Procesos de Integración

 

DB_ [XBOA_B_ FA NMVALXCONBM

NMVXBFQOONBM ^c `coa vcrnbs snldbs ctrãs, axnstçcm nfacs nmtalrconbmnstcs y fa obbparconÿm amtra pcçsas, aspaoncdgamta amtra cquaddbs qua obgpcrtam um tarrntbrnb obmtnmamtcd am obgùm. Am dcs ùdtngcs onmob fîocfcs fad snldb PP, dbs jamÿgambs fa nmtalrconÿm sa `chçcm `ao`b guo`b gãs obgumas. Ocrcotarç obgumas. Ocrcotarçstnocs stnocs gãs cotucdas fad gumfb, obgb sbm dc oraonamta oraonamta ldbhcdnzconÿm  ldbhcdnzconÿm sbhra tbfb am dc fîocfc fad >;, cobgpcócfb fad prafbgnmnb fa um gbfadb um  gbfadb aobmÿgnob fa dnhra garocfb dnhra garocfb ad oucd sa mutra fad nmtarocghnb amtra dbs Astcfbs-mconÿm, Astcfbs -mconÿm,   `c `ao`b maoascrnb cfbptcr gafnfcs tamfnamtas c gaibrcr dc pbsnonÿm malboncfbrc jramta c btrbs Astcfbs. Astb ùdtngb sa `c dblrcfb pbr gafnb fa dbs prboasbs fa fa nmtalrconÿm  nmtalrconÿm ralnbmcd, qua pargntam c dbs pcçsas malboncr obgb hdbqua. Dbs ocsbs gãs obmbonfbs am dc cotucdnfcf sbm9 GAXOB_QX, sbm9 GAXOB_QX, MCJVC  MCJVC y dc QA. Ocha fastcocr pbr sbhra tbfbs dbs prboasbs fa nmtalrconÿm obmbonfbs, ad ocsb fa dc Qmnÿm Aurbpac, ad Aurbpac,  ad oucd `c ddalcfb guo`b gãs cddã fa um cspaotb sÿdb aobmÿgnob. _a `c oracfb tbfc umc nmstntuonbmcdnfcf suprcmconbmcd, obm ctrnhuonbmas am gctarncs pbdçtnocs,  pbdçtnocs,  iurçfnocs, fa fajamsc, sboncdas y aobmÿgnocs. Dc jbrgconÿm fa asta tnpb fa hdbquas mcoa hãsnocgamta fa umc maoasnfcf jumonbmcd, am qua ocfc umb fa dbs Astcfbs qua faonfa nmtalrcrsa c um hdbqua, db `coa pbrqua va am addb umc bpbrtumnfcf fa ad hnamastcr onufcfcmbs b sngpdagamta ouastnÿmfasfa fa nmtarîs mconbmcd. As cugamtcr pbr astc rczÿm qua sa fa `c sus bptcfb pbr cmcdnzcr dbs prboasbspbr faumc nmtalrconÿm dc parspaotnvc qua mbs amtralc dc tabrçc dc tabrçc jumonbmcdnstc fa dcs radconbmas nmtarmconbmcdas, dc oucd pcrta fad supuastb fa dc nmocpconfcf fad astcfb gbfarmb fa sctnsjcoar dcs ocfc vaz gãs obgpdaics maoasnfcfas fa nmtarîs mconbmcd. [crc obdgcr asc ocramonc, prbpbma dc oraconÿm pcudctnmc fa umc raf fa brlcmnzconbmas nmtarmconbmcdas qua nrçcm csugnamfb dc lastnÿm dc lastnÿm fa saotbras obmoratbs (clrnoudturc,  (clrnoudturc,  amarlçc, fajamsc, pbr aiagpdb). _a lastcrçc csç um snstagc um snstagc ctarrntbrncd fa trcmscoonbmas, amocrlcfb fa sctnsjcoar -obm dc obdchbrconÿm fa dbs lbhnarmbs astctcdas- dcs maoasnfcfas fa dbs onufcfcmbs.  Csç, pbob c pbob, surlnrçc amtra dbs Astcfbs, dc obmonamonc dc obmonamonc fa astcr vnmoudcfbs c dbs fagãs pbr umc raf ocfc vaz gãs famsc fa nmtarasas am obgùm. Fa asta gbfb sa prbfuonrçc umc pcudctnmc trcmsjaramonc fa dcs dacdtcfas fasfa dbs astcfbs `conc dcs fnstnmtcs brlcmnzconbmas suprcmconbmcdas. Gafncmta asta gîtbfb, asta gîtbfb, y  y c pcrtnr fad fascrrbddb fa dc  dc  obmonamonc fa dcs vamtcics fa dc obbparconÿm nmtarmconbmcd, sa adngnmcrçcm dcs cotntufas udtrc mconbmcdnstcs nrrconbmcdas qua salùm ad jumonbmcdnsgb ad jumonbmcdnsgb sbm dcs ocuscmtas fa dbs obmjdnotbs dbs obmjdnotbs nmtarmconbmcdas vnbdamtbs. Dc ngpbrtcmonc fa astufncr asta tagc raoca hãsnocgamta am qua c dc duz dc duz fa dcs ocrcotarç dcs ocrcotarçstnocs stnocs fad gumfb cotucd, sa bhsarvc umc odcrc tamfamonc `conc ad cugamtb fa dc nmtarfapamfamonc am dcs radconbmas ‟prnmonpcdgamta aobmÿgnocs- amtra dbs Astcfbs, db qua sa `c trcfuonfb am umc oraonamta bdacfc fa prbyaotbs fa prbyaotbs fa nmtalrconÿm, dbs oucdas pbr umc u btrc ocusc `cm avbduonbmcfb fa jbrgcs guy fnjaramtas.

3. DB_ [XBOA_B_ FA NMVALXCONßM XALNBMCD 3.3. Brnlam fa dbs prboasbs fa nmtalrconÿm ralnbmcd. Fasfa gafncfbs fad snldb PNP, `cstc dc [rngarc Luarrc Gumfncd, Lrcm Gumfncd, Lrcm Hratcóc am su ocrãotar su ocrãotar fa lrcm pbtamonc lrcm pbtamonc gumfncd, `chçc snfb ad aia fbgnmcmta fad obgaronb nmtarmconbmcd,  nmtarmconbmcd,  qua snm astcr nmstntuonbmcdnzcfb sa `cddchc hcscfb am ad dnhraocghnb, su aobmbgçc fapamfnamta fad obgaronb axtarnbr,    as faonr, um snstagc snm fahnfb trchcs cobgaroncdas y juartagamta hcrrarcs crcmoadcrncs ngpbrtcmtas, quaaxtarnbr, mb tamçc tcgpbob

 

bhstãoudbs sarnbs pcrc ad gbvngnamtb ad gbvngnamtb fa dbs jcotbras fa dc prbfuoonÿm dc  prbfuoonÿm - trchcicfbras y ocpntcdas- y obmvartnhndnfcf fa dcs gbmafcs cd pctrÿm brb, snamfb dc prnmonpcd dc dnhrc astardnmc.  Cd targnmcr dc [rngarc Lrcm Luarrc,  Luarrc,  Lrcm Hratcóc, c pascr fa `char snfb umb fa dbs pcçsas trnumjcfbras fa dc obmtnamfc hîdnoc, c rcçz fa dc pîrfnfc fa pbfar fa pbfar bocsnbmcfb pbr dbs asjuarzbs fa dc luarrc,  luarrc,  agpazÿ c faicr fa sar ad oamtrb fa dc pbdçtnoc nmtarmconbmcd. Astb ngpcotÿ am dcs radconbmas aobmÿgnocs nmtarmconbmcdas, fnduyîmfbsa lrcfucdgamta am dçmacs lamarcdas ad snstagc dnharcd fad obgaronb fad obgaronb nmtarmconbmcd. Dc Lrcm Faprasnÿm Lrcm Faprasnÿm fa 3>8> y dc ornsns dc ornsns aobmÿgnoc gumfncd qua sa fasctÿ obm tcd gbtnvb, coamtuÿ dc faocfamonc fad snstagc obgaroncd, pbr db qua dbs lbhnarmbs yc sac pbr  astrctalncs   astrctalncs b pcrc prbtalar sus aobmbgçcs nmtarmcs fa dc raoasnÿm, sa vbdocrbm c um  um   mconbmcdnsgb aobmÿgnob prbtaoonbmnstc, utndnzcmfb obgb nmstrugamtbs dc adavconÿm fa dbs crcmoadas dbs  crcmoadas cfucmarbs y dc jniconÿm fa dngntconbmas c dc ngpbrtconÿm. dc ngpbrtconÿm.   Am 3>?;, Astcfbs 3>?;, Astcfbs Qmnfbs prbgudlc dc day dc day _gbbt` @cwday pbr dc qua sa cugamtcm dbs crcmoadas dbs crcmoadas fa >;; crtçoudbs. Lrcm Hratcóc c su vaz, chcmfbmc ad pctrÿm brb am 3>?3 y am 3>?8 cpruahc dc Day dc  Day fa Farao`bs fa Ngpbrtconÿm,  Ngpbrtconÿm,  obm db qua cochc obm um snldb fa dnhra obgaronb.  obgaronb.  Ad obgaronb nmtarmconbmcd fasoamfnÿ fa tcd gcmarc qua c jnmas fa 3>?8 ad vbdugam fad nmtarocghnb fa gcmujcoturcs `chçc hcicfb um 6; %.  Cmta astcs onroumstcmoncs, c pcrtnr pcrtnr fa 3>?6, cd rctnjnocr dc Day fa Couarfbs Obgaroncdas Xaoçprbobs, Astcfbs Qmnfbs -pbtamonc csoamfamta- obgnamzc c cpdnocr umc pbdçtnoc obgaroncd hcscfc am dc malbonconÿm fa couarfbs hndctarcdas fa obgaronb obm fatargnmcfbs pcçsas, qua hãsnocgamta obmsnstçc am dc cparturc fa dbs garocfbs gafncmta dc rafuoonÿm fa crcmoadas pbr prbfuotbs,  prbfuotbs,  c ocghnb fa um trctb aqunvcdamta b raoçprbob, as faonr, utndnzcmfb ad prnmonpnb fa dc raonprbonfcf. Btrb prnmonpnb qua ranmstcurcm dbs Astcfbs Qmnfbs am asa a sa parçbfb, as ad prnmonpnb fa ddc c "Mconÿm gãs jcvbraonfc", qua prbvamçc fad snldb PZNN y qua snlmnjnoc qua oucdqunar prajaramonc qua btbrlcrc um Astcfb obmtrctcmta c um taroar pcçs, as cutbgãtnocgamta axtamfnfb c dcs btrcs pcrtas qua jnrgcrbm ad trctcfb obm fno`c odãusudc. Ad "hndctarcdnsgb" sustntuya csç cd "dnhra ocghnb"  ocghnb"  obgb jbrgc prafbgnmcmta fa dcs radconbmas aobmÿgnocs nmtarmconbmcdas y sa ocrcotarnzc pbr ad cugamtb snlmnjnoctnvb fa dbs crcmoadas cfucmarbs y ad astchdaongnamtb fa rastrnoonbmas oucmtntctnvcs c dbs nmtarocghnbs nmtarmconbmcdas, jniãmfbsa tbpas c dc ngpbrtconÿm fa ocfc garocfarçc. _a nmstcurc ad  ad  gbmbpbdnb astctcd sbhra ad obgaronb axtarnbr,  axtarnbr,  ad obmtrbd fa ocghnbs y dc mb obmvartnhndnfcf fa dcs gbmafcs mconbmcdas, fa suarta qua sn um Astcfb tamçc um scdfb coraafbr cd jnmcd fad aiarononb raspaotb fa btrb, mb pbfçc agpdacrdb am dc cfqunsnonÿm fa prbfuotbs fa prbfuotbs b am scdfcr  ouamtcs  ouamtcs obm taroarbs pcçsas. Am umc pcdchrc, ad obgaronb sa racdnzchc am obgpcrtngamtbs obg pcrtngamtbs astcmobs amtra dbs Astcfbs. Ad "hndctarcdnsgb" suhsnstnÿ `cstc ad targnmb fa dc _alumfc Luarrc Gumfncd.  Gumfncd.  Cd  obmodunr îstc, agarlam am dc asoamc nmtarmconbmcd obgb pbtamoncs axoduyamtas dbs Astcfbs Qmnfbs y dc Qmnÿm _bvnîtnoc, db qua trca cpcraicfb qua pbr prngarc vaz am dc `nstbrnc, ad `nstbrnc, ad oamtrb fa faonsnÿm pbdçtnob gumfncd faic fa sar  Aurbpc   Aurbpc y sa trcsdcfc c um pcçs cgarnocmb y c btrb aurbcsnãtnob. _a obmjbrgcm fbs hdbquas nfabdÿlnobs obm sus raspaotnvcs "asjarcs fa nmjduamoncs". Dbs Astcfbs Qmnfbs, snlunamfb dc vnsnÿm dnharcd fa sus lbharmcmtas, pralbmcm dc raobmstruoonÿm fad gumfb fa pbsluarrc, db qua pcrc sar pbsnhda, fasfa ad pumtb fa vnstc aobmÿgnob, fahçc astcr astruoturcfb am um trçpbfa nmstntuonbmcdnzcfb. n mstntuonbmcdnzcfb. Fa asc gcmarc, am 3>66, am Hrattbm \bbfs (AA.QQ.) sa oracm ad Hcmob Nmtarmconbmcd fa Xaobmstruoonÿm y Jbgamtb,  y ad Jbmfb Gbmatcrnb Nmtarmconbmcd, qua vcm c astcr famtrb fa dc Brlcmnzconÿm fa dcs Mconbmas dcs Mconbmas Qmnfcs (BMQ) obgb (BMQ) obgb brlcmnsgbs aspaoncdnzcfbs. Dc Dc jumonÿm  jumonÿm fad Jbmfb arc dc raludconÿm fa dc hcdcmzc dc  hcdcmzc fa pclbs fa dbs pcçsas qua sbdnontcrcm cuxndnb jnmcmonarb c fno`c nmstntuonÿm, oucmfb sa amobmtrcrcm fîjnont5 dbs prîstcgbs sa obmoafçcm pdczbs hravas -um cób c um cób y gafnb-. C su vaz, dcobm tcrac amobgamfcfc cd Hcmob am   obmsnstçcpbr

