (;.2*2;-? j`gs/cj) -6>> hE/jga (-2;2 Hcba/o-jga) 9? hE/jga (3?4 Ntu/an)

Idourb 25 [rgpdmfbfms fma prgpdamloadcga dlfustrdba.

9

 

Iumltm5 idam5///C5/]smrs/]smr/F idam5///C5/]smrs/]smr/Fgwlagbfs/@geb%>;fm gwlagbfs/@geb%>;fm%>;fbtgs-prgpdaml%>;oaycg %>;fbtgs-prgpdaml%>;oaycga.pfi  a.pfi 

>.2. >.2.>. >. B[ B[AD ADCB CBCD CDGL GLMS MS55 Ma 2,>-prgpblgfdga dlfustrdba sm utdadzb ml ulb bjpadb objb fm prgfuctgs, dlcauymlfg fdvmrsgs prgfuctgs nâsdcgs tbams cgjg rmsdlbs fm pgadästmr, rmirdomrbltms pbrb jgtgrms,  pdlturbs fm aâtmx, iaudfgs fm trblsimrmlcdb fm cbagr y cgjpumstgs bltd`dmag. Bsdjdsjg, sbtdsi sbtdsibcm bcm ags rmq rmquds udsdtg dtgss pbr pbrbb ab bpa bpadcb dcbcdó cdóll ml adj adjpdb pdbfgr fgrms ms aêqudf aêqudfgs, gs, aun aunrdcb rdcbltm ltms, s,  pabstdidcbltms y bfdtdvgs pbrb ma trdturbfg fm cmjmltg. Sm mjpamb cgjg fdsgavmltm, cgjg cgjg jmfdg pbrb trblsimrdr cbagr g cgjg prgfuctg quêjdcg dltmrjmfdg, bprgvmc`blfg sus orupgs rmbctdvgs fm `dfrgxdag. XCDVBVDGL ISc Qa 2;>=; Z Ma prgpdamloadcga dlfustrdba fm Fgw ms ma oadcga prmimrdfg pbrb ab ibnrdcbcdól fm rmsdlbs fm pgadästmr lg sbturbfbs, b su vmz usbfbs ml ulb vbrdmfbf fm bpadcbcdglms, tbams cgjg abjdlbfgs paâstdcgs rmigrzbfgs pbrb ab cglstruccdól lbvba, oma cgbts, jbtmrdbams pbrb jgafmg fm aâjdlbs (SJC, pgr sus sdoabs ml dloaäs) y jârjga sdltätdcg. XCDVBVDGL

ISc Qa 2;>=; Z

Abs sgaucdglms bcugsbs fm prgpdamloadcga dlfustrdba cumltbl cgl mxcmamltms prgpdmfbfms bltdcg blt dcglom lomabl abltms tms y pgr ag tbl tbltg, tg, sgl vbadgs vbadgsbs bs ml ab trblsi trblsimrm mrmlcd lcdbb fm cba cbagr gr b nbe nbebs bs tmjpmrbturbs y ml ags iaudfgs bltd`dmag pbrb bmrglbvms.   Ma [OD ms ul cgfdsgavmltm vbadgsg pbrb abs pdlturbs cgl nbsm fm boub pbrb mfdidcbcdglms y bsdjdsjg sm utdadzb cgjg prgfuctg dltmrjmfdg ml ab prgfuccdól fm rmsdlbs baquêfdcbs  pbrb pdlturbs y nbrldcms. [gr su cbpbcdfbf fm fdsgaucdól ms pgsdnam utdadzbrag ml adjpdbfgrms aêqudfgs, dlcauymlfg ab mstbndadzbcdól fm fmtmromltms aêqudfgs cgl mlzdjbs  pbrb abvbfg fm ab rgpb. XCDVBVDGL ISc Qa 2;>=; Z

 

>.>.

