GMNRCPM@ @B LIEBILBXÄM B^NRBCM MNM@ÌDLNA ZXAGB^LAIMC @B LIEBILBXÄM LI@R^PXLMC BVZBXLBINLM NRXXLNRCMX @B ZXANB^A^ LL ZXANB^A LI@R^PXLMC @B CM BCMHAXMNLAI @BC \AEXP @B MXMI@MIA
MRPAXB^?
HBXIMC DMXXA]RLI, BXLKM NMCLVPXA MXLM^, OMNKBCLIB NMDZA^ @LM^, BXA^ NFMWMXXLM MCMCRIM, OFBGGBX^AI @MWMCA^ HXLAIB^, HXM DBI@A_M XL]RBCDB, @MI\ DAXMCB^ AXPL_, XA^M DA_A XRL_, HXMI@AI
MRPAX? De. Artbem ^lcvm ^mcvm`ar
CLDM 8:8:-LL
LIPXA@RNNLÞI Bi cm mntumcl`m`, cm gardm `b vl`m qub ccbvmi cms pbrsaims bs duy mprbsurm`m, m cm vbz bstí clem`m nai bc bstrìs y cm dmcm mcldbitmnlþi tbilbi`a nada rbsuctm`a cm ebibrmnlþi `b bigbrdb`m`bs, nada cm emstrltls, par ca numc sb fmnbi ermi`bs nmdpmýms m ilvbc dui`lmc sahrb bc nul`m`a `b cm smcu` y uim narrbntm mcldbitmnlþi hmsm`m bi cm liebstm `b mcldbitas qub sbmi nmpmnbs `b nuhrlr cas rbqubrldlbitas iutrlnlaimcbs. Bi bstb ligardb sb prbsbitmi bc rbsuctm`a `bc miíclsls, cms vbitmoms nadpmrmtlvms `b cm bcmharmnlþi `bc yaeurt y sus `brlvm`as `bc mríi`mia bi cm li`ustrlm `b cas mcldbitas msä nada tmdhlìi cas hbibglnlas qub prbsbitmi pmrm cas naisudl`arbs y bitrbem uim `bsnrlpnlþi `b cms bspbnlbs livacunrm`ms livacunrm`ms bi bc bstu`la. Pmdhlìi sb fm trmhmom`a bi cm l`bitlglnmnlþi y nmrmntbrlzmnlþi `b cas iubvas pra`untas y iubv iubvas as pran pranbs bsas as y m pmrt pmrtlr lr `b bs bstm tm liga ligard rdmn mnlþ lþii sb mi mimc mclz lzmm cm cmss pa pasl slhl hlcl cl`m `m`b `bss `b ldpcbdbitmnlþi y `bsmrracca par pmrtb `b cm merali`ustrlm imnlaimc `bs`b bc puita `b vlstm vls tm me merai raiþdl þdlna na,, `b cm nm nmpmn pmnl`m l`m`` `b pra pranb nbsmd smdlbi lbita, ta, tbniac tbniacþe þelna lna,, bn bnaiþ aiþdln dlna, a, `b dbrnm`a y iardmtlva. Bstí nadprahm`a qub bc yaeurt bs tmi smia nada sb nrbäm bi cm mitleób`m` ym qub bstb naitlbib hmntbrlms nmpmnbs `b naivbrtlr cm cmntasm, bc mzÿnmr `b cm cbnfb y qub bstb ínl`a cíntlna fmnäm ldpaslhcb bc `bsmrracca `b hmntbrlms `mýlims bi bc litbstlia `brlvm`ms `b cm `bsnad `bs nadpas paslnl lnlþi þi `b cas mcldbi mcldbitas tas.. Pmd Pmdhlì hlìii sb `bs `bsnuh nuhrlþ rlþ cm bi biard ardbb nm nmitl itl`m` `m` `b vltmdlims `bc erupa H qub tlbib bc yaeurt. @urmitb su gbrdbitmnlþi sb naisudbi cms vltmdlims H=8 y N y sb gardm bc ínl`a gþclna, ia sb mctbrmi cms vltmdlims H=, H8 H7, ZZ hlatlim y ínl`a pmitatìilna pmitatìilna y fmn fmnbb qub cm nad nadpaslnlþi paslnlþi dlibrmc pb pbrdmibznm rdmibznm bstmh bstmhcb. cb.
