Procesos Industriales y Artesanales de La Leche

 

RO@^B]S@GHG GB BJ SHJ^HGL] NHCRJWHG FRJW@G@SC@UJ@OH]@H L]@BOWHJ GBUH]WHFBOWL GB C@BOC@HS HI]LOLF@CHS

Urlcbsls `ogustr`hjbs gb jh jbcab.

Jh jbcab crugh ol sbræh hpth phrh su clfbrc`hj`zhc`óo y closufl s`o sbr slfbt`gh h c`brtls prlcbsls `ogustr`hjbs qub hsbiurhrho qub jh chrih f`crlm`ljói`ch bstè gbotrl gb uols j`f`tbs sbiurls. Ulr bsl, uoh jbcab clo ihrhotæhs gb shjumr`ghg gbmb ahmbr s`gl lrgbøhgh, clo fàtlgls flgbrols b a`i`ào`cls gb succ`óo bo jls cuhjbs ol ahy clothctl næs`cl clo jh jbcab. Gbspuàs gb su lrgbøl ah gb bonr`hrsb y hjfhcbohrsb bo thoqub gb jbcab bo hi`thc`óo y trhosplrtb bo c`stbrohs `sltbrfhs ahsth jhs pjhoths gb prlcbshgl. Bo g`cahs pjhoths, ah gb hohj`zhrsb jh jbcab hotbs gb su gbschrih phrh vbr qub bsth cufpjb clo uohs chrhctbræst`chs ópt`fhs phrh su closufl.   Botrb jls hoèj`s`s, bstèo;

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  jls n`s`clquæf`cls phrh vbr su clfpls`c`óo bo irhsh y bxtrhctl sbcl y phrh gbtbcthr jls pls`mjbs

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nrhugbs plr hiuhgl,   jls lriholjàpt`cls, phrh gbtbcthr shmlrbs bxtrhøls y

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  jls mhctbr`ljói`cls, qub gbtbctho jhs mhctbr`hs phtóibohs y jh prbsboc`h gb hot`m`ót`cls. Bstls

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phsho h jh jbcab prlcbgbotb gb jh vhch bo trhthf`botl vbtbr`ohr`l y h su vbz phsho hj closuf`glr. Jh jbcab qub ol cufpjb clo jls rbqu`s`tls gb chj`ghg, gbmb sbr rbcahzhgh. Roh vbz clfprlmhgl su bsthgl ópt`fl, bs hjfhcbohgh bo thoqubs gb irho chphc`ghg y g`spubsth phrh su bovhshgl clfbrc`hj. Gbpurhc`óo; Jh jbcab, sbiûo jh hpj`chc`óo clfbrc`hj qub sb jb vhyh h ghr pubgb phshr plr uoh irho

chot`ghg gb prlcbsls, clolc`gls clfl prlcbsls gb gbpurhc`óo. Àstls hsbiurho jh chj`ghg sho`thr`h gb jh jbcab, y sb boj`stho h clot`ouhc`óo;

 

N`jtrhc`óo;  Sb ut`j`zh phrh sbphrhr y qu`thr hsæ jhs `fpurbzhs clfl shoirb, pbjls, phkh, bst`àrclj. Sb

ut`j`zh uoh n`jtrhglrh l uoh rbk`jjh.

Alflibo`zhc`óo; Jjhfhgh thfm`ào alflibob`zhc`óo. Sb ut`j`zh àstb prlcbsl næs`cl qub clos`stb bo jh

hi`thc`óo clot`ouh (obufèt`ch l fbcèo`ch) yh sbh clo uoh mlfmh, uoh alflibo`zhglrh l uoh cjhr`n`chglrh, y cuyh n`ohj`ghg bs g`sf`ou`r bj ijómujl gb irhsh hotbs gb chjbothrjh y bv`thr hsæ qub sb nlrfb ohth. Àstb gbmb sbr gb 8κf (f`crófbtrl) gb g`èfbtrl. Cuhogl sb bsthoghr`zh jh jbcab l sb rbiujhr`zh bj clotbo`gl irhsl, sb fbzcjh clo alflibo`zhc`óo, bv`thogl jh sbphrhc`óo plstbr`lr gb nhsbs. Sb rbhj`zh h 25µC phrh bv`thr gbsohturhj`zhc`óo.

Bsthoghr`zhc`óo; Cuhogl uoh jbcab ol phsh pls`t`vhfbotb jh prubmh gb clotbo`gl irhsl phrh bjhmlrhr

gbtbrf`ohgl prlguctl, sb ut`j`zh jbcab bo pljvl l irhsh vbibthj. Sb rbhj`zh gb gls nlrfhs; pr`fbrl gb fhobrh fhtbfèt`ch (clo prlcbg`f`botls clfl bj cuhgrhgl gb Ubhrslo l Mhjhocb gb fhtbr`h) y jh ltrh prèct`ch, f`g`bogl jhs fhshs y fbzcjèogljhs. Hotbs gb qub jh jbcab phsb h cuhjqu`br prlcbsl, gbmb tbobr 3.2% gb clotbo`gl irhsl.

 

Gblglr`zhc`óo;  Sb ut`j`zh phrh qu`thr jls ljlrbs qub sb pug`brho `fprbiohr bo jh jbcab gurhotb su

lmtboc`óo (bst`àrclj, plr bkbfpjl). Uhrh bjjl sb bfpjbh uoh cèfhrh gb vhcæl, glogb jls ljlrbs sb bj`f`oho plr clfpjbtl. Jh jbcab gbmb ljbr gujcb l èc`gh.

Mhctlnuihc`óo;  Sb ut`j`zh phrh bj`f`ohr mhctbr`hs fbg`hotb jh cbotr`nuihc`óo. Bx`stb uoh fèqu`oh

g`sbøhgh phrh àsth nuoc`óo jjhfhgh mhctlnuih, qub ibobrh uoh rlthc`óo cbotrænuih qub ibobrh qub jhs mhctbr`hs sb sbphrbo fubrths gb jh jbcab. Jh jbcab gbmb tbobr 355,555 RNC/fJ (Ro`ghgbs nlrfhglrhs gb cljlo`h plr chgh f`j`j`trl).

Cjhr`n`chc`óo;  Sb ut`j`zh phrh sbphrhr sój`gls y sbg`fbotls `oobcbshr`ls prbsbotbs bo jh jbcab (clfl

pljvl l t`brrh, phrtæcujhs fuy pbqubøhs qub ol pubgbo sbr n`jtrhghs). Sb ut`j`zh uoh cjhr`n`chglrh, glogb sb pubgb rbhj`zhr bj prlcbsl gb gls nlrfhs; chjbothogl jh jbcab h 02µC y gbkèogljh hi`thr gurhotb 82 f`outls, l m`bo chjbotèogljh h 8=5µC gurhotb 2 f`outls.

Wrhthf`botls tàrf`cls

  Roh vbz qub yh sb rbhj`zó jh gbpurhc`óo, jh jbcab pubgb sbr trhthgh phrh bj closufl aufhol

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fbg`hotb jh hpj`chc`óo gb chjlr phrh jh bj`f`ohc`óo phrc`hj l tlthj gb mhctbr`hs. Gb hcubrgl hj lmkbt`vl rbqubr`gl, sb bfpjbhrè jh tbrf`zhc`óo, jh phstbur`zhc`óo, jh ujtrh phstbur`zhc`óo l jh bstbr`j`zhc`óo.

 

  Wbrf`zhc`óo; Clo àstb prlcbg`f`botl sb rbgucb l `oa`mb jh hct`v`ghg boz`fèt`ch.

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  Uhstbur`zhc`óo (Sjlw A`ia Wbfpbrhturb  SAW);  Clo àstb prlcbg`f`botl jh jbcab sb chj`both h

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tbfpbrhturhs gbtbrf`ohghs phrh jh bj`f`ohc`óo gb f`crllriho`sfls phtóibols bspbcæn`cls; pr`oc`phjfbotb jh clolc`gh clfl Strbptlclccus tbrflpa`jus. @oa`mb hjiuohs ltrhs mhctbr`hs.   Rjtrh phstbur`zhc`óo (Rjtrh A`ia Wbfpbrhturb, RAW); Bo àstb prlcbg`f`botl sb bfpjbh fhylr

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tbfpbrhturh qub bo jh phstbur`zhc`óo. Bj`f`oh h tlghs jhs mhctbr`hs fbols h jhs jèct`chs. Ol rbqu`brb rbnr`ibrhc`óo plstbr`lr. 

  Bstbr`j`zhc`óo;  Jh tbfpbrhturh bfpjbhgh bj`f`oh cuhjqu`br f`crllriho`sfl prbsbotb bo jh jbcab. Ol sb rbnr`ibrh plstbr`lrfbotb4 bsth jbcab rbc`mb bj olfmrb thfm`ào gb a`i`bo`zhgh.

Bqu`pls gb phstbur`zhc`óo gb pjhchs, tumujhr y gb glmjb nlogl.

Bqu`pl gb bstbr`j`zhc`óo gb jbcab.

Gbspuàs gb uo trhthf`botl tàrf`cl jh rbnr`ibrhc`óo pubgb sbr prbsc`og`mjb gbm`gl h qub ol bs obcbshr`l mhkhr jh tbfpbrhturh bo tlgls jls chsls, sljhfbotb cuhogl jh jbcab hûo plsbb f`crllriho`sfls. Gb hcubrgl h jh chj`ghg f`crlm`hoh shj`botb sb clos`gbrh jh rbnr`ibrhc`óo4 gb haæ qub jh tbrf`zhc`óo tboih rbnr`ibrhc`óo lmj`ihgh y jh bstbr`j`zhgh ol. S` ol bx`stbo mhctbr`hs l hct`v`ghg boz`fèt`ch jh jbcab ol sb hjtbrhrè h tbfpbrhturh hfm`botb4 s` gbkhfls cuhjqu`br jbcab bo uo vhsl y s`o thphr botlocbs bj lxæibol ahrè jl prlp`l clfl hibotb lx`ghotb fès ol gbm`gl h hct`v`ghgbs `otbrohs gb jh jbcab.

 

G`nbrbotbs t`pls gb prbsbothc`óo gb jh jbcab bo bj fbrchgl

Jh prbsbothc`óo gb jh jbcab bs vhr`hmjb, pubs sb hcbpth hjtbrhr sus prlp`bghgbs phrh sht`snhcbr prbnbrboc`hs gb jls closuf`glrbs. Roh hjtbrhc`óo fuy nrbcubotb bs gbsa`grhthrjh phrh nhc`j`thr su trhosplrtb y hjfhcbohkb. Whfm`ào bs usuhj rbguc`r bj clotbo`gl gb irhsh, hufbothr bj gb chjc`l y hirbihr shmlrbs. Jls rbqu`s`tls qub gbmb cufpj`r uo prlguctl phrh um`chrsb bo jhs g`nbrbotbs chtbilræhs vhræho fucal gb hcubrgl h jh gbn`o`c`óo gb chgh phæs;

  Botbrh; t`bob uo clotbo`gl bo irhsh gbj 3,=%

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  Jbcab gbscrbfhgh l gbsohthgh; clotbo`gl irhsl `onbr`lr hj 5,3%

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  Sbf` gbsohthgh l sbf` gbscrbfhgh; clo uo clotbo`gl irhsl botrb 8,2 y 8,1%

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  Shmlr`zhgh; bs jh jbcab hzuchrhgh l bgujclrhgh h jh qub sb jh høhgbo shmlrbs thjbs clfl nrbsh,

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chchl bo pljvl, chobjh, vh`o`jjh, btc. Olrfhjfbotb slo gbsohthghs l sbf` gbsohthghs.   Bo pljvl l J`ln`j`zhgh;  h bsth jbcab sb jb ah bxtrhægl bj 02% gbj hiuh fbg`hotb prlcbsls gb

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htlf`zhc`óo y bvhplrhc`óo. Sb prbsboth bo uo pljvl cljlr crbfh. Uhrh su closufl sójl ahy qub rba`grhthrjh clo hiuh l clo jbcab.   Clogboshgh, clocbotrhgh l bvhplrhgh; h bsth jbcab sb jb ah bxtrhægl phrc`hjfbotb bj hiuh y

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sb prbsboth fucal fès bspbsh qub jh jbcab nju`gh n ju`gh olrfhj. Uubgb tbobr hzûchr høhg`gl l ol.   Bor`qubc`ghs; slo prbphrhgls jèctbls h jls qub sb jb høhgb hjiûo prlguctl gb vhjlr outr`t`vl

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clfl v`thf`ohs, chjc`l, nósnlrl, lfbih-3, slkh, btc.

 

  W]HWHF@BOWLS U]B^@LS GB JH JBCAB BO BJ U]LCBSHF@BOWL H]WBSHOHJ GB JH JBCAB.

N`jtrhc`óo. Bs uoh lpbrhc`óo nuoghfbothj gbst`ohgh h bj`f`ohr jhs phrtæcujhs bxtrhøhs qub jh hclfphøho y qub gbmb gb bnbctuhrsb jl pr`fbrl y gb nlrfh tlthj hotbs gb bjhmlrhr qubsl. Bj n`jtrhgl, plr n`ol qub sbh, ol bj`f`oh jls f`crllriho`sfls yh g`sbf`ohgls bo jh jbcab. Bj fhtbr`hj phrh bj n`jtrhgl bo irhokhs gbmb sbr sboc`jjl y nèc`j gb j`fp`hr y gbs`onbcthr. Sb gbmb n`jtrhr `ofbg`hthfbotb gbspuàs gbj lrgbøl, cuhogl tlghvæh jh jbcab bstè chj`botb y plr thotl, bs fès nju`gh4 jh lpbrhc`óo sb rbhj`zh olrfhjfbotb cuhogl sb trhsvhsh jh jbcab gbsgb bj cuml gb lrgbøl hj m`góo gb rbcli`gh l trhosplrtb. Bx`stbo vhr`ls t`pls gb n`jtrls; - Cljhglr fbtèj`cl - Wbjh gb Wrhfh n`oh - Uhøl n`jtrhotb gb j`ol l hjilgóo - Cuml gb lrgbøl y n`jtrl clfm`ohgls H vbcbs sb rbcumrb s`fpjbfbotb jh mlch gbj bfmugl clo uoh tbjh hprlp`hgh. Bs uo prlcbg`f`botl fbols clrrbctl plrqub sljl sb clos`iub uo n`jtrhgl irlsbrl y plrqub bs fhs g`næc`j gbs`onbcthr jh tbjh qub, plr jl ibobrhj, sb ush gbfhs`hghs vbcbs. Uhrh gbs`onbcthrjh ahy qub abrv`rjh gurhotb uo t`bfpl prljloihgl, l m`bo gbkhrjh bo uoh sljuc`óo hjthfbotb cjlrhgh y gbspuàs sb hcjhrh clo hiuh j`fp`h hotbs gb su ut`j`zhc`óo. G`ihfls, n`ohjfbotb, qub bx`stbo g`nbrbotbs flgbjls gb n`jtrls clfm`ohgls clo jls cumls gb lrgbøl qub bv`tho jh clothf`ohc`óo plr bj pljvl htflsnàr`cl.

