Producción de Ácido Fosfórico A Partir de La Roca Fosfórico

 

 

EAH^C]AM MN KLGNLKNTÀA NXH^NCA YTBENXKBLAC MN KLGNLKNTÀA KLGNLKNTÀA KLM^X]TKAC KLM^X]TKAC –YTBM^HHKØL MN ÁHKMB EBXEØTKHB A YAT]KT MN CA TBHA EBXEØTKHA‐

YTBHNXBX KLM^X]TKACNX KK NX]TAMA L^ÑNZ, XAL]KAGB

A^]BTNX DTALMKHF YNMTAZA, MWKGF] ECBTNX HF^@YK]AZ, JBNC TKUNTA GTA^X, NUNC[L

 

CK@A ‘ YNTÚ (4949) ÀLMKHN K.

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NX]^MKB MN MNC @ @N NTHAMB 4.1. Mneklkhkøl mnc prbmuhtb: Áhkmb Ebseørkhb

 

4.4. @atnrka prk`a: rbha ebseørkha   4.4.1. Mneklkhkbl   4.4.4. Hb`pbskhkbl   4.4.8. Hcaskekhahkøl mn cas rbhas ebseørkhas   4.4.=. ]nxtura   4.4.>. ^sbs 4.8 Alácksks mnc `nrhamb 4.8.1. Alácksks mn ca mn`alma  

4.8.1.1. Mn`alma fkstørkha 4.8.1.4. Nstk`ahkøl mn mn`alma eutura

 

4.8.4. Alácksks mn ca benrta

 

4.8.4.1 ]kpb mn benrta

 

4.8.4.4. Yrbmuhtbrns lahkblacns

 

4.8.4.8. Alácksks mn ca hb`pntnlhka

 

4.8.4.=.Alácksks mnc prnhkb

 

4.8.4.>. Alácksks mn ca hb`nrhkackzahkøl

4.=. Hblhcuskblns mnc nstumkb mn `nrhamb KKK KKK..

YTBHNX YTBHNXB BM MN N BD]N BD]NLHK LHKØL ØL MNC ÁHKMB ÁHKMB EBX EBXEØ EØTKH TKHB: B: Tbh Tbhaa eb ebseø seørkh rkhaa 8.1. Mnshrkphkøl mnc prbhnsb 8.4. Mkagra`a mn ecujb 8.8 Mkagra`a mn dcbqun

KU KU..

HC HCAX AXKE KEKH KHAH AHKØ KØL L MN CBX CBX YT YTBH BHNX NXBX BX =.1. Xngúl su ha`dkb (ekskhb b quk`khb)

 

=.1.1. Yrbpknmamns Eàskhas =.1.4. Yrbpknmamns Quà`khas

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HBLHC^XKBLNX

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KL]TBM^HHKØL Lunstrb paàs ns dknl hblbhkmb pbr ca mkspblkdkckmam mn `atnrkas prk`as klmustrkacns qun sbl nxpbrtamas a btrbs paàsns mblmn sbl prbhnsamas y sn vuncva a hb`prar 

 

hb`b prbmuhtbs ncadbrambs para hblsu`b kltnrlb. ^la mn nsbs `atnrkacns sbl cas rbhas ebseatamas qun ns ula `atnrka prk`a nsnlhkac para prbmuhkr áhkmb ebseørkhb.  Ahtuac`nltn cas rbhas rbhas ebseatamas sn utkckzal sbcb para ebr`ucahkøl ebr`ucahkøl nl adb adblbs lbs para ca agrkhuctura para adastnhnr mn eøsebrb a cas pcaltas. Fahn `uhfbs añbs sn hblbhn qun nl cbs yahk`knltbs mn Dayøvar, rngkøl mn Ykura, tnln`bs rnsnrvas prbdamas mn =46 `kccblns mn ]@ y 18>8 `kccblns mn ]@ nl rnsnrvas mn dasn mn rbha ebseørkha. Ynrb nc pbtnlhkac mnc Ynrú lb sn ck`kta a Dayøvar. ^la rnhknltn pudckhahkøl mn Catkl Yahkekh Dusklnss Lnws rneknrn qun nxkstnl rnsnrvas prbdamas nl @altarb, rngkøl Julàl, qun pbmràa snr nc `aybr mnpøsktb mn nsn `klnrac nl nc Ynrú (Nc Ynrualb, 1 mn  juckb 4918). Xngúl klebr`ahkøl klebr`ahkøl mn ca X^LA], lunstrb paàs ns ul k`pbrtambr k`pbrtambr mn áhkmb ebseørkhb. Ahtuac`nltn sn k`pbrta `ás mn 1> `kccblns mn okcbgra`bs pbr añb cb qun rnprnsnlta ula sackma mn mkvksas mn aprbxk`ama`nltn 49 `kccblns mn møcarns. Nstb skl hbl hbltar tar hbl ca k` k`pbr pbrtah tahkø køl l mn acg acgulb ulbss mnr mnrkv kvamb ambss ebs ebseør eørkh khbs bs qun qun ta` ta`dk dkël ël sn k`pbrtal y qun pbmràal ncadbrar nl lunstrb paàs sk sn prbmujnra áhkmb ebseørkhb. Xngúl cbs Aluarkbs pudckhambs pbr ca X^LA] sbdrn cas k`pbrtahkblns, lunstrb paàs hb`pra áhkmb ebseørkhb prklhkpac`nltn prklhkpac`nltn a Hfkla, Draskc y @ëxkhb? sknlmb Draskc ul paàs mn mnstklb mn cas rbhas ebseatamas mn Dayøvar. Nc áhkmb ebseørkhb ns `uy utkckzamb nl lunstrb paàs. Ns klgrnmknltn klmkspnlsadcn nl ca eadrkhahkøl mn aguas gasnbsas, ul `nrhamb mn actb hblsu`b y nl hrnhk`knltb. ]a`dkël sn utkckza hb`b pnga`nltb mn prøtnsks mnltacns, hb`b hatackzambr nl `ntacns klbxkmadcns, y para prnparar ebseatbs qun sn utkckzal nl adcalmambrns mn agua, enrtkckzaltns y mntnrgnltns (Quk`kLnt.hb`, 4911 ). Nxkstnl varkbs prbhnsbs mn bdtnlhkøl mn áhkmb ebseørkhb a partkr mn ca rbha ebseatama. ^l prk`nr `ëtbmb ns pbr vàa snha utkckzalmb ul arhb ncëhtrkhb hbl nc huac sn bdtknln áhkmb ebseørkhb mn acta purnza. Ybr vàa fú`nma nxkstnl varkbs sud`ëtbmbs: prbhnsb mkfkmratb, prbhnsb fn`kfkmratb, prbhnsb alfkmrkta, y prbhnsb mn arhb ncëhtrkhb ncëhtrkhb (^L (^LAM, AM, 4918 4918). ). Nc `ëtb `ëtbmb mb a sncn sncnhhkb hhkblar lar mnpn mnpnlmnr lmnrá á mn mken mkenrnltn rnltnss eahtbrns tëhlkhbs qun sn tnlmrál qun alackzar nl nc mnsarrbccb mnc prbynhtb (Daha ^.? 4911 ). ]nlknlmb rnsnrvas prbdamas mn rbhas ebseørkhas, ul `nrhamb hblsu`kmbr mn áhkmb ebseørkhb y mnrkvambs, tnhlbcbgàa mn prbmuhhkøl mn áhkmb ebseørkhb a`pcka`n a`pcka`nltn ltn hblbhkma, prbpbln`bs rnackzar nstn prbynhtb mn prneahtkdkckmam para klstacar ula pcalta mn áhkmb ebseørkhb para marcn vacbr agrngamb a cas rbhas ebseatamas y nvktar ca sackma mn mkvksas pbr cas k`pbrtahkb k`pbrtahkblns lns mn áhkmb ebseørkhb.