@BGLILNLÞI @BC \AERXP
Bs ui mcldbita cíntba gbrdbitm`a, `b mnubr`a mc Na`bx Mcldbitmrlus, bc yaeurt bs cbnfb (usum (us umcdb cdbitb itb `b vmn vmnmm bi cm mn mntum tumcl` cl`m`) m`) qub fm sl`a sl`a gbrdb gbrdbitm itm`m `m nai ^trbpt ^trbptan anann annus us tfbrda tfb rdapfl pflcus cus y Cm Cmnta ntahmn hmnlcc lccus us hucem hucemrln rlnus us hmoa hmoa nai nai`ln `lnlai laibs bs `bg `bglil lil`ms `ms `b tlb tlbdpa dpa y tbdpbrmt tbdpb rmturm urm.. Nm` Nm`mm bsp bspbnl bnlbb `b hmn hmntbr tbrlms lms bst bstldu lducm cm bc nrbnld nrbnldlbi lbita ta `b cm atrm, atrm, y cas pra`untas `b su dbtmhaclsda nadhlim`a `mi nada rbsuctm`a cm tbxturm nrbdasm nmrmntbrästlnm y bc clebra smhar ínl`a. Pmdhlìi bc yaeurt naitlbib atras m`ltlvas tmcbs nada sþcl`as cíntbas, mzÿnmrbs, grutms, btn.
Bmrcy (8:::) sbýmcm qub bc vmcar iutrltlva `bc yaeurt `bpbi`b `b su nadpaslnlþi, cms dmtbrlms prldms utlclzm`ms, cas lierb`lbitbs mým`l`as y bc pranbsa `b gmhrlnmnlþi, ta`ms bstms bst ms nai naisl` sl`brm brmnla nlaibs ibs `bt `btbrd brdlim limii cas nai naitbi tbil`a l`ass bi vltmd vltmdlim lims, s, pratbä pratbäim, im, ermsm ermsm y dlibrmcbs.
WMCAX IRPXLPLWA Bc yaeurt `b mríi`mia bs ui pra`unta imturmc y areíilna parqub pmrm su bcmharmnlþi ia naitlb nai tlbib ib m` m`lnt lntlva lvass bs bsta ta emr emrmit mitlzm lzm cm nm nmcl` cl`m` m` `b `bcc pra`un pra`unta, ta, uia `b sus sus prlin prlinlpm lpmcbs cbs nadpaibitbs nada bs cm grutm mrmzí naitlbib mctas ilvbcbs `b parnbitmob vltmdäilna cas numcbs myu`mi mc nrbnldlbita y rbpmrmnlþi `b cms nìcucms, gartmcbnldlbita `b cms `bgbisms `bc aremilsda rb`unb cas ilvbcbs `b nacbstbrac, ta`a bsta fmnb qub sbm duy iutrltlva iubstra pra`unta. M`bdís naitlbib vltmdlims H=, H8, H>, dlibrmcbs nmrhafl`rmta qub myu`mi m dmitbibr uim plbc smim y ui slstbdm `lebstlva Cm nadpaslnlþi `b iutrlbitbs `bc yaeur sb hmsm bi cm nadpaslnlþi `b iutrlbitbs `b cm cbnfb arlelimc. Cm nadpaslnlþi glimc bstí `btbrdlim`m par ta`a ca sleulbitb?