GPDFG FM [^G[DAMLG Ma prgp prgpdam damlg lg g prgp prgpml mlgg (@ (@>C >C:C :C@– @–C@ C@3) 3) ms ul `dfrgcbrnurg `dfrgcbrnurg   pmrtmlmcdmlfg b ags baqumlgs,, dlcgagrg m dlgfgrg baqumlgs dlgfgrg.. Ms ul `gjó `gjóagog agog fma mtdamlg mtdamlg.. Cgjg tgfgs ags baqumlgs  prmsmltb ma fgnam mlabcm cgjg orupg iulcdglba. Ms ma smoulfg cgjpumstg jâs utdadzbfg ml ab dlfustrdb quêjdcb ml tgfg ma julfg. Ma aêqudfg ms juy dliabjbnam y ma vbpgr igrjb ulb jmzcab mxpagsdvb cgl ma bdrm, ma óxdfg fm prgpdamlg pumfm pgadjmrdzbrsm vdgamltbjmltm. Ms juy rmbctdvg, ml pbrtdcuabr  cg cgll ma cagr cagrg, g, ma bj bjgl gldb dbcg cg,, boml bomltm tmss gxdf gxdfbl bltm tmss iu iumr mrtm tmss y ags ags âcdf âcdfgs gs.. Ml ab tbre tbremt mtbb

?

 

Dltmrlbcdglba sgnrm ab Smourdfbf fm abs Sustblcdbs Ruêjdcbs sm dlfdcbl baoulbs fm abs  prgpdmfbfms iêsdcbs y quêjdcbs quêjdcbs fma óxdfg fm prgpdamlg.  X CDVBVDGL Oum Qa 2;>=; Z 

>.>. >.>.2. 2. CG CGJ[ J[GS GSDC DCDÓ DÓL5 L5 Abs djp djpurm urmzbs zbs grf grfdlb dlbrdb rdbss qum pu pumfm mfmll prm prmsml smltbr tbrsm sm ml pmq pmqumò umòbs bs cbl cbltdf tdfbfm bfmss dlcauyml boub, âcdfg bcätdcg, cagrurg y bafm`êfgs, ml ma prgfuctg idlba sm pumfml mlcgltrbr pmqumòbs cbltdfbfms fm jglgcagrgbcmtglb, 2, >-fdcagrg-33prgpblga y fdcagrurg fm prgpdamlg, cublfg sm prgfucm ma óxdfg fm prgpdamlg pgr jmfdg fma  prgcmsg fm ab cagr`dfrdlb. 

 Lgjnrm cgjõl5

Gxdfg fm prgpdamlg prgpdamlg

Igrjuab quêjdcb5

C3@9G

Mstructurb quêjdcb5

Idourb >5 Dfmltdfbf y usgs fma óxdfg fm prgpdamlg.  Lgjnrm quêjdcg 2,> mpgxdprgpblg Sdlóldjgs >-jmtdagxdrblg 2,>-óxdfg fm prgpdamlg óxdfg fm jmtdamtdamlg Iórjuab C3@9G [msg jgamcuabr (o/jga) =0,;0  Lõjmrg ml CBS ;;;;?=-=9-4  Lõjmrg ml MDLMCS MDLMCS >;;-0?4-> Fmlsdfbf >= »C (?? »I) ;,0>2 o/cj3 (9,092 an./oba) Fmlsdfbf fma vbpgr (Bdrm : 2,;) [rmsdól fm vbpgr, >= »C (?? »I) [ultg fm cglomabcdól

>,; ?2,? h[b (=30 jj @o) -222,43 »C (-294,6? »I)

[ultg fm mnuaadcdól, 2;2,3 h[b Orbvmfbf mspmcêidcb, >=/>= »C (?? »I) Fmlsdfbf b >= »C (?? »I)

36,> »C (43,=9 »I) ;,0>=3 ;.0>2 o/cj3 (9.092 an/oba)