 

sbstamar dc tcsc fa nmvarsnÿm prnmonpcdgamta fa dbs pcçsas fastrunfbs pbr dc luarrc pcrc raobmstrunrdbs, y pbstarnbrgamta jua dc fa cyufcr c dbs pcçsas am fascrrbddb5 dbs orîfntbs qua btbrlchc arcm, dÿlnocgamta, c dcrlb pdczb (fnaz cóbs am cfadcmta). Dc taroarc pctc fad trçpbfa arc dc nmstntuonbmcdnzconÿm y raludconÿm fad obgaronb fad  obgaronb nmtarmconbmcd. [crc nmtarmconbmcd. [crc astbs ajaotbs, amtra 3>6: y 3>60, c nmstcmoncs fad Obmsaib Aobmÿgnob y _boncd fa dc BMQ,  BMQ,  sa racdnzcrbm suoasnvcs Obmjaramoncs am Dbmfras, Muavc ^bre, Lnmahrc y Dc @chcmc, obm dc nmtamonÿm fa oracr umc Brlcmnzconÿm umc Brlcmnzconÿm Gumfncd fad Obgaronb (BGO) obm (BGO) obm dc jnmcdnfcf fa quntcr dcs hcrrarcs qua dbs astcfbs `chçcm puastb cd obgaronb nmtarmconbmcd, prnmonpcdgamta fasfa dc ornsns dc ornsns fa dbs cóbs ?;. Dc varsnÿm jnmcd fa dc BGO dc BGO sa adchbrÿ am Dc @chcmc am 3>60, parb fno`b trctcfb mb jua rctnjnocfb pbr dbs Astcfbs -sbdb Custrcdnc y Dnharnc db rctnjnocrbm- y pbr amfa mb amtrÿ am vnlbr. Am Astcfbs Qmnfbs, ad prnmonpcd asobddb sa fnb pbr dcs fnjaramoncs qua axnstçcm amtra dbs prbtaoonbmnstcs, qua sa clrupchcm am tbrmb cd Fapcrtcgamtb fa  Clrnoudturc y ad Obmlrasb y dbs fajamsbras fad dnhra obgaronb fad Fapcrtcgamtb fa Astcfb, nmjduamoncfbs pbr Obrfadd @udd. Csç, mb vnamfb pbsnhndnfcf fa rctnjnoconÿm fad trctcfb am ad Obmlrasb, ad prasnfamta Vrugcm mn snqunarc db prasamtÿ pcrc su trctcgnamtb. Obgb arc sugcgamta fnjçond obmjbrgcr umc brlcmnzconÿm nmtarmconbmcd fad obgaronb, ad [bfar Aiaoutnvb y ad Fapcrtcgamtb fa Astcfb fa dbs Astcfbs Qmnfbs, obm um obmiumtb fa pcçsas boonfamtcdas faonfam am 3>6< am Lnmahrc -cmtas fa dc Obmjaramonc dc  Obmjaramonc fa Dc @chcmc- oracr ad Couarfb Lamarcd sbhra Vcrnjcs Cfucmarcs y Obgaronb (LCVV), (LCVV), obgb um couarfb fa raludconÿm fa dcs radconbmas obgaroncdas amtra dcs pcrtas jnrgcmtas, obm ad bhiatnvb fa dnharcdnzcr ad obgaronb fa hnamas gcmujcoturcfbs, obm dc rafuoonÿm prblrasnvc fa dbs crcmoadas cfucmarbs, uscmfb obgb `arrcgnamtcs dbs prnmonpnbs dbs prnmonpnbs fasa dc astchdaonarbm "Mconÿm gãs jcvbraonfc" y dcqua "raonprbonfcf". Xaonîm am dc Xbmfc Qrulucy fad LCVV am 3>>6, dbs ongnamtbs fnarcm brnlam c  c  dc Brlcmnzconÿm Gumfncd fad Obgaronb, fapamfnamta fa dcs Mconbmas dcs  Mconbmas Qmnfcs, qua Qmnfcs, qua obgamzÿ c ralnr c pcrtnr fa amarb fa 3>>1.  C pcrtnr fad LCVV, dc fnjaramonc obm radconÿm cd parçbfb fa amtra luarrc, astuvb hcscfc am ad `ao`b fa qua ad trctb fa dc mconÿm gãs jcvbraonfc mb sa fchc am jbrgc hndctarcd, snmb gudtndctarcd. As faonr, qua tbfbs dbs jnrgcmtas fad LCVV sa obgprbgatçcm c btbrlcrsa gutucgamta fno`c odãusudc fa gcmarc cutbgãtnoc y pbr gafnb fa malbonconbmas obgaroncdas amtra dbs Astcfbs -lamarcdgamta dbs fa gcybr  pbfar  pbfar aobmÿgnob-, rafuonamfb raoçprboc y prblrasnvcgamta dbs crcmoadas cfucmarbs, snamfb ad gîtbfb ad gîtbfb agpdacfb, prbfuotb agpdacfb, prbfuotb pbr prbfuotb. Csç, prbfuotb. Csç, oucmfb um pcçs obmoafçc umc rafuoonÿm crcmoadcrnc fa um P % sbhra fatargnmcfb prbfuotb c btrb, cutbgãtnocgamta astc rahcic sa axtamfçc y hamajnonchc c tbfbs dbs fagãs Astcfbs pcrtas. C dc vaz, dbs Astcfbs yc mb pbfçcm adavcr fno`bs crcmoadas, am vnrtuf fa db qua sa ddcgÿ dc "obmsbdnfconÿm fa dbs obgprbgnsbs" _nm aghcrlb, pbr ad Crt. PPNZ fad LCVV, sa cfgntnÿ dc axoaponÿm fa dc cpdnoconÿm fa dc odãusudc fa dc mconÿm gãs jcvbraonfc, b gãs pcçsas b faonfnarcm prbjumfnzcr nmtalrconÿm aobmÿgnoc c trcvîs fa umcoucmfb Ybmc fbs fa Dnhra Obgaronb umc Qmnÿm Cfucmarc,su snm qua dcs rafuoonbmas crcmoadcrncs amtra addbs sa trcsdcfcsam c dbs btrbs Astcfbs obgpbmamtas fad LCVV.  C`brc hnam, astcs axoaponbmas astãm cutbrnzcfcs am dc gafnfc am qua mb sa cdtara, am db sustcmoncd, ad mnvad fa prbtaoonÿm obm taroarbs Astcfbs5 am tcd sntuconÿm, sn um taroar Astcfb obmsnfarc qua dc zbmc fa dnhra obgaronb b dc umnÿm cfucmarc cjaotc ad mnvad fa prbtaoonÿm obmsbdnfcfb am ad LCVV, da as pargntnfb sbdnontcr "obgpamsconbmas". Am obmodusnÿm, am asta gcrob raludctbrnb aobmÿgnob nmtarmconbmcd, `conamfb usb fad Crt. PPNZ fad LCVV, sa obhnicm dbs prboasbs fa nmtalrconÿm fa nmtalrconÿm aobmÿgnoc ralnbmcd, snamfb ad prngarb fa addbs ad prboasb nmnoncfb am Aurbpc am Aurbpc am ad cób 3>1;, qua `c fcfb brnlam tcghnîm cd farao`b fa nmtalrconÿm ralnbmcd.  C gafnfc qua ad prboasb aurbpab sa nhc parjaoonbmcmfb, p arjaoonbmcmfb, dbs fagãs Astcfbs agpazcrbm c paronhnr dbs prboasbs fa ad nmtalrconÿm obgb umc muavc jbrgc fa yamocrcr  fascrrbddb aobmÿgnob, husocr aobmÿgnob,  husocr ad dc pcz y jbrtcdaoar pbfar fa malbonconÿm fa malbonconÿm nmtarmconbmcd, mcoam ad csç, am ad obmtnmamta cgarnocmb,

 

 Couarfb fa Dnhra Obgaronb pcrc  Cgîrnoc Dctnmc y ad Ocrnha am 3>:;, ad Garocfb Obgùm Oamtrbcgarnocmb am 3>:;, ad [cotb ad [cotb Cmfnmb am 3>:>, y am Aurbpc, dc Csbonconÿm Aurbpac fa Dnhra Obgaronb am 3>1>, amtra btrbs. 3.8.. Obmoaptb fa nmtalrconÿm9  3.8 nmtalrconÿm9  Axnstam hãsnocgamta fbs jbrgcs fa astchdaoar radconbmas nmtarmconbmcdas am gctarnc am gctarnc fa nmtarocghnb obgaroncd, c schar9 dc obbparconÿm qua nmoduya nmoduya coonbmas  coonbmas fastnmcfcs c fnsgnmunr dc fnsorngnmconÿm,  fnsorngnmconÿm,  obgb as ad ocsb fa couarfbs nmtarmconbmcdas sbhra pbdçtnocs obgaroncdas y dc nmtalrconÿm qua obgpramfa gafnfcs obmfuoamtas c dc suprasnÿm fa cdlumcs jbrgcs fa fnsorngnmconÿm, fa fnsorngnmconÿm, obgb  obgb db as dc adngnmconÿm fa hcrrarcs cd obgaronb. [crtnamfb fasfa db gãs hãsnob, dc pcdchrc nmtalrconÿm vnama fad dctçm, nmtalrctnb  ‟ bmns, qua salùm ad fnoonbmcrnb fa dc XCA snlmnjnoc coonÿm y ajaotb fa nmtalrcr b nmtalrcrsa, obmstntunr dcs pcrtas um tbfb, umnrsa c um lrupb um lrupb pcrc jbrgcr pcrta fa îd. Amtrcmfb gãs prbjumfcgamta y fasfa umc parspaotnvc fa radconbmas fa radconbmas nmtarmconbmcdas, sa nmtarmconbmcdas, sa utndnzcrãm fbs fajnmnonbmas fa nmtalrconÿm, dcs oucdas sbm obgpdagamtcrncs y cyufcrãm c umc gaibr obgpramsnÿm fad jamÿgamb cd qua mbs rajarngbs am ad prasamta. Daÿm Dnmfharl fajnma dc nmtalrconÿm obgb " dbs prboasbs pbr dbs ouãdas dcs mconbmas cmtapbmam ad fasab y dc ocpconfcf pcrc obmfuonr pbdçtnocs axtarnbras a nmtarmcs odcva fa jbrgc nmfapamfnamta amtra sç, husocmfb pbr ad obmtrcrnb tbgcr faonsnbmas obmiumtcs b fadalcr su prboasb fa tbgc fa faonsnbmas c muavbs ÿrlcmbs oamtrcdas". [br su pcrta Ibrla Gcrnób fnoa "sa amtnamfa pbr prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm ralnbmcd ad prboasb obmvarlamta, fadnharcfb (vbdumtcrnb)  ‟jumfcfb am dc sbdnfcrnfcfdc sbdnfcrnfcf-,, lrcfucd y prblrasnvb, amtra fbs b gãs Astcfbs, sbhra um pdcm fa coonÿm obgùm am cspaotbs aobmÿgnobs, sboncdas, oudturcdas, pbdçtnobs, atoîtarc"(Gcrnób, 3>>>9 338). Ocha pralumtcrsa -cmtas fa prbjumfnzcr gãs am db qua obmtagpdc um prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm-, ad oÿgb sa obmstntuya ad fasab b dc vbdumtcf fa dbs Astcfbs fa pcscr c jbrgcr pcrta fa umc obgumnfcf gãs cgpdnc, ddalcmfb nmodusnva c oafar pcrta fa su sbharcmçc.  sbharcmçc.  Jramta c astc nmtarrblcmta sa puafa raspbmfar hãsnocgamta fa fbs gcmarcs9 3 "dc ocusc fa asta prboasb rcfnoc am ad agpdab fa dc juarzc, dc juarzc, b  b am dc cgamczc fa uscrdc, pbr pcrta fa umc cutbrnfcf oamtrcd... b, am cusamonc fa astc cutbrnfcf,  cutbrnfcf,  obgb bourra am dc vnfc nmtarmconbmcd, pbr um Astcfb b obcdnonÿm fbtcfbs fa pbfar sujnonamta pcrc utndnzcr dc juarzc dc juarzc b fcr orafnhndnfcf c dc cgamczc cg amczc fa `coardb... 8 "dc jbrgconÿm fa obgumnfcfas pbdçtnocs sa faha jumfcgamtcdgamta c dc cougudconÿm fa vcdbras a nmtarasas obgpcrtnfbs, umc sntuconÿm c dc oucd sa ddalc c trcvîs fa dc nmtarcoonÿm amtra sus fnstnmtcs umnfcfas, y pbr  prboafngnamtbs  prboafngnamtbs obmsamsucdas" (\nd`adgy, 3>009 1:). 3.?  Ocrcotarçstnocs fa dbs prboasbs fa nmtalrconÿm. Ibrla Gcrnób (3>>>9 33?) `c astchdaonfb 3.?  onartcs ocrcotarçstnocs asamoncdas c tbfb prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm ralnbmcd, dcs oucdas gamonbmcragbs c obmtnmuconÿm obm dc jnmcdnfcf fa astchdaoar umc lamarcdnzconÿm. Astcs ocrcotarçstnocs sbm9   Dbs suiatbs sbm dbs Astcfbs sbharcmbs.   Dbs Astcfbs agpramfam ad prboasb nmtalrcfbr am jbrgc vbdumtcrnc y fadnharcfc   Obgb tbfb prboasb  ‟cùm gãs, obm dc obgpdainfcf fad ocsb cd qua sa `coa rajaramonc- sa faha cvcmzcr pbr atcpcs, as faonr, ad prboasb faha sar lrcfucd.   Dcs atcpcs faham sar ocfc vaz gãs prbjumfcs y fnsparscs5 fa cddç dc maoasnfcf fa dc prblrasnvnfcf y dc obmvarlamonc fad prboasb.   [br ùdtngb, ad prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm sa nmnonc obm coarocgnamtbs aobmÿgnobs, parb damtcgamta y fapamfnamfb fa ocfc prboasb  ‟obmjbrga c db astnpudcfb pbr dbs Astcfbs gnaghrbs-, dc clamfc vc chcrocmfb a nmoduyamfb muavbs tagcs fa dcs ãracs sboncdas, oudturcdas, iurçfnocs, y `cstc pbdçtnocs fa dbs pcçsas p cçsas gnaghrbs. 

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3.6 Vnpbdblçcs fa nmtalrconÿm9 Dc tnpbdblçc qua axpbmfragbs c obmtnmuconÿm, ocha faicr odcrb, as fa ocrãotar pbdçtnob. _n hnam as onartb, muastrb  muastrb  cmãdnsns sa oamtrcrc prnmonpcdgamta am dbs cspaotbs aobmÿgnobs fa dbs prboasbs fa nmtalrconÿm, as fa sugc ngpbrtcmonc obmsnfarcr dbs jcotbras

 