bc arlebi y bc tlpa `b cíntbas qub sb pub`bi mým`lr mitbs `b cm gbrdbitmnlþi,
cm gbr gbrdbi dbitmn tmnlþi lþi `bc ínl ínl`a `a cín cíntln tlnaa y cms nb nbpms pms hmn hmntbr tbrlmi lmims ms utl utlclz clzm`m m`mss bi cm gbrdbitmnlþi,
cm tbdpbrmturm,
cm `urmnlþi `bc pranbsa `b gbrdbitmnlþi, bc pbräa`a `b mcdmnbimdlbita, mcdmnbimdlbita, y
cas lierb`lbitbs (nada grutms) qub sb mým`bi m vbnbs m mceuias tlpas `b yaeur
HBIBGLNLA^ @BC \AERXP ZMXM CM ^MCR@ @mr m naianbr qub tmi ibnbsmrla bs naisudlr ui yaeur `b gardm fmhltumc pmrm ahtbibr ui hbi hbibgl bglnla nla sas sastbi tbilhc lhcb. b. Cm dmyar dmyaräm äm `b mutarl mutarl`m` `m`bs bs rbeucm rbeucm`a `arms rms b listlt listltun unlai laibs bs nlbi nlbitä tägl glnm nmss rb rbna naia ianb nbii bc yaeu yaeurr y cas cas pra` pra`un unta tass cí cínt ntba bass na nada da pm pmrt rtbb `b ui uimm `l `lbt btmm smcu`mhcb. ^b fm `b `bda dast strm rm`a `a qu qubb cms cms hm hmnt ntbr brlm lmss vl vlvm vms, s, cm mc mctm tm `b `bis isl` l`m` m` `b iu iutr trlb lbit itbs bs y cm pmcmtmhlcl`m` qub nmrmntbrlzmi bc yaeur, dboarmi cm `lebstlþi `b cm cmntasm (BG^M 8:=:h).. 8:=:h) ^beÿi ^be ÿi bst bstu`l u`las as rbn rbnlbi lbitbs tbs,, bc yae yaeur ur pa pa`rä `rämm `bsbd `bsbdpbý pbýmr mr ui pm pmpbc pbc ldpart ldpartmi mitb tb bi cm smcu`. Bi nm`m uia `b cas sleulbitbs tbdms sb `bsnrlhbi ta`as cas bgbntas hbibglnlasas `bc yaeur sahrb cm smcu`?
\aeur y smc smcu` u` þs þsbm bm
\aeur y `lebstlþ `lebstlþii `b ccmm cmntas cmntasmm
\aeur y bigbrdb`m` bigbrdb`m`bs bs dbt dbtmhþclnms mhþclnms
\aeur rlna bi iut iutrlbitbs rlbitbs
\aeur y nait naitrac rac ``bb pbsa
CM GLIMCL@M@ @BC \AERXP ^u glimcl`m` `b bstb pra`unta cíntbas bs mpartmr ui % `b pratbäims `b mcta vmcar hlacþelna qub naitlbibi ta`as cas mdliaínl`a mdliaínl`ass bsbinlmcbs pmrm bc aremilsda, m`lnlaimcdbitb sai rlnas bi nmcnla, bcbdbita `b gínlc mhsarnlþi pmrm bc aremilsda.