]bnr`ibrhc`óo. Bj bonr`hf`botl l rbnr`ibrhc`óo t`bob clfl pr`oc`p`l bj `otbrchfm`l gb chjlræhs botrb jh jbcab chj`botb y uo nju`gl nræl; cuhotl fès mhkh sbh jh tbfpbrhturh gbj nju`gl jæqu`gl thotl fès rèp`gl bs bj bonr`hf`botl. Jh mhkh tbfpbrhturh gb jh jbcab, bs ihrhotæh gb chj`ghg. Jls f`crllriho`sfls olrfhjfbotb ol sb gbshrrljjho bo nræl. Bj gbshrrljjl gb jhs mhctbr`hs hc`gl jèct`chs sb bocubotrh nrbohgl cuhogl jh tbfpbrhturh gb jh jbcab gbsc`bogb ahsth jls 85» y sb gbt`bob y sb bsthm`j`zh h 7» C. Bs rbclfboghmjb bonr`hr jh jbcab `ofbg`hthfbotb gbspuàs gbj lrgbøl.

Fàtlgls gb rbnr`ibrhc`óo. - Hiuh; Bs bj nju`gl fès ut`j`zhgl, pbrl t`bob bj `oclovbo`botb, qub ol rbnr`ibrh gbfhs`hgl. - A`bjl b @ofbrs`óo bo hiuh. - ]bnr`ibrhc`óo fbcèo`ch y Clrr`botb - Whoqubs gb rbnr`ibrhc`óo Bj bfpjbl gb jls gbpós`tls rbnr`ibrhotbs, fbklrh susthoc`hjfbotb jh chj`ghg gb jh jbcab hsæ clfl su rbcli`gh y trhosplrtb. Jh rbnr`ibrhc`óo bs fès obcbshr`h gbpbog`bogl gb jh bsthc`óo gbj høl y cj`fh rbi`lohj.

 

Hc`g`n`chc`óo. Jh hc`g`n`chc`óo l fhgurhc`óo gb jh jbcab bs closbcuboc`h gb jh prlj`nbrhc`óo gb jhs mhctbr`hs hc`gl jèct`chs, qub trhosnlrfho jh jhctlsh l hzûchr gb jh jbcab bo hc`gl jèct`cl. Jh hc`g`n`chc`óo l fhgurhc`óo gb jh jbcab sb bnbctûh gb uoh nlrfh ohturhj l clo jh hg`c`óo gb cujt`vls gb mhctbr`hs hc`g`n`chotbs. Sb gbmb phrt`r s`bfprb gb jbcab bo pbrnbcths clog`c`lobs gb j`fp`bzh y hc`gbz. Fàtlgls gb hc`g`n`chc`óo. Hc`g`n`chc`óo ohturhj.

- Jh jbcab crugh hjfhcbohgh h tbfpbrhturh hfm`bothj gurhotb uoh l vhr`hs alrhs, s`bfprb y cuhogl jh tbfpbrhturh closbiu`gh ol slmrbphsb jls 82.81» C. - Fbzcjhogl jbcab nrbsch rbc`ào lrgbøhgh clo jbcab yh hc`g`n`chgh l fhgurh fhgurh gbj lrgbøl hotbr`lr. - Jh jbcab crugh y bo pbrnbcths clog`c`lobs sb hjfhcboh h tbfpbrhturh botrb 1  –  – 85»C.  85»C. gurhotb uols 85-82 alrhs hprlx`fhghfbotb (gb jh olcab h jh fhøhoh) Hg`c`óo plr cujt`vls.

Bs bj fàtlgl fès usuhj bo jh `ogustr`h4 clos`stb bo høhg`r cujt`vls mhctbr`hols, m`bo slmrb jh jbcab crugh l m`bo slmrb jbcab phstbur`zhgh. Slo cujt`vls hc`g`n`chotbs h mhsb gb cbphs sbjbcc`lohghs gb Strbptlclccus jhct`s, Str. Cràflr`s l sus fbzcjhs. Jh fhgurhc`óo l hc`g`n`chc`óo gb jh jbcab bs gb usl nuoghfbothj bo jh nhmr`chc`óo gb hjiuols t`pls gb qubsl. ^bothkhs gb jh fhgurhc`óo l hc`g`n`chc`óo.

Bj n`o gb jh hc`g`n`chc`óo bs jh hcc`óo y trhmhkl gbj hc`gl jèct`cl, ^bothkhs gbj hc`gl jèct`cl .

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Hyugh h jh clhiujhc`óo

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Hyugh y nhvlrbcb bj gbsubrhgl

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Bv`th jh prlj`nbrhc`óo gb f`crllriho`sfls `ogbsbhmjbs.

Obutrhj`zhc`óo.

Bj lmkbtl gb jh obutrhj`zhc`óo; ]bmhkhr l obutrhj`zhr jh hc`gbz gb jh jbcab. Cuhogl jh jbcab ah tlfhgl uoh hc`gbz bxcbs`vh, obcbs`th gls chf`ols; rbt`rhrjh phrh qubsbræh l obutrhj`zhrjh y rbmhkhrjh. Huoqub pboshfls qub bs fucal fès rbclfboghmjb, bv`thr jh hc`g`n`chc`óo qub obutrhj`zhr jh jbcab, bxplobfls hjiuols fàtlgls ohturhjbs gb obutrhj`zhc`óo, - Clo hiuh slmrb jh jbcab, bj hiuh gbmb sbr gb muboh chj`ghg mhctbr`ljói`ch. - Jhvhr jh cuhkhgh - Clo jbcab bo pljvl g`subjth bo hiuh. Gbs ibrf`ohc`óo plr hiuh lx`ibohgh. 

Sb clolcb thfm`ào clo bj olfmrb gb phstbr`zhc`óo bo nræl l gbj hiuh lx`ibohgh y chthjhsh, fbklr jjhfhgl ‚Fàtlgl pbróx`gl-Chthjhs`cl. pbróx`gl-Chthjhs`cl. Bj hiuh lx`ibohgh sbrè gb 855 vljûfbobs y sb høhg`rè h jh jbcab jl fès prlotl pls`mjb uoh vbz lrgbøhgh.

 

Jh nuoc`óo gbj hiuh lx`ibohgh bs plr uoh phrtb clotrljhr y nrbohr bj crbc`f`botl mhctbr`hol y plr ltrh gbsibrf`o`zhrjh. Sb gbmb gb høhg`r jh chot`ghg fæo`fh plr j`trl. Flgl gb lpbrhr (A=L=) Sb høhgb bj hiuh lx`ibohgh phrh gbsibrf`o`zhrjh, bo chot`ghg gb fbg`l h uo j`trl (855 vljûfbobs) h f`j j`trls gb jbcab y sb t`bobo bo clothctl plr jl fbols uoh alrh. Flgl gb lpbrhr (Chthjhsh) Jh chthjhsh s`rvb phrh gbsclfplobr bj hiuh lx`ibohgh bo hiuh y lx`ibol gbkhogl jh jbcab j`mrb gb hiuh lx`ibohgh. Jh chthjhsh sb høhgb h jh jbcab bo chot`ghg gb 25 vbcbs fbols qub gb hiuh lx`ibohgh. F`botrhs hctûh jh chthjhsh clov`bob flvbr jh jbcab, hi`tèogljh clo uo hi`thglr l mht`glr, clo prbchuc`óo gb rbt`rhr jh bspufh. Clotrlj gb jh gbshphr`c`óo gbj hiuh lx`ibohgh gb jh jbcab.

Bj fàtlgl bs bj gbj ylgurl Ultès`cl hj =2%. Bstb hoèj`s`s bs obcbshr`l bnbctuhrjl bo jh jbcab trhthgh hotbs gb nhmr`chr qubsl, pubs bj qubsl bo prbsboc`h gb hiuh lx`ibohgh shjb gbnbctulsh y bj irhol hj nbrfbothrsb, njlth rbtbo`bogl bj subrl. Uhstbur`zhc`óo.

Cahrjbs Ulrcabr, gbn`ob bxhcthfbotb jh phstbur`zhc`óo; ‚Uhstbur`zhr jh jbcab jbcab bs gbstru`r bo bjjh, plr bj bfpjbl hprlp`hgl gbj chjlr, chs` tlgh su njlrh mhohj y jh tlthj`ghg gb su njlrh phtóiboh, prlcurhogl hjtbrhr jl fbols pls`mjb jh bstructurh næs`ch gb jh jbcab, su bqu`j`mr`l quæf`cl y sus g`hsthshs y v`thf`ohs‖.  v`thf`ohs‖.  Bj Glctlr Hrrlyl, gbn`ob jh phstbur`zhc`óo phstbu r`zhc`óo gb qubræh ‚Bj trhthf`botl gb jh jbcab plr bj chjlr h uoh tbfpbrhturh `onbr`lr hj puotl gb bmujj`c`óo y gurhotb bj t`bfpl sun`c`botb phrh gbstru`r tlgls jls iàrfbobs `ogbsbhmjbs phrh jh nhmr`chc`óo, l jh fhylr phrtb gb jls f` f`sfls.‖ sfls.‖   Jls trhthf`botls gbst`ohgls h rbguc`r bj clotbo`gl f`crlm`hol h trhvàs gb jh phstbur`zhc`óo, gbmbo gb cufpj`r jls s`iu`botbs rbqu`s`tls; - Ulgbr ibrf`c`gh-mhctbr`c`gh; gbmb gb qubghr gbstru`gl fhs gbj 05% y s` sb trhth gb iàrfbobs phtóibols bj 855%. - Jh jbcab gbmb sbr trhthgh clo jh fhylr flgbrhc`óo pls`mjb (chjlr) h n`o gb closbrvhr bo irho fbg`gh sus clfplobotbs y chj`ghg. - Bj`f`ohc`óo gb jls iàrfbobs Jh phstbur`zhc`óo ol ahcb f`jhirls yh qub gb o`oiuoh fhobrh trhosnlrfh jhs jbcabs gb mhkh chj`ghg bo jbcabs gb chj`ghg supbr`lr. Clog`c`lobs gb jh phstbur`zhc`óo.

Jh tbfpbrhturh plr sæ sljh ol ols g`cb chs` ohgh, t`bob qub `r hclfphøhgh gbj t`bfpl, bs gbc`r jh gurhc`óo. Jh tbfpbrhturh y gurhc`óo gbpbogb slmrb tlgl gb jh chj`ghg `o`c`hj gb jh jbcab crugh. Jh phstbur`zhc`óo `onjuyb g`rbcthfbotb slmrb; -

Bj clfpjbkl chjc`l-chsbæoh qub jl gbstruyb plr bnbctls gbj chjlr.

-

Jh prbc`p`thc`óo phrc`hj gb jhs jhctl prltbæohs (Hjmûf`oh y Ijlmuj`oh)

 

-

Jhs jbcabs fuy hc`ghs sb clhiujho hj phshr plr bj phstbur`zhglr.

-

Hctûh slmrb jhs shjbs f`obrhjbs, `oa`m`bogl jh hcc`óo clhiujhotb gbj chjc`l.

Fàtlgls gb phstbur`zhc`óo.

-

phstbr`zhc`óo mhkh; Clos`stb bo chjbothr jh jbcab h >3  –  –   >2»C., gurhotb 35 f`outls4 bs uo

fàtlgl jbotl y g`sclot`oul, pbrl ol flg`n`ch jhs prlp`bghgbs gb jh jbcab. -

Uhstbur`zhc`óo hjth; clos`stb bo chjbothr jh jbcab h 9=-92»C., gurhotb 82 sbiuogls, bj fàtlgl bs

fès rèp`gl y clot`ouhgl, s` m`bo flg`n`ch phrc`hjfbotb jhs prlp`bghgbs gb jh jbcab. Clog`c`lobs qub gbmb cufpj`r uo phstbur`zhglr.

-

Ihrhot`zhr jh alflibob`ghg gbj chjbothf`botl

-

Flg`n`chr hj fæo`fl jhs prlp`bghgbs gb jh jbcab.

-

J`fp`bzh nèc`j y rèp`gh

-

Sbr mhrhtl

-

Ol sbr vljuf`olsl

W`pls gb Uhstbur`zhglrbs. Uhstbur`zhglrbs.

- Hphrhtls gb phstbr`zhc`óo mhkh. Jh fhylr phrtb bstèo nlrfhgls plr uoh cumbth cbrrhgh gb glmjb phrbg clo hi`thc`óo, phrh hsæ nhvlrbcbr jh trhosf`s`óo gb chjlr. ^bothkhs;

Sboc`jjbz, prbc`l, nèc`j j`fp`bzh.

@oclovbo`botbs;

Irho bsphc`l, jbot`tug gb trhmhkl.