pbdçtnobs qua nmjduyam am dc avbduonÿm fad prboasb, obgb obmfnonbmcmtas fa su îxntb b jrcocsb. Zagbs am db cmtarnbr, dc ngpbrtcmonc fa gamonbmcr astc tnpbdblçc. @conamfb rajaramonc c umc vcrnafcf fa jcotbras amtra dbs ouãdas sa puafam gamonbmcr ad mnvad fa nmtalrconÿm, ad cdocmoa fa dc nmtalrconÿm, dc `bgblamanfcf oudturcd fa dcs fnstnmtcs umnfcfas y dc ocdnfcf fa dbs hamajnonbs qua sa bhtnamam fa dc nmtalrconÿm, Lncmjrcmob [csqunmb (3>039 036) `c ashbzcfb umc tnpbdblçc fa dc nmtalrconÿm, am dc qua astchdaoa tras tnpbs9 tarrntbrncd, mconbmcd y sboncd5 ocfc umc fa dcs oucdas sa axpdnocrãm c obmtnmuconÿm9 Nmtalrconÿm tarrntbrncd. As hãsnocgamta, dc axtamsnÿm fad pbfar fa um lrupb `conc um tarrntbrnb cmtarnbrgamta jrcoonbmcfb. Astb ngpdnoc dc trcmsjaramonc fa dc bhafnamonc fasfa dcs fnstnmtcs ralnbmas y fasfa dbs fnstnmtbs lrupbs c dcs cutbrnfcfas oamtrcdas. Astc nmtalrconÿm puafa prbfuonrsa fa fnvarscs gbfcdnfcfas y su bhiatnvb mb as sÿdb dc oraconÿm fa umc umnfcf oamtrcd juarta, snmb dc obmstruoonÿm dc obmstruoonÿm fa um garocfb ùmnob, ad astchdaongnamtb fa um um   oÿfnlb iurçfnob oÿfnlb  iurçfnob obgùm, um snstagc fa trcmspbrta fa trcmspbrta umnjnocfb y um snstagc trnhutcrnb axtamfnfb c tbfbs dbs lrupbs. dbs  lrupbs. As  As pbsnhda fnstnmlunr tras  tras  gbfadbs fa nmtalrconÿm tarrntbrncd9 dc obmqunstc, obmqunstc, cquç mbs amobmtrcgbs jramta c um oamtrb qua tbgc dc nmnonctnvc fad prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm obm ad usb fa dc juarzc am dc gcybrçc fa dbs ocsbs5 dc jusnÿm, jusnÿm, as um prboasb damtb fa coarocgnamtb prblrasnvb amtra dbs fnvarsbs lrupbs lablrãjnocgamta obmtnlubs, db oucd sa puafa var jcondntcfb pbr dc paroaponÿm dc paroaponÿm fa fa vcdbras  vcdbras a nmtarasas obgumas5 y dc nrrcfnconÿm nrrcfnconÿm,, raqunara dc axnstamonc fa um sçghbdb oamtrcd coaptcfb pbr tbfbs dbs lrupbs obgb pumtb fa rajaramonc, cfagãs fa umc obmsnfarchda `bgblamanfcf îtmnoc y dc maoasnfcf fa um parçbfb prbdbmlcfb, fa gcmarc qua dcs ocpconfcfas fad snstagc sa axpcmfcm cd gnsgb rntgb qua dc tcsc fa gbvndnzconÿm y fa dcs axpaotctnvcs fa dbs lrupbs. Nmtalrconÿm mconbmcd. mconbmcd. _a rajnara cd prboasb fa oraconÿm fa umc nfamtnfcf obgùm c tbfbs dbs lrupbs îtmnobs, dnmlôçstnobs, radnlnbsbs y ralnbmcdas obm ad jnm fa qua sa snamtcm pcrta fa dc gnsgc obgumnfcf pbdçtnoc. Gnamtrcs ad prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm tarrntbrncd obmsnsta prnmonpcdgamta am ngpbmar bhafnamonc, ad prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm mconbmcd obmsnsta am dc coaptconÿm, pbr pcrta fa dc pbhdconÿm,   fa dcs ÿrfamas prbvamnamtas fa dcs cutbrnfcfas oamtrcdas pbrqua sa obmsnfarcm pbhdconÿm, dalçtngcs, pbr tcmtb, ad prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm mconbmcd raonha um juarta nmjduib fad prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm tarrntbrncd. Dc oraconÿm fa um obmsamsb gçmngb sbhra cdlumbs vcdbras jumfcgamtcdas, y aspaoncdgamta sbhra dc coaptconÿm fa cdlumbs prboafngnamtbs cdlumbs prboafngnamtbs pcrc dc rasbduonÿm fa dbs obmjdnotbs, dbs obmjdnotbs,   rasudtc guy radavcmta. As avnfamta qua ad prboasb fa crraldb y sbduonÿm fa obmjdnotbs sa va jcondntcfb amtra btrcs obscs, pbrqua dc gbvndnzconÿm fa dcs gcscs astî astrnotcgamta obmtrbdcfc pbr dcs îdntas fa dbs fnstnmtbs lrupbs y qua pbr btrb dcfb fno`cs îdntas sa pbmlcm fa couarfb5 cfagãs dc axnstamonc fa astruoturcs fa astruoturcs pcrtnfnstcs ocpcoas fa gafncr am dbs obmjdnotbs y fa clrupcr dbs nmtarasas, n mtarasas, ad ad raodutcgnamtb  raodutcgnamtb fa dbs jumonbmcrnbs pùhdnobs y dbs gclnstrcfbs fa gcmarc prbpbronbmcd amtra dbs fnstnmtbs lrupbs, csç obgb umc aobmbgçc am axpcmsnÿm, sbm tbfbs adagamtbs qua pargntam umc sbduonÿm pbsntnvc fad prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm mconbmcd. Nmtalrconÿm sboncd. sboncd. _a rajnara c dc suparconÿm fa dc fnvarlamonc amtra îdntas y gcscs, amtra lbharmcmtas y lbharmcfbs. Astc fnvarlamonc mb cfqunara ngpbrtcmonc pbdçtnoc gnamtrcs dcs gcscs coaptam obgb iustb ad lbhnarmb ad lbhnarmb fa dcs îdntas. Dc fnvarlamonc amtra îdntas y gcscs mb sa faha sbdb c umc fasnlucdfcf fa cooasb cd pbfar, snmb qua fapamfa tcghnîm fa dc fasnlucdfcf am dc nmstruoonÿm y am ad mnvad fa obmbongnamtbs y fa dc fnjnoudtcf fa dcs  dcs  obgumnoconbmas5  obgumnoconbmas5  su suparconÿm raquarnrã nmtarvamonbmas obgpdaics y gùdtnpdas. _n dcs îdntas dblrcm gcmtamar snagpra um iustb aqundnhrnb iustb  aqundnhrnb amtra dc maoasnfcf fa fcr umc luçc y umc brnamtconÿm c dc sbonafcf y dc cparturc c dbs fasabs fa dcs gcscs y c dbs dçfaras adalnfbs pbr îstcs, dc fnvarlamonc tamfarã c rafuonrsa5 dc suparconÿm fa dcs fnvarlamoncs, pbr db tcmtb, astã juartagamta obmfnonbmcfc pbr dc ocdnfcf fad  fad  dnfarczlb. dnfarczlb.   C gafnfc qua cvcmzc dc nmtalrconÿm, cugamtc dc fnspbmnhndnfcf fa dbs nmfnvnfubs c trchcicr umnfbs pbr dc obmsaouonÿm fa bhiatnvbs obgumas. Amtamfnamfb qua dc tbpbdblçc dc tbpbdblçc fasorntc cmtarnbrgamta axpdnoc dbs prboasbs pbdçtnobs pbr dbs oucdas sa crtnoudc dc vbdumtcf pbdçtnoc obgb obmfnonÿm maoascrnc parb mb sujnonamta pcrc ddavcr c ochb dc nmtalrconÿm, csugngbs qua astc udtngc amtamfnfc obgb um cotb fa vbdumtcf pbdçtnoc, trca obmsnlb

 

obmsaouamoncs fa ocrãotar aobmÿgnob qua vcrçcm c gafnfc qua sa cvcmzc am ad lrcfb fa nmtalrconÿm. Cquaddcs obmsaouamoncs c qua sa `coa ` coa rajaramonc, sarãm fasorntcs c obmtnmuconÿm. 3.1 Odcsnjnoconÿm fa dc nmtalrconÿm salùm sus lrcfbs9 Vbgcmfb am ouamtc qua dc nmtalrconÿm as um prboasb, ad oucd pcsc pbr fnvarscs atcpcs am jbrgc pcudctnmc y prblrasnvc, as pbsnhda astchdaoar umc odcsnjnoconÿm salùm ad lrcfb fa nmtalrconÿm, fbmfa ocfc umc fa dcs atcpcs b lrcfbs tnama onartbs rcslbs asamoncdas qua dc fnstnmluam tcmtb fa dc atcpc nmgafnctcgamta cmtarnbr obgb pbstarnbr. Axnsta um obmsamsb gãs b gambs cgpdnb am dc dntarcturc dc  dntarcturc qua trctc ad tagc raspaotb fa ouãdas sbm dcs atcpcs pbr dcs qua pcscm dbs prboasbs fa nmtalrconÿm. [crc ajaotbs fad tagc, sa `crã rajaramonc c dc odcsnjnoconÿm qua `coa Hadc Hcdcssc qunam astchdaoa 1 atcpcs b lrcfbs fa nmtalrconÿm, cfagãs sa clralc umc atcpc pradngnmcr ddcgcfc ãrac fa prajaramoncs crcmoadcrncs  c dc ouãd `cragbs rajaramonc salùm dc fajnmnonÿm fa Xnocrfb Hcscdfùc. Ybmc fa prajaramoncs crcmoadcrncs. crcmoadcrncs . As um couarfb amtra vcrnbs Astcfbs, gafncmta ad oucd sa obgprbgatam c hrnmfcr c sus raspaotnvcs prbfuoonbmas um trctb prajaramoncd am obgpcrconÿm cd qua sa btbrlc c taroarbs pcçsas, as faonr, sa obmoafam fnvarsbs lrcfbs fa rahcics crcmoadcrncs am ad obgaronb raoçprbob. Astc ãrac sa puafa fnvnfnr c su vaz am tras9 ãrac fa prajaramoncs crcmoadcrncs   prbpncgamta fno`cs, crcmoadcrncs fno`cs, fbmfa dcs obmoasnbmas sbm axodusnvcgamta c dbs farao`bs cfucmarbs qua lrcvcm dc axpbrtconÿm a ngpbrtconÿm fa garocfarçcs5 ãrac fa prajaramoncs cfucmarcs,, fbmfa mb sÿdb sa dngntcm c dcs rastrnoonbmas crcmoadcrncs, snmb qua puafa obmtagpdcr cfucmarcs tcghnîm btrbs trnhutbs btrbs trnhutbs cfucmarbs, qua sa cpdnocm obm bocsnÿm fa dc  dc   axpbrtconÿm b dc ngpbrtconÿm, pufnamfb obmtagpdcr tcmtb rastrnoonbmas fnraotcs obgb nmfnraotcs5 y ãracs fa prajaramoncs aobmÿgnocs,, qua chcrocm cspaotbs qua mb sbm gãs fa mcturcdazc aobmÿgnocs fa  mcturcdazc cfucmarc, parb qua `coam um trctcgnamtb fnsorngnmctbrnb fa dc garocfarçc axtrcmiarc umc vaz qua îstc `c snfb snf b ngpbrtcfc. Asta as um lrcfb fa nmtalrconÿm sugcgamta suparjnoncd pbr db qua `cy cutbras qua mb db obmsnfarcm obgb tcd. C pascr fa astb, sa `c astngcfb nlucdgamta vãdnfb gamonbmcrdb obgb um prngar pcsb `conc db qua pufnarc sar um prboasb pbstarnbr fa nmtalrconÿm guo`b gãs cgpdnb. Ybmc fa dnhra obgaronb. obgaronb. Obmsnsta am qua dbs Astcfbs pcrtas couarfcm suprngnr dcs tcrnjcs crcmoadcrncs y btrcs hcrrarcs b rastrnoonbmas oucmtntctnvcs cd obgaronb raoçprbob fa hnamas,  hnamas,  parb obmsarvcmfb ocfc umb fa addbs cutbmbgçc a nmfapamfamonc a nmfapamfamonc raspaotb fa su obgaronb obm taroarbs Astcfbs. [crc ddalcr c umc Ybmc fa Dnhra Obgaronb sa jnicm pdczbs, obmfnonbmas y gaocmnsgbs fa faslrcvconÿm crcmoadcrnbs. Dc gnrc astã puastc am dcs "gafnfcs fa jrbmtarcs" amtra dcs pcrtas, obm ad prbpÿsntb fa nmoragamtcr dbs jduibs fa dbs nmtarocghnbs raoçprbobs. Obgb am ad couarfb fa dnhra obgaronb surla ad prbhdagc fad obmtrbd fa dcs ngpbrtconbmas fa axtrc zbmc, dbs Astcfbs pcrtas faham ngpdagamtcr nmstrugamtbs qua tnamfcm c astchdaoar ad brnlam fa dbs prbfuotbs, y fa asc jbrgc fnjaramoncr amtra dbs hnamas qua sa lamarcm am dc zbmc y dbs qua prbvnamam fa btrcs dctntufas, yc qua dbs prbfuotbs qua sa faham hamajnoncr obm ad couarfb sbm dbs brnlnmcrnbs fa dbs Astcfbs pcrtas, fad avntcmfb dc trncmludconÿm qua snlmnjnocrçc ad nmlrasb fadgafnb axtarnbr Ybmcsac trcvîs pcçs qua obhrc dbs crcmoadas gãs hcibs5 astb fa sa prbfuotbs bhtnama pbr fac dbdc qua fambgnmc "odãusudcs fa brnlam", dcs oucdas faham sar guy praonscs y savarcs. Qmnÿm cfucmarc. cfucmarc. Ngpdnoc um prboasb am ad qua dbs astcfbs pcrtnonpcmtas, cfagãs fa dnharcr dcs obrrnamtas obgaroncdas pbr gafnb fa dc faslrcvconÿm crcmoadcrnc amtra addbs, cfbptcm jramta c taroarbs pcçsas umc pbdçtnoc crcmoadcrnc obgùm b tcrnjc axtarmc obgùm.  CXMCQF (3>>:9 81) saócdc qua dc umnÿm cfucmarc cfucmarc parjaotc faha raumnr dc dcss snlunamtas obmfnonbmas9 3) 3) dc  dc obgpdatc adngnmconÿm fa tcrnjcs amtra sus Astcfbs gnaghrbs, 8) 8) ad  ad astchdaongnamtb fa umc tcrnjc umnjbrga sbhra dcs dcs ngpbrtconbmas  ngpbrtconbmas fad axtarnbr fa dc Qmnÿm ?) ?) dc  dc fnstrnhuonÿm  fnstrnhuonÿm fa dbs nmlrasbs dbs nmlrasbs cfucmarbs amtra sus gnaghrbs obmjbrga c umc jÿrgudc cobrfcfc. Fa couarfb c db cmtarnbrgamta fno`b, dbs Astcfbs nmtalrcm umcumumnÿm cfucmarc, fa rafuonr dcs tcrnjcs cfucmarcs amtra sç `cstc ddalcr cqua oarb, cfbptcm crcmoad axtarmb cfagãs obgùm, am

 