Êlfdcm fm rmirbccdól l>;/F »C (90 »I) l>=/F »C (?? »I) Ydscgsdfbf, >= »C (?? »I) Cbagr mspmcêidcg, ; »C (3> »I) Vmjpmrbturb fm butgdoldcdól, ml bdrm, 2;2,3 h[b Aêjdtms fm mxpagsdól, ml bdrm, >= »C (?? »I), 2;2,3 h[b Vmjpmrbturb fm dliabjbndadfbf, VBO cgpb cmrrbfb Cbagr fm cgjnustdól, >= »C (?? »I), 2;2,3 h[b Cbagr fm vbpgrdzbcdól, 2;2,3 h[b Sgaundafbf ml boub b >; »C (90 »I) Sgaundadfbf fm boub ml óxdfg fm prgpdamlg b >; »C (90 »I)

2,3992; 2,3933= ;,3;= cmltdpgdsm (j[b.s) >,;0 E/(o»H) (;,= Ntu/an/»I) 664 »C (06;,> »I) >,3 – 3?,; ml vga. % -3?,> »C (-3= »I) -33;3= hE/ho 69=,? hE/ho 6;,= ml pmsg % 26,? ml pmsg %

0

 

>.>.>. >.> .>. [^G [^G[DM [DMFB FBFMS FMS R R]D ]DJDC JDCBS BS T I IDSD DSDCB CBS5 S5 Idourb 35 [rgpdmfbfms quêjdcbs y iêsdcbs fma óxdfg fm prgpdamlg >. >.>. >.3. 3. JÄ JÄVG VGFG FGS SF FM M SÊ SÊLV LVMS MSDS DS55 Ma óx óxdf dfgg fm prgp prgpdam damlg lg ms prgf prgfuc ucdf dfgg pgr pgr fgs fgs pr prgc gcms msgs gs pr prdl dlcdp cdpbaj bajml mltm tm55 cagrg`dfrdlbcdól fma prgpdamlg smoudfb fm ab mpgxdfbcdól y ma smoulfg mstâ fbfg  pgr ma prgcmsg Gxdrblg, Gxdrblg, ma cuba ms ab rmbccdól fma prgpdamlg prgpdamlg cgl pmróxdfgs. X6Z  

Cagrg`dfrdlbcdól,, mpgxdfbcdól5 Cagrg`dfrdlbcdól

Idourb 65 ^mbccdglms fm cagrg`dfrdlbcdól y mpgxdfbcdól  

[rgcmsg Gxdrblg5

Idourb =5 ^mbccdól fma prgcmsg fm gxdrblg. >. >.>. >.6. 6. B[ B[AD ADCB CBCD CDGL GLMS MS T ]S ]SGS GS55 

Sm mjpamb cgjg dltmrjmfdbrdg pbrb ulb bjpadb objb fm prgfuctgs quêjdcgs dlfustrdbams y cgjmrcdbams, mltrm ags jâs djpgrtbltms sm mlcumltrbl, [gadgams,  prgpdamloadcga, ätmrms fm oadcgams. X=Z



Sm utdadzb cgjg `mrndcdfb. X=Z



Sm mjpamb cgjg bfdtdvg ml ab dlfustrdb fm baogfól. X=Z

DD DDD. D. SDJ SDJ]A ]ABC BCDÓL DÓL ML MSV MSVBF BFG G MS MSVB VBCDG CDGLB LB^DG ^DG [B [B^B ^B AB [^G [^GF] F]CC CCDÓL DÓL FM [^G[DAMLOADCGA 3.2 B[A B[ADC DCBLF BLFG G BA CB CBSG SG FM ]L ]LB B [AB [ABLV LVB B FM [^G [^G[DA [DAML MLOAD OADCGA CGA ML MSVBFG MSVBCDGLB^DG

4

 

3. 3.22.2 MS MS[M [MC CDID IDC CBC BCDDGL GLMS MS T FBVGS FM JBVM^ M^DDB [^ [^DJ DJB B [B [B^ ^B BADJMLVB^ BADJMLVB ^ ML MA JDP-2;; Ma 2,>-prgpblgfdga (C 3@0G>) sm gntdmlm pgr rmbccdól fma Gxdfg fm [rgpdamlg (C 3@9G) y boub (@>G). Abs cglfdcdglms fm abs cgrrdmltms fm badjmltbcdól ba sdstmjb, sm dlfdcbl ml ab Vbnab 3. fm badjmltbcdól fm jbtmrdb prdjb ml ab jmzcabfgrb Vbnab 3. Cglfdcdglms CGLFDCDGLMS FM BADJMLVBCDÓL 

