Produccion de Acido Nitrico

 

Euidhnmþi \imvlrsmdhd dl Hkírmnh Ehnucthd dl Miflimlrëhs Miflimlrëh Xuëkmnh

Nurs`? Trhiselrlinmh dl Khsh MM

Qrlslithd` p`r? Khrmh ^`eëh Qhrhdh Lsqumvlc

2121-2

 

Qr`dunnmþi dl Ènmd` iëtrmn` Qr`nls` @stwhcd Lc ènmd` iëtrmn` ls ui n`kpulst` nchvl phrh ch pr`dunnmþi dl elrtmcmzhitls, c` qul minrlklith su dlkhidh h uih thsh dl pr`dunnmþi dl 5). 4  IJ >

( hk`imhn`)+ < @ → 4 I@ + 5 J  @ 2

2

2 I@ + @2 → 2 I@2 > I@2

+ J 

2

@ → 2 JI@> + I@

8. Qr`nls`s dl slphrhnmþi dl klznchs j`k`fíilhs Li c`s pr`nls`s dl slphrhnmþi sl eulrzh ch midunnmþi dl c`s n`kp`ilitls dl ch klznch kldmhitl chs pr`pmldhdls tlrk`dmièkmnhs y pr`pmldhdls dl trhisp`rtl ÿimnhs dl nhdh n`kp`ilitl, c` qul plrkmtl `btlilr nhdh n`kp`ilitl li uih n`inlitrhnmþi khy`r h ch qul sl linulitrh cmbrl li ch ihturhclzh.

Nchsmemnhnmþi? C`s pr`nls`s dl slphrhnmþi sl puldli nchsmemnhr li nmin` frup`s prminmphcls?. 

^lphrhnmþi p`r nrlhnmþi dl uih ehsl? Mkpcmnhi ch trhselrlinmh dl nhc`r phrh

hcnhizhr ui puit` dl lbuccmnmþi ` eusmþi. Ch hpcmnhnmþi dl lstl kít`d` sl prlemlrl nuhid` c`s n`kpulst`s dl ch klznch dl hcmklithnmþi prlslithi ui hkpcm` khrfli li sus puit`s dl eusmþi ` lbuccmnmþi.  Ch tínimnh p`r lxnlclinmh li slphrhnmþi p`r nrlhnmþi dl ehsl ls ch dlstmchnmþi, ch nuhc sl hpcmnh nuihd` lc frhd` dl slphrhnmþi c`frhd` p`r ui s`c` n`ithnt` dl d`s ehsls ls mihdlnuhd` p`rqul chs dmelrlinmhs dl v`chtmcmdhd litrl chs lsplnmls i` s`i c` suemnmlitlklitl frhidls, p`r c` qul ch dlstmchnmþi lkpclh ui n`ithnt` litrl ehsls li n`itrhn`rrmlitl li d`idl nhdh n`ithnt` ` lthph dl dlstmchnmþi pr`kulvl ch dmstrmbunmþi dl chs lsplnmls p`r trhiselrlinmh dl khsh 

^lphrhnmþi p`r hdmnmþi dl uih ehsl? Hc hfrlfhr ui hflitl dl slphrhnmþi (K^H) h

ch klznch sl prltlidl qul lstl slh phrnmhcklitl mikmsnmbcl n`i ui` ` kès n`kp`ilitls dl ch klznc, hctlrl ch slclntmvmdhd dl rlphrt` dl chs lsplnmls litrl ch ehsl cmqumdh y dl vhp`r. I` `bsthitl uih dl chs prminmphcls dlsvlithohs dl lsth `pnmþi ls ch hdmnmþi dl ui slphrhd`r hdmnm`ihc phrh rlnuplrhr lc hflitl dl slphrhnmþi, c` qul vulcvl kès n`kpclo` lc pr`nls` y lc n`st` sl lclvh p`r ch rlp`smnmþi dlc hflitl hflitl dl slphrhnmþi n`ithkmihd`. n`ithkmihd`. Ch mkpclklithnmþi dl ui hflitl dl slphrhnmþi ` dlstmchnmþi lxtrhntmvh n`rrlsp`idl hc nhs` li lc qul ch dmelrlinmh dl v`chtmcmdhd litrl d`s lsplnmls rlqumlrl kès dl 811 lthphs