- Hphrhtls gb phstbr`zhc`óo hjth. Slo gb nuoc`lohf`botl clot`oul4 plgbfls g`st`oiu`r gls t`pls; -

Uhstbur`zhglr thmujhr-clos`stb bo uo ahz gb tumls4 plr uols c`rcujh jh jbcab y plr ltrls bj nju`gl `otbrchfm`hglr.

- Uhstbur`zhglr gb pjhchs- Clos`stb nuoghfbothjfbotb bo uoh sbr`b gb pjhchs logujhghs l clo obrv`hc`lobs rbcthoiujhrbs l c`rcujhrbs uo`ghs botrb s` plr uo vèsthil cbotrhj. Jhs pjhchs gb hcbrl `olx`ghmjbs, slo gb nèc`j fhotbo`f`botl y jhs ut`j`zhghs bo jh hctuhj`ghg slo bxcbjbotbs chfm`hglrbs gb chjlr.

@OI]BG@BOWBS P HG@W@^LS GB XRBSB]@H.

Slo tlgls hqubjjls `oirbg`botbs y hg`t`vls, gb lr`ibo ohturhj l ol, qub `otbrv`bobo bo jh bjhmlrhc`óo qubsbrh, shjvl jh jbcab qub sb clos`gbrh jh fhtbr`h pr`fh mès`ch h jh cuhj sb jb gbg`có bj pr`fbr Chpætujl. Bj cuhkl y jls Clhiujhotbs. 

Bj cuhkl sb gbn`ob clfl bj bxtrhctl jæqu`gl, phstlsl l bo pljvl prlcbgbotb gb jh fhcbrhc`óo gb jls cuhkhrbs gb jls ruf`hotbs jhcthotbs (Wbrobrl, Chmr`tl, Clrgbrl). Gb abcal bj cuhkl bs uo clfpjbkl boz`fèt`cl gb lr`ibo ho`fhj qub hctûh gb m`lchthj`zhglr bo jh jbcab botrb jh chsbæoh y bj chjc`l gb nlrfh qub sb `osljum`j`zho fbj`n`cèoglsb. Gbsgb hot`iul sb aho clolc`gl g`vbrshs susthoc`hs qub tboæho prlp`bghgbs clhiujhotbs clo fhylr l fbols `otbos`ghg y, bo hjiuols qubsls, bj t`pl gb clhiujhotb bs uoh chrhctbræst`ch `otræosbch gbj qubsl bjhmlrhgl.

 

Bo jh hctuhj`ghg lmtbobr cuhkls ohturhjbs, gb lr`ibo ho`fhj, qub slo jls fhs ut`j`zhgls y hclosbkhgls bo qubsbræh bs uo prlcbsl g`næc`j y mhsthotb chrl, clo jl cuhj bj `ogustr`hj gb qubsbræh, t`bogb h sust`tu`rjls plr ltrls prlguctls clhiujhotbs fhs bcloóf`cls y gb nèc`j nèc` j hgqu`s`c`óo. Jls cuhkls gb lr`ibo ho`fhj slo jls fès ut`j`zhgls bo qubsbræh gbm`gl h su hjtl plgbr clhiujhotb y h qub phrt`c`pho pls`t`vhfbotb bo jh fhgurhc`óo gbj qubsl. Bj cuhkl `ogustr`hj bs uoh fbzcjh ohturhj gb qu`fls`oh y pbps`oh, bxtrhæghs gbj cuhkhr (cuhrtl bstófhil gb jls ruf`hotbs). Jls ruf`hotbs ut`j`zhgls slo; vhch, chmrh y lvbkh. Sb ut`j`zho cuhkhrbs gb ho`fhjbs jhcthotbs, pubs bs cuhogl t`bobo fhylr chot`ghg gb qu`fls`oh, thfm`ào jjhfhgh rbo`oh l nbrfbotl jhm, qub bs bj hutàot`cl cuhkl. H fbg`gh qub bj ho`fhj jhcthotb clfh sój`gl, bj cuhkhr clf`bozh h sbirbihr fès pbps`oh qub qu`fls`oh. Olrfhjfbotb, bo uo cuhkl gb chj`ghg fbg`h, t`bob f`thg y f`thg gb hfmhs susthoc`hs. Jhs gb chj`ghg ópt`fh, t`bobo bj 15% gb qu`fls`oh. Jh qu`fls`oh, hgbfès gb clhiujhr jh jbcab, t`bob uoh hcc`óo prltbljæt`ch qub clot`ouh gurhotb jh fhgurhc`óo gbj qubsl y qub `otbrv`bob gb nlrfh fuy `fplrthotb bo bj shmlr n`ohj. Bs `fprbsc`og`mjb, phrh qubsls gb jhrih gurhc`óo. Bj prlmjbfh rhg`ch bo qub jh fhylræh gb cuhkls `ogustr`hjbs gb lr`ibo ho`fhj subjbo bsthr fuy clothf`ohgls gb pbps`oh l, bo hjiuols chsls, subjbo sbr pbps`ohs bxtrhæghs gb bstófhils gb ltrhs bspbc`bs; cbrgl, ihjj`oh. Jh pbps`oh thfm`ào t`bob plgbr clhiujhotb, pbrl fbolr plgbr prltbljæt`cl y, bo jhs gb lr`ibo plrc`ol y ihjj`oècbl, pubgbo ghr iustls hir`ls hj qubsl, gurhotb jh fhgurhc`óo. Bo jh hctuhj`ghg, jh `ogustr`h qubsbrh, ut`j`zh uols t`pls gb clhiujhotbs gb lr`ibo f`crlm`hol, bs gbc`r, prlguc`gl plr f`crllriho`sfls. Bj nuoc`lohf`botl bs bj f`sfl; sb trhth gb f`crllriho`sfls (aloils y mhctbr`hs) qub sbirbiho boz`fhs clhiujhotbs. Ubrl, bo bstb chsl, sljl t`bobo prlp`bghgbs gb clhiujhc`óo y sus prlp`bghgbs prltbljæt`chs slo obiht`vhs, pubs gho shmlrbs hfhrils. Bo jh hctuhj`ghg sb `ovbst`iho f`crllriho`sfls qub sljl prlguzcho boz`fhs clo c lo plgbr clhiujhotb. Sb ut`j`zho prbnbrbotbfbotb bo irho `ogustr`h y phrh qubsls nrbscls ol fhgurhgls l gb clrth fhgurhc`óo. Jhs vbothkhs qub lnrbcb, bs bj fbolr prbc`l y jh pls`m`j`ghg gb clot`ou`ghg bo bj suf`o`strl. Bstls t`pls gb clhiujhotbs, jls lnrbcbo jhmlrhtlr`ls bspbc`hj`zhgls. Olrfhjfbotb, jls ihohgbrls qub bjhmlrho qubsls hrtbshols sb prbphrho bjjls f`sfls su cuhkl bo mhsb gb cuhkhrbs gb ho`fhjbs jhcthotbs gb su bxpjlthc`óo. Uhrh bjjl sb shcr`n`cho ho`fhjbs jhcthotbs, gb muboh shjug, s`o prlmjbfhs `otbst`ohjbs y clo uols fbsbs gb bghg (cuhkhr fhylr). Gbspuàs gb ahmbr fhfhgl, sb prlcbgb hj shcr`n`c`l, sb bxtrhb bj cuhkhr jjbol gb jbcab clhiujhgh y sb j`iho jh botrhgh y shj`gh gbkèoglsb sbchr uo fæo`fl gb trbs fbsbs. Bj cuhkhr qubgh gurl, hprlx`fhghfbotb h jh f`thg gbj thfhøl lr`i`ohj. Uhrh su ut`j`zhc`óo (gbpbog`bogl gb jh chot`ghg gb jbcab), sb clrth bj trlzl obcbshr`l y sb fhcbrh bo hiuh bstbr`j`zhgh y tbfpjhgh. Cuhogl bstè mjhogl sb cahnh bo uo flrtbrl y bj jæqu`gl rbsujthotb, n`jtrhgl, sb v`brtb slmrb jh jbcab h clhiujhr. Hotbs gb clhiujhr, ahy qub prlmhr jh nubrzh gbj cuhkl.

 

Closbrvhc`óo gbj cuhkl l clhiujhotbs. 

Uhrh jh closbrvhc`óo gbj cuhkl ho`fhj, sbh `ogustr`hj l gb prbphrhc`óo hrtbshohj l gb ltrls clhiujhotbs, bo cuhjqu`brh gb jhs prbsbothc`lobs bx`stbotbs (bo pljvl, bo jæqu`gl l phstlsl), bs obcbshr`l fhotbobrjls bo nrhscls m`bo cbrrhgls, prltbi`gls gb jh juz g`rbcth (sljhr l ol) y bo juihrbs nrbscls y sbcls. Bj cuhkl y jls clhiujhotbs slo prlguctls v`vls y pbrbcbgbrls. Gbmbo closbrvhrsb clo bsfbrl b `otbothr ol hjfhcbohrjls bo irhogbs chot`ghgbs s`ol `r rbplo`àogljbs pbr`óg`chfbotb phrh closbiu`rjls rbc`ào bjhmlrhgls plr bj nhmr`chotb. W`tujhc`óo gbj cuhkl `ogustr`hj. 

Jh rbjhc`óo botrb jh nubrzh gb uo cuhkl, su chot`ghg, bj vljufbo gb jbcab h clhiujhr y bj t`bfpl bo qub sb gbsbh clhiujhr qubgho rbjhc`lohgls plr jh s`iu`botb nórfujh

J-  J-  W`tujl gbj cuhkl bo cc./firs. v. 8555

=755 6 J

Fz.

^-  ^- 

^ljufbo gb jbcab bo j`trls

f6

Cuhkl høhg`gl bo fi.

z6

W`bfpl clhiujhc`óo bo sbiuogls

Clolc`bogl trbs phrèfbtrls sb pubgb shchr bj cuhrtl. Jh t`tujhc`óo gb uo cuhkl bxprbsh jh chot`ghg gb jbcab qub pubgb clhiujhr plr chgh phrtb gb cuhkl h 32»C. bo 75 f`outls. Hsæ uo cuhkl gb nubrzh 8 6 85.555 s`io`n`ch qub 8 j`trl gb cuhkl clhiujh 85.555 8. gb jbcab h 32»C, bo 75 f`outls. Bsth gbn`o`c`óo ol bs rbhjfbotb thj yh qub clos`gbrh uoh mhsb `ogbn`o`mjb; jh jbcab nrbsch olrfhj. Bo ibobrhj jhs g`nbrbotbs t`tujhc`lobs gb jls cuhkls `ogustr`hjbs lsc`jho botrb; - Cuhkl jæqu`gl

6 8/=555

- Bxtrhctl gb cuhkl

6 8/85.555

- Cuhkl bo pljvl

6 8/855.555

h

8/2555

8

8/825.555

Urbphrhc`óo gbj cuhkl. - Cuhkl bo pljvl. 

Sb g`juyb jls irhfls gb cuhkl bo pljvl obcbshr`ls phrh cuhkhr bj vljufbo gb jbcab h bjhmlrhr bo fbg`l j`trl gb hiuh j`fp`h h jh qub sb hirbih gls cucahrhghs gb chnà clfpjbths clo shj. - Bxtrhctl gb Cuhkl.

Ph vh prbphrhgl bo uoh sljuc`óo j`qu`gh shjhgh. Bs clovbo`botb g`ju`r jls cc. Obcbshr`ls phrh cuhkhr bj vljufbo gb jbcab h bjhmlrhr bo uoh chot`ghg s`f`jhr gb hiuh j`fp`h. - Cuhkl jæqu`gl.

Ph vh prbphrhgl bo uoh sljuc`óo j`qu`gh shjhgh. Uubgb ut`j`zhrsb g`rbcthfbotb, s`o g`ju`r jls cc. Obcbshr`ls phrh bj vljufbo gb jbcab h bjhmlrhr. -

Nbrfbotls Jèct`cls.

 

Chs` tlgls jls f`crllriho`sfls pubgbo prlj`nbrhr bo jh jbcab qub clost`tuyb uo bxcbjbotb fbg`l gb cujt`vl. Jls f`crllriho`sfls prbsbotbs bo jh jbcab slo; - Flals - Jbvhgurhs - Mhctbr`hs Mhctbr`hs

Jhs mhctbr`hs slo f`crllriho`sfls uo`cbjujhrbs, cuyl thfhøl bs sljl gb hjiuohs f`crhs (8,555 f`crhs 6 8 f`jæfbtrl), Sb g`st`oiubo sbiûo sus nlrfhs; Bsnàr`ch

-

Clcl

Mhstloc`jjl

-

Mhc`jjjus

Clfh

-

^`mr`óo

Bsp`rhj -

Sp`r`jjl

Mhctbr`hs Jèct`chs.

Slo jhs mhctbr`hs qub sb bocubotrho olrfhjfbotb bo jh jbcab, jb cab, l qub høhg`fls phrh bjhmlrhr bj qubsl. Jhs mhctbr`hs fès clfuobs slo jls Strbptlclcus Jhct`s y crbflr`s y jls Jhctlmhc`jjus. Slo jls hibotbs gb jh hc`g`n`chc`óo bsplotèobh. Iàrfbobs Uhtóibols.

Oufbrlsls iàrfbobs phtóibols prlcbgbotbs gbj alfmrb y gbj ho`fhj, pubgbo prlj`nbrhr bo jh jbcab; Shjflobjjh (mhc`jl tæn`cl), Sa`ibjjh (mhc`jl gb jh g`sbotbræh), F`crlmhctbr`uf tumbrcujls`s mlv`s (tumbrcujls`s), Mrucbjjh hmlrt`s y Mrucbjjh fbj`tbos`s (mhc`jl gb jh n`bmrb gb fhjth), Strbptlclccus, Bscabr`ca`h Clj` y Sthpayjlclccus (iàrfbobs qub prlvlcho `onbcc`lobs aufhohs). aufhoh s). Jh phstbr`zhc`óo h jh phr qub gbstruyb jls f`crllriho`sfls pbrkug`c`hjbs gb jh jbcab gbstruyb h jh vbz jls nbrfbotls jèct`cls qub bsth clot`bob y qub slo `fprbsc`og`mjbs phrh uoh muboh fhgurhc`óo y nbrfbothc`óo. W`pls gb Cujt`vls.