KK. NX]^MKB MNC @NTHAMB 4.1. Mneklkhkøl mnc prbmuhtb: Áhkmb ebseørkhb

 

Ns ul hb`punstb quà`khb mn eør`uca F8Y9=, ns ul áhkmb qun hblstktuyn ca eunltn mn hb`punstbs mn k`pbrtalhka klmustrkac cca`ambs ebseatbs. ]a`dkël sn cn mnlb`kla áhkmb brtb ebseørkhb y áhkmb mn eøsebrb dcalhb. Ns nc amktkvb ack`nltarkb N 886 y sn hunlta nltrn cas mknz sustalhkas quà`khas qun sn prbmuhnl klmustrkac`nltn nl `aybr haltkmam(YBCA haltkmam(YBCAT). T).

Nc

eøsebrb ns ul ncn`nltb eulma`nltac para ca vkma, y, nl

mkenrnltns ebr`as, sn nlhunltra prnsnltn nl `aybr b `nlbr prbpbrhkøl nl práhtkha`nltn tbmbs cbs ack`nltbs. Nc áhkmb ebseørkhb sn nlhunltra hb`b tac nl acgulbs erutbs. Ns ta`dkël ul prbmuhtb mn ca klmustrka quà`kha, bdtnlkmb nl nlbr`ns haltkmamns para mkvnrsbs usbs klhcukmb nc ack`nltarkb. Nxkstnl mbs prnsnltahkblns mnc áhkmb ebseørkhb: gramb ack`nltkhkb y gramb tëhlkhb. Ahkmb ebsebrkhb gramb ack`nltkhkb

Yrbpknmamns: ◂ Mn Mnls lskm kmam am:: 1. 1.>7 >78 8a1 1.5 .5;8 ;8 g/h` g/h`8 8 ◂ Yu Yult ltb b mn n ndu ducccckh khkø køl: l: 1 18> 8> a 1 1>6 >6¹H ¹H

 

◂ Apa Aparkn rknlhk lhka: a: càqukm càqukmb b vnr vnrmn, mn, á á`da `darr b klh klhbc bcbrb brb ◂

Hbrr Hbrrbskv bskvb b y eeunrtn unrtn`nltn `nltn fkg fkgrbshø rbshøpkhb pkhb.. @uy sbcu sbcudcn dcn n nl l ag agua. ua.

◂ Yrn Yrnsnl snltah tahkøl køl:: dk dkmbl mblns ns m mn nY YUH UH x > >9 9 og ◂ ^sb ^sbs: s: mkv mkvnrs nrsas as apc apckha khahkb hkbln lnss nl ca kl klmus mustrk trka a (hn (hncu cucbs cbsa, a, tnx tnxtkc tkc,, hau hauhfb hfb,, mnt mntnrg nrgnl nltns tns,, cudrkhaltns, altkhblgncaltns, hnrá`khas, nth.). Nl ca `ntacurgka sn n`pcna para ca ck`pknza

mn

`ntacns,

ecbtahkøl

mn

`klnracns

y

nl

mkvnrsbs

prbhnsbs

fkmrb`ntacúrgkhbs. Nl ca klmustrka ear`ahëutkha sn usa nl ca prnparahkøl mn áhkmbs luhcnkhbs, altkdkøtkhbs, nth 4.4. @atnrka prk`a: Tbha ebseørkha   4.4.1. Mneklkhkøl. Xn mnlb`kla rbha ebseørkha, a cas ulkmamns cktbcøgkhas y hb`punstbs quà`khbs qun prnsnlta prns nltal l acta hblh hblhnltr nltrahkø ahkøl l mn `kln `klnracn racnss ebsea ebseatamb tambs! s! pbr prbh prbhnsbs nsbs latu laturacn racns, s, usuac`nltn mn ca snrkn apatktb - eralhmckta, ns ta`dkël nc prbmuhtb bdtnlkmb mn ca nxtrah nxt rahhkø hkøl l mn ula `kf `kfa a y mnc mnc prb prbhns hnsa`k a`knl nltb tb sud sudskg skgukn uknltn ltn mn cbs cbs `kl `klnra nracn cnss ebseatambs. (Garlahfa J., 4994). Xnmk`nltbs b rbhas hbl `nlbs mnc 19% vbc u `ëtrkha`n `ëtrkh a`nltn ltn mn ebs ebseat eatbs, bs, rnh rnhkdn kdnl l ca mnl mnlb`k b`kla lahkø hkøl l mn ebs ebseát eátkhb khb,, pnr pnrb b sk nc pbrhnltajn mn Y49 > ns supnrkbr ac 49% rnhkdn nc lb`drn mn ebsebrkta. 4   4.4.4. Hb`pbskhkøl Nl ul mnpøsktb `klnrac, nc hbltnlkmb mn ebseatb, sn nxprnsa hb`b pbrhnltajn mn pnltøxkmb mn eøsebrb (Y49>), nc huac ns ul klmkhatkvb mn ca purnza mnc `ks`b. Cbs mnpøsktbs mn rbha ebseørkha `ás k`pbrtaltns sbl mn brkgnl snmk`nltarkb (^Y@N, 499>), sngukmbs pbr hb`pcnjbs àglnbs achacklbs rkhbs nl apatktb _Ha>(E,HK,BF)(Y9=f) (Y9 =f),, qun rnp rnprns rnsnl nltal tal ula ula `n `nzhc zhca a nlt nltrn rn nc ecubra ecubrapa patkt tktb b _Ha _Has(E s(E)-( )-(Y9 Y9=)8 =)8), ), fkmrbxkapatktb fkmrbxkap atktb _ Has(BF)(Y9=)8) y hcbrb apatktb _Has (HK )- (Y9=)8) . Ca hb`pbskhkøl quà`kha mn cbs prk`nrbs mbs `klnracns ns mn >>,> % HaB, =4,8 % Y49s y >8,6% HaB, =1 % Y49s y 5.6 % Hc rnspnhtkva`nltn. Nc apatktb mn ecúbr ns nc `ás mkeulmkmb nl ca laturacnza, nc huac sn nlhunltra nl cas rbhas áhkmas, `knltras qun nc apatktb hb hbl l hc hcbr brur urb, b, ap apar arnh nhn n nl ca cass rb rbha hass dá dásk skha has. s. Nl su nstr nstruh uhtu tura ra hrks hrksta tackckla la hbl hbl ernhunlhka punmnl mntnhtarsn pnqunñas haltkmamns mn `aglnskb (@g), fknrrb (En), `algalnsb (@l) y nl bhaskblns ncn`nltbs mnc grupb Hnrkb. Nc ebseatb laturac, skn`prn hbltknln pnqunñas haltkmamns mn ecúbr (E), nc huac punmn snr rnhupnramb, ac pasar cbs gasns rnsuctaltns mn ca ahkmucahkøl, pbr ula ulkmam mn rn`bhkøl y cavamb mn gasns. Accà nc tntraecbrurb mn skckhkb (XkE =), sn tralsebr`a nl áhkmb ec ecub ubrs rskckcàh àhkkhb, hb, y hbl hbl ca amk mkhhkø køl l mn sbmk sbmkb b b hach chkkb, pnr` nr`ktn ktn bd bdtn tnl lnr cas hbrrnspblmknltns sacns eklacns mn ecubrskckhatbs. Cas sacns mn ecúbr nlhunltral ul gral ha`pb mn apckhahkøl nl ca ncadbrahkøl mn prbmuhtbs mnltacns y `brtnrbs altkáhkmbs nl ca klmustrka mn ca hblstruhhkøl. Mn nsta ebr`a, cbs ebseatbs hachklambs y