jbrgc lrcfucd obm pdczbs y dnstcs tagpbrcrncs fa axoaponbmas qua mbrgcdgamta sbm fnjaramtas salùm ad fascrrbddb ad fascrrbddb aobmÿgnob fa dbs Astcfbs pcrtas, am radconÿm c dbs prbfuotbs qua ngpbrtcm fa pcçsas fa juarc fa dc zbmc. Dbs farao`bs fa ngpbrtconÿm bhtamnfbs pbr ad crcmoad axtarmb obgùm, c su vaz, faham sar fnstrnhunfbs amtra dbs Astcfbs gnaghrbs, pcrc db oucd faham fajnmnr ad gaocmnsgb pcrc addb. [br btrc pcrta, cd axnstnr um crcmoad axtarmb obgùm, sa adngnmcm dcs mbrgcsfa mbrgcsfa brnlam, pbr db qua umc garocfarçc fa prboafamonc axtrcmiarc, nmlrascfc dalcdgamta pbr oucdqunar rapcrtnonÿm cfucmarc, pravnb pclb fad ngpuastb obgùm qua sa `cyc jnicfb, tnama dnhra onroudconÿm pbr ad aspconb lablrãjnob fa dbs pcçsas sbonbs fa dc umnÿm cfucmarc. Btrb fctb ngpbrtcmta fa gamonbmcr as raspaotb fa dc jbrgc fa malbonconÿm obm ad axtarnbr, dc ouãd faha `coarsa maoascrncgamta am hdbqua. Garocfb obgùm. obgùm. Am dc atcpc fad garocfb obgùm, dbs pcçsas gnaghrbs qua obgpbmam dc umnÿm cfucmarc da clralcm dc pbsnhndnfcf fa dc dnhra onroudconÿm fa parsbmcs, sarvnonbs y ocpntcdas snm fnsorngnmconÿm, pbr tcmtb, sa astchdaoa dc dnhra onroudconÿm fa dbs jcotbras prbfuotnvbs. Am ad garocfb obgùm, mb `cy cfucmcs `cy cfucmcs nmtarmcs mn hcrrarcs tcrnjcrncs amtra dbs Astcfbs pcrtas5 sa ddavc c ochb umc pbdçtnoc obgaroncd obgùm, sa pargnta ad dnhra faspdczcgnamtb fa dbs jcotbras fa dc prbfuoonÿm (ocpntcd, trchcib, (ocpntcd, trchcib, hnamas y sarvnonbs) y sarvnonbs),, as faonr, dcs ouctrb dnhartcfas jumfcgamtcdas fa dc obgumnfcf, y sa cfbptc um crcmoad cfucmarb axtarnbr umnjnocfb. [br db tcmtb, dc dalnsdconÿm fa dbs pcçsas gnaghrbs faha umnjnocrsa b crgbmnzcrsa obm ad bhiatb fa csalurcr dcs obmfnonbmas fa dnhra obmourramonc am ad ãghntb fad garocfb nmtarnbr obgùm. Dcs mbrgcs mb sÿdb faham parsalunr dc suprasnÿm(hcrrarcs fa dcs hcrrarcs qua ngpnfam dnhra aiarononb fa dcs ouctrb dnhartcfas qua juarcm gamonbmcfcs cfucmarcs, jçsnocs, ad tîomnocs,  tîomnocs,   obgaroncdas, rastrnoonbmas gbmatcrncs, ato.), snmb tcghnîm fa cquîddcs qua sbm obmsaouamoncs fa prãotnocs rastrnotnvcs fa rapcrtb b axpdbtconÿm fa dbs garocfbs ngputchdas c dcs agprascs (raldcs fa obgpatamonc).. obgpatamonc) Dc crgbmnzconÿm fa dcs dalnsdconbmas sbhra dcs ãracs partnmamtas, dc obbrfnmconÿmfa obbrfnmconÿmfa dcs pbdçtnocs gcorbaobmÿgnocs y ad astchdaongnamtb fa raldcs obgumas cpdnochdas fa gcmarc umnjbrga mb sbdcgamta c dbs Astcfbs pcrtnonpcmtas, snmb tcghnîm c dcs parsbmcs jçsnocs y iurçfnocs qua am addbs `chntcm, lamarcm mbrgcs qua sbm juamta fa farao`bs y bhdnlconbmas y  bhdnlconbmas pcrc umbs y btrbs. Qmnÿm aobmÿgnoc. aobmÿgnoc. Dc umnÿm aobmÿgnoc sa fã oucmfb dbs Astcfbs qua `cm obmjbrgcfb um garocfb obgùm, da nmobrpbrcm dc crgbmnzconÿm fa dcs pbdçtnocs aobmÿgnocs mconbmcdas, amtra addcs, dcs pbdçtnocs gbmatcrnc, jnmcmonarc, jnsocd,  jnsocd,  nmfustrncd, clrçobdc, ato., obm dc jnmcdnfcf fa adngnmcr dcs fnsorngnmconbmas qua puafcm `cddcrsa fa dcs fnspcrnfcfas amtra dcs pbdçtnocs mconbmcdas fa ocfc umb fa dbs Astcfbs qua dc obgpbmam. Obgb sbm bhiatb fa dc nmtalrconÿm tbfcs dcs cotnvnfcfas aobmÿgnocs am ad ãghntb aspconcd fa dc umnÿm aobmÿgnoc  ‟amtra addcs dc pbdçtnoc jnmcmonarc-, dc obmoartconÿm fa umc pbdçtnoc gbmatcrnc obgùm ddavc c dc oraconÿm fa um hcmob oamtrcd obgùm y jnmcdgamta c dc cfbponÿm dc cfbponÿm fa umc gbmafc obgùm, obm db qua sa parjaoonbmc umc umnÿm gbmatcrnc. Nmtalrconÿm aobmÿgnoc obgpdatc. obgpdatc. Asta as ad gcybr lrcfb fa prbjumfnfcf cd qua puafa cspnrcr um prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm y sa prbfuoa oucmfb dc nmtalrconÿm cvcmzc gcs cddã fa dbs garocfbs, pbrqua am ad trcmsoursb fa asta prboasb, dbs Astcfbs nmvbduorcfbs tnamfam mb sbdb c crgbmnzcr, snmb c umnjnocr dcs pbdçtnocs am ad ocgpb gbmatcrnb, jnsocd,  jnsocd,  sboncd, ato., y gãs cddã nmodusb, am ouastnbmas radctnvcs c dcs pbdçtnocs axtarnbras y fa fajamsc. Am astc nmstcmonc fa nmtalrconÿm, sa raqunara fad astchdaongnamtb fa umc cutbrnfcf suprcmconbmcd ouycs faonsnbmas bhdnluam c dbs Astcfbs gnaghrbs. Cdlumbs cutbras cjnrgcm qua asta lrcfb fa umnjnoconÿm sulnara dc fascpcrnonÿm fa dcs umnfcfas mconbmcdas, pbr dc d c chsbronÿm fa dcs pcrtas am um tbfb, obgb as fajnmnfc dc pcdchrc "nmtalrconÿm" fa couarfb cd fnoonbmcrnb cd fnoonbmcrnb fa dc XCA.

 

Dc suprcmconbmcdnfcf.  Cmtas fa cfamtrcrmbs am ad obmoaptb fa suprcmconbmcdnfcf prbpncgamta tcd, as maoascrnb faicr am odcrb dc ngpbrtcmonc fa astchdaoar pravncgamta umc odcsnjnoconÿm fa dc nmtalrconÿm am lrcfbs. Obmsnfarcmfb qua dc nmtalrconÿm as um prboasb prblrasnvb y fnmãgnob, dc oraconÿm fa brlcmnsgbs obgumas astã fnraotcgamta radconbmcfb obm dc prbjumfnzconÿm fad prboasb nmtalrcfbr. _nlunamfb astc dÿlnoc, astc  dÿlnoc, am  am dc atcpc gãs suparjnoncd fa um prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm qua obrraspbmfa cd "ãrac fa prajaramoncs crcmoadcrncs", mb sarçc maoascrnc dc oraconÿm fa brlcmnsgbs obgumas, yc qua sarçc pbsnhda fcr ougpdngnamtb c dcs pcutcs cobrfcfcs obm sngpdas bjnonmcs mconbmcdas, qua cfaoucrcm obbrfnmcfcgamta dcs prajaramoncs cfucmarcs am dbs astcfbs pcrtas. Am umc zbmc fa dnhra obgaronb, am lamarcd, as obmvamnamta oracr ÿrlcmbs obgumas fa ocrãotar nmtarluharmcgamtcd, qua tamlcm jumonbmas tamlcm jumonbmas garcgamta obbrfnmcfbrcs fa dcs gafnfcs qua fahcm nr cfbptcmfb dbs Astcfbs pcrtas, pcrc fa astc jbrgc dblrcr ad bhiatnvb prbpuastb. Am asta parnbfb, ocfc Astcfb snlua obmsarvcmfb tbfb ad pbfar fa faonsnÿm snm fadalconÿm fa jcoudtcfas. Am astc atcpc axnsta um obgprbgnsb fa dbs Astcfbs pcrc rafuonr fa jbrgc prblrasnvc dcs hcrrarcs crcmoadcrncs `cstc ddalcr c dc tbtcd faslrcvconÿm. Qm aiagpdb fad ocsb fasorntb as ad MCJVC,  MCJVC,  jnrgcfb pbr Astcfbs Qmnfbs, Ocmcfã y Gîxnob, y Gîxnob, gafncmta  gafncmta ad oucd sa cspnrc c oracr umc zbmc fa dnhra obgaronb, pcrc db oucd mb sa `cm oracfb ÿrlcmbs fa ocrãotar obgpdaib, snmb sÿdb umc obgnsnÿm fa obgaronb y btrcs obgnsnbmas fa ocrãotar nmtarluharmcgamtcd. Am dc atcpc fa gcybr prbjumfnfcf, fambgnmcfc "nmtalrconÿm aobmÿgnoc obgpdatc", axnsta um cdtb obmsamsb amtra dbs aspaoncdnstcs, raspaotb c qua sa faham oracr mb sbdb brlcmnsgbs nmtarluharmcgamtcdas, snmb tcghnîm suprcmconbmcdas, fahnfb c qua ad prboasb raqunara fa dc umnjnoconÿm dcs pbdçtnocs fa tbfbs astcfbs gnaghrbs, c db fa oucd, sbdb as pbsnhda ddalcr gafncmta dc fa oraconÿm fa amtnfcfas qua dbs tamlcm c su ocrlb ad prboasb umnjbrgnfcf gamonbmcfb. _nlunamfb astc dçmac, as chsbdutcgamta maoascrnb obmsbdnfcr  nmstntuonbmas   nmstntuonbmas y ÿrlcmbs obgumntcrnbs, ouycs faonsnbmas sacm bhdnlctbrncs pcrc dbs pcçsas gnaghrbs y sus pbhdconbmas. As fa vntcd ngpbrtcmonc qua astbs ÿrlcmbs sacm fa ocrãotar cutÿmbgb a nmfapamfnamta, yc qua tamfrãm dc gnsnÿm fa obbrfnmcr y crgbmnzcr dcs pbdçtnocs umnjnocfcs a ngpafnr ad prafbgnmnb fa um Astcfb sbhra btrbs. Vbgcmfb am ouamtc qua am dc cotucdnfcf mb axnsta um prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm qua sa amouamtra am dc atcpc fa "nmtalrconÿm obgpdatc" prbpncgamta tcd, as pbsnhda pdcmtacrsa dc maoasnfcf fa oracr brlcmnsgbs suprcmconbmcdas am dbs lrcfbs nmtargafnbs fa dc nmtalrconÿm, as faonr, am dc umnÿm cfucmarc, am ad garocfb obgùm b am dc umnÿm aobmÿgnoc. [crc Hcscdfùc (3>>:9 3;), yc am dc umnÿm cfucmarc faham oracrsa dbs ÿrlcmbs maoascrnbs, nmodunfbs cquaddbs obgpatamtas pcrc dc jbrgconÿm prblrasnvc fad farao`b obgumntcrnb, rasudtcmfb nlucdgamta nmfnspamschda astchdaoar um trnhumcd fa iustnonc fa  iustnonc pargcmamta. Dc obmvamnamonc y bpbrtumnfcf fa qua dbs ÿrlcmbs fa um prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm ralnbmcd y/b sus ocpconfcfas faonsbrncs tamlcm b mb dcs ocrcotarçstnocs fa dc suprcmconbmcdnfcf, mbs obmfuoam c pdcmtacrmbs ouãdas sbm dcs ngpdnocmoncs fa dc pcdchrc "suprcmconbmcdnfcf", tagc qua trctcragbs c obmtnmuconÿm. Brnlam fad obmoaptb suprcmconbmcdnfcf. Dc pcdchrc "suprcmconbmcdnfcf" tuvb su cpdnoconÿm obmoratc oucmfb sa oraÿ dc Obgumnfcf Aobmÿgnoc fad Ocrhÿm y fad Coarb fad Coarb (OAOC), pbr ad Vrctcfb fa [crçs am 3>13. Ajaotnvcgamta, ad Crt. >8 pumtb 8 fa fno`b Vrctcfb, am dc varsnÿm jrcmoasc, axprascgamta sa rajarçc cd mabdblnsgb, cd gamonbmcr dcs jcoudtcfas fa dc Cdtc Cutbrnfcf, am dc jbrgc qua snlua9 "Dbs gnaghrbs fa dc Cdtc Cutbrnfcf aiaroarãm sus jumonbmas,  jumonbmas,  obm pdamc nmfapamfamonc,   am nmtarîs lamarcd fa dc Obgumnfcf. Am ad ougpdngnamtb fa sus faharas, mb nmfapamfamonc, sbdnontcrãm mn ctamfarãm nmstruoonbmas fa lbhnarmb fa  lbhnarmb mn brlcmnsgb cdlumb. _a chstamfrãm fa tbfb cotb nmobgpctnhda obm ad ocrãotar suprcmconbmcd fa sus jumonbmas. Ocfc Astcfb gnaghrb sa obgprbgata c raspatcr asta prnmonpnb y c mb nmtamtcr nmjdunr sbhra dbs gnaghrbs fa dc Cdtc Cutbrnfcf am dc aiaouonÿm fa sus tcracs".

 

[bstarnbrgamta ad Crt. >8 fad trctcfb fa dc OAOC jua gbfnjnocfb, adngnmãmfbsa dc axprasnÿm "suprcmconbmcd". Agparb, c db dcrlb fa dcs fîocfcs fa nmtalrconÿm aurbpac, ad prboasb sa `c nfb prbjumfnzcmfb y avbduonbmcmfb am um obgpdaib snstagc, qua obmtagpdc ocfc vaz, gãs adagamtbs fa suprcmconbmcdnfcf. Astb sa puafa obmstctcr oucmfb sa nmoursnbmc am dbs suoasnvbs trctcfbs suoasnvbs  trctcfbs qua `cm nfb gbfadcmfb, fasfa sus brçlamas `cstc dc cotucdnfcf, ad prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm fa Aurbpc. Sua as dc suprcmconbmcdnfcf.  Cdlumbs cutbras `cm ddalcfb c obmsnfarcr qua, obgb as fnjçond fatargnmcr um racd cdocmoa iurçfnob fa dc axprasnÿm, sa faharçc ramumoncr c fcr umc fajnmnonÿm  iurçfnoc fa dc gnsgc, snm aghcrlb, sarçc pbsnhda fnstnmlunr fbs jbrgcs am qua sa gcmnjnastc ad tîrgnmb qua sa nmtamtc astufncr9 3 dc suprcmconbmcdnfcf nmtalrcd b pdamc y 8 dc suprcmconbmcdnfcf dngntcfc b rastrnmlnfc (Yadcfc, 3>0>9 8>). c. Dc suprcmconbmcdnfcf pdamc b nmtalrcd. nmtalrcd . @chntucdgamta, dc nfac fa dc suprcmconbmcdnfcf sa nfamtnjnoc obm dc fa dbs ÿrlcmbs suprcmconbmcdas, am ad obmvamongnamtb fa qua, pcrc qua axnstc suprcmconbmcdnfcf, sa raqunara qua brlcmnsgbs nmfapamfnamtas y suparnbras c dbs Astcfbsmconbmas astîm `chndntcfbs pcrc fnotcr mbrgcs bhdnlctbrncs pcrc astbs ùdtngbs, nmoduyamfb pbr tcmtb ad obmoaptb, fbs cspaotbs9   um ÿrlcmb obgumntcrnb y obgpatamonc pcrc axpafnr faonsnbmas, obm cpdnochndnfcf nmgafnctc, snm maoasnfcf fa cotbs fa raoaponÿm pbr dbs Astcfbs pcrtas. Am ocghnb, dbs ÿrlcmbs fa tnpb nmtarluharmcgamtcd sbm cquaddbs qua sbdb puafam cfbptcr faonsnbmas qua ouamtam obm dc vbdumtcf fa dbs Astcfbs qua obmjbrgcm ad trctcfb fa nmtalrconÿm obgb as ad ocsb pbr aiagpdb fad MCJVC. Qm ÿrlcmb, pcrc sar obmsnfarcfb suprcmconbmcd, faharçc raumnr cd gambs fbs obmfnonbmas. Dc prngarc, astcr nmtalrcfb fa gcmarc qua sus gnaghrbs mb raprasamtam c mnmlùm Astcfb, qua sa amouamtram fasvnmoudcfbs fa sus mconbmcdnfcfas y qua raspbmfcm mcfc gãs qua c dbs nmtarasas obgumntcrnbs, snm raonhnr nmstruoonbmas fa mnmlùm lbhnarmb. Dc salumfc, tamar dc pbtastcf fa fnotcr mbrgcs bhdnlctbrncs pcrc dbs Astcfbs gnaghrbs, ouyc cpdnoconÿm sac nmgafnctc y pravcdamta am dbs brfamcgnamtbs nmtarmbs fa ocfc umb fa addbs.  Cpdnoconÿm nmgafnctc qunara faonr qua fno`c mbrgc cfqunara pdamc vnlamonc am dbs Astcfbs pcrtas, snm maoasnfcf fa mnmlùm trãgnta mconbmcd pcrc su "nmtarmconÿm". Cpdnoconÿm pravcdamta, ngpdnoc qua sa faha cpdnocr obm praagnmamonc c oucdqunar mbrgc mconbmcd qua dc obmtrcfnlc, yc sac fa jao`c cmtarnbr b pbstarnbr. Btrbs cutbras obmsnfarcm qua um snstagc nmtalrconbmnstc as suprcmconbmcd oucmfb cdlumcs fa dcs obgpatamoncs fa dbs Astcfbs sbm trcmsjarnfcs c fatargnmcfbs brlcmnsgbs obgumntcrnbs, fadalãmfbsa obm addb, pbfaras fa faonsnÿm fa dbs Astcfbs pcrtnonpcmtas, pcrc dblrcr csç ad ougpdngnamtb fa dbs jnmas obgumntcrnbs iumtb c dbs fagãs Astcfbs gnaghrbs. _alùm db nmfnocfb, pcrc pbfar `chdcr fa suprcmconbmcdnfcf, sa raqunara obgb adagamtbs fa um sbdb y gnsgb snstagc9 bhiatnvbs obgumas, astruoturc obgumas, astruoturc nmstntuonbmcd y obgpatamonc y pbfaras. _a puafa rajarnr c ÿrlcmbs suprcmconbmcdas, oucmfb dbs Astcfbs gnaghrbs fa umc obgumnfcf fadalcm am brlcmnsgbs nmfapamfnamtas fa dbs lbhnarmbs fa fno`bs Astcfbs, pcrc qua tamlcm obgpatamonc sujnonamta fa mbrgcr, aiaoutcr y fnrngnr tbfb db rajaramta c dbs jnmas obgumas qua tuvnarbm am gnrcs fno`bs Astcfbs pcrc nmtalrcrsa am um aspconb obgùm. [br db tcmtb, pcrc qua axnstc suprcmconbmcdnfcf, asa pbfar obgumntcrnb faha sar cutÿmbgb, as faonr, fnstnmtb a nmfapamfnamta fa dbs pbfaras obmstntunfbs fa dbs Astcfbs pcrtas y qua dcs tbgcs fa faonsnbmas qua lamara sa cpdnquam am jbrgc fnraotc a nmgafnctc am ad ãghntb lablrãjnob fa dbs pcçsas gnaghrbs, snm mnmlùm tnpb fa nmtarjaramoncs. Am Am sçmtasns,  sçmtasns, sbhra  sbhra dc hcsa fa dcs cpraonconbmas coaroc fa suprcmconbmcdnfcf `cstc cquç cpumtcfcs, dbs adagamtbs qua ocrcotarnzcrçcm c asta tnpb sarçcm9 dc  dc   obmstntuonÿm fa ÿrlcmbs obmjbrgcfb pbr gnaghrbs fa vcrncfc mconbmcdnfcf5 qua dc fasnlmconÿm fa îstbs juarc um cotb fad prbpnb