Chgh t`pl gb qubsl, obcbs`th uo t`pl gb nbrfbotl bspbcæn`cl, y bstls sb prbsbotho bo vhr`hs nlrfhs. Cloibjhgls y j`ln`j`zhgls slo jhs fès usuhjbs; slo vhr`ls jls jhmlrhtlr`ls qub sb gbg`cho h bstb tbfh. Ubrl phrh jh bjhmlrhc`óo hrtbshohj gb qubsls bo Bj Shjvhglr, hclosbkhfls uo t`pl gb nbrfbotls jèct`cls, prbphrhgls bo slmrbs pbqubøls y j`ln`j`zhgls, qub t`bobo jhs prlp`bghgbs gb uoh nhc`jæs`fh prbphrhc`óo y ut`j`zhc`óo hsæ clfl uoh cóflgh closbrvhc`óo y trhosplrtb. Slo nbrfbotls gb ut`j`zhc`óo g`rbcth bo jh cumh gb cuhkhr. Bo ibobrhj slo nbrfbotls hc`gljèct`cls, clo fbzcjh gb Str. Jhct`s y crbflr`s, cuyh nuoc`óo pr`oc`phj bs jh clrrbcth b `otbosh hc`g`n`chc`lo gb jh jbcab crugh l phstbur`zhgh, clo plch prlgucc`óo gb boz`fhs hrlfht`zhotbs, shmlr`n`chotbs y prlguctlrh gb ihs. Urbsbothc`óo y Closbrvhc`óo.

Sb prbsboth bo chkhs gb chrtóo clotbo`bogl g`vbrshs uo`ghgbs bo slmrbc`tls.

 

Chgh slmrb pubgb jjbvhr, bo nuoc`óo gb jhs slj`c`thghs hj jhmlrhtlr`l bxpbogbglr =, 85, ó =5 irs. gb nbrfbotl hc`gl jèct`cl j`ln`j`zhgl. W`bob uoh chguc`ghg fbg`h gb > fbsbs y gbmbo closbrvhrsb bo uo fbg`l nræl (obvbrh) h =  –  –   7»C. Huoqub pubgbo bsthr hjiuols gæhs phrh su trhosplrtb y/l fhobkl h tbfpbrhturhs hfm`bothjbs s`o qub jbs hnbctb. Bj t`bfpl gb chguc`ghg bs hclosbkhmjb. Gb abcal pubgbo ut`j`zhrsb huoqub ahyh phshgl jh nbcah gb chguc`ghg s`bfprb y cuhogl sb lmsbrvb qub bstèo bo clrrbctl bsthgl gurhotb su prbphrhc`óo. Urbphrhc`óo.

Chgh slmrb gb nbrfbotl gbmb g`ju`rsb prbv`hfbotb bo uo j`trl gb jbcab gb vhch (prbphrhgh clo jbcab bstbr`j`zhgh, bo pljvl l m`bo gb mltbjjh) y prbnbr`mjbfbotb gbscrbfhgh, h 35ª C. hprlx`fhghfbotb. Bj nbrfbotl m`bo g`ju`gl gbmb gbkhrsb rbplshr gurhotb 35 f`outls hotbs gb su ut`j`zhc`óo bo jh cumh gb cuhkhr. Gurhotb bstb t`bfpl bj nbrfbotl clfbozhrè h ‚gbspbrthrsb‖ y hj hc`g`n`chr hc`g`n`ch r jh jbcab; sb hprbc`hrè uo suhvb hrlfh jèct`cl. H clot`ouhc`óo sb høhg`rè h jh jbcab h bjhmlrhr, bo bj thoqub gb cuhkhgh y sb hi`thrè gurhotb ltrls 35 f`outls, prbnbr`mjbfbotb. Uhrh clolcbr qub bj nbrfbotl hctûh clrrbcthfbotb sb pubgb lmsbrvhr h trhvàs gb jh bvljuc`óo gbj `ocrbfbotl gb hc`gbz gb jh jbcab h trhosnlrfhr. Sb tlfh jh hc`gbz gb jh jbcab hotbs gb høhg`rjb bj nbrfbotl g`ju`gl, h clot`ouhc`óo sb jb hirbih jh gls`s pbrt`obotb y sb hi`th gurhotb jls 35 f`outls y, plr ujt`fl sb vubjvb h tlfhr jh hc`gbz n`ohj. Bj `ocrbfbotl gb hc`gbz gbmb sbr gb 5.2 h 8.2» Glro`c. S` bj `ocrbfbotl nubrh fbolr sb hclosbkh clot`ouhr hi`thogl ltrls 82 f`outls ahsth olthr bstb pbqubøl `ocrbfbotl gb hc`gbz. Gls`s h ut`j`zhr.

Bo ibobrhj, phrh tlgls jls t`pls gb qubsls, chgh irhfl gb nbrfbotl sb ut`j`zh phrh c`bo j`trls gb jbcab phstbur`zhgh. Hsæ, jls slmrbs gb = ir. sbrèo phrh =55 j`trls gb jbcab y jls gb =5 ir. phrh =,555 j`trls gb jbcab. Bo bj chsl gb qub g`sploihfls gb sljl 855 j`trls gb jbcab, ut`j`zhrbfls jh f`thg gbj slmrb, qub sb g`ju`rè thfm`ào bo 8 j`trl gb jbcab y sb iuhrghrè jh ltrh f`thg gbj slmrb, m`bo cbrrhgl y bo nræl, ahsth bj gæh s`iu`botb. Bo bj chsl gb bjhmlrhr 925 j`trls g`hr`ls y sljl g`splobr gb slmrbs gb 85 ir. (phrh 8.555 j`trls gb jbcab), gbm`gl h qub bs fuy g`næc`j hkusthr jhs ¿ phrtbs gbj slmrb, bs hclosbkhmjb g`ju`r tlgl bj clotbo`gl gbj slmrb bo 8 j`trl gb jbcab y ut`j`zhr bo jh cumh jh prlplrc`óo hgbcuhgh h jls j`trls gb jbcab h bjhmlrhr; bo bstb chsl sb sb ut`j`zhrè 925 cc. ó ¿ gb j`trl gbj nbrfbotl prbphrh prbphrhgh. gh. Bj nbrfbotl g`ju`gl rbsthotb gbmb rbcahzhrsb y mlthrsb pubs ol sb closbrvhrè ahsth bj gæh s`iu`botb. Cuhogl sb bjhmlrb clo jbcab crugh sb prbphrhrè y ut`j`zhrè bj nbrfbotl gb jh f`sfh pbrl su gls`s gb ut`j`zhc`óo sbrè jh f`thg qub bo jh jbcab phstbur`zhgh. Bs gbc`r, 8 ir. gb nbrfbotl phrh =55 j`trls gb jbcab crugh. ^bothkhs gb jh ut`j`zhc`óo gb nbrfbotl.

  Bsthm`j`zhc`óo gb jh chj`ghg

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  Clotrlj gb jh nbrfbothc`óo

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  ]bgucc`óo gbj t`bfpl gb nhmr`chc`óo

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  ]bgucc`óo gb pàrg`ghs

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  Sbiur`ghg a`i`ào`ch

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Shjbs gb Chjc`l.

Bj chjc`l bo jh jbcab bs uol gb sus clfplobotbs mès`cls huoqub bx`sth bo uoh pbqubøæs`fh prlplrc`óo (hjrbgbglr gbj 5.7%), hgbfès bs uoh p`bzh nuoghfbothj bo bj prlcbsl gb jh clhiujhc`óo clfl clfbothrbfls fhs hgbjhotb. Ulr bjjl bs hclosbkhmjb uoh pbqubøh hg`c`óo gb shjbs gb chjc`l, bo sus g`nbrbotbs prbsbothc`lobs, bo jh jbcab crugh y bs `fprbsc`og`mjb su ut`j`zhc`óo bo jh jbcab phstbur`zhgh, uoh vbz n`ohj`zhgh jh phstbur`zhc`óo y cuhogl jh jbcab bstà h jh tbfpbrhturh gb clhiujhc`óo. Urbsbothc`óo gb jhs shjbs gb chjc`l.

Bo qubsbræh sb ut`j`zho pr`oc`phjfbotb jhs sljuc`lobs shturhghs gb cjlrurl cèjc`cl l gb nlsnhtl tr`cèjc`cl. Jh fès usuhj bs bj Cjlrurl cèjc`cl y h bjjh ols vhfls h rbnbr`r. Clfbrc`hjfbotb sb bocubotrh uoh sljuc`óo shturhgh gb cjlrurl cèjc`cl hj 7.2%, bo mltbjjhs gb pjèst`cl gb 8 j`trl l fhs cuyl olfmrb clfbrc`hj bs CHJ – CHJ –SLJ. SLJ. Bo bj chsl gb ol lmtbobr jh sljuc`óo clfbrc`hj pubgb prbphrhrsb bo jh prlp`h qubsbræh h phrt`r gb cjlrurl cèjc`cl purl bo pljvl sbiûo bj s`iu`botb fàtlgl; =5 h 35 ir. gb cjlrurl cèjc`cl g`ju`gl bo 8 j`trl gb hiuh bstàr`j. Gls`s gb ut`j`zhc`óo.

Uhrh jh jbcab phstbur`zhgh sb ut`j`zh jhs s`iu`botbs gls`s;   CHJ-SLJ ; 8 cc. gb sljuc`óo clfbrc`hj plr chgh j`trl gb jbcab l m`bo 8 j`trl gb sljuc`óo plr chgh

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f`j j`trls gb jbcab. Clo sljuc`óo prbphrhgh bo jh Xubsbræh uo j`trl gb sljuc`óo, clo =5-35 ir. gb cjlrurl cèjc`cl, plr chgh 855 j`trls gb jbcab. Uhrh jh jbcab crugh jh ut`j`zhc`óo gb jhs gls`s pubgb sbr gb 2 vbcbs fbols. Bs gbc`r;   Clo CHJ-SLJ; 8 cc. gb ssljuc`óo ljuc`óo plr chgh 2 j`trls gb jbcab crugh.

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  Clo sljuc`óo prbphrhgh bo jh qubsbræh.

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Ro j`trl gb sljuc`óo, clo =5-35 ir. gb cjlrurl cèjc`cl, plr chgh 255 j`trls gb jbcab crugh. SHJ

Wlgls jls qubsls, plr gbn`o`c`óo, sb shjho bo fhylr l fbolr `otbos`ghg bo nuoc`óo gb jhs chrhctbræst`chs gb chgh t`pl gb qubsl. Sbh cuhj sbh bj s`stbfh gb shjhgl gbj qubsl (bo (bo sbcl, plr `ofbrs`óo bo shjfubrh), jh sh shjj ut`j`zhgh gbmb sbr j`fp`h, gb cljlr mjhocl b a`i`ào`ch.

WBCO@CHS GB XRBSB]@H H]WBSHOHJ. Gbn`o`c`óo gbj Xubsl. Sb gbn`ob bj qubsl clfl;

‚Bj prlguctl nrbscl l fhgurl lmtbo`gl plr sbphrhc`óo gbj subrl, gbspuàs gb jh clhiujhc`óo gb jh jbcab ohturhj, gb jh gbsohthgh phrc`hj l tlthjfbotb, ohth, subrl gb fhotbqu`jjh l gb sus fbzcjhs‖. fbzcjhs‖.   G`nbrboc`hogl cjhrhfbotb bj rbqubsóo qub sb gbn`ob clfl;

 

‚Bj prlguctl lmtbo`gl prbc`p`thogl plr bj chjlr, bo fbg`l hc`gl, gb jhs prltbæohs qub bx`stbo bo bj subrl gbj qubsl phrh nlrfhr uoh fhsh mjhogh‖.  mjhogh‖.  Ubrl jl `fplrthotb gb àsth gbn`o`c`óo bs qub phrh qub uo prlguctl tboih bj olfmrb gb qubsl gbmb clotbobr sljl uo prlguctl ohturhj clfl jh jbcab, gbsohthgh l ol, jh ohth y bj subrl gb fhotbqu`jjh. Ltrh gbn`o`c`óo sbræh jh qub gh bj hutlr B. Sprbbr bo su j`mrl; ‚Jhctljliæh @ogustr`hj‖. @ogustr`hj‖.   ‚Bj qubsl sb lmt`bob gb jbcab botbrh y gb ohth, huoqub s`rvbo thfm`ào phrh su bjh mlrhc`óo jh jbcab gbsohthgh, bj subrl gb fhotbqu`jjh y jhs fbzcjhs gb bstls jæqu`gls‖. jæqu`gls‖.   ‚Bj qubsl bs uoh fbzcjh gb pr`oc`p`ls o`trlibohgls (prltb`gls, prltbæohs), irhsh y ltrls clfplobotbs jèctbls, fbzcjh qub sb sbphrh gbj subrl plr prlcbg`f`botls hgbcuhgls. Nhvlrbcbo àsth sbphrhc`óo jhs boz`fhs, jh hc`g`n`chc`óo y bj chjlr‖.  chjlr‖.  ‚Bsth fbzcjh sb fljgbh, sb shjh y sb prbosh. Sb jb høhgb hg`t`vls mhctbr`hols y nûoi`cls y bo lchs`lobs, bspbc`bs bo g`vbrshs nhsbs gb su fhgurhc`óo‖.  fhgurhc`óo‖.   Mhsbs c`botæn`chs gb jh bjhmlrhc`óo gb qubsls. Wlgls jls qubsls plsbbo c`brths chrhctbræst`chs clfl; 8. 8.   Bstèo abcals gb jh jbcab gb c`brths fhfhs =. =.   Jh pr`fbrh phrtb bs nbrfbothrjh 3. 3.   Jh sbiuogh phrtb bs cuhkhrjh clo clhiujhotbs l jh prbphrhc`óo boz`fèt`ch s`f`jhr. 7. 7.   Clrthr l gbsijlshr bj clèiujl l shchr bj subrl gbj clèiujl. 2. 2.   Closlj`ghc`óo gbj clèiujl >. >.   Fhgurhc`óo gb jls qubsls vbrgbs bo hjiûo t`pl gb rbc`p`botb. Jhs phrtbs slo clfuobs pbrl jhs clocjus`lobs vhræho clos`gbrhmjbfbotb. Jls g`nbrbotbs nhctlrbs rbsploshmjbs gb jhs chrboc`hs gbj qubsl slo;   W`pl gb jbcab ushgh

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  Bj irhgl gb nbrfbothc`óo y bj t`pl gb nbrfbothc`óo hyughgl plr f`crllriho`sfls.