Bitrb cms dunfms praplb`m`bs qub prbsbitm bc yaeurt bs naianl`m su nmpmnl`m` `b dboarmr cm mhsarnlþi y cas säitadms bi pmnlbitbs nai litacbrminlm m cm cmntasm. Bstb bs ui puita duy ldpartmitb, ym qub hmntbrlms mnl`a cíntbms naitlbib cmntmsm (bizldm qub `lelbrb cm cmntasm) bi sus `as nadpaibitbs ecunasm y emcmntasm, qub sai cas qub pmsmi cm hmrrbrm litbstlimc (Xby, (Xby, =.CANMCL_MNL AI EBAEXMGLNM @B CM DMPBXLM ZXLDM MXÍI@MIA Fmstm bc mýa 8:=> bc dmyar pra`untar `b mríi`mias m ilvbc dui`lmc `bstmnmhm Bstm`as Ril`as `b Mdìrlnm nai ui vacudbi `b pra`unnlþi `b 8> dts 8 dts = dt =5 dts
PAPMC
V V
x
7= dli
=
8
=
:
0.8 HMCMINB @B DMPBXLM \ BIBXELM
^b qulbrb nmcnucmr nmitl`m` nmitl`m`bs bs bxmntm bxmntmss `b dmtbrlm prldm numita numitass K KE E lierbsm mui dbzncm`ar ,s ,sll bc gcuoa `bbi smcl`m leumc m =0:: y cms grmnnlaibs dmsm >7%bstmhlclzm`ar m cm bitrm`m bs cm sleulbitb?Mzunmr 5%,cbnfb pacvabs7%,cbnfb bitbrmke2:%,cbnfb `bsnrbdm`m =%,bitrmi`a cas lerb`lbitbs par uuii saca nai`unta ,numi`a pmsm par bc dbzncm`ar fadaebilzm`ar plbr`b 8% `b cbnfb bitbr bitbrmm y mc smclr `b cm nmdmr nmdmrmm `b rbgr rbgrlebrmn lebrmnlai lai plbr` plbr`bb =,< =, :,>>%`b >%`b mz mzunmr unmr ±Nu ±Nuíc íc bs bc tatmc `bc cmntm`a pra`unl`a bi bc yaeurt mc lianucmr1
mzunmr Cbnfb bi pacva Cbnfb bitbrm Cbnfb ``bbsnrbdm`m bstmhlclzm`ar
5% 7% 2:% >7% =%
=0::ke DB_NCM@AX
FADAEBIL_M@AX >.>%nucva `b mzÿnmr
mzunmr Cbnfb bi pacva Cbnfb bitbrm Cbnfb `bsnrbdm`m bstmhlclzm`ar
M CZ CB C@ B
BIGXLM@AX
Hmcminb ebibrmc `bc dbzncm`ar ?
d=4d8 Hmcminb pmrnlmcbs . d= M4V=M.d=4V=M M4V=M.d=4V=M.d8 .d8
d=M4(:.:5)(=0:: d=M4(:.:5)(=0::KE)4 Zbr`l`m CB4=0KE d fadaebilzm`ar 4=0::ke-=0ke4=>67k 4=0::ke-=0ke4=>67kee Zbr`l`m bigrlm`ar 467-57ke
CM LI@R^PXLM @BC \AERX Bi cm mntumcl`m` bxlstbi ldpartmitbs li`ustrlms qub sb `b`lnmi m cm bcmharmnlai `bc yaeur,utlclzmi bc dlsda dbta`a pbra su vmrlmhcb sb `m bi cm clibm `b pra`unnlai. Bc yaeur li`ustrlmc ias agrbnb dunfms vbitmoms, uim duy ldpartmitb bs cm emrmitäm qub sb pub`b agrbnbr, agrbnbr, bc nclbitb nada nnaisudl`ar aisudl`ar rbnlhb ui ui pra`unta bi þptldms nai`lnlaibs nai`lnlaibs `b flelbib y nmcl`m`. @bhl`a m cm ermi mnael`m qub tlbib bc yaeur m ilvbc dui`lmc, fay bi `äm bxlstb dunfm nadpbtltlvl`m` bitrb dmrnms b li`ustrlms, bsta fm nmusm`a qub cas gmhrlnmitbs bcmharbi iubvms prapubstms `b yaeur, nadbizmi`a `bs`b prahmr nai iubvas smharbs nada nmgì, grutas bitrb bccas bc mríi`mia btn; fmstm bc `mrcb iubvms prbsbitmnlaibs y tbxturms nada daussbs, yaeur yaeur nrbdasa, yaeur pmrm hbh hbhbr br bitrb atras pmrm caermr mnmpmrm mnmpmrmrr cm mtbinlþi `b cas naisudl`arbs y su gl`bcl`m` mc pra`unta.
WMCAX BIBXEBPLNA @bs`b bc puita `b vlstm iutrlnlaimc y `b smcu`, bc yaeur mpartm iutrlbitbs m`lnlaimcbs m cas pra`untas grbsnas nada cms grutms, mc sbr ui mcldbita `brlvm`a `b cm cbnfb, ca fmnb rlna bi vltmdlims y dlibrmcbs. Cms pratbäims pra`unl`ms par cms hmntbrlms cíntlnms fmnbi `bc yaeur ui pra`unta nai dmyar vmcar hlacþelna, cms ermsms y cm cmntasm rbsuctmi dís `lebrlhcbs pmrm bc naisuda `b pbrsaims qub prbsbitbi prahcbdms `b litacbrminlm m pra`untas cíntbas. cíntbas.