 

brlcmnsgb, cumqua dbs gnaghrbs pufnarcm sar prbpuastbs pbr sus pcçsas fa brnlam5 qua su jumonbmcgnamtb sac nmfapamfnamta y mb raspbmfcm c nmstruoonbmas fa dbs lbhnarmbs pcrtas, snamfb astc ùdtngc, dc mbtc aspaoçjnoc fa dc suprcmconbmcdnfcf, qua dc fnjaramonc fa dc nmtarluharmcgamtcdnfcf  y qua dcs tbgcs fa faonsnbmas sa nmobrpbram am dbs brfamcgnamtbs  iurçfnobs fa dbs Astcfbs csboncfbs, am jbrgc nmgafnctc, fnraotc y p pravcdamta. ravcdamta. h. Dc suprcmconbmcdnfcf dngntcfc b rastrnmlnfc. rastrnmlnfc . Axnstam btrcs jbrgcs fa suprcmconbmcdnfcf, qua pbfrçcm clrupcrsa, y qua `coam gãs `nmocpnî am dc jbrgc fa oraconÿm a nmobrpbrconÿm fa dcs mbrgcs, qua am dc nmfapamfamonc jbrgcd fa dbs ÿrlcmbs obgumntcrnbs. [crc astcs pbsnonbmas, tcghnîm mbs amobmtrcgbs obm mbtcs, cspaotbs b sntuconbmas fa suprcmconbmcdnfcf. Oucmfb um ÿrlcmb nmtarluharmcgamtcd tnama dc ocpconfcf fa lamarcr mbrgcs vãdnfcs, obm ad vbtb fa dc gcybrçc fa dbs gnaghrbs, mb snamfb pbr tcmtb maoascrnbs dc umcmngnfcf mn ad obmsamsb, pbfagbs `chdcr fa umc suprcmconbmcdnfcf "dngntcfc" brlãmnoc. [br btrb dcfb, oucmfb dcs mbrgcs qua agcmcm fa um ÿrlcmb nmtarluharmcgamtcd tnamam dc cptntuf fa pamatrcr nmavntchdagamta am dbs brfamcgnamtbs iurçfnobs fa dbs Astcfbs pcrtas am jbrgc nmgafnctc, fnraotc y pravcdamta, mbs amobmtrcgbs jramta c umc suprcmconbmcdnfcf "dngntcfc" mbrgctnvc. _uprcmconbmcdnfcf "dngntcfc" brlãmnoc9 sa gcmnjnastc oucmfb sa fcm dcs snlunamtas pcutcs9 3 um prbyaotb fa umnjnoconÿm obgb bhiatnvb, 8 dc nmtrbfuoonÿm fa muavbs prnmonpnbs fa raprasamtctnvnfcf fa dbs Astcfbs, fnjaramtas fa dc raprasamtconÿm trcfnonbmcd y qua obmfuoam c umc astruoturconÿm nmstntuonbmcd fnstnmtc fa dcs brlcmnzconbmas nmtarmconbmcdas, y ? um rabrfamcgnamtb fa obgpatamoncs fa obgpatamoncs y pbfaras c mnvad fa dc sbharcmçc dc sbharcmçc fa dbs Astcfbs. _uprcmconbmcdnfcf "dngntcfc" mbrgctnvc9 dbs ÿrlcmbs nmtarluharmcgamtcdas qua tnamam dc pbtastcf fa fnotcr praoaptbs bhdnlctbrnbs pcrc dbs Astcfbs pcrtas, ocrcotarnzcm db qua sa fambgnmc umc "suprcmconbmcdnfcf ctamucfc". Btrbs cutbras  obmouarfcm am qua ad snstagc iurçfnob suprcmconbmcd sa ocrcotarnzc pbr tras adagamtbs9 dc nmobrpbrconÿm nmgafnctc c dbs brfamcgnamtbs mconbmcdas fa dcs mbrgcs obgumntcrncs, dc prngcoçc sbhra dbs farao`bs mconbmcdas y ad ajaotb fnraotb sbhra dbs pcrtnoudcras, fa gbfb qua dc mbrgc puafc sar nmvbocfc pbr addbs cmta taroarbs y coonbmcfc cmta dc dc iustnonc.  iustnonc.   Ocha racdnzcr onartbs rapcrbs c dbs tnpbs fa dc suprcmconbmcdnfcf "dngntcfc" cquç gamonbmcfbs. [br um dcfb, sn ad ÿrlcmb nmtarluharmcgamtcd pufnarc fnotcr mbrgcs pbr "gcybrçc", parb qua ocraonarcm fa dcs ocrcotarçstnocs fa ajaotb nmgafnctb, fnraotb y pravcdamta pcrc su nmlrasb am ocfc Astcfb, ad snstagc mb sarçc dc varfcfarcgamta suprcmconbmcd, qua [br ocfc Astcfb nmfapamfnamtagamta ddcva fa dc cpdnochndnfcf am su brfamycnmtarmb. btrb dcfb, sn umgcmtamfrçc trctcfb fa nmtalrconÿm cutbrnzcrc qua dcs mbrgcs obgumntcrncs nmlrascrcm c dbs snstagcs dbs  snstagcs iurçfnobs  iurçfnobs nmtarmbs fa dbs Astcfbs pcrtas am jbrgc nmgafnctc, fnraotc y pravcdamta, parb qua pcrc su cfbponÿm,  cfbponÿm,  sa raqunrnarc ad couarfb umãmnga fa dbs sbonbs b ad obmsamsb, tcgpbob `chrçc racdgamta umc sntuconÿm fa suprcmconbmcdnfcf, yc qua pcrc qua sa pufnarcm scmonbmcr dcs mbrgcs, ocfc umb fa dbs Astcfbs obgprbgatnfbs faharçc fcr su vnstb huamb pbr   gafnbs fa sus raprasamtcmtas cmta ad ÿrlcmb obgumntcrnb nmtarluharmcgamtcd, fa gcmarc tcd, qua sbdcgamta dcs mbrgcs qua am obmiumtb coaptcrcm dbs Astcfbs, pbfrçcm sar fnotcfcs. Am vnrtuf fa astcs cpraonconbmas, sbhra dcs aspaonas fa dc suprcmconbmcdnfcf "dngntcfc", sa puafa pamscr qua sbdb pbfrçc `char umc jbrgc fa suprcmconbmcdnfcf "dngntcfc", dc qua sa fcrçc jusnbmcmfb am umc jÿrgudc dcs fbs vartnamtas radctnvcs c asta tnpb (brlãmnoc y mbrg mbrgctnvc). ctnvc).

8. NMVALXCONßM9 8. NMVALXCONßM9 FNDAGC_  FNDAGC_ COVQCDA_  COVQCDA_ 

 

8.3. OBMFNONBMA_ ODCZA_ FAD [XBOA_B NMVALXCVNZB. Ibsap` Mya, pdcmtac ouctrb obmfnonbmas qua îd astngc obgb odcvas c tbfb prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm, dcs oucdas nmjduyam am dc mcturcdazc dc mcturcdazc fad obgprbgnsb brnlnmcd y dc suhsnlunamta avbduonÿm suhsnlunamta  avbduonÿm fad prboasb nmtalrctnvb. Astcs obmfnonbmas sbm dcs snlunamtas9  C. _ngatrçc b  b  nlucdfcf aobmÿgnoc fa umnfcfas. umnfcfas. Dcs fnjaramoncs b sngndntufas fa cdlumbs nmfnocfbras obgb ad nmlrasb par ocpntc y ad tcgcób fa dbs pbtamoncdas pcrtnonpcmtas am ad prboasb nmtalrctnvb gafnfb pbr ad [MH tbtcd, pcraoa sar fa ngpbrtcmonc radctnvc gcybr am dbs prboasbs dbs prboasbs fa nmtalrconÿm amtra Astcfbs gambs fascrrbddcfbs, qua am ad ocsb fa Astcfbs cdtcgamta fascrrbddcfbs. Fasfa astc parspaotnvc, GAXOB_QX as hcstcmta fnstnmtb am sus umnfcfas db qua am sç gnsgb, sa obmstntuya obgb umc trchc racd am ad prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm puas Qrulucy y [crclucy mb `cm fa obmsarvcr astc sngatrçc obm Crlamtnmc obm  Crlamtnmc y Hrcsnd.   Hrcsnd.  H. Zcdbr fa dc obgpdagamtcrnafcf fa dc îdnta. îdnta . Ad mnvad am qua dbs lrupbs dbs lrupbs fa îdntas famtrb fa dcs amtnfcfas qua sa nmtalrcm pnamscm nlucd, as fa obmsnfarchda ngpbrtcmonc, pbr tcmtb fapamfarã guo`b fa dcs îdntas ad lrcfb fa nmtalrconÿm cd qua sa qunarc ddalcr. _nm aghcrlb sa sbstnama tcghnîm qua dcs îdntas qua `cm trchcicfb iumtcs ajnoczgamta am umc sntuconÿm trcmsmconbmcd, c obmtnmuconÿm puafam chrczcr   pbdçtnocs fnvarlamtas qua mb obmfuoam c dc nmtalrconÿm. Ad mnvad `cstc ad oucd dbs hurÿorctcs mconbmcdas sa vuadvam pcrtnonpcmtas am dc nmtalrconÿm ralnbmcd fatargnmcrã ad mnvad fa su sboncdnzconÿm,  sboncdnzconÿm,  obmsnfarcfc ngpbrtcmta pbrqua sa fnoa qua dbs hurÿorctcs mconbmcdas sbm ocutbs cmta dc nmtalrconÿm pbr dc pbsnhda pîrfnfc fa obmtrbd mconbmcd. O. Axnstamonc fa pdurcdnsgb. pdurcdnsgb. Gnamtrcs gcybr as ad pdurcdnsgb am tbfbs dbs Astcfbs gnaghrbs, gaibras sbm dcs obmfnonbmas pcrc umc raspuastc nmtalrctnvc c dc ratrbcdngamtconÿm fasfa dbs gaocmnsgbs fad prboasb. Astc as umc jcdamonc qua sa `c fcfb prnmonpcdgamta am dbs prboasbs fa nmtalrconÿm fad taroar gumfb, cd obmtrcrnb fa db qua suoafa am Aurbpc. am Aurbpc.  

F. Ocpconfcf fa dbs Astcfbs gnaghrbs fa cfcptcrsa y raspbmfar . raspbmfar . Oucmtb gãs cdtb as ad mnvad fa astchndnfcf nmtarmc fa dcs umnfcfas y gcybr dc ocpconfcf fa dbs amocrlcfbs fa tbgcr faonsnbmas odcvas, gãs prbhchda as qua puafcm pcrtnonpcr ajnoczgamta am umc umnfcf nmtalrctnvc gcybr. Dbs pcçsas dctnmbcgarnocmbs ‟prnmonpcdgamta- sa `cm obmsnfarcfb `nstÿrnocgamta obgb vçotngcs fa obmstcmtas ocghnbs pbdçtnobs y aobmÿgnobs y `by am fçc, gãs qua am ad pcscfb, mb astcgbs am obmfnonbmas fa faonr qua dbs pcçsas fa  Cgîrnoc Dctnmc lbzcm fa astchndnfcf, puas mb as csç, yc qua dc gnsgc as cdtcgamta vudmarchda y fapamfnamta fa jcotbras axtarmbs tcmtb pbdçtnoc obgb aobmÿgnocgamta, y obmtnmucgamta ocfc umnfcf sujra ocghnbs nmtarmbs am sus pbdçtnocs y astruoturcs.   astruoturcs. 8.8. A_VCHNDNFCF, LBHAXMCHNDNFCF A NMVALXCONßM Dc cotucd tamfamonc c astchdaoar dczbs fa nmtalrconÿm amtra dbs Astcfbs, prnmonpcdgamta pbr gafnb fa trctcfbs fa dnhra obgaronb  ‟obgb nmstcmonc gçmngc fa nmtalrconÿm-, pdcmtac fascjçbs qua obmddavcm dc maoasnfcf fa ouastnbmcrsa coaroc fa dc coonÿm qua faha brnamtcr dcs faonsnbmas fa dc sbonafcf am dbs fnstnmtbs Astcfbs  ‟am astc pcrta fad trchcib mbs rajarnragbs prnmonpcdgamta c dc sntuconÿm fa dbs pcçsas fa Cgîrnoc fa Cgîrnoc Dctnmc-.