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  Wbfpbrhturh gbj clhiujhf`botl y sums`iu`botb ‚chjbothf`botl l ‚bschjghf`botl‖ gbj

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clèiujl bo bj subrl (lpc`óo)   Bj fàtlgl y gbj`chgbzh gbj clrthgl l gbsijlshgl gbsclhiujl.

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  Bj trhthf`botl gbj clhiujl gbspuàs gb sbphrhr bj subrl.

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  Jh hcuøhc`óo y shjhgl gbj clhiujl hotbs gb plobr bo bj hrl l fljgb.

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  Jh prbs`óo hpj`chgh hj qubsl nrbscl.

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  Bj t`bfpl, tbfpbrhturh y aufbghg rbjht`vh gb jh fhgurhc`óo

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  Wrhthf`botls bspbc`hjbs, clfl hiukbrbhr l p`ocahr bj qubsl, mhøhr bo shjfubrh y

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trhthf`botl supbrn`c`hjbs phrh prlguc`r uo c`brtl t`pl gb rbcumr`c`óo gbj qubsl.

Bsths vhr`bghgbs bstèo mhkl bj clotrlj gbj bjhmlrhglr, tlgls bkbrcbo uoh `onjuboc`h slmrb jls chfm`ls næs`cls, quæf`cls y f`crlm`ljói`cls, jls cuhjbs t`bobo s`t`l sucbs`vhfbotb bo jh jbcab, clhiujhc`óo, clhiujl y qubsl. Clhiujhc`óo l Cuhkhgl Jh clhiujhc`óo l cuhkhgl gb jh jbcab s`io`n`ch qub phsh gb uo bsthgl j`qu`gl h

ltrl sój`gl. Ubrl bstb clocbptl gbmb g`nbrboc`hrsb gb jl qub bo qubsbræh sb jjhfh cuhkhgl, pubs gb abcal, bx`stbo gls t`pls gb clhiujhc`óo;

 

Clhiujhc`óo hc`gh; Sb jjhfh h jh clhiujhc`óo gb jh jbcab prlguc`gh plr hc`gbz.

Bsth clhiujhc`óo sb prlgucb h uo pA hprlx`fhgl gb 7.9 bj puotl `slbjàctr`cl gb jh jbcab; cuhogl jh chrih bjàctr`ch obth bs oujh. Bo bsb flfbotl prbc`p`th jh chsbæoh purh (prltbæoh gb s`o shjbs gb chjc`l. Bsth prbc`p`thc`óo l clhiujhc`óo pubgb sbr rbvbrs`mjb gbvubjvb hj fbg`l, uo bsthgl fhs hjchj`ol. Jh hc`g`n`chc`óo gb jh jbcab pubgb sbr ohturhj gbm`gl h jh hc`gbz gb jh jbcab prlguc`gh plr jls nbrfbotls hc`gl jèct`cl qub trhosnlrfho jh jhctlsh bo hc`gl jèct`cl. Whfm`ào pubgb sbr uoh hc`g`n`chc`óo hrt`n`c`hj h mhsb gb hc`gl høhg`gl clfl bj hcàt`cl (v`ohirb), cætr`cl (zufl gb j`fóo), subrl èc`gl, btc. Bsth tàco`ch sb rbhj`zh bo hjiuols qubsls nrbscls phrh cuhkhr rèp`ghfbotb jh jbcab y lmtbobr uo hjtl rbog`f`botl, pbrl pubgb trhmhkhr clo jh chsbæoh qub sb lmt`bob; ol fhgurhr fès jh fhsh lmtbo`gh bstr`hgh y tbrrlsh, clon`r`bogl tbxturh nr`hmjb y s`o shmlr. Clhiujhc`óo boz`fèt`ch. Bs jh clhiujhc`óo prlguc`gh plr boz`fhs, Bsths pubgbo sbr g`nbrbotbs bo

nuoc`óo gbj t`pl gb clhiujhc`óo qub sb ut`j`cb. Bo bstb t`pl gb clhiujhc`óo boz`fèt`ch, jh boz`fh ahcb gb m`lchthj`zhglr gb uoh rbhcc`óo quæf`ch, qub ol bs clolc`gh bxhcthfbotb, pbrl qub sb clolcbo jls phsls `oæc`hjbs, `otbrfbg`ls y n`ohjbs. Bsth rbhcc`óo sb g`v`gb bo gls phrtbs m`bo g`nbrboc`hghs;   Ulr hcc`óo gb jh boz`fh, y h cuhjqu`br tbfpbrhturh, jh chsbæoh sb trhosnlrfh bo phrh chsbæoh.

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Bstb chfm`l ol lcurrb `ofbg`hthfbotb s`ol qub obcbs`th uo c`brtl ‚W`bfpl gb rbhcc`óo‖. Gurhotb bsb t`bfpl jhs prlp`bghgbs næs`chs gb jh jbcab ol vhræho. Bj t`bfpl gb rbhcc`óo, phrh uoh chot`ghg `iuhj gb boz`fh clhiujhotb, gbpbogb gb jh hc`gbz (h fhylr hc`gbz fhs clrtl bj t`bfpl) y gbj t`pl gb jbcab.   Jh phrh chsbæoh `otbrhcc`loh clo bj Chjc`l `óo`cl j`mrb bo jh jbcab phrh nlrfhr uoh shj;

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phrhchsb`ohtl g` cèjc`cl Cuhogl sb prlgucb bsth sbiuogh rbhcc`óo, jh jbcab sb fbj`n`ch rbcli`bogl h tlgl su vljufbo. Uhrh jh clhiujhc`óo l ibj`n`chc`óo, bs prbc`sl chjlr. Gbmb sbr supbr`lr h 85ª C. @iuhjfbotb obcbs`th chjc`l `óo`cl phrh su `otbrhcc`óo clo jh phrhchsbæoh, pbrl uo bxcbsl gb chjc`l plgræh `oa`m`r jh hcc`óo gb jh boz`fh. Jh chot`ghg gb chjc`l gbmb bsthr botrb uols fèribobs hgbcuhgls. Bo jh clhiujhc`óo boz`fèt`ch, gb abcal, jh boz`fh sljl `otbrv`bob bo jh pr`fbrh phrtb gb jh rbhcc`óo (rbhcc`óo m`lquæf`ch). Bo chfm`l, jh sbiuogh phrtb bs sljl uoh rbhcc`óo quæf`ch. quæf`c h. Gbotrl gb jh clhiujhc`óo boz`fèt`ch ahy cuhtrl nhctlrbs qub `otbrv`bobo gb nlrfh gbc`s`vh y qub `otbrhcc`loho botrb bjjh `oa`m`àogljh l hcbjbrèogljh. Bstls slo; h)  h)  Jh chot`ghg gb clhiujhotb (boz`fh) ut`j`zhgh; gbpbogbr gbj t`pl gb clhiujhotb y gb su nubrzh (t`tujhc`óo). Uhrh chgh t`pl gb jbcab y clog`c`lobs næs`cl-quæf`chs, chgh clhiujhotb rbhcc`loh gb nlrfh g`nbrbotb. S` jh chot`ghg gb clhiujhotb bs fuy mhkh, y ol t`bob clog`c`lobs næs`cl-quæf`chs jh jbcab pubgb ol clhiujhr.

 

m)  m)  Jh tbfpbrhturh gb clhiujhc`óo; clfl abfls `og`chgl, jh tbfpbrhturh ol `onjuyb bo jh pr`fbrh phrtb gb jh rbhcc`óo bs gbc`s`vh bo jh sbiuogh phrtb. Cuhogl sb clhiujh uoh jbcab bo bxcbsl gb tbfpbrhturh (fès gb 75» C.) vh `ohct`vhogl jh hcc`óo gbj clhiujhotb y h tbfpbrhturhs fuy hjths pubgbo ol clhiujhr. Bo qubsls gb phsth clc`gh (Bffbotahj, Iruybrb), bs prbc`sl clhiujhr h tbfpbrhturhs fbolrbs y, plstbr`lrfbotb, trhmhkhr jh cuhkhgh h tbfpbrhturhs fhylrbs. Olrfhjfbotb, h fhylr tbfpbrhturh jh clhiujhc`óo bs fès rèp`gh h phrt`r gb 75-78»C. jh hct`v`ghg mhkh, `ohct`vèoglsb cuhogl sb sb supbrho jls >5»C. Bj puotl gb hct`v`ghg gbj cuhkl slo vhr`hmjbs pbrl jh fhylræh gb jls qubsls sb bjhmlrho botrb =1 y 3>»C. c)  c)  Jh hc`gbz gb jh jbcab; Jhs jbcabs, gbpbog`bogl gbj t`pl y chj`ghg gb jhs f`sfhs, t`bobo g`nbrbotbs hc`gbcbs. Uhrh jh clhiujhc`óo boz`fèt`ch, cuhoth fès hc`gbz fès rèp`gl sb clhiujh, pbrl h phrt`r gb uoh c`brth hc`gbz sb `ohct`vh jh boz`fh clhiujhotb. Cuhotl fès hc`gh sbh jh jbcab, jh cuhkhgh lmtbo`gh, h `iuhj chot`ghg gb cuhkl y tbfpbrhturh, sbrè fhs gurh, fès clfphcth y g`næc`j gb trhmhkhr, lmtbo`àoglsb uo irhol irho l clrrblsl y pbihg`zl. g)  g)  Jh clocbotrhc`óo gb shjbs gb chjc`l; Uhrh qub sb rbhj`cb jh sbiuogh phrtb gb jh rbhcc`óo gb jh clhiujhc`óo, bs prbc`sl qub bo jh jbcab ahyh uoh c`brth chot`ghg gb chjc`l `óo`cl phrh `osljum`j`zhr jh phrh chsbæoh. Bstb chjc`l `óo`cl bs prbc`sl qub prlvboih gb jh prlp`h jbcab y sbh prlguc`gl plr bj ho`fhj (hj`fbothc`óo bqu`j`mrhgh). Uubgb clrrbi`rsb, bo phrtb, høhg`bogl shjbs gb chjc`l (cjlrurl) bo jh jbcab hotbs gb su clhiujhc`óo. Huoqub jh jbcab crugh jjbvb chjc`l sun`c`botb, h vbcbs sbrè prbc`sl høhg`r `iuhjfbotb shjbs gb chjc`l, pubs bj chjc`l `óo`cl t`bogb h `osljum`j`zhrsb y plgræh sbr `osun`c`botb phrh jh clhiujhc`óo bj rbsthotb. Jh clocbotrhc`óo bqu`j`mrhgh gb jls `lobs chjc`l bo jh jbcab, bs jh mhsb gbj rbog`f`botl qubsbrl. S`o chjc`l, jh phrhchsbæoh ol pubgb `osljum`j`zhrsb (huoqub bj rbstl gb jls nhctlrbs sbho clrrbctls) y sb p`brgb bo bj subjl. Bstls cuhtrl nhctlrbs slo `otbrgbpbog`botbs y pubgbo hyughrsb h bstlrmhrsb futuhfbotb. Chgh jbcab rbhcc`loh gb nlrfh g`nbrbotb hotb bstls nhctlrbs bs prbc`sl ahcbr prubmhs h pr`lr` phrh hclrthr bj puotl kustl gb clhiujhc`óo. Bj puotl kustl gb clhiujhc`óo vbogrè gbtbrf`ohgl plr bj t`pl gb qubsl h bjhmlrhr. Roh vbz clhiujhgh jh jbcab plgrèo rbsljvbrsb hjiuols prlmjbfhs bo bj trhthf`botl gb jh cuhkhgh, pbrl ol tlgls. Bo qubsbræhs jh clhiujhc`óo bs bj flfbotl pr`oc`phj gb jh bjhmlrhc`óo qub gbtbrf`ohrè su prlcbsl n`ohj.

Wrhthf`botls gb jh Cuhkhgh.  @otrlgucc`óo. Sb bot`bogb plr cuhkhgh h jh jbcab clhiujhgh.

Botrb jh hg`c`óo gbj cuhkl y jh nlrfhc`óo nl rfhc`óo gb jh cuhkhgh uo ‚t`bfpl gb clhiujhc`óo‖. Gurhotb bstb pbrælgl gb t`bfpl jh jbcab ah gb pbrfhobcbr bo rbplsl y s`o v`mrhc`lobs phrh qub jh cuhkhgh ol shjih jhf`ohr (alkhjgrb). Hgbfès ol gbmb vhr`hrsb jhs clog`c`lobs gb tbfpbrhturh, hc`gbz, hg`c`óo gb clhiujhotb l shjbs cèjc`chs. Jh jbcab bstè clhiujhogl y ol gbmb sunr`r hjtbrhc`lobs.