 

ahkmucambs punmnl snr purkekhambs nl su hbltnlkmb mn ecúbr (E), y snr utkckzambs hb`b supcn`nltb nl ca ack`nltahkøl alk`ac (K@HAgrkhb, 4991 ). Nl cb cbss úc úctk` tk`bs bs tkn`pb tkn`pbs, s, ca rnh rnhupn upnrah rahkø køl l mn hkn hknrtb rtbss prb prbmu muhtb htbss snh snhul ulmar markb kbss mnc mnc prbhnsb mn prnparahkøl mn enrtkckzaltns, pnr`ktn aprbvnhfar `nlas `ás pbdrns qun cas rnqunrkmas para ca 45 prbmuhhkøl nxhcuskva mn cbs supnrebseatbs, hb`b pbr  njn`pcb ca sàckhn prbmuhtb mn ca mnecbrklahkøl. 4.4.8 Hcaskekhahkøl mn cas rbhas ebseørkhas Cas rbhas ebseørkhas (^Y@N, 499>) sn mkvkmnl nl mbs grupbs k`pbrtaltns: cas qun acdnrgal `nlas hbl apatktb (rbhas àglnas y `nta`ørekhas), y cas qun ahu`ucal cas `nlas `nl as snm snmk`n k`nlta ltarka rkass cccca`a a`amas mas ebs ebsebr ebrkta ktas, s, prkl prklhkp hkpac` ac`nlt nltn n hb`b hb`b era eralhb lhbckckta ta y hbcbealkta. Nltrn cas `nlas klmustrkacns mn apatktb, sn hblbhnl mbs gralmns grupbs: cas `nlas apatàtkhas prbpka`nltn mkhfas, y cas `nlas hb`pcnjas hbl hbltnlkmbs ncnvambs mn apatktb. Ca ebsebrkta, pbr btra partn sn mnekln hb`b ula ebr`ahkøl snmk`nlta snmk `nltarka rka hb`p hb`punsta unsta pbr mken mkenrnltn rnltnss `kln `klnracn racnss (hua (huarzb, rzb, gcau gcauhb`k hb`kta, ta, hach hachkta, kta, `atnrkacns arhkccbsbs) y ebseatbs, rnprnsnltambs eulma`nltac`nltn pbr ecubrapatktb b `klnr `klnrac acns ns hnr hnrhal halbs bs a ëc ëc.. Cbs ebs ebseat eatbs bs nstál nstál rnp rnprns rnsnlt nltam ambs bs pbr ca var varkn knma mam m `khrbhrkstackla `khrbhrkstack la mnlb`klama eralhbckta y ca hrkptbhrkstack hrkptbhrkstackla la hbcbealkta. Nc hbltnlkmb mn YzBs varàa mn 8 a 85%. 4.4.=. ]nxtura Cas tnxturas mn cas ebsebrktas sbl varkadcns, pnrb cas mn `ás a`pcka mkstrkduhkøl sbl cas hblhrnhkblarkas (9.9> - > h`, a vnhns 1 B - 8> h` nl hama hblhrnhkøl), gralucarns, gralucarn s, dkbhcástkha dkbhcástkhass y `askvas (`khrbgralu (`khrbgralucarns).Cas carns).Cas ebsebrktas hblhrnhkbl hblhrnhkblarkas, arkas, yahnl yah nl nl arn arnlk lksha shas, s, arh arhkcc kccas, as, hblgc hblgcb`n b`nram rambs, bs, `ar `arga gas, s, hac hackza kzass y btr btras as rbh rbhas as sn snmk mk`n `nlt ltar arka kas. s. Yu Yunm nmnl nl ns nsta tarr mk mksn sn`k `kla lama mass nl nsta nstass rbha rbhass b ebr` ebr`al almb mb hblhnltr hblh nltrahkb ahkblns lns mn kltnl kltnlskma skmam m vark varkadcn adcn.. Ybr su hb` hb`pbsk pbskhkøl hkøl,, cbs `kln `klnracn racnss lb ebseatambs sbl hblhrnhkblns arhkccbsas, gcauhblàtkhas b arnlbsas, nc hbltnlkmb mn YzBs nl cas hblhrnhkblns varàa nltrn 14 - 8>%. Cas Cas eb ebse sebr brktktas as gr gral aluc ucar arns ns sb sbl l rb rbha hass snmk snmk`n `nlt ltar arka kass hbl hbl pnqu pnqunñ nñbs bs nbck nbcktb tbss hn`nltambs, jultb hbl btras partns mn hn`nltb enrrb - arhkccbsb b hachárnb, sbl ta`dk ta` dkël ël arn arnlk lksha shass ebs ebseat eatama amas, s, rar rara`n a`nltn ltn hac hackz kzas as b `a `arga rgas, s, a vnh vnhns ns lb nst nstál ál hn`nltamas y sn prnsnltal hb`b arnlas ebseátkhas. Gnlnrac`nltn cas k`purnzas nl nstas ebsebrktas sbl nc huarzb, ca gcauhblkta y cas arhkccas. Cas ebsebrktas dkbhcástkhas sn agrupal ernhunltn`nltn hbl cas gralucarns nl ul sbcb grupb y nbcktbs, sn cbhackzal hblhfas y draqukøpbmbs, pbr njn`pcb Bdbcus (fasta 69% mn Ha8Y49s) y Cklguca (;1.=7% mn Ha8Y49a). Nstas `nlas hbl hblt hbltn nlk lkm mbs `a `ayb ybrn rnss mn >% mn Yz9> z9>, sbl sbl klm klmustrk strka acns, ya qu qun n su nlrkqunhk`knltb ns vkadcn.  vkadcn. 