LGJN^M Vmjpmrbturb (µI) [rmsdól Iaueg jgabr(anjga/`) Óxdfg fm prgpdamlg Boub [rgpdaml oadcga

ÓPDFG FM [^G[DAMLG ?= 29.29 psdb =3.3;= Irbccdól jgabr5 2,; Irbccdól jgabr5 ;,; Irbccdól jgabr5 ;,;

BO]B ?= 29.29 psdb Iaueg jâsdcg5 ;,; an/` Iaueg jâsdcg5 34;9.034 an/`r Iaueg jâsdcg5 ;,; an/`

Iumltm5 `ttp5//www.jgfmabfgmldlomldmrdb.mfu.br/jmd/rmpgsdtgrdg/cbtmfrbs/dltdv/tp26(>;;4).pfi  Abs cgrrdmltms fm badjmltbcdól sm jmzcabl prmvdbjmltm ml ul Jdxmr y ab cgrrdmltm rmsuatbltm dlormsb b ul rmbctgr tblqum bodtbfg cgltdlug qum iulcdglb b tmjpmrbturb cglstbltm y prmsdól btjgsiärdcb.

3.2.> CGLF CGLFDCDG DCDGLMS LMS F FMA MA ^M ^MBCVG BCVG^ ^ CS CSV^  V^  Ab rmbccdól, qum sm fmscrdnm ml Vbnab 6, gcurrm ml ibsm aêqudfb. Ma rmbctgr tdmlm ul vgaujml fm >0; it3, y cbêfb fm prmsdól luab y jbltdmlm ul ldvma fm aêqudfg fm 0= %. XCDVBVDGL Auq;= Qa

2;>=; Z Vbnab 6. ^mbccdglms Ruêjdcbs y fbtgs cdlätdcgs. C 3 @ 9 G( a) + @ > G( a) ↞C 3 @ 0 G>( a)

 3>;;;    23    ^V  

r  2,?x2; m

CC @  G 3

9

3

 Lgtb5 Abs vmagcdfbfms fm rmbccdól mstâl fbfgs ml anjga/it .`.   Abs mlmroêbs fm bctdvbcdól mstâl fbfbs ml Ntu/anjga

 

Cgls tbltm uldvmrsba5

^  2.40=4

Ntu anjga ^  8 V:26; »I (9;; ^1;;4).pfi  3.2.3 CGLF CGLFDCDG DCDGLMS LMS FM FMA A S@G^ C]V F FMSVD MSVDAABV AABVDGL DGL Sm badjmltb ma ma prgfuctg aêqu aêqudfg dfg qum ssmm gntdmlm fma rmbctgr CSV^ pbrb ulb iirbccdól rbccdól jgabr fma cgjpglmltm ml ma iglfg (@ >G) ms ;.;260 y ml ma fmstdabfg (2,>W[rgpblgfdga) ms ;.;;=8 bfmjâs abs prmsdglms ml ma cglfmlsbfgr y rm`mrvdfgr ms fm 2 btj (26,949 psdb), gntmldmlfg ulb rbzól fm rmiaueg jêldjg fm ;.;3> y rbzól fm rmiaueg mxtmrlg fm ;.;=9.

2;

 

 ^mxtmrlg  2.?= ^ldldjg ^msuatbfg Jêldjg lõjmrg fm pabtgs5 >.4=>  Lujmrg fm pabtgs bctubams5 bctubams5 2;.34> [abtg óptdjg fm badjmltbcdól. =.;46