 

li ui dlstmchd`r ` su puit` dl lbuccmnmþi tmlil uih dmelrlinmh kli`r h ±NA8htk) n`k` sl vl li ch emfurh 8. Qhrh ch slphrhnmþi dl chs klznchs hzl`tr`pmnhs, ch dlstmchnmþi lxtrhntmvh sl utmcmzh hkpcmhklitl dlbmd` h qul tmlil uih bulih lemnmlinmh lilrfítmnh y uih hcth purlzh.    Emfurh 8

 

Qhrh lc minrlklit` dl ch n`inlitrhnmþi dlc ènmd` iëtrmn`, hcfui`s hut`rls n`k` (^C@HI, 8=65)(Fr`limlr7 & I`rtj, 8=:6) pr`p`ili lc us` dl imtrmt` dl khfilsm` y ènmd` suceÿrmn` n`k` hflitls lxtrhnt`rls phrh ch dlstmchnmþi lxtrhntmvh, d`idl slfÿi (UHMCCHIN@\RT, 8=65) lc imtrht` dl khfilsm` ls ui hflitl lxtrhnt`r kli`s lemnmlitl qul lc ènmd` suceÿrmn` yh qul rlqumlrl ui khy`r iÿklr` dl lthphs y rlchnmþi dl rlecuo`, qul emihcklitl n`idunl h ui khy`r n`isuk` dl lilrfëh y nhitmdhd dl hrrhstrl phrh c`frhr ch kmskh slphrhnmþi.

K^H (imtrht` dl khfilsm`)? H n`itmiuhnmþi sl dlsnrmbl lc pr`nls` slphrhnmþi dlc hzl`tr`p` ènmd` khfilsm` hfuh ushid` n`k` hflitl dl slphrhnmþi imtrht` dl hk`im`

N`idmnm`ils dl pr`nls`? ^m sl n`ismdlrh uih hcmklithnmþi n`rrmlitl dl hcmklithnmþi rlqumlrl uih s`cunmþi dl hc ènmd` iëtrmn` y imtrht` dl khfilsm` qul i`rkhcklitl n`itmlili n`itmlili 51% li  pls` ` kès dl Kf (I@)2, yh qul li lsths lsths n`idmnm`ils, sl `b `btmlil tmlil uih v`chtmcmd v`chtmcmdhd hd rlchtmvh ènmd` iëtrmn`-hfuh suplrm`r h 2,1 li lc lxtrlk` mielrm`r dl ch n`inlitrhnmþi dl ehsl cëqumdh li uih erhnnmþi k`chr dl ènmd` iëtrmn` mielrm`r h 1,1 li uih hkpcmh fhkh dl klznchs chs nuhcls vhi dlsdl >.< h : phrtl d dll imtrht` dl khfilsm` 62% pls` p`r phrtl dl ènmd` iëtrmn` h 51% pls`. ^lfÿi (^C@HI, 8=65) uih slnnmþi rlntmemnhd`rh dl ch n`cukih dh ui pr`dunt` suplrm`r dl nhsm 811% li pls` dl JI@> midlplidmlitl vhrmhnmþi dl p`rnlithols dlc hflitl dl slphrhnmþi smlkprl y nuhid` ch thsh dl rlecuo` sl hdlnul h nhdh smtuhnmþi. Mfuhcklitl, ^c`fhi pchitlh qul phrh lc nhs` dl uih pr`p`rnmþi dl >? 8 n`i lc rlqulrmkmlit` dl nhc`r sukmimstrhd` p`r ui jlrvmd`r lxtlri`, ch n`kp`smnmþi dlc ecuo` dl shcmdh dlc jlrvmd`r ls 55,5% li pls` dl Kf (I@>)2, c` qul sup`imlid` ui dlsb`rdhkmlit` k`chr n`isthitl, n`isthitl, ch thsh dl vhp`r ls 8,8< phrtls p`r phrtl dl JI1> dlstmchdh, c` qul jhnl qul ch n`kp`smnmþi dl ch bhsl dl ch n`cukih slh )2,  p`r c` qul lsth n`kp`smnmþi n`kp`smnmþi k`chr (erhnnmþi k`chr dl 1 1,8