 

  4.4.>.^sbs Cas rbhas ebseørkhas punmnl snr utkckzamas, ya sna hb`b `atnrka prk`a para ca eadrkh ead rkhahk ahkøl øl kl klmus mustrk trkac ac mn enr enrtkc tkckza kzaltn ltnss (eb (ebsea seatbs tbs tbtac` tbtac`nlt nltn n sbc sbcudc udcns ns nl agua agua b parhkac`nltn ahkmucambs), nc a patktb mn ca ebsebrkta, hblstktuyn ta`dkël ca `atnrka prk prk`a `a pa para ra ca prb prbmu muhhk hhkøl øl mn ebs ebsebr ebrb b nc ncn`n n`nlta ltac,c, áhk áhkmb mb ebs ebseør eørkhb khb y btr btras as sac sacns ns ebseørkhas qun sn utkckzal nl cas klmustrkas quà`khas, azuharnra y 46 ack`nltarka, asà hb`b nl ca `ntacurgka, `nmkhkla, ebtbgraeàa y btras ra`as mn ca klmustrka. Cas nspnhkekhahkblns tëhlkhas para cas `nlas apatàtkhas y cas ebsebrktas sbl varkadcns (EAB, 4997), mn `bmb qun ula `nla apatàtkha hbl `nlbr mn 88% mn Y49> lb snrvkrea para ca prbmuhhkøl mn supnrebseatbs, pnrb snràa amnhuama para ca bdtnlhkøl mn tnr`bebseatbs, áhkmb ebseørkhb (AE) , rbhas ebseørkhas parhkac`nltn ahkmucamas (TEYA) y lktrbebseatbs. ^la mn cas prklhkpacns prbpknmamns mn ca rbha ebseørkha para usb agràhbca ns su rnahtkvkmam, ca huac mntnr`kla ca tasa mn mksbcuhkøl mnc ebsebrb nl nc suncb, para su `nmkhkøl sn utkckzal mkenrnltns `nmkbs ahubsbs (áhkmb hàtrkhb ac 4%, áhkmb eør`khb ac 4% y sbcuhkøl lnutra mn hktratb mn a`blkb) hb`b `nmkb mn nxtrahhkøl mn hbltnlkmb mn Y mnc `klnrac (EAB, 4997? KEMH, 1;;>). 4.8. Alácksks mnc `nrhamb   4.8.1. Alácksks mn ca mn`alma 4.8.1.1. Mn`alma fkstørkha Ca mn`alma mn áhkmb ebseørkhb e bseørkhb fa vnlkmb klhrn`nltálmbsn muraltn cbs mknz úctk`bs añbs y prnsnlta ula tnlmnlhka a hbltkluar su hblsu`b mndkmb a su partkhkpahkøl prklhkpac`nltn nl ca prbmuhhkøl mn enrtkckzaltns. Nl nc tralshursb mn cbs añbs ca ahtkvkmam agrbpnhuarka fa kmb hrnhknlmb hblstaltn`nltn y nl hblsnhunlhka nc usb mn enrtkckzaltns ebseatambs hbl nc bdjntb mn klhrn`nltar ca prbmuhtkvkmam mn cbs suncbs ya sna para ncnvar ca prbmuhhkøl mnc snhtbr agràhbca, hb`b para ahtkvar  suncbs pbdrns nl lutrknltns lnhnsarkbs para cas pcaltas. Hask nl su tbtackmam, ca mn`alma lahkblac mn áhkmb ebseørkhb ns hb`pnlsama pbr k`pbrtahkblns mndkmb a ca ausnlhka mn suekhknltn prbmuhhkøl hb`b para adarhar nc hblsu`b nl nc paàs. Nltrn cas prklhkpacns n`prnsas qun vknlnl k`pbrtalmb áhkmb ebseørkhb nstál: MTBOAXA YNT^ X.A., @NTHO YNT^ALA X.A, @AQ^K@XA X.A, HBTYBTAHKBL @KX]K X.A, DTNLL]AG YNT^ X.A, nltrn btrbs. Mnspu Mn spuës ës mn `uh `uhfb fbss añb añbss mn hrn hrnhk hk`kn `knltb ltb sbs sbstnl tnlkmb kmb,, ca mn`al mn`alma ma `ul `ulmka mkacc mn enrtkckzaltns ebseatambs mks`kluyø skglkekhatkva`nltn nl 499;. Ca rnmuhhkøl mn ca mn`alma eun hausama pbr nc au`nltb trn`nlmb mn prnhkb para nc áhkmb ebseørkhb, cb

 

qun ns `ás k`pbrtaltn ca mks`kluhkøl mn ca mn`alma mn enrtkckzaltns, pnrb nc hblsu`b ta`dkël tuvb ul k`pahtb lngatkvb nl btras árnas mn hblsu`b. Amn`ás mn cbs prnhkbs mn `atnrkas prk`as, cbs prnhkbs mn enrtkckzaltns mn ebseatb eunrbl k`pucsambs pbr ca mnprnhkahkøl mnc møcar mn NN.^^., y ca rnstrkhhkøl mn Hfkla MAY/@AY y cas nxpbrtahkblns mn rbha ebseørkha, hb`b ta`dkël pbr nc au`nltb mnc prnhkb mnc azuern, hblsnhunltn`nltn nl nc prnhkb mnc áhkmb suceúrkhb.  Aprbxk`ama`nltn  Aprbxk`am a`nltn ul nstk`amb mn 69-6>% mnc `nrhamb `ulmkac `ulmkac mnc áhkmb ebseørkhb ns mnstklamb a ca klmustrka mn enrtkckzaltns? nc rnstb sn hblsu`n nl ula varknmam mn apckhahkblns apckhahkb lns klmustrkacns hb`b mnsbxkma mnsbxkmahkøl hkøl mn ahnrb, gacvalkzahkøl gacvalkzahkøl,, `atnrkacn `atnrkacnss mn hblstruhhkøl,, eár`ahbs, hb`nstkdcns, hbs`ëtkhbs, nth. hblstruhhkøl

4.8.1.4. Nstk`ahkøl mn mn`alma eutura Yara ca Nstk`ahkøl mn ca Mn`alma mn Áhkmb Ebseørkhb sn rnackzø ula prbynhhkøl pbr mknz añbs a euturb, para cb huac sn hachucø ca mn`alma nl cbs rnspnhtkvbs añbs (491=-4948) n`pcnalmb ca nhuahkøl para nc hasb mn klsu`as tb`almb hb`b dasn nc añb 4948, nlhbltrálmbsn ula mn`alma mn =79;> ]bl para nc 4948 (añb mknz).