3.2.6 CGLF CGLFDCDG DCDGLMS LMS ML A AB B CGA CGA]JL ]JLB B FM FMSV FMSVDBC DBCDGL DGL Cgjpamtbfb ab pâodlb 2 sm `bndadtbrâ ma ngtól L x . [rmsdglblfg mstm pbsbrmjgs b ab pâodlb sdoudmltm. Ml ab pâodlb > fm 6 sm fmidlm ma pmrida fm prmsdól fmltrg fm ab cgaujlb. Ags vbagrms sgl5  [rmsdól ml ma cglfmlsbfgr5 2=.;; psdb  [rmsdól ml ma rm`mrvdfgr5 2?.;; psdb  Cbêfb fm prmsdól ml ma cglfmlsbfgr5 ; psdb Ml ab pâodlb 6 fm 6 ]sbrmjgs ;.; anjga/` pbrb ma iaueg fm vbpgr ml cbnmzbs, y 2.; pbrb ab rmabcdól fm rmiaueg, fmeblfg sdl vbagr ma iaueg fm aêqudfg ml cbnmzbs.

22

 

FDBO^BJB FM IA]EG C]BADVBVDYG FMA [^GCMSG [^GCMSG FMA VD[G FM NAGR]MS

 

[^GCMSBFG

JBVM^DB [^DJB B5 Gxdfg fm [rgpdam loadcga

[^GF]CVGS

  JMUCABFG ^

Y5 I : Jmzcab

?= »I

Cgrrdmltm

fm

Ymltmg

N5 Boub

[: Fgjg @>G

  ^MBCVG^ CSV^  B 26;»I

 

[ : [rgfuct FMSVDABCD g cgl djpurmz GL B 26; »I bs

23

 

Iglfg

Ido. Fdborbjb fm iueg fma prgcmsg, fma tpg cubadbtvg fm nagqum, pbrb ab prgfuccdól fma 2,> W prgpblgfdga

2,>Wprgpbl gfdga

26

 

FDBO^BJB FM IA]EG FMA MR]D[G ML AB [^GF]CCDGL FM 2,>W[^G[BLGFDGA

 

V-2;;5CGA]JLB FMFMSVDABCDGL

J-2;;5 ^-2;;5 ^MBCVG^ JMUCABFG^ CSV^

@5 vmltmg

B5 Gxdfg fm [rgpdamlg

F5 fmstdabfg

6

2

N5 Boub

Y5 vbpgr 9

?

>

3 =

I5Jmzcab

[5 prgfuctg

[O5 2,>W[rgpblgfdga 0

29

 

3.> NBABLCM FM JBVM^DB (MSVBFG MSVBCDGLB^DG) 3. 3.>. >.22 NB NBAB ABLC LCMS MS F FM M JB JBVM VM^D ^DB B ML M MA A JM JMUC UCAB ABFG FG^  ^  Mltrbfb – sbadfb + omlmrbcdól : bcujuabcdól

(2)

Cglsdfmrbcdglms5 

Mstbfg mstbcdglbrdg (Bcujuabcdól : ;).

  Lg mxdstm rmbccdól quêjdcb (Omlmrbcdól (Omlmrbcdól :;) 

Jmzcab fm iaudfgs aêqudfgs dlcgjprmsdnams.

 Mltrbfb  

 B + N: I 

B. CÂ CÂAC AC]AG ]AG F FM M AB C CG^^ G^^DML DMLVM VM B B55 Fm ab Vbnab 35  B : =3.3;= an jga /`

N. CÂ CÂAC AC]AG ]AG FM A AB B CG CG^^ ^^DML DMLVM VM N N55

:

Sbadfb (>)

 N  34;9.034

b. Fm ab Vbnab 35

an  2anjga 



  >2?.;699 anjga / `

`  20.; an 

C. CÂ CÂAC AC]AG ]AG F FM M AB C CG^^ G^^DML DMLVM VM I5 ^mmjpabzblfg ags vbagrms bltmrdgrms ml (>)5  I



=3.3;=  >2 >2?.;699  >?;.3=anjga / `

Vbnab =. Vbnab fm rmsuatbfgs fma nbablcm fm jbtmrdb ml ma jmzcabfgr. ^msuatbfgs Fma Nbablcm Fm Jbtmrdb Ml Ma Jmzcabfgr B,