 

Asta pdcmtacgnamtb as snlmnjnoctnvb sn ravnscgbs dcs vcrnchdas prasamtas am dbs cotucdas lbhnarmbs, amtra dcs qua pbfagbs gamonbmcr dc lbharmchndnfcf, ad rbd fa dbs pcrtnfbs dbs  pcrtnfbs pbdçtnobs, dc pbdçtnobs, dc nmastchndnfcf obgb prbfuotb fa dc vnbdamonc y ad ocbs aobmÿgnob, db qua mbs ddavc c saócdcr qua cùm obm nmstrugamtbs iurçfnobs cfaoucfbs, axnsta um fasjcsa pargcmamta amtra dbs bhiatnvbs dbs bhiatnvbs fa nmtalrconÿm y su obmoraonÿm (@bdzgcmm, 3>>19 3>19 30-83) qunam pbstudc dc axnstamonc fa tras tnagpbs fnstnmtbs, ocfc umb obm fnjaramtas lrcfbs fa cvcmoa9  C. Vnagpb aobmÿgnob9 fajnmnfb pbr dc vadbonfcf dc vadbonfcf fad nmtarocghnb. H. Vnagpb pbdçtnob9 fajnmnfb c pcrtnr fa dc obmjbrgconÿm fa umc vbdumtcf pbdçtnoc vbdumtcf pbdçtnoc gcmnjnastc fa dbs Astcfbs obm ocpconfcf fa obmoratcr ajaotnvcgamta umc nmtalrconÿm obm bhiatnvbs obgumas. O. Vnagpb iurçfnob-nmstntuonbmcd9 fajnmnfb c pcrtnr fa dc astruoturconÿm astruoturconÿm jbrgcd fa fa asquagcs fa nmtalrconÿm qua fcm dc maoascrnc nmstntuonbmcdnzconÿm iurçfnoc cd nmtarocghnb obgaroncd. [rngarb, as nmtarascmta saócdcr qua ad prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm sa amouamtrc gãs cvcmzcfb am dbs cspaotbs aobmÿgnobs cmtas qua am dbs pbdçtnobs, snm aghcrlb astbs ùdtngbs sbm jumfcgamtcdas am ad jbrtcdaongnamtb fad prboasb, nmodusb pbfagbs sbstamar qua umc nmtalrconÿm racd maoasntc fa um prbyaotb pbdçtnob ocpcz fa sbstamardc. Csç, jcotbras obgb dc obmsbdnfconÿm fagborãtnoc, pcscm c sar umc obmfnonÿm maoascrnc parb mb sujnonamta pcrc cvcmzcr am dc nmtalrconÿm. As nmfnsoutnhda qua dc nmtalrconÿm dc nmtalrconÿm aobmÿgnoc y sboncd cjaotc maoascrncgamta c amtnfcfas pbdçtnocs sbharcmcs, pbr db qua cdlumbs cutbras pdcmtacm qua dc nmtalrconÿm as um jamÿgamb asamoncdgamta pbdçtnob ouyc obmsaouamonc as aobmÿgnoc y sboncd. @cstc c`brc dc nmtalrconÿm `c avbduonbmcfb prajaramtagamta am ad cspaotb aobmÿgnob, snm aghcrlb, fahagbs raobmboar qua su fascrrbddb su  fascrrbddb mb as pbsnhda snm dc vbdumtcf pbdçtnoc ocpcz fa fcr fnmcgnsgb c dbs nmstrugamtbs fa malbonconÿm fa malbonconÿm a nmtalrconÿm. [br btrc pcrta ad pcrta ad Astcfb obgb cotbr prnmonpcd fa dc nmtalrconÿm fapamfa fa dc vbdumtcf fad lbhnarmb, fad  lbhnarmb,   pbr tcmtb, dc fajnmnonÿm pbr pcrta fa ocfc  ocfc  lbhnarmb fa bhiatnvbs astrctîlnobs odcrbs, as obmfnonÿm maoascrnc pcrc gcmtamar y obmoratcr dc vbdumtcf pbdçtnoc. _alùm db cmtarnbr pbfagbs cjnrgcr qua dc nmtalrconÿm sa obmstntuya am um gafnb pcrc cdocmzcr dbs bhiatnvbs fad Astcfb. fad  Astcfb. Am  Am asta obmtaxtb, cd bhsarvcr ad prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm fasfa db mconbmcd `conc db nmtarmconbmcd, ad  îxntb b jrcocsb fa dc nmtalrconÿm pcsc pbr obmfnonbmas fa astchndnfcf y lbharmchndnfcf fa ocfc pcçs, obgb axnlamonc gçmngc ocpcz fa sbpbrtcr am jbrgc cfaoucfc ad fascrrbddb ad  fascrrbddb fad prboasb. Am ad fascrrbddb fad cmãdnsns qua `coa @bdzgcmm, dc lbharmchndnfcf fagborãtnoc cpcraoa obgb raspuastc c dc maoasnfcf fa obgpramfar ad fascrrbddb fa dbs prboasbs pbdçtnobs fa dbs pcçsas, aspaoncdgamta dbs fa Cgîrnoc fa Cgîrnoc Dctnmc.  Dctnmc.  Fasfa ad pumtb fa vnstc fad cutbr am qua mbs astcgbs cpbycmfb, yc mb as pbsnhda `chdcr fa pcçsas gãs b gambs astchdas b nmastchdas  ‟fahnfb prnmonpcdgamta c dc cgpdntuf fa astbs obmoaptbs-, gãs hnam obrraspbmfa nfamtnjnocr dbs adagamtbs qua fcm jbrgc cd obmoaptb cd  obmoaptb fa lbharmchndnfcf, amtamfnfc astc ùdtngc obgb dc ocpconfcf fa raludconÿm y gcmaib qua sa tnama fa dcs nmstcmoncs fa lbhnarmb, fa dcs fagcmfcs sboncdas, fa dbs gaocmnsgbs fa dalntngconÿm pbdçtnoc5 y am lamarcd fa cquaddbs cspaotbs mb astruoturcdas qua fcm obmtnmunfcf cd snstagc. cd  snstagc.   Dc lbharmchndnfcf csç obmoahnfc as dc obmsaouamonc fa dbs fascjçbs fa dc prasamta fîocfc, y sa radconbmc obm dc maoasnfcf fa fbtcr c dc fagborconc dc fagborconc fa umc cfaoucfc vnchndnfcf astrctîlnoc, fa um cfaoucfb prboascgnamtb fa dbs obmjdnotbs sboncdas, y fa dc maoasnfcf fa suparcr dc fnobtbgçc axnstamta amtra db sboncd y db pbdçtnob. [br btrb dcfb, dc axnstamonc fa umc onartc radconÿm amtra astchndnfcf fagborãtnoc a nmstntuonbmcdnfcf obgb prbfuotb obgb  prbfuotb fa dc axparnamonc raonamta fa _ufcgîrnoc `coa pbmar dc  dc   ctamonÿm am dc mcturcdazc dc mcturcdazc fad rîlngam pbdçtnob, su snstagc su snstagc adaotbrcd dc astruoturconÿm fad snstagc fa pcrtnfbs ato. Xasudtc qua

 

sn sa astchdaoa dc axnstamonc fa obmjdnotbs nmstntuonbmcdas, îstbs sÿdb sa puafam rasbdvar cd astcr fajnmnfbs dbs bhiatnvbs astrctîlnobs fa ocfc Astcfb. ocfc  Astcfb. Mb  Mb bhstcmta, pcraoa avnfamta dc axnstamonc fa umc radconÿm amtra ad qunahra fad snstagc fagborãtnob y ad ad obmjdnotb  obmjdnotb nmstntuonbmcd. Db cmtarnbr mbs ddavc c dc maoasnfcf fa husocr cprbxngconbmas cfaoucfcs cd gbgamtb pravnb fa faodcrcr dc axnstamonc fa obmjdnotbs nmstntuonbmcdas, y addb as db qua am tîrgnmbs prãotnobs sa husoc astchdaoar c trcvîs fad obmoaptb fa lbharmchndnfcf. Csç, dbs adagamtbs qua am umc prngarc cprbxngconÿm gatbfbdÿlnoc pargntam dc fajnmnonÿm fa dbs mnvadas fa lbharmchndnfcf, sarçcm9 c) Xadconÿm [rasnfamta-[crdcgamtb9 obrraspbmfa c dc nmtarcoonÿm fa fbs cotbras obm nmtarasas fnjaramtas dc gcybrçc fa dcs vaoas. Ad prnmonpcd prbhdagc rcfnoc am qua ad [rasnfamta mb puafa cotucr ajnonamtagamta snm obmtcr obm umc gcybrçc pcrdcgamtcrnc. B hnam, dc obcdnonÿm fa lbhnarmb sujra um qunahra y addb, pbr rczbmas bhvncs, fahndntc dc ocpconfcf fa lastnÿm fa lastnÿm fad [rasnfamta. h) [arsbmcdnzconÿm fa dc pbdçtnoc9 jramta c dc ocramonc fa fajnmnonbmas odcrcs am tbrmb am  tbrmb c dbs bhiatnvbs fad Astcfb, sa tnamfa c prajarnr ad davcmtcgnamtb fa dçfaras ùmnobs, qua cd mb fcr rasudtcfbs sbm ocghncfbs pbr btrbs am dcs prÿxngcs adaoonbmas, prbfuonamfb obm addb umc oraonamta parsbmcdnzconÿm fa dc lastnÿm dc lastnÿm luharmcgamtcd, db oucd fnsgnmuya y fahndntc dc pcrtnonpconÿm onufcfcmc y dc fagborconc. dc fagborconc.   o) Ajnonamonc fad Astcfb9 dc cfgnmnstrconÿm astctcd am  am  Cgîrnoc Dctnmc as, am lamarcd, nmajnonamta, tcmtb am tîrgnmbs aobmÿgnobs obgb pbdçtnobs, obgb umc farnvconÿm fa prnvndalncr ad obmtrbd pbr sbhra dc raludconÿm qua ngpbrtc umc cdtc nmobgumnoconÿm obm dbs cotbras qua pcrtnonpcm am ad prboasb. Btrb cspaotb fa nmajnonamonc db obmstntuya dc ocpconfcf fad lbhnarmb pcrc `coar jramta c prbhdagcs oamtrcdas fa dc sbonafcf, dc sbonafcf, obgb  obgb sbm dc fadnmouamonc, dc fadnmouamonc, dc  dc obrruponÿm  obrruponÿm y ad mcrobtrãjnob. ad mcrobtrãjnob.   f) Xadconÿm onvnd-gndntcr9 snm fufc as um prbhdagc oamtrcd. Dbs pcçsas fa Cgîrnoc Dctnmc `cm nmsnstnfb am um obmtrbd onvnd fa dcs juarzcs crgcfcs, am dulcr fa umc raludconÿm onvnd. _n hnam îsta as um adagamtb pcrc astchdaoar dc lbharmchndnfcf, faha tamarsa prasamta qua c su vaz as dc sbduonÿm fa juarzc c umc ornsns fa lbharmchndnfcf. Cfnonbmcdgamta, fahagbs saócdcr qua dcs juarzcs crgcfcs mb `cm tamnfb, am lamarcd, vçcs fa pcrtnonpconÿm am dbs prboasbs fa nmtalrconÿm, n mtalrconÿm, axoaponÿm `ao`c pbr ad GAXOB_QX,  GAXOB_QX,  qua dbs `c nmtalrcfb am ad prboasb, obmstntuyîmfbsa am umb fa dbs pbobs ocgpbs am qua sa `c tamnfb îxntb. Am ad ocsb fa dc Qmnÿm Aurbpac  ‟bhiatb fa astufnb fad taroar ocpçtudb- dc nmodusnÿm fa tagcs gndntcras y fa fajamsc am ad prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm fa dc ralnÿm, sa `c obmstntunfb snagpra am um jcotbr fa obmtrbvarsncs, tamnamfb am ouamtc snagpra, qua dc racdnfcf fa Aurbpc fa Aurbpc boonfamtcd as guy fnstnmtc c dc Cgîrnoc Dctnmc. a) Xaludconÿm nmstntuonbmcd9 obrraspbmfa c dc maoasnfcf fa cfaoucr ad cpcrctb iurçfnob nmstntuonbmcd am tîrgnmbs fa ajnonamonc cobrfa c dc racdnfcf fa dbs tnagpbs, qua As `clcm pbsnhda umc fnmãgnoc nmtarmc y pargntcm umc obgpdagamtconÿm obmmuavbs btrcs dalnsdconbmas. dc axprasnÿm fa ocghncr ad obmtrbd astctcd pbr dc raludconÿm astctcd. Cspaotb oamtrcd fa astc ouastnÿm, sa rajnara c dc radconÿm amtra agprascrnbs y lbhnarmb, fbmfa axnsta umc ocramonc fa obbrfnmconÿm am am tbrmb  tbrmb c dbs bhiatnvbs aobmÿgnobs y pbdçtnobs fa astbs cotbras. Dc axparnamonc `nstÿrnoc faguastrc qua as maoascrnb praboupcrsa fad prbhdagc fa dc lbharmchndnfcf fa dcs fagborconcs. Qmb fa dbs prbhdagcs qua gãs cjaotc dc astchndnfcf fa dbs ralçgamas fagborãtnobs sbm dbs obmjdnotbs [rasnfamta-[crdcgamtb, dc ngpbsnhndnfcf fa obmstrunr gcybrçcs astchdas, dc nmocpconfcf fa brnamtcr pbsntnvcgamta dc radconÿm onvnd-gndntcr, onvnd -gndntcr, tbfbs dbs oucdas puafam amjramtcrsa c trcvîs fa dc obrraoonÿm fa gaocmnsgbs nmstntuonbmcdas, umc vaz fajnmnfbs dbs bhiatnvbs astrctîlnobs fa ocfc Astcfb. Xaobrfagbs qua sbm iustcgamta prbhdagcs nmstntuonbmcdas dbs qua gãs `cm nmjdunfb am dc nmastchndnfcf pbdçtnoc fa dc ralnÿm. Cd raspaotb ocha tamar prasamta qua dc paroaponÿm fa cgamczcs pbr pcrta fa lrupbs astrctîlnobs, obgb Juarzcs Crgcfcs y agprascrnbs, nmtrbfuoam um prbhdagc lrcva am ad jumonbmcgnamtb fad snstagc fagborãtnob. Db saócdcfb cjaotc c dbs dc nmtalrconÿm, tcdas obgb dbs prbpnbsy lbhnarmbs, dbspraoafamtagamta agprascrnbs, dbs nmvarsbras, dbscotbras dbs pcrtnfbs  pcrtnfbsfa pbdçtnobs, pbdçtnobs, dbs  dbs brlcmnsgbs nmtarmconbmcdas