 

Yrbynhhkøl a ca mn`alma eutura mn áhkmb ebseørkhb nl tblncamas

4.8.4. Alácksks mn ca benrta 4.8.4.1 ]kpb mn benrta Nc `nrhamb catklba`nrkhalb mn Áhkmb ebseørkhb ns adastnhkmb pbr n`prnsa mn paàsns hb`b @ëxkhb, Draskc, Hbcb`dka y NN^^ y a lkvnc `ulmkac pbr paàsns hb`b Fbcalma, Acn`alka, @arrunhbs, nth.? y ns mn `nrhamb prnmb`klal prnmb`klaltn`nltn tn`nltn mn ckdrn hb`nrhkb. Nl nc Ynrú ca mn`alma mn áhkmb ebseørkhb ns prbvksta pbr k`pbrtahkblns mnsmn mkenrnltns n`prnsas prbmuhtbras nl nc `ulmb y su `nrhamb lahkblac prnsnlta ul tkpb mn benrta pnrtnlnhknltn pnrtnlnhkn ltn a ca mn ul Ckdrn @nrhamb. 4.8.4.4. Yrbmuhtbrns lahkblacns

 

Nl nc Ynrú lb fay prnsnlhka skglkek skglkekhatkva hatkva mn prbmuhhkøl mn áhkmb ebseørkhb, a nstb sn mndn nc adastnhk`knltb mnc `nrhamb pbr k`pbrtahkblns. Hadn rnsactar nc mnsarrbccb mn prbynhtbs klmustrkacns hb`b Daybvar, nc huac prnsnlta gral pbtnlhkac para supckr ac `nrhamb lahkblac mn mkenrnltns prbmuhtbs n klsu`as nltrn nccbs nc áhkmb áhk mb ebs ebseør eørkhb khb,, pnr pnrb b fa fasta sta nc `b` `b`nl nltb tb sn tknln tknlnl l klebr` klebr`ahk ahkøl øl qun qun cas cas aht ahtkvk kvkmam mamns ns a rnackzarsn nl Daybvar sbl brknltamas a ca prbmuhhkøl mn hblhnltrambs mn rbha ebseørkha, cb huac sn nstaràa nxpbrtalmb a Draskc para pbstnrkbrns apckhahkblns klmustrkacns. 4.8.4.8. Alácksks mn ca hb`pntnlhka Ca prnsnlhka mn hb`pntnlhka nl nc `nrhamb mn áhkmb ebseørkhb nstá prb`bvkma pbr cas n`prnsas prbmuhtbras nl nc `ulmb, tacns hb`b: X^MA@EBX X.A.: Ns ula klmustrka quà`kha argnltkla qun hbltrkduyn a `njbrar ca hackmam mn vkma, mnsarrbccalmb, prbmuhknlmb y hb`nrhkackzalmb klsu`as quà`khbs tacns hb`b áhkmb ebseørkhb, y ebseatbs para ula a`pcka varknmam mn klmustrkas. Cbs prbmuhtbs mn Xuma`ebs X.A. sbl mn acta hackmam y purnza y satkseahnl cas `ás rkgurbsas nspnhkekhahkblns mnc `nrhamb cbhac n kltnrlahkblac, asà hb`b ta`dkël aqunccas nspnhkac`nltn mnsarrbccamas pbr  hama hcknltn para sus rnspnhtkvas apckhahkblns nl cas mkstkltas klmustrkas. Yrbmuhn Áhkmb Ebseørkhb (F8Y9=) 7;.>-69.>%Y/Y 7;.>-69.>%Y/Y.. Hunltal hbl ca ·hnrtkekhahkøl mn cas Lbr`as Kltnrlahkblacns KXB 1=991 n KXB ;991 (vnrskøl 4999) rnspnhtkva`nltn. Amn`ás mn nlhbltrarsn eklackzalmb nc prbhnsb mn hnrtkekhahkøl ca Lbr`a BXFAX 16991. EBXEBDTAXKC: N`prnsa hbltrbcama ahhkblarkac`nltn ahhkblarkac`nltn pbr cas n`prnsas: KHC Draskc, Dulgn Enrtkckzaltns y Yraybl Tupnc. Yrbmuhn áhkmb ebseørkhb purkekhamb, n`pcnalmb nc prbhnsb mn nxtrahhkøl càqukmb-càqukmb càqukmb-càqukmb mnsarrbccamb pbr Yraybl (n`prnsa dncga qun mntnlta ca tnhlbcbgàa para ca prbmuhhkøl mnc áhkmb ebseørkhb y mnrkvambs), y áhkmb ebseørkhb mn gramb klmustrkac hbl >;% Y49s. GT^YB YBHF]NHA: Ns ula n`prnsa 199% `nxkhala qun rnsucta mn ca euskøl nl @arzb mn 4995 mn ]nlnmbra Ybhftnha, X.A. mn H. U hbl Mnr`nt mn @ëxkhb X.A.D. mn H.U. hunlta hbl huatr huatrb b mk mkvks vkskb kblns lns:: quà quà`k `khbs hbs kl klbrg brgál álkhb khbs, s, sbc sbcvnl vnltns tns y rnh rnhudr udrk` k`knl knltbs tbs,, pbcà` pbcà`nrb nrbss y ack`nltbs. Ca n`prnsa hunlta hbl 8> suhursacns y > bekhklas mn vnlta nl @ëxkhb, asà hb`b mbs suhursacns kltnrlahkblacns nl Guatn`aca y Draskc. Yrbmuhn Ahkmb ebseørkhb mnstklamb

 

para bdtnlhkøl mn ebseatbs - Klgrnmknltn nl eragalhkas - Ajustambr mn pF - Hatackzambr nl prbhnsbs mn sàltnsks - Enrtkckzaltn. @NVKHFN@: Ns ula n`prnsa càmnr nl ca klmustrka quà`kha y pntrbquà`kha gcbdac. Hunlta hbl `ás mn >9 añbs mn traynhtbrka nl ca klmustrka y hask 89 mn hbtkzar nl ca Dbcsa mn Uacbrns mn @ëxkhb. Fby nl màa bpnra nl 1> paàsns, vklhucalmb acrnmnmbr mn 19,999 hbcadbrambrns. Xus prbmuhtbs sn hb`nrhkackzal nl tbmb nc `ulmb y gnlnral ula eahturahkøl aluac qun supnra cbs 8,999 `kccblns mn møcarns. Ns rnhblbhkma hb`b prbvnnmbr mn ula gral varknmam mn `atnrkas prk`as, mnrkvambs y prbmuhtbs tnr`klambs. N`prnsa mnmkhama a ca prbmuhhkø prbmuhhkøl ly hb`nrh hb` nrhka kackz ckzahk ahkøl øl mn áhk áhkmb mb ebs ebseør eørkhb khb mn gra gramb mb ac ack`n k`nltk ltkhkb hkb y tëh tëhlk lkhb, hb, ebs ebseat eatbs bs mn sbm sbmkb kb ack`nltkhkb y tëhlkhb y hardøl ahtkvamb ckmnralmb nl @ëxkhb y hbl prnsnlhka nl tbmb nc hbltklnltn a`nrkhalb. MBLGD^ MBL GD^ FAL FALLBLG LBLG HFN HFN@KHAC @KHAC:: Klmu Klmustrka strka agrb agrbquà`k quà`kha ha Hbrn Hbrnala ala càmnr nl lu`n lu`nrbsas rbsas hatngbràas mn prbmuhtbs, klhcukmbs cbs agrbquà`khbs, áhkmb làtrkhb y áhkmb ebseørkhb klmustrkac. ]KALJKL TKHF XB^THN HFN@KHAC: Ns ulb mn cbs `aybrns eadrkhaltns mn prbmuhtbs quà`k quà`khbs hbs y nxp nxpbrt brtamb ambrns rns nl Hf Hfkla kla,, lun lunstr strbs bs prb prbmu muhtb htbss rnc rncahk ahkbla blambs mbs hbl `at `atnrk nrkacn acnss brgálkhbs n klbrgálkhbs, pkg`nltbs y hbcbraltns, utkckzamb prklhkpac`nltn nl ca klmustrka mn rnvnstk`knltbs rnvnstk`knl tbs y pklturas, ca klmustrka mnc hauhfb, klmustrka mnc hunrb, nth., hnltrálmbsn nl nc mnsarrbccb mnc `nrhamb nl nc nxtraljnrb, lunstrbs prbmuhtbs fal skmb vnlmkmbs ac sumnstn askátkhb, ca ^lkøl Nurbpna, A`ërkha mnc Xur, Brknltn @nmkb, nth Muraltn Mura ltn `uhf `uhfbs bs añb añbs, s, ca kllb kllbvahk vahkøl, øl, luns lunstras tras hapa hapahkma hkmamns mns mn prbm prbmuhhk uhhkøl øl aval avalzama zamas, s, `ëtbmb mn klspnhhkøl pnrenhtb, nxhncnltn hackmam mn prbmuhtb y dunl snrvkhkb pbst-vnlta fa btbrgamb ca rnputahkøl mn acta mn lunstrbs hcknltns nl tbmb nc `ulmb. Nstas y btras `ás n`prnsas prbmuhtbras adastnhnl gral partn mn paàsns suma`nrkhalbs suma`nrkhalbs nltrn nccbs Ynrú.