Rlqulrmkmlit`s lilrfítmn`s dlc pr`nls` ^lfÿi (^C@HI, 8=65) ch dlkhidh dl nhc`r phrh lc pr`nls` n`kpclt` dlplidl dl ch nhitmdhd dl hfuh qul sl lcmkmih, ch rlchnmþi dl rlecuo` lkpclhdh y chs n`idmnm`ils dlc n`idlishd`r li ch dlstmchnmþi y lvhp`rhnmþi. Ch n`kp`smnmþi y ch tlkplrhturh dl ch hcmklithnmþi kmxth li ch t`rrl miecuyli li chs dlkhidhs dl nhc`r rlchtmvhs dl chs slnnm`ils dl lvhp`rhnmþi y dlstmchnmþi. Qhrh ui nhs` dl uih litrhdh dl 51% li pls` dl JI1> n`i uih shcmdh dl ==,? 8, uih prlsmþi dl rlp`s` dl 651 kk J f y uih prlsmþi dl lvhp`rhd`r dl 811 kk Jf, lc rlqumsmt` dl nhc`r t`thc tlþrmn` ls dl 8.1>4 gnhc / gf JI1>.

K^H (Hnmd` suceurmn`)? H n`itmiuhnmþi sl dlsnrmbl lc pr`nls` slphrhnmþi dlc hzl`tr`p` ènmd` iëtrmn` hfuh ushid` n`k` hflitl dl slphrhnmþi ènmd` suceÿrmn`

 

Li lstl pr`nls` ch hcmklithnmþi sl dlbl prlnhclithr li hcfui`s pr`nls`s phrh kmimkmzhr ch nhrfh dl vhp`r li ch n`cukih dl dlstmchnmþi. ^l dlbl sukmimstrhr suemnmlitl ènmd` suceÿrmn` h ch hcmklithnmþi phrh qul lc vhp`r qul shcl dl ch phrtl suplrm`r dl ch n`cukih eulrh hc kli`s =:% dl ènmd` iëtrmn`. Kmlitrhs qul lc vhp`r vmv` li ch bhsl dl ch n`cukih phrh pr`p`rnm`ihr lc nhc`r phrh ch n`cukih y lc vhp`r dl slphrhnmþi rlqulrmd` phrh kmimkmzhr lc n`itlimd` dl ènmd` iëtrmn` dlc ènmd` suceÿrmn` qul shcl dl ch bhsl dl ch n`cukih dl dlstmchnmþi. Nuhcqumlr ènmd` iëtrmn` qul shcfh dl ch  bhsl dl ch n`cukih rlprlslith rlprlslith uih pírdmdh dl pr`dunt` pr`dunt` dlslhbcl. Ch khy`r phrtl dlc ènm ènmd` d` suceÿrmn` y lc hfuh, mincumd` lc vhp`r vmv`, qul sl hcmklitþ h ch n`cukih dl dlstmchnmþi hbhid`iþ ch bhsl dl ch n`cukih n`k` ènmd` suceÿrmn` hc 5% dl ènmd` suceÿrmn`. Culf`, lc ènmd` suceÿrmn` ls liermhd` y sl rlnmnch phrh n`istmtumr ch hcmklithnmþ hcmklithnmþi i dl ch n`cukih dl dlstmchnmþi. Nuhcqumlr ènmd` iëtrmn` prlslitl li c`s e`id`s dl ch n`cukih dl dlstmchnmþi sl pmlrdl n`i lc hfuh lcmkmihdh li lc n`inlitrhd`r dl ènmd` suceÿrmn`. \ih plquløh nhitmdhd dlc ènmd` suceÿrmn` hcmklithd` h ch n`cukih dl dlstmchnmþi sl hrrhstrh n`i lc pr`dunt` dl ènmd` iëtrmn` hc =:% li pls`.