 

c dbs aspaoncdnstcs. Ocha saócdcr qua sbm pbobs dbs cotbras qua pbsaam parsbmcd pbsaam  parsbmcd aspaoncdnzcfb b praboupconÿm pbr prapcrcrdbs, db qua snlmnjnoc umc fnsjumonÿm oraonamta obm dcs tamfamoncs cotucdas y obm dc obgpdainfcf fad prboasb, qua c astcs cdturcs chcroc prbhdagcs y cspaotbs fa dc gãs fnvarsc çmfbda, y ouyc ocramonc tnama um juarta ngpcotb am  am   dc obgumnoconÿm y obbrfnmconÿm amtra astbs cotbras. Fno`b fa btrc gcmarc, snlmnjnoc umc fnsbonconÿm avnfamta amtra ad saotbr pùhdnob y prnvcfb fa ocfc pcçs. Dc nmtalrconÿm fasfa astc parspaotnvc sa mutra fad cpbrta nmtarfnsonpdnmcrnb, qua obmsnfarc amtra addbs dc gãs cgpdnc lcgc fa onamoncs fa  onamoncs y aspaoncdnfcfas. Dc cprbxngconÿm pbdçtnoc obmsnfarc qua dbs prbhdagcs pbdçtnobs y sbonboudturcdas fnstcm guo`b fa astcr rasuadtbs, tcmtb pbr dc ocramonc fa vbdumtcf pbdçtnoc obgb pbr dc fnvarsnfcf fa nmtarasas axnstamtas amtra dbs pcçsas fa dc ralnÿm. Am asta samtnfb, dc nmtalrconÿm sa obdboc am jbrgc fa pnrãgnfa nmvartnfc, fbmfa dc hcsa gãs cmo`c obrraspbmfa c sus nmtamtbs, y ad vîrtnoa c sus rasudtcfbs obmoratbs. Am addb nmjduya snlmnjnoctnvcgamta ad cspaotb pbdçtnob, amtamfnfb obgb dc parsnstamonc fa obmjdnotbs prbjumfbs cd nmtarnbr fa ocfc sbonafcf qua nrragafnchdagamta sbocvcm dc rconbmcdnfcf obmsustcmoncd cd prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm. Fa umc u btrc jbrgc, ad Astcfb dnharcd qua prngc am ocsn tbfb ad gumfb, am Cgîrnoc Dctnmc mb pbsaa um lrcfb cfaoucfb fa rconbmcdnfcf, quafcmfb amtralcfb c dcs prasnbmas a nmjduamoncs yuxtcpuastcs fa tnpb sboncd y pbdçtnob. _n hnam as onartb qua Cgîrnoc Dctnmc `c ranmnoncfb su vnfc fagborãtnoc `coa yc cdlb gcs fa umc fîocfc, mb as gambr qua addb obmstntuya um parçbfb fa trcmsnonÿm  ‟fapamfnamfb fa dbs adagamtbs fa  fa  cmãdnsns qua utndnoagbs- tamfnamta c dc obmsbdnfconÿm fad Astcfb fagborãtnob, parb qua mb as sujnonamta pcrc sbstamar um prboasb qua ngpbrtc y axnla dc axnstamonc fa prbyaotbs fa prbyaotbs pbdçtnobs hcscfbs am prnmonpnbs am prnmonpnbs obgpdagamtcrnbs b sngndcras am ocfc pcçs. [crc guo`bs, asta prboasb as um ngparctnvb `nstÿrnob. [arb, ²sbhra quî prbyaotb pbdçtnob2 ²Ad o`ndamb, ad hrcsndaób, ad hbdnvncmb, ad gaxnocmb b, tcd vaz, ad astcfbumnfamsa2 Am Cgîrnoc Dctnmc sa gnrc obm amvnfnc ad prboasb qua vnva dc Qmnÿm dc Qmnÿm Aurbpac, y Aurbpac, y mbs fcgbs ouamtc fa qua mb pbsaagbs umc "nfamtnfcf ralnbmcd"5 mb pbsaagbs um prbyaotb pbdçtnob obgùm, y db qua as gãs lrcva, mb tamagbs nmtarasas gcmnjnastcgamta sngndcras mn obgpdagamtcrnbs. Dbs obmjdnotbs fa nmtarasas pbr btrc pcrta, obmstntuyam um cspaotb oamtrcd am ad fascrrbddb fa astc ocpconfcf. Am ajaotb, ad obmjdnotb amtra ad nmtarîs mconbmcd, raprasamtcfb pbr lrupbs fa agprascrnbs y trchcicfbras, sugcfb c dc bpnmnÿm fnstnmtc fa dbs fnjaramtas pcrtnfbs pbdçtnobs, sntùc ad prbhdagc am um mnvad mconbmcd qua pbobs pcçsas `cm dblrcfb suparcr. As faonr, cùm mb "sa `c pbfnfb pcscr ad jndtrb fa dbs nmtarasas pcrtnoudcras fbgnmcmtas, brlcmnzcfbs obgb lrupbs obrpbrctnvbs". Csç, dbs fnvarsbs jcotbras fa pbfar y fa prasnÿm am ocfc pcçs, amouamtrcm gãs jumonbmcd fajamfar ad stctus qub, hamajnonbsb pcrc addbs, cmtas qua obbparcr am um prboasb fa sustntuonÿm fa ngpbrtconbmas fa ngpbrtconbmas b fa dnhra obgaronb. dnhra obgaronb.   Am obmsaouamonc, dc fajnmnonÿm fa dbs bhiatnvbs fad Astcfb rasudtc sar um adagamtb prngbrfncd am asta csumtb. _n um pcçs mb tnama bhiatnvbs fajnmnfbs qua vadam pbr su racd nmtarîs mconbmcd am ad gafncmb y dcrlb pdczb, y cfagãs ocraoa fa umc cfaoucfc obmfuoonÿm pbdçtnob-astrctîlnoc, pbfagbs saócdcr qua dc nmtalrconÿm as prãotnocgamta ngpbsnhda. Am tcd asoamcrnb, mb axnsta raludconÿm fa obmjdnotbs9 sa coamtùcm dbs axnstamtas, ad nmtarîs mconbmcd as avcducfb am tîrgnmbs rafuoonbmnstcs, ad Astcfb as um nmstrugamtb fa dbs lrupbs fa prasnÿm fa  prasnÿm obm gcybr nmjduamonc, y dc nmastchndnfcf pcsc c sar um jcotbr obmsustcmoncd cd fascrrbddb fapamfnamta fa astbs pcçsas. [br btrc pcrta, fahagbs raobmboar qua dbs fnstnmtbs asquagcs fa nmtalrconÿm `cm ctrcvascfb pbr atcpcs sngndcras am su avbduonÿm. Csç, sa tnama ad surlngnamtb axpaotcmta y prbgnsbrnb fa prblrcgcs fa nmtalrconÿm hn b gudtndctarcdas, obm odcrcs guastrcs fa îxntb am dbs prngarbs tnagpbs5 dualb da snlua um parçbfb ocrcotarnzcfb pbr umc avnfamta fascoadarconÿm fad rntgb fa cpdnoconÿm fa dbs nmstrugamtbs nmtalrcfbras, y dc asocsc pbsnhndnfcf fa varnjnocrdbs5 addb obmddavc dc maoasnfcf fa ravnscr fno`bs nmstrugamtbs y c su rajbrgudconÿm pcrc ravntcdnzcr tbfb ad prboasb9 dualb as pbsnhda nfamtnjnocr um qunahra ngpbrtcmta am dcs nmnonctnvcs, pcrc pbstarnbrgamta amobmtrcrmbs am dc

 

hùsquafc fa muavcs jÿrgudcs fa nmtalrconÿm. Astc sntuconÿm sa `c trcmsjbrgcfb ocsn am um oçroudb vnonbsb qua am dc cotucdnfcf, gãs qua mumoc, sa amouamtrc astcmocfb fahnfb c dbs fnjçondas prbhdagcs aobmÿgnobs y pbr tcmtb fa nmastchndnfcf pbr dbs qua ctrcvnasc dc ralnÿm. _nm fufc, dc obgpbmamta pbdçtnoc `c astcfb prasamta am jbrgc pargcmamta, furcmta dbs ùdtngbs 81   cóbs, am dbs nmtamtbs pbr brnamtcr pbr dbs ocgnmbs fad îxntb asta prboasb. ²Hcstc, am obmsaouamonc, obm tamar ocpconfcf ngclnmctnvc, b ocpconfcf fa astchdaoar vçmoudbs iurçfnobs-nmstntuonbmcdas b aobmÿgnobs pcrc dc nmtalrconÿm'2 Dc raspuastc, c tbfcs duoas, as malctnvc. Malctnvc pbr dc axparnamonc cougudcfc, y malctnvc pbr dc fnmãgnoc dc  fnmãgnoc fad gumfb cotucd, qua yc sa amouamtrc nmsartb am um "muavb brfam gumfncd". ²Oÿgb sa puafa ngpudscr um prboasb qua, c su vaz, pargntc dc dnharcdnzconÿm fa dbs   garocfbs ralnbmcdas, dc obgpatamonc dc obgpatamonc obm dbs garocfbs dbs garocfbs gumfncdas, dc nmsaronÿm pbdçtnoc fa Cgîrnoc Dctnmc am ad "muavb brfam gumfncd", y cfagãs csalura dc astchndnfcf fa dbs pcçsas am tbrmb c um cdtb lrcfb fa lbharmchndnfcf'2 Ad prbhdagc as obgpdaib. Mb pbfagbs fasobmboar qua dbs prbhdagcs fa jbmfb rajarnfbs tnamam fngamsnbmas sbonboudturcdas y, pbr supuastb, pbdçtnocs, qua sa amtradczcm obm db aobmÿgnob, am umc radconÿm onroudcr9 dbs nmtarasas aobmÿgnobs tcghnîm fatargnmcm db sbonboudturcd y db pbdçtnob, y îstbs sbm adagamtbs prbjumfcgamta amrcnzcfbs am dc astruoturc dc astruoturc fa dbs pcçsas dctnmbcgarnocmbs. Dc gbfc cotucd as dc susornponÿm fa Vrctcfbs fa Dnhra Obgaronb c mnvad hndctarcd. Astc gbfc, gbfc,   ngpuastc pbr Astcfbs Qmnfbs, `c Qmnfbs, `c ocraonfb fa umc obmtrcprbpuastc pbr pcrta fa Cgîrnoc Dctnmc y sus pcçsas. Am asta gbgamtb, Astcfbs gbgamtb, Astcfbs Qmnfbs adnla cd pcçs obm ad oucd fasac malboncr  ‟ocsbs fa O`nda y Gîxnob-, Gîxnob, gnamtrcs dbs fagãs faham asparcr turmb. Cfagãs.  Mb y obgb sn juarc pbob, fatargnmc dc jbrgc, vadbonfcf y prbjumfnfcf fa tbfcsuasc malbonconÿm.  malbonconÿm. nmtarasc ad tnpb fa rîlngam pbdçtnob axnstamta, snmb axodusnvcgamta su gcmaib gcorbaobmÿgnob raspaotb c dc faufc y sus vcrnchdas jnmcmonarcs, as faonr, ocfc pcçs faha amobmtrcr dcs `arrcgnamtcs qua da pargntcm samtcrsa c umc gasc mb sbdcgamta c obmvarscr, snmb c gcmaicr am su `char dcs vamtcics obgpcrctnvcs qua pbfrçc malboncr. ^ pcrc addb, dbs asquagcs nmtalrconbmnstcs `cstc c`brc axnstamtas, obmstntuyam gãs hnam umc trchc cmtas qua um cpbyb. c pbyb. Dbs aqundnhrnbs gcorbaobmÿgnobs fa dbs pcçsas fad ãrac rasudtcm pbr tcmtb jumfcgamtcdas pcrc dblrcr dc gamonbmcfc ocpconfcf. Iumtb obm addb ad astchdaongnamtb fa zbmcs b aspconbs fa nmtalrconÿm qua mb vudmaram dc sbharcmçc fa ocfc Astcfb pcraoa sar nmfnspamschda pcrc bhtamar dbs obmsamsbs maoascrnbs raspaotb c prbyaotbs c prbyaotbs pbdçtnobs fa gafncmb y dcrlb pdczb. Dc tamfamonc c astchdaoar dczbs fa nmtalrconÿm amtra dbs Astcfbs, vnstb obgb umc raspuastc cd oraonamta prboasb fa ldbhcdnzconÿm, ldbhcdnzconÿm,   raqunara umc astchndnfcf aobmÿgnoc qua aqundnhra dcs jduotuconbmas am praonbs am praonbs y obstbs, pcrc  obstbs, pcrc pargntnr um ajaotnvb nmtarocghnb fa hnamas. fa  hnamas.   Dcs muavcs tamfamoncs am ad obgaronb nmtarmconbmcd,  nmtarmconbmcd,  cdtcgamta ajnonamta y obgpatntnvb y ocrcotarnzcfb pbr um cdtb mnvad taombdÿlnob y fa nmjbrgconÿm,  nmjbrgconÿm,  pbsaam um ngpcotb avnfamta am  Cgîrnoc Dctnmc am ad samtnfb qua faham fajnmnrsa dcs ouastnbmas sbhra db pùhdnob y db prnvcfb, ad rbd fad Astcfb, ad cpbrta fad saotbr prnvcfb c dc lamarconÿm fa umc obmoartconÿm sboncd, pbdçtnoc, gndntcr y aobmÿgnoc, dcs  dcs  astrctalncs fa mnvad nmtarmb y axtarmb. ato. Db qua sugcfb cd cugamtb fa dbs nmstrugamtbs prbtaoonbmnstcs fa dbs lrcmfas hdbquas, faic c Cgîrnoc Dctnmc amjramtcfc c raspbmfar um fascjçb qua am dc cotucdnfcf sÿdb puafa sar csugnfb pbr pcçsas nmfnvnfucdas, y fbmfa dbs gaocmnsgbs fa nmtalrconÿm puafam sar am cdlumc gafnfc ajnonamtas gafnbs ajnonamtas  gafnbs pcrc dbs aqundnhrnbs nmtarmbs y axtarmbs fa dc ralnÿm, obm dc jnmcdnfcf fa obmstrunr crlugamtbs sÿdnfbs y racdas am dbs prboasbs fa malbonconÿm qua sa cvaonmcm. Gãs cddã fa dbs adagamtbs y cspaotbs saócdcfbs. sa raqunara tamar prasamta qua dcs vcrnchdas pbdçtnocs nmonfam fnraotcgamta am dc jbrgconÿm fa umc racd vbdumtcf pbdçtnoc pcrc nmsartcrsa am ad   muavb brfam gumfncd, y pbfar `coar jramta cd ngpcotb qua tnama y tamfrã am muastrb obmtnmamta fno`b brfam. Vcmtb dc nmtalrconÿm dctnmbcgarnocmc, c mnvad fa gafnb, obgb dc nmsaronÿm am dbs garocfbs ldbhcdas, sa fajnmam pbr obmsnfarconbmas pbdçtnocs qua ctcóam dc fajnmnonÿm fa radconbmas

 

fa pbfar y aspconbs fa nmtarcoonÿm, c dbs oucdas Cgîrnoc Dctnmc faha obmourrnr obm nmnonctnvcs y astrctalncs odcrcs pcrc su oraconÿm.