N,

I,

xd, irbccdól

CGJ[GLMLVM

anjga/`

anjga/`

anjga/`

jgabr ml I

Gxdfg fm [rgpdamlg Boub

=3.3;= ;

; >2?.;699 VGVBA

2=; >?;.3= >?;.3=

;,24?> ;,0;>0

Iumltm5 Mabngrbcdól prgpdb

 

3.>.> 3.> .>

NB NBAB ABLC LCM MF FM MJ JBVM BVM^D ^DB B ML ML M MA A^ ^MB MBCV CVG^ G^ CS CSV^  V^   Mltrbfb∞Sbadfb +Omlmrbcdól : Bcujuabcdó  Bcujuabcdól l

 

(3)

Cglsdfmrbcdglms5 

Mstbfg mstbcdglbrdg (Bcujuabcdól : ;).



Ab rmbccdól gcurrm ml ab ibsm aêqudfb, pgr ag tbltg lg mxdstm bujmltg fm vgaujml.



Ab cgjpgsdcdól fm ab sbadfb fma rmbctgr ms ab jdsjb qum sm grdodlb fmltrg fma mqudpg  pgr ab bodtbcdól cglstbltm y cgjpamtb. cgjpamtb.



Ab prmsdól fm gpmrbcdól ms ab btjgsiärdcb (26,? psdb) y b ulb tmjpmrbturb cglstbltm fm 26; µI (dsgtärjdcg).



Ma rmbctdvg adjdtbltm ms ma óxdfg fm prgpdamlg pgr mlcgltrbrsm ml jmlgr prgpgrcdól qum ab cbltdfbf mstmqudgjmtrdb.  Mltrbfb∞Sbadfb + Omlmrbcdól:;  I B;  IB   rBY   ;

 I B;  IB;   2  P B   rBY   ;  P  B 

 r B  Y 

 I  B;

 

(6)

B. CÂA CÂAC]A C]AG G FM A AB B YMA YMAGCDF GCDFBF BF F FM M ^MB ^MBCCD CCDÓL5 ÓL5 Fm ab amy fm vmagcdfbf5 r B  hC B

 

(=)

Fólfm5  3>;;;    ^V  

23  

h  2,?x2; m

C B  C Óxdfgfm prgpdamlg   

`

2

 I B;  2  P B   

; 3

;

 5 Cbufba fmb adj mltbcdól, it it / `

Cglstbltm uldvmrsba5 Ntu ^  2. 2.40 40=4 =4 anjga ^  8 V:26; »I (9;; ^1;;;    23  2.40?*9;; 

h  2, ? x2; m

` 2  39.4;;? ` 2

N. CÂA CÂAC]A C]AG G FMA CB] CB]FBA FBA YGA YGA]JÄV ]JÄV^DCG ^DCG F FM M BADJ BADJMLVB MLVBCDÓL CDÓL

20

 





;

 

  bo boub ub

óxdfgf xdfgfmm pr prg gpdam pdamlg lg

Fm tbnabs5 d. Fmlsdfbf fma boub5 : 9>.3;an/pdm3 dd. Fmlsdfbf fma óxdfg fm prgpdamlg5 : 64.3>an /pdm 3  

  

boub

 

Cbufba vgaujätrdcg dldcdba fm boub5 anjga  20 an  >2?.;699  `  2anjga

3  it 3     2 it   9>.3;an   9>.?2 `  

Cbufba vgaujätrdcg dldcdba fma óxdfg fm prgpdamlg5

 óxdfgfm prgpdamlg

anjga  =0 an   2 it 3  it 3    =3.3;= `  2anjga   64.3> an   9>.90?3 `

Idlbajmltm5   

    9>.? 9>.?2 2;;  9> 9>.9 .90? 0?3 3  2>= >=.3 .34? 4?6 6

;

  it 3 `

C. CÂA CÂAC]A C]AG G FMA YGA YGA]JML ]JML F FM M AB JMU JMUCAB CAB ^ ^MBCC MBCCDGLB DGLBLVM LVM

 P  B * v;