K`dlc`s tlrk`dmièkmn`s  

K`dlc` tlrk`dmièkmn` (imtrht` dl khfilsm`)

Lc dmhfrhkh dl ehsl dl lqumcmbrm` phrh lc smstlkh ènmd` iëtrmn` hfuh-imtrht` dl khfilsm` sl kulstrh li ch Emfurh #, d`idl ch mie`rkhnmþi dl lqumcmbrm` li lstl dmhfrhkh sl bhsh prminmphcklitl li lc trhbho` dl ^jillrs`i (Fr`limlr7 & I`rtj, 8=:6). Kmlitrhs qul `trh mie`rkhnmþi ÿtmc s`brl  pr`pmldhdls eësmnhs phrh phrh lstl smstlkh lstè dmsp` dmsp`imbcl imbcl li ui hrtënuc` dl rlvmsmþi dl (^C@HI, 8=65)

 

C`s dht`s dl lqumcmbrm` vhp`r-cëqumd` (UCL) phrh lc smstlkh dl hfuh dl imtrht` dl khfilsm`ènmd` iëtrmn` jhi smd` n`rrlchnm`ihd`s p`r lc k`dlc` dl dms`nmhnmþi smkpcmemnhd`, qul sl bhsh li c`s lqumcmbrm`s − ° (c )°

 Kf ( I@ > )2 (c ) ↔ Kf 2+ ° (c) +2 I@ + ° ( c ) + I@

 JI@> ( c ) ↔ J 

−° ( c ) ° >

°

>

°

 JI@> ( c ) ↔ JI@> ( f )  J 2 @ ( c ) ↔ J 2 @ ( f ) D`idl ch erhnnmþi k`chr dlc  JI@> y dlc  J 2 @  sl puldli nhcnuchr s`i chs smfumlitls lnuhnm`ils

 y 8; x 8 ξ 8 Q±  Q ± 8 / ρ   y 2; x 2 ξ 2 Q±  Q ± 2 / ρ  (Tj`kps`i lt hc., 8=:>) pchitl` chs smfumlitls lnuhnm`ils dl hntmvmdhd li tírkmi`s dl erhnnm`ils k`chrls t`thcls dl ehsl hnu`sh dl  JI@>,  J 2 @ ,  Kf ( I@ > )2 °

°

ci

ξ 8;° −2..81 ( Z 8)

ci

ξ   J  Z 8 ) J  @ ;°− 1.86 Z 8−>.52 (  Z 

°

2

°

2

2

+ 2>.:> Z ° −24.21 ( Z ° ) −8

>

8

>

−4.46 Z ° −8: ( Z ° ) −2:.2 Z ° Z ° ° 2

>

>

8

>

D`idl dlc lqumcmbrm` hcrldld`r dlc smstlkh n`kpclt`, sl puldli `btlilr c`s smfumlitls  bhchinls flilrhcls y dl ènmd` ènmd` iëtrmn`

 E ;VH + ^H  E ( Z 8 ,E  );VH ( Z 8 , VH) + ^H ( Z 8 ,^H )

 

D`idl E, VH y VH s`i chs thshs dl ecuo` kèsmn` dlc ènmd` dl hcmklithnmþi, lc pr`dunt` ènmd` díbmc y lc pr`dunt` ènmd` eulrtl, rlsplntmvhklitl, y  Z 8 , E ,  Z 8 , VH y  Z 8 , ^H s`i chs erhnnm`ils li  pls` dl ènmd` iëtrmn` dl dl chs kmskhs n`rrmlitls. ^l `bt `btmlili mlili bhchinls smkmchrls hcrldld`r dlc rlnmpmlitl dl rlnuplrhnmþi dl dms`cvlitl.

VK ; ^K + VH

; ^K   Z 

VK   Z 8

(

+ VH  Z 

8

, VK 

)

(

8

, ^K 

)

(

,VH

)

D`idl VK y ^K s`i chs thshs dl ecuo` kèsmn` dlc ènmd` iëtrmn` y lc imtrht` dl khfilsm` y  Z 8 , VK  y  Z 8 , ^K  s`i ch erhnnmþi li pls` dlc ènmd` iëtrmn` nhdh n`rrmlitl. Hc mfuhc, sl hsukl qul

 Kf ( I@ > )2 ls ui n`kpulst` i` v`chtmcy i` lsthrè prlslitl n`i lc ènmd` díbmc im n`i lc ènmd` eulrtl.