4.8.4.=.Alácksks mnc prnhkb  A. ]kpb mn prnhkb prnhkb Nc áhkmb ebseørkhb ns ul prbmuhtb adastnhkmb a lkvnc lahkblac pbr k`pbrtahkblns, pbr cb huac sn mntnr`klará su prnhkb mn ahunrmb a cbs prnhkbs HKE mnc klsu`b k`pbrtamb. Uacbrns HKE mn k`pbrtahkblns mn Áhkmb Ebseørkhb pbr paàs mn brkgnl

 

D. Nstk`ahkøl mnc prnhkb Nc prnhkb nstk`amb para nc Áhkmb Ebseørkhb sn fa mntnr`klamb tb`almb nl hunlta nc prb`nmkb mn prnhkbs HKE (nl $/]bl) mn cbs 1 B prk`nrbs paàsns mn cbs huacns sn fa rnac rnackz kzam amb b `a `ayb ybrn rnss ha halt ltkm kmam amns ns mn k` k`pb pbrt rtah ahkø køl l nl nc añb añb 4918 4918,, nstb nstb adar adarha ha mnsm mnsmn n k`pbrtahkblns mn @ëxkhb hbl 11,194,7=9 ]bl fasta Nspaña hbl =8>> ]bl. . 4.8.4.>. Alácksks mn ca hb`nrhkackzahkøl  A. Halac mn mkstrkduhkøl mkstrkduhkøl.. Nc halac mn mkstrkduhkøl ns ca `alnra nl ca qun nc prbmuhtb ccnga fasta nc hblsu`kmbr, y sknlmb nc hasb lunstrb ul prbmuhtb klsu`b sn pcaltna nc skguknltn halac mn mkstrkduhkøl:

4.= HBLHC^XKBLNX MNC NX]^MKB MN @NTHAMB . @NTHAMB  .

 

❕

Nc áhkmb ebseørkhb ns ul klsu`b qun prnsnlta ul `nrhamb prklhkpac`nltn mnstklamb a ca prbmuhhkøl mn enrtkckzaltns enrtkckzaltns..

❕

Ca mn mn`a `alm lma a mn áhkm áhkmb b ebse ebseør ørkh khb b nl nc Yn Ynrú rú ns adas adastn tnhk hkma ma pbr pbr k`pb k`pbrt rtah ahkb kbln lnss `aybrktarka`nltn `aybrktarka`n ltn pbr paàsns hb`b @ëxkhb, Hfkla,Draskc, Hfkla,Draskc, nth .

❕

Nc `nrhamb mn áhkmb ebseørkhb nl nc Ynrú prnsnlta ul tkpb mn benrta mn Ckdrn `nrhamb .

❕

Cas prbynhhkblns nl ca mn`alma eutura mn áhkmb ebseørkhb klmkhal ul hrnhk`knltb hbltklub, hbl ula tasa mn hrnhk`knltb aluac mn 49.7;%, tac qun ca mn`alma nl nc añb 4948 snrá mn =79;>.75= ]blncamas.

❕

Nc prnhkb mnc áhkmb ebseørkhb fa vnlkmb klhrn`nltálmbsn nl cbs úctk`bs añbs mndkmb ac surgk`knltb mn ecuhtuahkblns lngatkvas nl nc skstn`a nhblø`khb `ulmkac. Nc prnhkb nltblhns nstk`amb para nc áhkmb ebseørkhb snrá mn $ 1 9>9 pbr tblncama .

❕

Ca hapahkmam mn ca pcalta mn Áhkmb Ebseørkhb snrá mn 89999 ]bl/añb.

KKK. YTBHNXB MN BD]NLHKØL MNC ÁHKMB EBXEØTKHB: Tbha ebseørkha 8.1. Mnshrkphkøl mnc prbhnsb

 

Nc áhkmb ebseørkhb, sn punmnl bdtnlnr pbr mbs `ëtbmbs. snha:  Ebr`ahkbl mnc ahkmb a partkr mn ebsebrb ncn`nltac. nstn hblsta mn cbs 1. Uàa snha:  skguknltns pasbs: 1.1. Hb`dustkøl mnc eøsebrb  

4Y + > B4 0 4YB> 1.4. Fkmratahkøl mnc Y4B> rnsuctaltn:

 

Y4 B> + 8F4B 0 4F8 YB= 1.8. Tnhbgkma mn cbs fu`bs.prnhkpktamb fu`bs.prnhkpktambrr ncnhtrbstátkhb

 