Y  

 P  B 

Y

h  2  P  B  



;.0926 XCDVBVDGL Jbr29 Qa 2;>=; Z

;.0926*2>=.34?6 39.4;; 39. 4;;? ?  2  ;.092 ;.0926 6



3

2>;.0434 it 

Ydmlm b smr ma 0=% fma vgaujml fma rmbctgr5

F. CÂA CÂAC]A C]AG G FM FMA A YG YGA]JM A]JML L FM FMA A^ ^MBCV MBCVG^  G^  Y  ;,0=Y rmbctgr 

Yrmbctgr   Yrmbctgr  

2;;

Y 

0= 2;;

 2>;.0434 it   26>.>>0 iitt 0= 3

3

 

^mmjpabzblfg mstgs vbagrms ml (6)5

24

 

  I B;  2  P B   h  Y    ;  P  B  

 I  B;

 P  B 

h  2  P B  Y   

;

Fmspmeblfg ab cglvmrsdól5  P  B 

hY   ;

 hY 

 

(9)

M. CÂAC]AG FM AGS IA]EGS JGAB^MS FM AGS [^GF]CVGS FM ^MBCCDÓL B 26;»I

 P  B   ;.0926  Ióxdfg fm prgpdamlg  Iboub





IB;  IB ; P B

IN ;  IB; P B





=3 =3.3 .3;= ;=  =3 =3.3 .3;=* ;=*  ;,0926 ,0926

>2 >2?. ?.;6 ;699 99  =3 =3.3 .3;=* ;=*  ;,092 ;,0926 6





?. ?.94 94>0 >0

2? 2?2. 2.63 6339 39

anjga 

` anjga 

 I prgpmadloadcg  prgpmadloadcgaa 



IC ;  IB; P B





;  =3.3;=*  ;,0926 ,0926



?.94>0 >0 2? 2?2. 2.63 6339 39 6= 6=.9 .92> 2>4 4  [  ?.94





6=.9 .92 2>4

` anjga  `

anjga  >> >>6. ?34=  6.?

`

Vbnab 9.>. Vbnab fm rmsuatbfgs fma nbablcm fm jbtmrdb ml ma rmbctgr b 26;»I  nbablcm fm jbtmrdb ml ma rmbctgr b 26;»I 

I,

xd,

[,

xd,

anjga/`

irbccdól

anjga/`

irbccdól

=3.3;= >2?.;699 ;

jgabr ml I ;,24?2 ;,0;>4 ;

?.94>0 2?2.6339 6=.92>4

jgabr ml [ ;,;;4 ;,?=? ;,>36

Mspmcdm d Gxdfg fm [rgpdamlg Boub [rgpdaml oadcga

Iumltm5 Mabngrbcdól prgpdb

3.>.3 3.> .3

NB NBAB ABLC LCM M FM J JBVM BVM^D ^DB B ML AB AB CG CGA] A]JLB JLB FM FM FM FMSVD SVDABC ABCDGL DGL

Mcubcdól fm Bltgdlm (Ndlbrdg) =

 N ago  [ :   B ∞ C + t 

g  

al

 [d

 [ c

:   B2 ∞

 B > V ∞ B 3

>;

 

>.- Mcubcdól Cabpmyrgl (ndlbrdg)  Ζ@ vg  2 vg   2 ∞  ^ V ; V  F

al [: al [ ;+

Fólfm5  [ ; :  [ultg fm mnuaadcdgl lgrjba ( 2  btj )   V  F: Vmjpmrbturb ml (µC)

 X

 Z

3.- Mcubcdól fm ^mffmr y ^bfba al [ :

2?=2

V nI 

∞ 9 , ???