 

K`dlc` tlrk`dmièkmn` (Ènmd` suceÿrmn`)

^lfÿi (Klif Vhif, Jhri``r Ghur, 2182) mie`rkhr`i ch md`ilmdhd dlc k`dlc` tlrk`dmièkmn` lIRTC n`i lc rlelrlinmh smkítrmnh phrh dlsnrmbmr lc ènmd` iëtrmn`-hf iëtrmn`-hfuh-suceÿrmn` uh-suceÿrmn` smstlkh tlrihrm` ènmd`. I` `bsthitl, (Lccms & Tjwhmtls, 2116) c`s phrèkltr`s dlc k`dlc` slr mihdlnuhd` phrh lstmkhr lc vhp`r-cëqumd` lxplrmklithc n`kp`rthkmlit` dl lqumcmbrm` dlc ènmd` iëtrmn` / hfuh / ènmd` suceÿrmn`, p`r c` qul li lstl trhbho` sl smfumþ lc lolkpc` dl (Fjufl lt hc., 2121) hc ushr lc kít`d` K`dlc` dl n`lemnmlitl dl hntmvmdhd lIRTC-RG n`i dht`s lxplrmklithcls dl lqumcmbrm` vhp`r-cëqumd` phrh tlilr uih klo`r prldmnnmþi dlc n`kp`rthkmlit` dl lqumcmbrm` dl ehsl vhp`r-cëqumd` bmihrm` y tlrihrm`.

Lqumcmbrm` cmqumd`-vhp`r Ch rlchnmþi dl lqumcmbrm` vhp`r-cëqumd` lstè rlprlslithdh p`r ch smfumlitl lnuhnmþi 8.  Lnu. 8

D`idl xm y ym s`i chs erhnnm`ils k`chrls li ehsl cëqumdh y li ehsl dl vhp`r dl ui n`kp`ilitl m, rlsplntmvhklitl. Q y Qm s rlprlslithi ch prlsmþi t`thc dlc smstlkh y ch prlsmþi dl vhp`r dlc n`kp`ilitl pur` m. Ch prlsmþi dl vhp`r dlc n`kp`ilitl pur` sl nhcnucþ utmcmzhid` chs lnuhnm`ils dl Hit`mil lxtlidmdhs rlnuplrhid` sus n`lemnmlitls dlc Hspli pcus n`k` sl midmnh li ch Mie`rkhnmþi dl hp`y`, Thbch 8. Lc n`lemnmlitl dl eufhnmdhd (Υm) phrh ui n`kp`ilitl m li ch klznch sl nhcnuch ushid` ch lnuhnmþi dl lsthd` dl Rldcmnj-Gw`if. Ch prlsmþi nrëtmnh (Qn), ch tlkplrhturh nrëtmnh (Tn) y lc ehnt`r hníitrmn` (έ) rlqulrmd`s li chs lnuhnm`ils dl Rldcmnj-Gw`if dl c`s  phrèkltr`s dl lsthd` sl dhi li li ch Mie`rkhnmþi dl hp`y`, T Thbch hbch 2. Ch dlismdhd k`chr dlc cëqumd` dl ui n`kp`ilitl m sl nhcnuch utmcmzhid` c`s n`lemnmlitls dl chs rlsplntmvhs lnuhnm`ils dlc k`dlc`, n`k` sl kulstrh li ch Mie`rkhnmþi dl hp`y`, Thbch >. Lc v`cukli k`chr dlc cëqumd` (Um) phrh ui n`kp`ilitl m h ch tlkplrhturh T y ch prlsmþi dl shturhnmþi Qm s `btlimd`s dl ch dlismdhd k`chr dlc cëqumd` (ψm c) sl nhcnuch kldmhitl ch rlchnmþi qul sl midmnh h n`itmiuhnmþi li ch lnuhnmþi 2

 

 Lnu. 2

Thbch 8

Thbch 2

Thbch >

N`lemnmlitl dl Hntmvmdhd Lc n`lemnmlitl dl hntmvmdhd dlc n`kp`ilitl m sl `btmlil h phrtmr dl ch dlrmvhdh dl FL / RT  Lnu. >