 

Bj ibj rbsujthotb gb jh clhiujhc`óo boz`fèt`ch n`kh uoh irho chot`ghg gb hiuh( subrl). Jh fhylr phrtb gb bjjh bstè `og`chgh bo jls plrls l chv`ghgbs gb jh cuhkhgh (hiuh gb jhs chv`ghgbs) y pubgb sbr shchgh clo rbjht`vh nhc`j`ghg. Ltrh phrtb sb bocubotrh bo jls `otbrst`c`ls chp`jhrbs phrtæcujhs gb chsbæoh (hiuh chp`jhr). Jh chot`ghg gb hiuh bs thotl fhylr cuhotl fhs n`oh sbh jh ‚fhjjh rbt`cujhr‖ gbj ibj. Bj hiuh chp`jhr t `bob uoh irho `fplrthoc`h, pubs su fhylr phrtb qubgh bo bj qubsl `onjuybogl slmrb jls gbfès phrèfbtrls; hc`gbz, aufbghg, fhgurhc`óo. Bj rbstl gbj hiuh bstè clfm`ohgl quæf`chfbotb, slmrb tlgl clo jhs prltbæohs (hiuh gb a`grhthc`óo). S`oàrbs`s. Sb ut`j`zh bstb olfmrb phrh gbn`o`r jh rbtrhcc`óo gb jh cuhkhgh. Gbpbogb gb jh cuhkhgh, jh s`oàrbs`s sbrè fhs l fbols `otbosh. Wrhthf`botls mès`cls gb jh cuhkhgh. Uhrh jh bjhmlrhc`óo gb qubsls, h jh cuhkhgh sb jb slfbtb h uoh

sbr`b gb trhthf`botls fbcèo`cls qub t`bob clfl lmkbtl trhsnlrfhrjh gbsgb bj puotl gb v`sth næs`cl (tbxturh, thfhøl gb irhol), quæf`cl (hc`gbz, aufbghg y tbfpbrhturh) y gbpbog`bogl gb bstls, f`crlm`ljói`cls (f`crllriho`sfls glf`ohotbs). 8» Clrtb; Shjvl hjiuols t`pls gb qubsls clfl jls gb chmrh, sb subjb clrthr jh cuhkhgh phrh closbiu`r bj

irhol gbj qubsl. Uhrh bjjl sb ut`j`zho g`vbrsls utbos`j`ls qub t`bobo clfl n`ohj`ghg clrthr jh cuhkhgh bo trlc`tls `iuhjbs.Hj clrthr jh cuhkhgh gbmb ahcbrsb clo fucal cu`ghgl y jbothfbotb phrh bv`thr bj ‚pljvl gb qubsl‖ (trlc`tls fuy pbqubøls gb chsbæoh qub sb p`brgbo clo bj subrl), y qub jh fhtbr`h irhsh gbkb bj clhiujl y sb p`brgh clo bj subrl. Bj clrtb gb jh cuhkhgh rbiujh bj thfhøl gb irhol qub bstè bo nuoc`óo gbj t`pl gb qubsl h bjhmlrhr. -  Xubsl mjhogl; irhol irhogb -  Xubsl gurl ; irhol pbqubøl (plch aufbghg) Bj clrtb gbpbogbrè gb jhs clog`c`lobs gb clhiujhc`óo gb jh cuhkhgh (tbfpbrhturh, hc`gbz, chjc`l). Ahy uoh `otbrrbjhc`óo g`rbcth. =». Gbsubrhgl. Roh vbz clrthgh jh cuhkhgh, bj irhol sunrb uo gbsubrhgl, bs gbc`r, sb nhc`j`th clo bj

clrtb jh s`oàrbs`s l rbtrhcc`óo gbj clhiujl. Gbpbog`bogl gbj t`pl gb qubsl, ahmrè uo gbsubrhgl jbotl (h mhkh tbfpbrhturh y hc`gbz), l rèp`gl (hj clotrhr`l). Roh cuhkhgh r`ch bo chjc`l nhc`j`th bj gbsubrhgl. Bo bj gbsubrhgl pubgb ahmbr uo prboshgl (prbprboshgl) l s`fpjbfbotb, uo hutl prboshgl, gbpbogbrè gb s` sb qu`brb uo irhol fès l fbols aûfbgl. Bs sbiûo bj qubsls qub sb vh h nhmr`chr n hmr`chr sb gbkh gbsubrhr, phrh ahcbr uo sbiuogl clrtb gb jh cuhkhgh. 3». Jhvhgl; Clfl `og`cèmhfls hotbr`lrfbotb, bx`stb uoh lpbrhc`óo fbcèo`ch phrh rbmhkhr jh hc`gbz

gb jh cuhkhgh; bs bj jhvhglr. Roh vbz clrthgh y gbpbog`bogl gb jh hc`gbz gbj subrl, sb hphrth phrtb gbj subrl y sb høhgb hiuh chj`botb, rbflv`bogl jh cuhkhgh, phrh rbmhkh rbmhkhrr jh hc`gbz y closbiu`r uo irhol fhs subjtl y bjèst`cl. Bsth tàco`ch sb ut`j`zh phrh jls qubsls t`pl Bghf y Ilugh.

 

Bj jhvhgl gb jh cuhkhgh gbmb ahcbrsb fuy jbothfbotb. Bj hiuh høhg`gh ol gbmb sbr fuy chj`botb. S` sb hufboth jh tbfpbrhturh gb jh cuhkhgh gbmb fhotbobrsb jh s`iu`botb rbijh; hufbothr 8» C, chgh = f`outls. S` sb hufboth rèp`ghfbotb jh tbfpbrhturh bj irhol sb clotrhb, c`brrh plrls y clf`bozh h nlrfhrsb irufls, ol gbkhogl gbsubrhr. Uhrh jls qubsls gb phsth clc`gh (iruybrb, btc.) bj jhvhgl gb cuhkhgh bs uoh lpbrhc`óo jboth (cbrch gb 8 alrhs) y qub bs `fprbsc`og`mjb phrh lmtbobr uoh bjhst`c`ghg clrrbcth gb jh phsth. 7». ]bchjbothgl. Ol sb gbmb clonuog`r bj jhvhgl gb jh cuhkhgh (pubgb rbhj`zhrsb h jh f`sfh

tbfpbrhturh gb clhiujhc`óo) clo uo hufbotl gb jh tbfpbrhturh gb jh cuhkhgh.

Bo bj sbiuogl chsl, sb trhth gb hufbothr bj gbsubrhgl gbm`gl h qub bj irhol ah shj`gl gàm`j l fuy aufbrl, gbm`gl h uoh mhkh tbfpbrhturh, hc`gbz l clocbotrhc`óo gb chjc`l. Uhrh bjjl sb hufboth jh tbfpbrhturh gb jh cuhkhgh (pubgb sustrhbrsb phrtb gbj subrl) chjbothogl hj mhøl gb Fhræh bo jh cumh. 2». Bscurr`gl. Roh vbz trhmhkhgh jh cuhkhgh y lmtbo`gl bj irhol gbsbhgl, yh bsth j`stl j` stl phrh fljgbhr.

Sbiûo jls qubsls sb rbhj`zh uo bscurr`gl l ol. Ibobrhjfbotb sb gbkh rbplshr bj irhol bo bj nlogl gb jh cumbth phrh qub qubgb clfphctl y sbphrb bj subrl. Sb subjb hyughr clo cahphs hiukbrbhghs clo jhs cuhjbs pubgb rbhj`zhrsb uo prbprboshgl. Bo hjiuols qubsls bs prbc`sl rbclibr bj irhol gbotrl gbj subrl phrh qub sb f fhotboih hotboih fhs subjtl, rbtboih fhylr aufbghg y hcbjbrb jh hc`g`n`chc`óo gbj qubsl. Ahy uoh lpbrhc`óo jjhfhgh cabgghr`zhc`óo, qub sb rbhj`zh jh bjhmlrhc`óo gbj qubsl Cabggh Cabgghr, r, qub sb ut`j`zh pr`oc`phjfbotb phrh jls qubsls gb phsth gurh. Roh vbz bscurr`gl bj subrl, jh fhsh clhiujhgh y clfphcth clrth bo mjlqubs y sb cljlch hp`jhgh bo jls mlrgbs gb jh cumh fhotbo`bogl uoh tbfpbrhturh tbfpjhgh bo bj jlchj y gurhotb gurhotb jhril t`bfpl, jh fhs fhshh clhiujhgh vh gbsubrhogl bj subrl rbtbo`gl gbm`gl h su hc`g`n`chc`óo. Bsth hc`g`n`chc`óo clov`brtb bj phrhchsb`ohtl g`cèjc`cl bj phrhch`ohtl flol cèjc`cl qub ahcb mjhoch y clrrblsh jh cuhkhgh. Jh hc`g`n`chc`óo jèct`ch sb hclfphøh gb nlrfhc`óo gb ihs tàrf`ol gb jh Cabgghr`zhc`óo jh fhsh cuhkhgh t`bob lr`n`c`ls hjhrihgls qub `og`cho qub jh prlgucc`óo gb ihsbs ah n`ohj`zhgl. Ibobrhjfbotb bj qubsl Cabgghr ol prbsboth lqubghgbs hj flj`gl plstbr`lr gb jh cuhkhgh hotbs gbj fljgbhgl. >». Fljgbhgl. Shjvl hjiuols qubsls, clfl bj quhrd, jh cuhkhgh sunrb uo fljgbhgl phrh ghrjb nlrfh y

clos`stboc`h. Huo bo jls qubsls qub ol sb prbosho, bj bscurr`gl sb ahcb bo fljgbs qub gbkhrho su nlrfh. Bj fljgbhgl gbj qubsl sb rbhj`zh phrh plgbr rbclibr jh cuhkhgh bo uo thfhøl uo`nlrfb y suscbpt`mjb gb sbr clfbrc`hj`zhgl. Bo jls qubsls prboshgls su ut`j`ghg bs glmjb, pubs bs prbc`sl su bofhrchf`botl phrh rbhj`zhr bj prboshgl. Ulr gbn`o`c`óo, prbs`óo bs nubrzh/supbrn`c`b. Bs obcbshr`l gbj`f`thr jh supbrn`c`b gbj qub sl h prboshr. Bj fljgbhgl gb uo qubsl bs uoh gb jhs chrhctbræst`chs pr`oc`phjbs; gbolth su nlrfh n`ohj.

 

Bo bj fbrchgl bj qubsl sb rbclolcb botrb ltrhs chctbræst`chs, plr su nlrfh qub jb gh bj fljgbl. Bo hjiuols qubsls, clfl bj Gurl v`bkl, Flrlj`qub, btc., ahy uoh lpbrhc`óo fbcèo`ch `otbrfbg`h botrb bj bscurr`gl y bj fljgbl; jh tr`turhc`óo gbj irhol. Roh vbz clfphcthgh y bscurr`gh jh cuhkhgh, sb tr`ocah hotbs gb fljgbhr, nlrfhogl uo irhol gb cuhkhgh. Bsth lpbrhc`óo ahcb uo ujt`fl gbsubrhgl hotbs gbj prboshgly> lx`iboh bj irhol gb cuhkhgh qub prlgucb uoh lx`ghc`óo gb jh irhsh qub ghrè, gurhotb jh fhgurhc`óo, uo shmlr p`chotb chrhctbræst`cl. 9». Bj prboshgl. Bs jh ûjt`fh lpbrhc`óo fbcèo`ch qub sb rbhj`zh hotbs gb jh fhgurhc`óo gbj qubsl.

Ol tlgls jls qubsls sb prbosho y bo hjiuols bj prboshgl bs fès phrh clfphcthr bj fljgbl y clonbr`r nlrfh qub phrh bxughr subrl. Bo chfm`l, bo jls qubsls gurls, bj prboshgl bs nuoghfbothj phrh gbc`g`r jh tbxturh n`ohj. S` bj irhol bs mhsthotb aûfbgl sb rbhj`zhrè uo prboshgl fhs `otbosl4 s` bs sbcl, sb ahrè fès suhvb. Bo bj prboshgl gbj qubsl sb aho gb fhotbobr gls rbijhs; 8». Xub ol sbh bo uo s`t`l gbfhs`hgl nræl, pubs c`brrh plrls gbj qubsl y ahcb ahcb clrtbzh ahc`bogl `oût`j bj prboshgl. =». Xub jh prbs`óo qub sb gà sbh irhguh irhguhjfbotb jfbotb bo hufbotl. Roh prbs`óo rèp`gh y nubrtb clfphcth bj bxtbr`lr, c`brrh plcl b `fp`gb uo gbsubrhgl `otbr`lr. Olrfhjfbotb, bo bj prboshgl gb jls qubsls sb subjb rbclibr cuhkhgh bo ihshs l tbjhs n`ohs phrh ghrjb fbklr nlrfh, hyughogl h nlrfhr clrtbzh, cbrrhr jhs ir`bths bxtbr`lrbs y nhc`j`thr bj prboshgl. Ubrl s` bj prboshgl gbmb sbr `otbosl, bs clovbo`botb i`rhr uoh vbz hj fbols, bj qubsl gbotrl gbj fljgb y sbphrhr jh ihsh gbj qubsl; bx`stb bj pbj`irl gb qub jh ihsh qubgb hgabr`gh h jh tbzh y hj shchrjh hj n`ohj gbj prboshgl hrrhoqub jh clrtbz. Sljl sb prboshrè h tbfpbrhturhs mhkhs (fbols gb 85» C.) cuhogl ahy pbj`irl gb a`ocahzlobs gbj qubsl l, plr bj clotrhr`l, prboshrè h tbfpbrhtu2hs hjths (fhs gb =2» C) s` sb qu`brb hcbjbrhr jh nbrfbothc`óo gbj qubsl. Wrhthf`botl gbj qubsl. Roh vbz prboshgh jh cuhkhgh subjb gbc`rsb qub yh tbobfls bj qubsl bo

pltboc`h, pbrl hgbfès gb uoh fhgurhc`óo, bj qubsl obcbs`th uoh lpbrhc`óo nuoghfbothj qub gbc`g`rè su shmlr n`ohj`zhgl bj shjhgl. Bj Shjhgl; Bj shjhgl gbj qubsl pubgb rbhj`zhrsb gb gls nlrfhs;

-  Clo shj cr`sthj`zhgh (C8 Oh) -  Clo shjfubrh; g`sljuc`óo hculsh gb shj. Hot`iuhfbotb sb ut`j`zhmh fhs bj pr`fbrl pbrl bo jh hctuhj`ghg sb ut`j`zh fhs bj sbiuogl. Uhrh jls qubsls mjhogls ol prboshgls, gbmb shjhrsb clo shj cr`sthj`zhgh, pubs jh shjfubrh g`sljvbrè jls qubsls rlfp`àogljls. Uhrh jls qubsls mjhogls y gurls prboshgls pubgb ahcbrsb gb jhs gls nlrfhs. Cuhogl sb ut`j`zh shj cr`sthj`zhgh pubgb hpj`chrsb bo gls flfbotls; 8. 8.   Bo jh cuhkhgh, hotbs gb fljgbhr =. =.   Bo bj qubsl prboshgl l fljgbhgl Bo bj pr`fbr chsl, gbmb plobrsb jh chot`ghg gb shj qub sb bst`fb obcbshr`h bo bj qubsl n`ohj pubs o` sb pbrgbrè shj, o` sb hufbothrè. Bsth prhct`ch, sb ut`j`zh phrh jls qubsls qub sb tr`ocah bj irhol hotbs gb fljgbhr, clfl bo bj Cabgghr, bj flrlj`qub, btc.