8.8. LDBHCDNYCONßM A NMVALXCONßM Gnrcmfb `conc ctrãs am dcs pbstrngarçcs fa asta snldb, ocrcotarnzcfb obgb tugudtubsb, nmonartb y fa axtragbs, sa puafam bhsarvcr cdlumcs galcs tamfamoncs. Qmc as ad ocrãotar nmvcsbr fa dc taombdblçc.   Btrc as dc prasamonc fad vcdbr oudturcd fa umc pratamfnfc gbfarmnfcf.  taombdblçc. gbfarmnfcf.  Qmc taroarc tamfamonc as um  um  ocghnb sustcmoncd fad snstagc fa radconbmas amtra Astcfbs y sbonafcfas, fasfa sbonafcfas, fasfa umc obmjnlurconÿm nmtarmconbmcd c umc obmjnlurconÿm ldbhcd. Am asta samtnfb, ad cmãdnsns fa fbs obmoaptbs radconbmcfbs obm asta ocghnb -dc nmtalrconÿm y dc ldbhcdnzconÿm-  ldbhcdnzconÿm-  cfqunara pcrtnoudcr ngpbrtcmonc (Maj, 8;;;9 33).  Cumqua schagbs qua dbs tîrgnmbs nmtalrconÿm y ldbhcdnzconÿm sbm fnstnmtbs, am ad fnsoursb obmtagpbrãmab, cghbs sa uscm, yc sac nmfnstnmtcgamta, b am jbrgc guy prÿxngc, ngpdnocmfb qua ad prboasb fa nmtalrconÿm obmfuonrçc c dc ldbhcdnfcf, c pcrtnr fa dc dÿlnoc salunfc pbr dc tabrçc jumonbmcdnstc. Jramta c dc fnjnoudtcf fa astchdaoar um obmoaptb gãs b gambs praonsb fa dc ldbhcdnzconÿm, ldbhcdnzconÿm,   bptcragbs pbr fasornhnr hravagamta db qua îsta jamÿgamb ngpdnoc. _alùm dcs pcdchrcs utndnzcfcs pbr L`ygars, "ldbhcdnzconÿm fasnlmc um prboasb cgpdnb y cougudctnvb fa cugamtb fa dcs nmtarfapamfamoncs amtra dcs aobmbgçcs mconbmcdas y fa rafuoonÿm fa dcs hcrrarcs y fnstcmoncs amtra garocfbs mconbmcdas, c rcçz fad oraongnamtb rãpnfb fa dcs trcmscoonbmas nmtarmconbmcdas, tcmtb pcrc dbs  dbs  hnamas y  sarvnonbs obgb pcrc jcotbras fa  fa  prbfuoonÿm. prbfuoonÿm. Asta  Asta prboasb cpcraonÿ am ad ocgpb jnmcmonarb obm dc dnharcdnzconÿm jnmcmonarc y dc agarlamonc fa um garocfb fa ocpntcdas c mnvad gumfncd, parb ad gnsgb jamÿgamb gcs prblrasnvb sa fascrrbddÿ, tcghnîm, am ad rastb fa dc aobmbgçc obm dc cparturc obgaroncd, ad jrcocsb fa dbs asquagcs prbtaoonbmnstcs y dc avbduonÿm taombdÿlnoc. Astbs fascrrbddbs pargntam `chdcr yc fa dc agarlamonc fa um garocfb um garocfb ùmnob gumfncd, mb sbdcgamta jnmcmonarb y fa gctarncs prngcs snmb qua, tcghnîm, nmfustrncd a nmodusb lrcm pcrta fa dbs sarvnonbs" dbs sarvnonbs".. Qmc vaz astchdaonfb c lrcmfas rcslbs db qua ngpdnoc dc ldbhcdnzconÿm y prbjumfnzcfb ad astufnb fa db qua ngpdnoc dc nmtalrconÿm -am ad ocpntudb N-, c`brc, pcscragbs c astchdaoar umc fnjaramonconÿm amtra astbs fbs obmoaptbs9 ¼ "Dc fnjaramonc sustcmtnvc amtra dc nmtalrconÿm y dc ldbhcdnzconÿm astã fcfc pbr ouctrb jcotbras9 Dc ldbhcdnzconÿm as gãs cgpdnc y lamarcd y obmtnama am gambr lrcfb ad adagamtb axpdçontb b vbdumtcrnstc fa pbdçtnoc qua axnsta am dc nmtalrconÿm. Am btrcs pcdchrcs, dc nmtalrconÿm prasupbma um lrcfb fa malbonconÿm y, pbr  ngpuastb gçmngc qua fa   nlucdfcf fa  amtra dcs pcrtas. Dc ldbhcdnzconÿm, am ocghnb, as um prboasb ngpuastb prboasb pbrsac, um obmtaxtb axtarmb y am ad qua dbs tîrgnmbs fa dc cooasnÿm astãm, pbr db lamarcd prasorntbs c prnbrn. ¼ "C pascr fa su brnamtconÿm aobmbgnonstc, dc nmtalrconÿm sa pdcmtac pbr db obgùm obgb um prboasb fa trcmsjrbmtarnzconÿm fa pcçsas, y mb sÿdb fa agprascs y aobmbgçcs. Am asta samtnfb, y c pascr fa su hcsa taomborãtnoc, dc nmtalrconÿm nmvbduorc c gùdtnpdas cotbras sboncdas y c jcotbras fa prbfuoonÿm fa  prbfuoonÿm gãs cddã fad ocpntcd. fad ocpntcd.   ¼ "Dc nmtalrconÿm as um obmoaptb agnmamtagamta ralnbmcd, b obmstntutnvb fa hdbquas, cmtas qua um prboasb fa trndctarcdnzconÿm c asocdc pdcmatcrnc fa asbs gnsgbs hdbquas. ¼ "Jnmcdgamta, dc nmtalrconÿm ocraoa fa dc brnamtconÿm fatargnmnstc fa dc ldbhcdnzconÿm" (Maj, 3>>69 38). As nmmalchda, mb bhstcmta, qua dbs prboasbs fa nmtalrconÿm racd `cm jcondntcfb ad pbstarnbr prboasb fa ldbhcdnzconÿm y qua cghbs `cm snfb snagpra dnfarcfbs pbr dbs saotbras fa pumtc am dc

 

aobmbgçc. Asta aobmbgçc.  Asta jua ad ocsb fa dcs lrcmfas agprascs lrcmfas agprascs nmfustrncdas y axtrcotnvcs am dbs cóbs :; y fad ocpntcd jnmcmonarb y dcs obgumnoconbmas dcs obgumnoconbmas am dbs cóbs >;.

8.?. VABXÇC FA DC LDBHCDNYCONßM Dc tabrçc fa dc ldbhcdnzconÿm surla fad gaocmnsgb ldbhcd qua prasamtc umc gcybr nmtalrconÿm obm îmjcsns pcrtnoudcr am dc asjarc fa dcs trcmscoonbmas aobmÿgnocs. Am asta samtnfb astc astc parspaotnvc as pcraonfc cd amjbqua fa dbs snstagcs gumfncdas. _nm aghcrlb, umc fa dcs ocrcotarçstnocs jumfcgamtcdas fa dc tabrçc fa dc ldbhcdnzconÿm as qua sa oamtrc y amjctnzc cspaotbs oudturcdas y aobmÿgnobs csÇ obgb fa obgumnoconÿm c asocdc gumfncd. Astc asouadc crlugamtc qua dbs prnmonpcdas adagamtbs gbfarmbs pcrc nmtarpratcr dbs prboasbs fa fascrrbddb sbm dbs vçmoudbs oudturcdas amtra dbs pcçsas, cfagãs fa dbs vçmoudbs aobmÿgnobs, jnmcmonarbs y pbdçtnobs. Am astc obgumnoconÿm oudturcd, umb fa dbs jcotbras gãs ngpbrtcmtas as dc oraonamta jdaxnhndnfcf fa dc taombdblçc pcrc obmaotcr c dc lamta cdrafafbr fad f ad gumfb. Dbs prnmonpcdas cspaotbs fa dc ldbhcdnzconÿm sbm dbs snlunamtas9 c) Xaobmboa qua dbs snstagcs fa fa obgumnoconbmas  obgumnoconbmas ldbhcdas lcmcm ocfc vaz gãs ngpbrtcmonc, y c trcvîs fa asta prboasb asta  prboasb dbs pcçsas nmtarcotùcm nmtarcotùcm gãs jraouamtagamta y obm gcybr jdaxnhndnfcf, mb sÿdb c mnvad luharmcgamtcd snmb tcghnîm c mnvad fa dc pbhdconÿm5 h) Cumqua dbs prnmonpcdas snstagcs fa obgumnoconÿm bparcm famtrb fa pcçsas gãs fascrrbddcfbs, astbs gaocmnsgbs tcghnîm sa axtnamfam c dbs pcçsas pcçsas gambs fascrrbddcfbs. Asta `ao`b nmoragamtc dc pbsnhndnfcf fa qua lrupbs qua lrupbs gcrlnmcdas am pcçsas pbhras sa puafcm obgumnocr a nmtarcotucr famtrb fa um obmtaxtb ldbhcd utndnzcmfb taombdblçc mbvafbsc5 o) Dbs snstagcs fa obgumnoconÿm gbfarmbs ngpdnocm gbfnjnoconbmas astruoturcdas ngpbrtcmtas am dbs pctrbmas aobmÿgnobs, sboncdas y oudturcdas fa dbs pcç pcçsas. sas. Xajaramta c dc cotnvnfcf aobmÿgnoc astbs muavbs cvcmoas taombdÿlnobs sbm ocfc vaz gãs cooasnhdas pcrc dcs paquaócs agprascs dbocdas. Astc sntuconÿm `c oracfb um cghnamta fnstnmtb pcrc racdnzcr trcmscoonbmas aobmÿgnocs, utndnzcr raoursbs prbfuotnvbs, nmtarocghncr prbfuotbs, prbfuotbs,   y cprbvao`crsa fa dbs —gaocmnsgbs gbmatcrnbs vnrtucdas‗.  Fasfa umc parspaotnvc parspaotnvc oudturcd, dbs muavbs prbfuotbs fa obgumnoconÿm umnjnocm pctrbmas fa nmtarocghnb cdrafafbr fad gumfb, pbr dbs gambs am tîrgnmbs fa trcmscoonbmas aobmÿgnocs obmjbrga c obmfnonbmas cotucdas5 f) Astbs muavbs pctrbmas fa obgumnoconÿm astãm cjaotcmfb ad muavb obmoaptb fa gnmbrçcs famtrb fa um pcçs am am pcrtnoudcr. Cumqua astcs gnmbrçcs mb astãm obgpdatcgamta nmtalrcfcs am a add muavb snstagc gumfncd fa obgumnoconÿm, dcs agprascs dcs agprascs lrcmfas y dcs îdntas pbdçtnocs fa ocfc pcçs sbm pcrta fa astc nmtarcoonÿm nmtarcoonÿm cdrafafbr fad gumfb. Cd jnmcd, dcs agprascs y dcs îdntas pbdçtnoc pbdçtnocss obmtnmùcm snamfb qunamas tbgcm dcs faonsnbmas am dbs pcçsas am fascrrbddb. Dbs adagamtbs oudturcdas fnotcrãm dc jbrgc fa dcs astruoturcs dcs  astruoturcs sboncdas y aobmÿgnocs am ocfc pcçs. Dcs obmfnonbmas sboncdas sbm ad rasudtcfb fa dbs jcotbras oudturcdas y aobmÿgnobs fbgnmcmtas fa ocfc pcçs. Dbs prnmonpcdas supuastbs qua sa axtrcam fa dc tabrçc fa dc ldbhcdnzconÿm sa rasugam am tras pumtbs jumfcgamtcdas. [rngarb, dbs jcotbras oudturcdas sbm dbs cspaotbs fatargnmcmtas fa dcs sbonafcfas.   _alumfb, hcib dcs obmfnonbmas gumfncdas cotucdas mb as ngpbrtcmta utndnzcr c dcs sbonafcfas. mconbmas-astcfbs obgb umnfcf fa cmãdnsns yc qua dc obgumnoconÿm ldbhcd y dbs vçmoudbs nmtarmconbmcdas astãm `conamfb c astc astc octalbrçc gambs ùtnd. C gafnfc fa qua `cyc umc gcybr gcybr astcmfcrnzconÿm fa dbs cvcmoas taombdÿlnobs umc gcybr ocmtnfcf fa saotbras sboncdas pbfrãm obmaotcrsa obm btrbs btrbs lrupbs cdrafafbr fad gumfb. Astc sntuconÿm nmoduya c dbs lrupb lrupbss fbgnmcmtas y mb fbgnmcmtas fa ocfc pcçs. Dc tabrçcam faqua dc ldbhcdnzconÿm obnmonfa obm cdlumbs cas dlumbs adagamtbs dc tabrçcfad fafascrrbddb dc gbfarmnzconÿm. Qm cspaotb cghcs tabrçcs obnmonfam qua dc fnraoonÿmfaprnmonpcd faharçc sar

 

cquaddc qua agpramfcm dbs Astcfbs dbs Astcfbs Qmnfbs y Aurbpc.  Aurbpc.   Îstcs asouadcs cjnrgcm qua dbs prnmonpcdas pctrbmas fa obgumnoconÿm y dcs `arrcgnamtcs dcs `arrcgnamtcs pcrc dblrcr gaibras astãmfcras fa vnfc sa brnlnmcrbm am dcs ralnbmas fascrrbddcfcs. Am asta pumtb as ngpbrtcmta ngpbrtcmta fastcocr dc fnjaram fnjaramonc onc amtra dc parspaotnvc fa dc gbfarmnzconÿm dc fa dc ldbhcdnzconÿm. Ad prngarb snlua umc pb pbsnonÿm snonÿm gãs mbrgctnvc, yc qua trctc fa rasbdvar ad csumtb fad fascrrbddb5 ad salumfb rajuarzc su ocrãotar obgb umc parspaotnvc —pbsntnvc‗ gãs qua umc pbsnonÿm mbrgctnvc.   Obm hcsa am dcs cmtarnbras sngndntufas, as pbsnhda cjnrgcr qua cghcs tabrçcs  ‟gbfarmnzconÿm y ldbhcdnzconÿm- obnmonfam am ad ocrãotar hãsnocgamta atmboîmtrnob fa sus pdcmtacgnamtbs pdcmtacgnamtbs.. Cghcs pbsnonbmas amjctnzcm ad `ao`b fa qua ad ocgnmb `conc ad fascrrbddb sa brnlnmc y faha sar salunfb am tîrgnmbs fa dbs gbfadbs fa dbs Astcfbs Qmnfbs y Aurbpc.  Aurbpc.  Dbs fajamsbras fa dc ldbhcdnzconÿm crlugamtcm qua astc onroumstcmonc as umc racdnfcf am tîrgnmbs fa dc nmjduamonc qua sa farnvc fa dcs rafas dcs rafas fa obgumnoconÿm y fa dc fnjusnÿm fa dbs fa dbs vcdbrasfa vcdbrasfa pcçsas gãs fascrrbddcfbs. As gãs, dc nmjduamonc sa varçc tcghnîm rajdaicfc am ad ocgpb ocgpb nfabdÿlnob y aobmÿgnob. Am db nfabdÿlnob, vcrnbs cutbras mb boudtcrbm su mbtchda amtusncsgb c rcçz fa dc ocçfc fa dbs snstagcs sboncdnstcs sbvnîtnobs c jnmas fa dc fîocfc fa dbs bo`amtcs. Dc tabrçc fa dc ldbhcdnzconÿm amjctnzc qua dbs jcotbras oudturcdas sbm dbs prnmonpcdas fatargnmcmtas qua cjaotcm dcs obmfnonbmas aobmÿgnocs, sboncdas y pbdçtnocs fa dbs pcçsas db qua as sngndcr c dc —asouadc sboncd ax`custnvc‗ b fa —sbonbdblçc obgpra`amsnvc‗ fa dcs tabrçcs fa Gcx \ahar.  \ahar.  Obm hcsa am astb, ad snstagc fa  fa   vcdbras, vcdbras, oraamoncs,  oraamoncs, y ad pctrÿm fa nfamtnfcf fa dbs lrupbs fa çmfbda fbgnmcmta (b `alagÿmnob) y fa cdtarmctnvb (b suhbrfnmcfb) famtrb fa umc sbonafcf sbonafcfss bm dbs adagamtbs gãs ngpbrtcmtas pcrc axpdnocr dcs ocrcotarçstnocs fa um pcçs am tîrgnmbs aobmÿgnobs y sboncdas. [crc dc pbsnonÿm fa dc ldbhcdnzconÿm astc faodcrconÿm fa dc tabrçc fa \ahar sa faha cpdnocr c dcs obmfnonbmas gumfncdas cotucdas, aspaoncdgamta am tîrgnmbs fa dc fnjusnÿm y trcmsjaramonc fa vcdbras oudturcdas c trcvîs fa snstagcs fa obgumnoconÿm, dbs qua astãm cjaotcmfb ocfc vaz gãs dbs lrupbs dbs lrupbs sboncdas am tbfbs dbs pcçsas. Dc tabrçc fa dc ldbhcdnzconÿm y fa dbs snstagcs gumfncdas tbgcm umc parspaotnvc ldbhcd cd fatargnmcr sus umnfcfas fa cmãdnsns am jumonÿm fa snstagcs y suhsnstagcs ldbhcdas, gãs qua utndnzcr astrnotcgamta ad amjbqua fa mconbmas-astcfb mconbmas -astcfb obgb db `coam dc tabrçc fa dc gbfarmnzconÿm y fa dc fapamfamonc. Dc tabrçc fa dbs snstagcs gumfncdas y dc fa dc ldbhcdnzconÿm fnjnaram am qua dc prngarc obmtnama onartbs adagamtbs mab-gcrxnstcs, gnamtrcs qua dc salumfc tnama sus hcsas taÿrnocs am ad gbvngnamtb sboncd astruoturcd-jumonbmcdnstc. astruoturcd-jumonbmcdnstc. [br obmsnlunamta ad amjbqua fa dc ldbhcdnzconÿm tnamfa gãs `conc umc trcmsnonÿm lrcfucd qua c umc trcmsjbrgconÿm ravbduonbmcrnc. Dc tabrçc fa dc ldbhcdnzconÿm y dc fa dbs snstagcs gumfncdas tbgcm am ouamtc dbs ocghnbs aobmÿgnobs am dc astruoturc y dcs radconbmas gumfncdas gãs raonamtas qua `cm bourrnfb am dbs ùdtngbs cóbs, prnmonpcdgamta dbs snlunamtas9 c) Aspaoncdgamta dualb fa gcrzb fa 3>