Lc n`lemnmlitl dl hntmvmdhd dl ch ehsl cëqumdh lstè rlprlslithd` p`r ξm y sl puldl nhcnuchr utmcmzhid` lc k`dlc` dl d`s cëqumd`s i` hclht`rm` dl lclntr`cmt`s kès vlrsètmc pr`pulst` p`r (N.-N. Njli lt hc., 8=:27 K`ng lt hc., 8=:5) 8=:5) bhshd` li c`s d`s su supulst`s pulst`s dl lclntr`ilutrhcmdhd lclntr`ilutrhcmdhd c`nhc y rlpucsmþi dl m`ils smkmchrls. Lc lxnls` dl lilrfëh cmbrl dl Fmbbs sl dh n`k`

 

 Lnu. 4

° L , QDJ 

D`idl Fk

 rlprlslith ch n`itrmbunmþi dl mitlrhnnmþi dl chrf` hcnhinl `btlimdh dl ch

lnuhnmþi dlc k`dlc` dl Qmtzlr-Dlbyl-Junglc phrh ui lclntr`cmt` kuctmn`kp`ilitl (Qmtzlr, 8==>)  Lnu. <

D`idl ψ ls lc phrèkltr` dl hpr`xmkhnmþi kès nlrnhi`, Hυ ls lc phrèkltr` Dlbyl-Junglc l Mx ls ch eulrzh mþimnh

d`idl xm ls ch erhnnmþi k`chr dlc n`kp`ilitl m, Ks rlprlslith ch pls` k`clnuchr dlc s`cvlitl,  IH ls lc iÿklr` dl Hv`fhdr`, Hv`fhdr`, ds ls ch dlismdhd dl khs khshh dlc s`cvlitl, Xl ls ch nhrfh dl dlcc lclntrþi, T ls ch tlkplrhturh, g ls ch n`isthitl dl B`ctzkhii, zm ls lc iÿklr` dl nhrfh dl ui m`i y μs ls ch n`isthitl dmlcíntrmnh dlc s`cvlitl. N`lemnmlitl dl hntmvmdhd

 

Chs lnuhnm`ils dl B`ri lstèi rlprlslithdhs p`r chs smfumlitls lnuhnm`ils (N. N. Njli & ^`if, 2114)

D`idl Xl ls ch nhrfh dlc lclntrþi, rm ls lc rhdm` dl B`ri y μw ls ch n`isthitl dmlcíntrmnh dlc hfuh purh. Chs n`isthitls dmlcíntrmnhs phrh nhdh n`kp`ilitl utmcmzhd` phrh lc k`dlchd` tlrk`dmièkmn` sl dhi li ch Mie`rkhnmþi dl hp`y`, Thbch 4.

° L , QDJ 

Fk

 rlprlslith lc lxnls` dl lilrfëh dl Fmbbs `btlimdh dl mitlrhnnm`ils dl n`rt` hcnhinl

k`dlchdhs n`i uih lnuhnmþi dl n`kp`smnmþi c`nhc IRTC. Lc smstlkh dl lclntr`cmt`s qul n`itmlil ui nhtmþi (n), ui himþi (h) y uih lsplnml k`clnuchr (k) sl puldl lsnrmbmr li e`rkh flilrhcmzhdh n`k`

 

D`idl θmo ls lc ehnt`r dl i` hclht`rmldhd y τmo rlprlslith lc phrèkltr` dl mitlrhnnmþi dl lilrfëh bmihrmh dhd` n`k` smful. Qhrh k`cínuch-k`cínuch, τmo ls

D`idl Trle ls ch tlkplrhturh dl rlelrlinmh, nmo, dmo y lmo s`i phrèkltr`s housthbcls `btlimd`s  p`r rlfrlsmþi dl c`s dht`s dht`s dl UCL. @trhs pr`pm pr`pmldhdls ldhdls eësmnhs dl c`s n` n`kp`ilitls kp`ilitls rlqulrmd`s, n`k` ch nhphnmdhd nhc`rëemnh dlc fhs mdlhc y lc nhc`r dl vhp`rmzhnmþi.

 

Rlelrlinmhs

Njli, N.-N., Brmt, J. M., B`s`i, O. E., & Lvhis, C. B. (8=:2). (8=:2 ). C`nhc N`kp`sm`i K`dlc e`r Lxnlss Fmbbs Lilrfy `e Lclnr`cyl ^yslks. HcNjl, 2:(4),