 

Bo bj sbiuogl chsl, sb ut`j`zh slmrbtlgl phrh jls qubsls mjhogls ol prboshgls (chfbfmbrt, gb chmrh, btc.) thfm`ào phrh jls qubsls fuy prboshgls y gb thfhøl irhogb (Iruybrb, Uhrfh, btc.); bo bstb chsl gbm`gl h qub jh `otrlgucc`óo gb jh shj ah gb sbr jboth phrh qub pbobtrb ahsth su cbotrl. Cuhogl sb hpj`ch shj cr`sthj`zhgh, gbmb sbr j`fp`h, a`i`ào`ch y bo pljvl. H trhvàs gb jh shj pubgb ahmbr clothf`ohc`lobs bo bj qubsl. S` jh shj bs irhoujhgh sb rbphrtb y g`nuogb pblr, hga`r`àoglsb y pubgb prlvlchr bj ‚hfhril‖ shj`ol. Hj hpj`chr hpj`chr jh shj bxtbr`lr gbmb ahcbrsb h g`hr`l y s`bfprb plr nrlthc`óo gb gb jhs chrhs qub ol tlqubo bj hplyl. Chgh gæh gbmb i`rhrsb y shjhrsb jh chrh `onbr`lr bj t`bfpl obcbshr`l. Jh hpj`chc`óo gb jh shjfubrh shjfubrh bs phrh jls qu qubsls bsls mjhogls y jls gurls gb th thfhøl fhøl pbqubøl y fbg`l. Uhrh jh prbphrhc`óo gb jh shjfubrh sb obcbs`th; -  ]bc`p`botbs j`fp`ls, rbs`stbotbs h jh shj y nèc`jfbotb jhvhmjbs ; N`mrh gb v`gr`l, plrcbjhoh, pjèst`cl, btc. -  Shj cr`sthj`zhgh j`fp`h b a`i`ào`ch. -  Hiuh bstbr`j`zhgh l cjlrhgh bo 8= ppf. Olrfhjfbotb sb prbphrh a`rv`bogl bj hiuh y g`sljv`bogl bo hiuh chj`botb jh shj hgbcuhgh. Roh vbz nræh yh sb pubgb ut`j`zhr. Uhrh chjcujhr jh shjfubrh sb gbmb prbphrhr jls irhgls Mbhufà obcbshr`ls. 8 irhgl Mbhufà 6 8» M. 6 85 ir. gb shj 8. J. gb hiuh Uhrh jls qubsls mjhogls gbmb prbphrhrsb uoh shjfubrh gb 8 Uhrh jls qubsls gb phsth gurh gbmb tbobr gb =5 h =7» M. Cuhoth fhs clocbotrhgh sbh jh shjfubrh, fbols t`bfpl gbmb bsthr bo bjjh. Jh rbjhc`óo clocbotrhc`óo gb shjfubrh y t`bfpl `ovbrsh. Bj t`bfpl bo jh shjfubrh v`bob gbtbrf`ohgl plr jh shj`o`ghg qub sb qu`brh gbj qubsl, bj thfhøl, bj nlrfhtl y bj t`pl gb qubsl. Jls qubsls gbmbo i`rhrsb bo jh shjfubrh phrh qub jh chsh `onbr`lr y supbr`lr ahyho bsthgl `iuhj t`bfpl `ofbrsl. Bo jh shjfubrh, clfl bo jh hpj`chc`óo g`rbcth gb shj, sb prlgucb uoh g`nus`óo botrb jh shj gb jh shjfubrh qub botrh bo bj qubsl y bj subrl gbj qubsl qub shjb h jh shjfubrh. Ulr thotl, jh shjfubrh vh pbrg`bogl bo clocbotrhc`óo, hgbfès gb qub bj qubsl njlth y jh shj ol g`subjth sb gbpls`th bo bj nlogl gbj shjhgbrl. Bs prbc`sl rbv`shr pbr`óg`chfbotb jh clotrhcc`óo gb jh shjfubrh clo bj pbsh shjbs, rbflv`àogljh prbv`hfbotb. Jh shjfubrh gbmb bsthr bo uo juihr nrbscl, gb 1 h 88» C. H tbfpbrhturhs hjths, ahy r`bsil gb qub sb a`ocabo jls qubsls bo bj shjhgbrl4 h tbfpbrhturhs mhkhs gb qub hmslrmh plch shj bj qubsl. Chgh sbfhoh gbmb v`i`jhrsb jh hc`gbz gb jh shjfubrh phrh bv`thr uoh bxcbs`vh clothf`ohc`óo gbm`gl hj subrl bxughgl. Bstb nhctlr pubgb sbr flt`vl gb clothf`ohc`óo gbj qubsl. Jh hc`gbz gb jh shjfubrh ol gbmb bxcbgbr jls >5» Glro`c, cuhogl jl supbrb, gbmb ahcbrsb oubvh. Bj shjhgl gbj qubsl t`bob clfl lmkbt`vls pr`oc`phjbs; -  Hchmhr gb bxughr bj subrl gbj qubsl. -  Nlrfhr clrtbzh y cbrrhr plrls

 

-  J`f`thr jhs nbrfbothc`lobs clj`nlrfbs -  Closbiu`r bj shmlr hgbcuhgl. Lrbhgl. Gbspuàs gbj shjgl y hotbs gb clfbozhr su fhgurhc`óo bj qubsl sunrb uo sbchgl u lrbhgl

phrh hchmhr gb cbrrhr jh clrtbzh y sbchrjh gbj subrl bxughgl gurhotb bj shjhgl l jh aufbghg gb jh shjfubrh. Bo hjiuols qubsls, clfl jls gb phsth hzuj, bj sbchgl sb hjh gurhotb trbs sbfhohs, clov`rt`àoglsb bo uoh pr`fbrh fhgurhc`óo. Whfm`ào bo jls qubsls gb phsth mjhogh ol prboshgh, sb pubgb clonuog`r bj shchgl clo uo pr`fbr hn`ohgl. Uhrh sbchr uo qubsl ah gb bsthr bo uoh ahm`thc`óo sbch, nrbsch y m`bo vbot`jhgh. Fhgurhc`óo. Sb hgf`tb qub jh fhgurhc`óo gbj qubsl clf`bozh gurhotb bj shjhgl pbrl jh

trhosnlrfhc`óo gb jls clfplobotbs gb jh jbcab jbc ab qub phsho h clost`tu`rjl clf`bozh fucal hotbs. Jhs clog`c`lobs gb fhgurhc`óo gb uo qubsl, hyughrèo, nrbohrèo l g`r`i`rèo bj t`pl gb qubsl n`ohj pbrl, h pr`lr`, gbc`gb pr`oc`phjfbotb jh bjhmlrhc`óo gbj qubsl. Clo jh fhgurhc`óo ol sb pubgb sljuc`lohr uoh bjhmlrhc`óo gbn`c`botb y bo chfm`l, s` pubgb bstrlpbhr uoh muboh bjhmlrhc`óo. Bs prbc`sl jls gls nhctlrbs (bjhmlrhc`óo-fhgurhc`óo) phrh jjbihr hj prlguctl n`ohj. n `ohj. Bo jh bjhmlrhc`óo gb uo qubsl qubsl jh jhctlsh, jhs shjbs y jh f`crlnjlrh njlrh (ohturhj l hrt`n`c`hj) clf`bozh h bxpbr`fbothr chfm`ls cuhj`tht`vls y cuhot`tht`vls gurhotb jh prbphrhc`óo gb jh jbcab prbv`h h jh clhiujhc`óo qub clot`oûh bo jh clhiujhc`óo trhthf`botl y fho`pujhc`óo gb jh cuhkhgh y jhs lpbrhc`lobs gb fljgbl y prboshgl. Nhctlrbs clfl; tbfpbrhturh, hc`gbz, chot`ghg gb chjc`l, f`crlnjlrh gb phrt`gh y t`pl gb clhiujhotb slo jls gbtbrf`ohotbs qub boclotrhrbfls bo bj qubsl gbspuàs gbj shjhgl y bo nuoc`óo gb jhs clog`c`lobs gb fhgurhc`óo glogb n`ohj`zhrè bj qubsl. Urbglf`ohotbfbotb bo bj `otbr`lr gb uo qubsl, boclotrhfls nbrfbotls hc`gljèct`cls gbj t`pl strbptlclcls y jhctlmc`jls. Hgbfès sb bocubotrho ltrls f`olr`thr`ls pbrl qub pubgbo `onju`r gbc`s`vhfbotb bo bj rbsujthgl n`ohj. Jhs trhosnlrfhc`lobs pr`oc`phjbs qub sunrbo jls clfplobotbs gbj qubsl slo; -  Jh jhctlsh; H trhvàs gb jls nbrfbotls hc`gljèct`cls sb clov`brtb bo hc`gl jhct`vl. Bo jls pr`fbrls s`btb gæhs gb fhgurhc`óo nbrfboth tlgh jh jhctlsh qub sb hilth h jls qu`ocb gæhs. -  Bj hc`gl cætr`cl; prlcbgbotb gb jh jbcab, y bo pbqubøæs`fh prlplrc`óo, sb clov`brtb bo g`hcbt`jl y hcbtlæoh, gls susthoc`hs fuy hrlfèt`chs. -  Jhs prltbæohs; gbm`gl h jhs prltbhshs (boz`fhs qub gbsclfplobo jhs prltbæohs) qu3 jjbvh jh jbcab, jls nbrfbotls hc`gljhct`cls y bj cuhkl, sb gbsclfplobo h clfpjbkls fhs sboc`jjls; pàpt`gls y hf`olèc`gls. -  Bsth gbsclfpls`c`lobs bs jh pr`oc`phj, pubs jh ‚prlnuog`ghg jh fhgurhc`óo‖ bs jh qub gbc`g`rè jh tbxturh y shmlr n`oh gbj qubsl. Jls hf`olèc`gls j`mrbs slo jls qub gho bj shmlr pr`oc`phj gbj qubsl. -  Jls jæp`gls plr hcc`óo gb jhs j`phshs gb jh jbcab y gb nbrfbotls hc`gljhct`cls, prlgucbo jls èc`gls irhsls vljèt`gls qub slo jls pr`oc`phjbs prlthilo`sths gbj hrlfh y ‚mlqub gbj qubsl.  qubsl.  

 

Uhrh qub sb prlguzcho bsths trhosnlrfhc`lobs, jls qubsls, fhgurhr bo juihrbs bspbc`hjbs y bo clog`c`lobs hgbcuhghs bsthmjbs. Bo jls qubsls nrbscls, jl ûo`cl qub sb musch bs su closbrvhc`óo pubs sb vbogbo s`o fhgurhr. Ibobrhjfbotb, bo jh chvh l cèfhrh gb fhgurhc`óo, sb rbiujho trbs phrèfbtrls; tbfpbrhturh, aufbghg rbjht`vh y vbot`jhc`óo. -  Jh tbfpbrhturh bs jh qub gbj`f`thrè qub t`pls gb f`crllriho`sfls prbsbotbs bo bj qubsl sb gbshrrljjhrèo bo fbklrbs clog`c`lobs. - 

Jh aufbghg rbjht`vh, bo nuoc`óo gb jh tbfpbrhturh clothrè jh `otbos`ghg gbj lrbhgl gbj qubsl y jh f`crlnjlrh qub hphrbzch bo su clrtbzh, gbc`s`vh phrh sbiûo bj t`pl gb qubsls.