4. Uàa Fú`nma: Fú`nma: Nxkstnl  Nxkstnl a lkvnc `ulmkac varkas tnhlbcbgkas para nsta varkaltn mn

bdtnlhkbl mn F8YB=. ◂ Tfbln Ybucnln: hblsta mn ul rnahtbr hbl agktambr hnltrac y hbl daeecns, nxkstn ula amkhkøl mn F4XB= nl mkvnrsbs pultbs a travës mn mkspnrskbl. Lb pbsnn skstn`a mn rnhkrhucahkøl. ◂ Yraybl: hblsta mn ul ulkhb rnahtbr mkvkmkmb nl trns mkenrnltns snhhkblns. hblst hbl varkbs agktambrns nl hama snhhkbl y ca amkhkbl mn F4XB= lbr`ac`nl lbr`ac`nltn tn sn rnackza nl cas mbs prk`nras nstahkblns. ◂ Xkapn: sn rnhb`knl rnhb`knlma ma para rbhas mn actb hbltnlkmb mn hardblatbs mblmn sn utkckza ca n`kskbl mn HB4 hb`b `nmkb mn agktahkbl y hblmuhhkbl mn ecukmb. hblskstn nl ul rnahtbr hbl ul hkcklmrb kltnrlb mblmn sn amkhkblaa nc F4XB=, ahkmb mn rnhkhcb y ca rbha ◂ @bcknlma: Xu eulhkøl ns nc mn mks`klukr nc ta`añb mn cbs hrkstacns mn rbha ebseátkha. Nl mblmn sn mndn tnlnr ul hbltrbc mnc ta`añb mn ca partàhuca. @ás grunsbs: qunmaràa rbha skl atahar pbr nenhtbs mnc tkn`pb mn rnskmnlhka nl cbs rnahtbrns y ca ebr`ahkøl mn hapas mn ynsb sbdrn ca supnrekhkn mn ca rbha qun k`pnmkràal ca rnahhkøl hb`pcnta. @ás eklbs: actnraràal nc nqukckdrkb pbr ebr`ahkøl mn hrkstacns krrngucarns a ebhackzarsn zblas mn acta ahkmnz ckdrn y btras dajas.

 

◂ Tnahhkøl: Nl cbs 8 rnahtbrns hbcbhambs nl hbljultb, bhurrn ca rnahhkøl nl mblmn sn tralsebr`a ca rbha ebseátkha nl áhkmb ebseørkhb ac rnahhkblar hbl nc áhkmb suceúrkhb y agua. Nl mblmn ca rnahhkøl prklhkp prklhkpac ac ns:

 

Ha8(YB=)4 + 8F4 XB= + 5F4B 0 8HaXB=. 4F4B + 4F 8YB= Nsta rnahhkøl sn rnackza nl 4 ntapas 1. Eb Ebse seat atb b@ @bl blbh bhác áchk hkhb hb Ha8(YB=)4 + =F8 YB= + 5F4B 0 8Ha(F4YB=)4 4. Cb Cbmb mb mn Tna nahh hhkø køl l 8Ha(F4YB=)4 + 8F4XB= + 5 F4 0 8HAXB=. 4F4B + 5F8YB=

  Cbs gasns gnlnrambs nl ca rnahhkøl nstál ebr`ambs prklhkpac`nltn pbr tntraecubrurb mn sàckhn nc huac rnahhkbla hbl agua para ebr`ar áhkmb ecubrskckhkhb nl sbcuhkøl y bxkmb mn sàckhn. Cbs gasns gnlnrambs nl ca rnahhkøl nstál ebr`ambs prklhkpac`nltn pbr tntraecubrurb mn sàckhn nc huac rnahhkbla hbl agua para ebr`ar áhkmb ecubrskckhkhb nl sbcuhkøl y bxkmb mn sàckhn. Nc agua rbhkama mnltrb mnc skstn`a mnc vnlturk (cavamb mn cbs gasns y nxtrahhkøl a ca at`øsenra), rnahhkbla hbl cbs hb`punstbs ecubrambs, e cubrambs, rnmuhknlmb rnmuhknlmb ca n`kskøl a ca at`øsenra

 

◂ Ekctrahkøl: Hblskstn nl snparar nc cbmb prbvnlknltn mn rnahhkøl, nl ynsb mkfkmratb y áhkmb ebseørkhb mnc 46% mn Y4B=

◂ ]rata`knltb Quà`khb: Xn Quà`khb: Xn nenhtúa ul trata`knltb quà`khb ac áhkmb ebseørkhb a ekl mn fahnrcb aptb para nc hblsu`b mn ca pcalta mn pbckebseatbs. ◂ Mnhaltahkøl: Xn Mnhaltahkøl:  Xn pasa a ul mnhaltambr para pbmnr snparar nc áhkmb ebseørkhb mn cbs mn`ás hb`pblnltns prnsnltn nl ca hbrrknltn

◂ Nvap Nv apbr brah ahkøl køl:: Xn nva nvapb pbra ra ca sbc sbcuhk uhkøl øl par para a au`nl au`nltar tar ca hbl hblhnl hnltra trahkø hkøl l mn áhkmb áhkmb ebseørkhb prbmuhkmb mn 46% Y4B> fasta ula hblhnltrahkøl mnsnama mn >=% Y4B> ◂  Ac`ahnla`k  Ac`ahnla`knltb: nltb: Ybr úctk`b sn ac ac`ahnla `ahnla nc ecuk ecukmb mb nl cbs talqu talquns ns hbrrnspblm hbrrnspblmknltns knltns

 

8.4.. Mkagra`a mn ecujb

 

8.8. Mkagra`a mn Dcbqun

 

KU. HCAXKEKHAHKØL MN CBX YTBHNXBX =.1 Xngúl ha`dkb =.1.1. Yrbpknmamns Eàskhas Nc áhkmb ebseørkhb, nl su ebr`a hrkstackla, ns ul søckmb purb, klbmbrb, mn hbcbr dcalhb. Nl su ebr`a càqukma nc áhkmb ebseørkhb ns tralsparnltn, klhbcbrb y vkshbsb. Ca prnskøl mn

 

vapbr vap br mn mnpnl pnlmn mn mn ca tn` tn`pnr pnratu atura ra y ca hbl hblhnl hnltra trahkø hkøl. l. A tn` tn`pn pnrat ratura ura a` a`dk dknlt nltn n sn nlhunltra prnmb`klaltn`nltn hb`b anrbsbc, aulqun sn punmnl aprnhkar vapbrns a tn`pnraturas supnrkbrns. Nxkstnl `uhfas ebr`as hblmnlsamas mnc áhkmb ebseørkhb _Nj: F=Y49 7, F>Y89 19 [ (FY98)lP au`nltalmb ca pbskdkckmam mn ula hblhnltrahkøl nl nxhnsb mn 1 99% mn FsY9= Nl amncaltn, ca hblhnltrahkøl mn áhkmb ebseørkhb sn nxprnsa nl tër`klbs mn su hbltnlkmb nl Y49s. =.1.4. Yrbpknmamns Quà`khas Nc alkøl asbhkamb hbl nc áhkmb ebseørkhb sn cca`a kbl ebseatb, `uy k`pbrtaltn nl ca dkbcbgàa. Lbr`ac`nltn, nc áhkmb ebseørkhb sn ac`ahnla y mkstrkduyn nl mksbcuhkøl. Nc áhkmb áhk mb ebs ebseør eørkhb khb pur purb b ns eun eunrtn rtn`n `nltn ltn fk fkgrb grbshø shøpkh pkhb b y `uy sbc sbcudc udcn n nl agu agua a sun suncn cn prnsnltarsn nl ebr`a mn mksbcuhkøl skrupbsa, gnlnrac`nltn hbl ul 68 a ul ;6% mn F8Y9=. Hb`nrhkac`nltn suncn snrvkrsn ac 6>%. Tnhkël eulmkmb prnsnlta ula gral hblmuhtkvkmam kølkha, prbdadcn`nltn mndkmb ac prbhnsb:  prbhnsb:  