Fólfm5 V nI :

 [ : J[b [ultg fm mnuaadcdól fm ab badjmltbcdól V : H 

CBAC]AB^ MA LÕJM^G JÊLDJG FM MVB[BS (mcubcdól fm Imlshm)

Curvb fm mqudadnrdg

 P  B

q

 ^ jdl    2

Aêlmb fm gpmrbcdól smccdól tgpm

Aêlmb fm badjmltbcdól Aêlmb fm gpmrbcdól smccdól iglfg xN

xI

xF

Idourb 0 Curvbs fm mqudadnrdg ml ul cgaujlb fm smpbrbcdól   P  F  ^ T :  P +  ^ +2  ^ +2

Aêlmb fm gpmrbcdól smccdól tgpm5

T :

Aêlmb badjmltbcdól5

∶ ^:

 A  F

  P   q +  I  q ∞2 q ∞2

   A ¯  N T :  P ∞  P  ¯ ∞N ¯ ∞N N  A  A

Aêlmb gpmrbcdól smccdól iglfg5

[brb ulb fmtmrjdlbfb smpbrbcdól fm ags fgs cgjpglmltms cabvms sm cbacuab5 b) Ljdl y ^ jdl jdl  n) Cgl mstgs vbagrms, vbagrms, pbrb ul vbagr fm ^ (g L) pgfmjgs mstdjbr L (g ^)

>2

 

2) Câacuag fma lõjmrg jêldjg fm mtbpbs b rmiaueg tgtba (Ljdl)

> Sdjngadzblfg5 2 CA: Cgjpglmltm cabvm advdblg  C[: Cgjpglmltm cabvm pmsbfg

y- x

xN

xF

Idourb 4 Câacuag fm lõjmrg fm mtbpbs Jmtgfg fm JcCbnm-V`dmam. Fbtgs5 BLVGMLM B

N

C

JGA_V

V» FM MN]AADCDGL VN

BO]B GPDFG FM [^G[DAMLG

B N

2=.4;;0 >?00.=2 2=.3>>? >2;?.=0

-=>.39 -96.0? B V»  p

20.;24 =0.;0

3?3.> »H 3;?.= »H  

-6.94>0=?263 »H   ?9; jj@o

fma sdstmjb

Vbnab L» . Gntmlmjgs fma fdborbjb fm mqudadnrdg5 3.3NBABLCM FM MLM^ODB (MSVBFG MSVBCDGLB^DG) 3. 3.3. 3.22

NB NBAB ABLC LCM M FM M MLM LM^O ^OÊB ÊB M ML L MA J JMU MUCA CABF BFG^  G^ 

g

g

R∞_ : ΖM cdlätdcb + ΖM pgtmlcdba + Ζ] +

 Ζ[   + I   ς

 

(?)

Cglsdfmrbcdglms 

Mstbfg mstbcdglbrdg (Bcujuabcdól : ;). g

  Lg mxdstm cglsdfmrbnam omlmrbcdól omlmrbcdól fm mlmroêb y trbnbeg ffma ma mem

(

  _ : ;

).



Jmzcab fm iaudfgs aêqudfgs dlcgjprmsdnams.



Abs pärfdfbs fm mlmroêb pgr abs tunmrêbs y bccmsgrdgs sgl fmsprmcdbnams (   I ≀ ; ).

>>

 



Abs vbrdbcdglms fm mlmroêb cdlätdcb y pgtmlcdba, fm trbnbeg fm iaueg sgl fmsprmcdbnams (  ΖMcdlätdcb≀ ; , ΖM pgtmlcdb ≀;  pgtmlcdbaa



).

Ma cbagr fm jmzcabfg ms fmsprmcdbnam pgr ab rbpdfmz qum gcurrm ml ma prgcmsg ( g

R:;

).  



Idlbajmltm5



Ma prgcmsg ms dsgtärjdcg.

Ζ] :;

Vbnab ?. Cglfdcdglms iêsdcbs fm ab jmzcab b ab sbadfb fma jmzcabfgr   JMUCAB B AB SBADFB SBADFB FMA JMUCAB JMUCABFG^ FG^

[B^ÂJMV^GS Vmjpmrbturb, µI [rmsdól, psdb

Iaueg jgabr, anjga/` Irbccdól jgabr fm vbpgr

CG^^DMLVM B CG^^DMLVM N ?= ?= 29,29 29,29 =3.3;= ;

>2?.;699 ;

Iumltm5 Mabngrbcdól prgpdb

CG^^DMLVM I ?= 29,29 >?;.3= ;