-  Jh vbot`jhc`óo clotrljhrè jh chphc`ghg gb lrbhrsb bj qubsl y jh chot`ghg gb lxæibol gb jh chvh, `fprbsc`og`mjb phrh sbjbcc`lohr bj t`pl gb f`crllriho`sfls glf`ohotbs (hbrlm`ls, hohbrlm`ls) Bo ibobrhj, jhs clog`c`lobs gb fhgurhc`óo gb jls qubsls sb fubvbo botrb fèribobs s`f`jhrbs. -  Wbfpbrhturh gb 1 h 82» C. -  Aufbghg gbj >5 hj 02%; olrfhjfbotb gbj 15 hj 05% -  ^bot`jhc`óo olrfhj. Cuhoth fhs tbfpbrhturh, fhs rèp`gh sbrè jh fhgurhc`óo, pbrl bx`stbo r`bsils gb ghr jhs clog`c`lobs nhvlrhmjbs h ltrls t`pls gb nbrfbotls prlguctlrbs gb nbrfbothc`lobs htæp`chs; Mutær`ch, Clj`nlrfbs, btc. Jls nbrfbotls hc`gljèct`cls prbn`brbo tbfpbrhturhs nrbschs (plr gbmhkl gb 82» C) Cuhoth fhylr sbh jh aufbghg rbjht`vh, fès jboth sbrè jh fhgurhc`óo. Roh nhjth gb aufbghg pubgb rbsbchr bo bxcbsl jh clrtbzh y hir`bthrjh. Ro bxcbsl gb aufbghg ahcb prlj`nbrhr flals bxtbr`lrbs qub pubgbo hnbcthr jh clrtbzh. Jh vbot`jhc`óo gbmb bsthr bo tàrf`ols fbg`ls. Ro bxcbsl rbsbch jh clrtbzh y jh pubgb jjbihr h jbvhothr. Ro gbnbctl prlgucb qub slmrb jh clrt3zh, h tbfpbrhturhs gb fhgurhc`óo hjths, sb nlrfb uo j`fl qub `fp`gh bj lrbl gbj qubsl. Bo ibobrhj, jls qubsls gbmbo i`rhrsb pbr`óg`chfbotb phrh qub jh aufbghg qub gbkho ol jls pbiub h jls bsthotbs y pubgho fhgurhr uo`nlrfbfbotb. Sbrè obcbshr`l j`fp`hrjls bxtbr`lrfbotb y pbr`óg`chfbotb phrh bv`thr bj j`fl y jls flals pbrkug`c`hjbs gb jh clrtbzh. Ibobrhjfbotb sb ahcb clo hiuh l subrl chj`botb. Bo nlrfhtls irhogbs sb rbhj`zh clo shjfubrh t`m`h. Hctuhjfbotb sb jbs subjb ghr hjiuoh h jiuoh chph gb jæqu`gl hot`nûoi`cl, phrhn`oh l pjhst`n`chglr qub prltbib bj qubsl pbrl jb rbsth prbsboc`h y bo hjiuols chsls, pubgb nrbohr su lrbhgl y fhgurhc`óo. Closbrvhc`óo. Jh closbrvhc`óo gb jls qubsls sb ah abcal obcbshr`h gbsgb qub bj alfmrb ah ut`j`zhgl

bstb prlguctl clfl hj`fbotl. Gb abcal, bj qubsl bs uoh nlrfh gb closbrvhr jh jbcab4 pbrl cuhogl bj qubsl bstè bjhmlrhgl, s`iub sunr`bogl uoh sbr`b gb trhosnlrfhc`lobs (fhgurhc`óo) qub pubgb jjbihr h bstrlpbhrjl. Bs plr bjjl qub cuhogl bj qubsl bstè bo su puotl ópt`fl gb closufl gbmb closbrvhrsb bo bstb bsthgl bj fèx`fl t`bfpl pls`mjb. Bj fbklr closbrvhotb qub sb clolcb bs bj nræl. Jhs cèfhrhs nr`ilræn`chs gb mhkh tbfpbrhturh (8 h 7»C) y fbg`h aufbghg (hjrbgbglr gbj 95%) slo jhs fès `góobhs phrh jh closbrvhc`óo.

 

]bspbctl h jh vbot`jhc`óo, ahy tàco`cls qub lp`oho qub bs prbc`sl uoh j`ibrh vbot`jhc`óo (rbolvhc`óo gbj h`rb) phrh qub s` ah gb clot`ouhr hjiûo prlcbsl gb fhgurhc`óo, sbh gb nbrfbotls hbrlm`ls4 bo chfm`l, ltrls lp`oho qub jh nhjth gb lxæibol bs jl fbklr phrh nrbohr cuhjqu`br t`pl gb nbrfbothc`óo pbrl ol jh hohbrlm`h. Gbpbogbrè gbj t`pl gb qubsl y gb jls bstug`ls abcals slmrb chgh uol. Ltrh nlrfh gb closbrvhc`óo bs bj hcb`tb. Huoqub thfm`ào sb ut`j`zh bo jh fhgurhc`óo nrlthogl jh clrtbzh phrh qub ol rbsbqub y rbpbjh `osbctls, jh `ofbrs`óo gbj qubsl bo hcb`tb ah s`gl uo closbrvhotb fuy ut`j`zhgl bo jh hot`iúbghg. Bj prlmjbfh rhg`ch bo qub bx`stb uoh c`brth g`nus`óo botrb bj hcb`tb y bj `otbr`lr gbj qubsl, gb thj nlrfh qub su `otbr`lr sb `fprbioh y bj hcb`tb bxtbr`lr sb hc`g`n`ch y pubgb jjbihr h borhoc`hrsb. Gbmb ut`j`zhrsb hcb`tb rbn`ohgl gb hjth hc`gbz (7 l 2» ) y qub gbmb rbolvhrsb chgh = l 3 ut`j`zhc`lobs. Ltrh nlrfh gb closbrvhc`óo slmrb tlgl phrh jls qubsls nrbscls, bs bj mhøl gb shjfubrh. Bo jh hctuhj`ghg, bo jh vboth gb qubsls nrbscls, uoh vbz fljgbhgls y/l prboshgls, sb shjho plo`àogljls bo mljshs gb pjèst`cls clo shjfubrh qub ahcb h su vbz gb closbrvhotb. Bo qubsls mjhogls gb phsth prboshgh y bo qubsls gurls, jls prlguctls quæf`cls gb hpj`chc`óo bxtbr`lr (phrhn`oh, cljhs pjèst`chs, jæqu`gls prltbctlrbs, btc.) bstèo h jh lrgbo gbj gæh. Bo pr`oc`p`l ol hnbctho hj `otbr`lr gbj qubsl, shjvl hjiuohs phrhn`ohs, huoqub jb clon`brbo uo ljlr y uoh prbsbothc`óo htæp`ch. Ltrh nlrfh gb prbsbothc`óo, pbrl j`f`thgh, bs bj bovhshgl hj vhcæl. Bsth lpbrhc`óo nrboh h jhs nbrfbothc`lobs hbrlm`hs y jh prlgucc`óo gb phrès`tls y flals bxtbr`lrbs, pbrl bj qubsl p`brgb bo shmlr y hrlfh cuhogl fhs t`bfpl bstà hj vhcæl. Clotrlj gb chj`ghg gb Xubsl. Ahmjhr gb chj`ghg gb qubsl, clfl hj`fbotl qub bs hjil fuy sumkbt`vl

gbpbog`bogl slmrb tlgl gbj ‚iustl gbj closuf`glr‖.  closuf`glr‖.   Clotrlj Lriholjàpt`cl; Bs jh hpj`chc`óo gb jls órihols gb jls sbot`gls (v`sth, ljnhtl, iustl y thctl) Hspbctl. Sb hprbc`h h s`fpjb v`sth, y sb rbn`brb h jh rbiujhr`ghg gb jh nlrfh, thfhøl, j`fp`bzh,

prbsboc`h næs`ch, flals y fhocahs. Sb clos`gbrh uo qubsl gb hspbctl pbrnbctl cuhogl rbûob jhs clog`c`lobs `otræosbchs h sus chrhctbræst`chs prlp`hs. Bo jls gbfès chsls pubgb sbr `rrbiujhr, suc`l, flalsl, phrhs`thgl, phrhs`thgl , btc. Hrlfh y shmlr.

Bj hrlfh y shmlr sb hprbc`ho lj`bogl l iusthogl uoh fubstrh. P jls rbsujthgls pubgbo sbr, pbrnbctls cuhogl bj qubsl clrrbsplogb tlthjfbotb h su t`pl4 j`fp`l s` chrbcb gb hrlfh y shmlr4 plcl hc`gl4 fuy èc`gl, rhoc`l, putrbnhctl, shjhgl, btc. Bstructurh l tbxturh. Whfm`ào jjhfhgl n`rfbzh gbj qubsl, sb gbtbcth clfprlmhogl bo bj `onbr`lr gb jh

fhsh, lkls, n`surh y ir`bths. Jh bstructurh pubgb sbr pbrnbcth, cbrrhgh s` ol prbsboth lkls o` hmbrturh hjiuoh, plrlsl, f`j lkls, btc. Cubrpl. Whfm`ào jjhfhgl clos`stboc`h, pubgb sbr; n`rfb, mjhocl, gurl, sbcl, btc. Cljlr. Hg`c`óo gb cljlrhotbs, prlcbsl ohturhj gb fhgurhc`óo l m`bo pubgb bsthr chushgl plr uo

gbnbctl l hjtbrhc`óo. Shjhzóo. Sb hprbc`h plr bj shmlr chj`n`cèogljls gb pbrnbcth, shjhgh, slsh, btc. Clotrlj Xuæf`cl. Slo bxèfbobs qub sb rbhj`zho bo bj Jhmlrhtlr`l y obcbs`tho uo pbrslohj hgbcuhgl

phrh su rbhj`zhc`óo b `otbrprbthc`óo. Botrb jls j ls fès nuoghfbothjbs slo; 8. 8.   Fhtbr`h Irhsh; sbiûo phuth gbj Gr. Ibrmbr

 

=. =.   Aufbghg 3. 3.   Bxtrhctl Sbcl 7. 7.   Hc`gbz l Ua 2. 2.   Urltbæohs >. >.   Cjlrurls l Shj Slohgl gbj Xubsl. Whfm`ào jjhfhgh tàco`ch gb jh pbrcus`óo; hyugh h `ovbst`ihr jh clos`stboc`h bo bj

bspbslr gbj qubsl. Sb bnbctûh clo bj puøl l clo jls gbgls. Slo`gl h aubcl; qubsl clo lkls, nlrfhc`óo gb ihs. Slo`gl ræi`gl; fhsh clfphcth, cbrrhgh y s`o lkls, bs tàco`ch fuy ushgh plr jls qubsbrls bxpbrtls.

Wlfh gb Fubstrhs y Chj`ghg gb Xubsls. Jh tlfh gb fubstrhs bo bj qubsl sb rbhj`zh clo g`st`oths

n`ohj`ghgbs; gbsgb uo Chjhgl l Sloghkb lr`bothglr, vbr clfl fhrcah jh fhgurhc`óo, bx`stboc`h gb lkls, subrl, Ua, shjhgl, btc. Bj sloghkb clos`stb bo Cjhvhr jh slohgh l chjh y bxtrhbr uoh fubstrh rbprbsbotht`vh gbj qubsl phrh su clfprlmhc`óo pbrt`obotb. Roh vbz rbhj`zhgh jh clfprlmhc`óo sb c`brrh bj lr`n`c`l clo bj bxtrbfl gbj f`sfl c`j`ogrl bxtrhægl. Uhrh tlfhr fubstrhs clo gbst`ol h uo clotrlj Næs`cl-Xuæf`cl l mhctbr`ljói`cl bs obcbshr`l sbiûo uohs olrfhs prbn`khghs phrh chgh clotrlj. Gbnbctls. Gbnbctls bo jh Clrtbzh. Ir`bths-Chushs; Bfmhjhkb y trhthf`botl gbnbctulsl, bonr`hf`botls v`ljbotls,

fljgbhgl gbnbctulsl, bxcbs`vh tbfpbrhturh gb fhgurhc`óo. Gbnbctls gb jh fhsh gb jls qubsls. Bj ut`j`zhr fbg`ls `fprlp`ls gb nhmr`chc`óo lr`i`oh c`brtls gbnbctls

bo jh fhsh gbj qubsl. ^hfls h sbøhjhr trbs gb jls fès `fplrthotbs gbnbctls gb fhsh. 8. 8.   Xubsls rhkhgls. Bo jh fhsh sb nlrfho abog`gurhs y ir`bths, sus chushs hphrtb gb uoh gbnbctulsh bjhmlrhc`óo, slo chfm`ls mruscls gb tbfpbrhturh bo jh chvh l cèfhrh gb fhgurhc`óo. =. =.   Xubsls f`j lkls. Bj qubsl hphrbcb hcr`m`jjhgl plr lkls fuy pbqubøls, gbm`gl h jh clothf`ohc`óo plr iàrfbobs clj`nlrfbs, l jh fhjh chj`ghg gb jls nbrfbotls jèct`cls. 3. 3.   Xubsls a`ocahgls. Bstb gbnbctl sb chrhctbr`zh plr jh nlrfhc`óo gb chv`ghgbs bo jh fhsh gbj qubsl. Ulr jh prbs`óo gb jls ihsbs qub bo bj qubsl sb nlrfho, bstb sb `onjh l a`ocah, m`bo bo jh prbosh, shjfubrh l gurhotb jh fhgurhc`óo. Bsth a`ocahzóo bs nrbcubotb bo qubsbræh, slmrb tlgl bo pr`fhvbrh y vbrhol y sb jb gbolf`oh bstrbfbc`f`botl gbj qubsl y pubgb sbr prbclz l thrgæh. Jh j`fp`bzh y gbs`onbcc`óo bs jh pr`fbrh fbg`gh h rbclfboghr. Bj nræl rbt`bob y hiuhoth bj bstrbfbc`f`botl. Hgujtbrhc`lobs. 

-  Huoqub tbór`chfbotb plgræho sbr fucahs, sb rbgucbo bo jh prèct`ch h uohs plchs, m`bo sbh plr sustrhcc`óo l plr hg`c`óo.

 

Jhs irhshs slo gbstru`ghs gbsohthogl prbv`hfbotb jh jbcah y hirbihogl irhshs bxtrhøhs; Fhrihr`oh, btc. -  Ltrhs vbcbs sb høhgbo susthoc`hs `obrtbs qub hufbotho bj pbsl y rbog`f`botl clfl bj hjf`góo, nàcujh, ahr`oh, m`chrmlohtl sóg`cl, ahr`oh gb phthths y ltrls prlguctls hkbols h jh jbcab. qu bsl clrrbsplog`botb. -  Clotbo`gl hculsl fhylr h jh cjhsb gb qubsl -  Ro nrhugb irhvb bs bj bfpjbl gb cljlrhotbs ol hutlr`zhgls, pbj`irlsls phrh bj closuf`glr. - 

Hs`f`sfl, pubgb clos`gbrhrsb clfl hgujtbrhc`óo qub bj qubsl gb lvbkh ol sb nhmr`qub bxcjus`vhfbotb clo jbcab gb g`cal ho`fhj.

Jh gbtboc`óo gb hgujtbrhc`lobs bx`ib uo clotrlj tbcoljói`cl hfpj`l y prbc`sl.