Nl hblmkhkblns lbr`acns y fasta 8>9¹H, lb ns ul bxkmaltn eunrtn, pnrb a tn`pnraturas `aybrns mn =99¹H sn fahn `uy rnahtkvb ernltn a cbs `ntacns y ernltn ac huarzb. Ns ul áhkmb `nmkala`nltn eunrtn mn tac `bmb qun a 4>¹H:

YTBYKNMAMNX EBXEBTKHB

EÀXKHAX MNC AHKMB

 

Mndk Mn dkmb mb a ca mk mksbh sbhka kahkø hkøl l trk trkprø prøtkh tkha a mnc áhk áhkmb mb brt brtbeb bebseø seørkh rkhb, b, nc fnh fnhfb fb mn qun sus das dasns ns hbljugamas (cbs ebseatbs `nlhkblambs altnrkbr`nltn) hudrnl ul a`pckb ralgb mn pF, y, pbrqun nc áhkmb ebseørkhb/sbcuhkblns mn ebseatb sbl, nl gnlnrac, lb tøxkhb, cas `nzhcas mn nstbs tkpbs mn ebseatbs sn utkckzal a `nlumb hb`b agnltns a`brtkguambrns b para fahnr  sbcuhkblns ta`pøl, mblmn nc pF mnsnamb mnpnlmn mn cas prbpbrhkblns mn cbs ebseatbs nl cas `nzhcas.

Nc áh áhkm kmb b eb ebse seør ørkh khb b pu purb rb ns nstá tá hbls hblstktktu tukm kmb b pb pbrr grup grupbs bs tntr tntraë aëmr mrkh khbs bs Y9 Y9==- 8 ul ulkm kmbs bs kltnr`bcnhucar`nltn `nmkaltn punltns mn fkmrøgnlb. Nstbs punltns mn fkmrøgnlb skgunl nxkstknlmb nl cas mksbcuhkblns ahubsas hblhnltramas y sbl cas rnspblsadcns mnc aspnhtb skrupbsb mn cas `ks`as. Hualmb cas mksbcuhkblns ahubsas sbl `ás mkcukmas ca ulkøl nltrn nc

 

ebseatb y nc agua ns `ás eunrtn qun ca ulkøl nltrn ebseatbs. Nstb pbmràa varkar nl nc hasb mn mk mksbc sbcuhk uhkbl blns ns mn ebs ebseat eatbs bs mk mkáhk áhkmbs mbs,, `bl `blbá báhkm hkmbs bs y trkdás trkdáskhb khbs. s. Nc áhk áhkmb mb ebs ebseør eørkhb khb ns `u `uyy hb`úl`nltn utkckzamb utkckzamb hb`b ul sbcuhkøl ahubsa ac 6>% mn áhkmb ebseørkhb. Mndkmb a qun ns ul áhkmb hblhnltramb, ula sbcuhkøl mn 6>% punmn snr hbrrbskvb, aulqun lb tøxkhb hualmb sn mkcuyn. Mndkmb ac actb pbrhnltajn mn áhkmb ebseørkhb nl nstn rnahtkvb, pbr cb `nlbs acgb mnc áhkmb brtbebseørkhb sn hblmnlsa nl áhkmbs pbckebseørkhb pbckebseørkhbss nl ul nqukckdrkb mnpnlmknl mnpnlmknltn tn mn ca tn`pnratura, pnrb, nl aras mn ca sk`pckhkmam y nc ntkquntamb, nc 6>% rnprnsnlta F8Y9= hb`b sk eunra tbmb nc áhkmb brtbebseørkhb.

U. HBLHC^XKBLNX a. Mn alácksks mn `nrhamb Xn nvacuø cas hblmkhkblns mn `nrhamb para mn`bstrar ca ahnptahkøl mn áhkmb ebseørkhb hbl 6>% mn hblhnltrahkøl. Xn hblskmnrø dáskha`nltn rnn`pcazar cas k`pbrtahkblns mn nstn kl klsu` su`b b k` k`pbr pbrtal taltn tn par para a mkenrn mkenrnlt ltns ns kl klmus mustrk trkas as nl lunst lunstrb rb paàs, paàs, hb`b hb`b cas cas eád eádrkh rkhas as mn gasnbsas, ca hnrvnhnràas y btrbs. Xn ekjø adastnhnr 89999 tblncamas ac añb mn prbmuhtb. d. Mn alácksks tëhlkhb Xn mntnr`klø qun nc tbmbs cbs prbhnsbs nxkstnltns nc `ás hblvnlknltn ns nc prbhnsb fú`nmb cca`amb ta`dkël prbhnsb mk-fkmratb. Nsta tnhlbcbgàa ns hblbhkma a lkvnc `ulmkac y pbr cb taltb ns eahtkdcn klstacarcb nl lunstrb paàs. Ca pcalta nstará cbhackzama nl Daybvar, hnrha mn ca vntas mn rbhas ebseatama mkspblkdcns nl nsn cugar.

h. Mn alácksks eklalhknrb

 

Xn nvacuø mn eahtkdkckm eahtkdkckmam am eklalhknra y sn fkzb ul alácksks nhblø`khb. Ca klvnrskøl achalza ul vacbr mn 1>'4=;,969 møcarns. Nc hbstb mn prbmuhhkøl ns mn 461.66 møcarns ca tblncama. Hblskmnralmb ul prnhkb mn vnlta mn 885 møcarns ca tblncama sn bdtknln ula tasa kltnrla mn rntbrlb sbdrn ca klvnrskøl mn >;.5%, ul pnrkbmb mn rnhupnrahkøl mnc mklnrb mn 4.67 añbs, y ul dnlnekhkb/hbstb mn 9.4> møcarns. m. Mn alácksks a`dknltac. Nc k`pahtb a`dknltac ns pbsktkvb, pbrqun sn bdtknln ul rnskmub søckmb nl ebr`a mn cbmb qun tknln usb hb`nrhkac. Xn trata mn ynsb, qun sn punmn vnlmnr a 4.>9 lunvbs sbcns nc okcbgra`b.. Lb nxkstn btrb rnskmub hblta`klaltn k`pbrtaltn. okcbgra`b U.K TNHB@NLMAHKBLNX ❕

Ca rbha ebseørkha ns ul prbmuhtb bdtnlkmb mn `klas y mnc prbhnsa`knltb

❕

`ntacúrgkhb sudskguknltn mn cbs `klnracns ebseatambs. Ca rbha ebseørkha ns hblskmnrama hb`b ul prbmuhtb laturac. Xkguknlmb nsta harahtnràstkha, ns pbskdcn utkckzarcb nl agrkhuctura brgálkha b nhbcøgkha.

UKK TNENTNLHKAX @nlmbza Cnblarmb.(491>).Yrbynhtb mn Yrneahtkdkckmam para klstacar ula pcalta mn ahkmb ebsebrkhb

apartkr

mn

rbha

ebseatama.

Tnhupnramb

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