^b nmrmntbrlzm par naitbibr nmrhafl`rmtas `lspailhcbs, nmrhafl`rmta nmrhafl`rmtass ia msldlcmhcbs, pratbäims cäpl`as, vltmdlims y dlibrm dlibrmcbs. cbs.
NADZA^LNLAI @B CM CBNFB \ BC \AERX
Nadpubstas (Ril`m`bs/=::e)
Nmcaräms Zratbäims(e) Ermsms(e) Nmrhafl`rmtas(e ) Nmcnla(de) Gasgara(de) ^a`la(de) Zatmsla(de)
\aeur `bsnrbdm` \aeur `b a grutms 70 ,2 0,82
Cbnfb `bsnrbdm` m >7 >,> :,=>
0,52 ==<
2,= =8=
0,< =02
7,2 =2:
=6.7 =57
,0
NADZA^LNLAI @B WLPMDLIM^ BI CBNFB \ \AERX
Wltmdlims(uil`m`bs/=::e)
Wltmdlim M Wltmdlim N
Cbnfb bitbrm
Cbnfb `bsnrbdm`m
\aeur bitbra
\aeur `bsimtm`a
=06 =,2
= ,:
=0: -
5: :,5
Wltmdlim @ Wltmdlim B
=,8 :,=>
-
-
Prmzms
WMCAX MEXBEM@A Bc vmcar merbem`a qub sb cb fm `m`a mc yaeurt bs m`lnlaimr 8:% dís `bc pra`unta m nadpmrmnlþi `b su prbsbitmnlþi arlelimc, dmitbilbi`a cm nmcl`m` y nasta nadpbtltlva.
PMDMÝA @B ZCMIPM \ NMZMNL@M@ @B ZXA@RNNLAI Bc tmdmýa `b cm pcmitm vm m `bpbi`br `b vmrlas gmntarbs bitrb bccas pub pub`bi `bi sbr; m) Pmdmýa y `bdmi`m h) Pmdmýa y dmtbrlm prldm
Bc tmdmýa `b cm pcm pcmitm itm bs `b =::: d .
DM]RLIMXLM \ B]RLZA^ @bsnrlpnlþi @bsnrlpnlþ i `b cas bqulpas prlinlpmcbs
8
Cm bcmharmnlþi `b yaeurt rbqulbrb `b cm dboar dmqulimrlm qub `lspaib bc dbrnm`a pmrm pa`br emrmitlzmr emrmitlzmr m cas naisudl`a naisudl`arbs rbs glimcbs ui pra` pra`unta unta `b nmcl`m`. nmcl`m`. M naitliumnlþi, naitliumnlþi, sb `btmccmi cms bspbnlglnmnlaibs tìnilnms tìnilnms `b cm dmqulimrlm qub sb utlclzmrí bi bc pranbsa `b pra`unnlþi.
m) PMI]RB BIGXLM@AX (PK-=)? Zmrm prbsbrvmr cm nmcl`m` `b cm cbnfb bs bsbinlmc rbgrlebrmrcm `b dmibrm rípl`m y bglnlbitb. Cm cbnfb smcb `b cm uhrb m uim tbdpbrmturm qub rai`m cas >2 ¿N y bs prbnlsa bigrlmrcm `b lidb`lmta. Muiqub cm cbnfb naisbrvm uim rbslstbinlm imturmc m cms hmntbrlms lidb`lmtmdbitb `bspuìs `bspuìs `b cm bxtrmnnlþi, bs ibnbsmrla rbgrlebrmrcm rípl`mdbitb m uim tbdpbrmturm `b mcdmnbimdlbita mcdmnbimdlbita `b bitrb 0 y 7 ºN pmrm ldpb`lr a dlildlzmr bc nrbnldlbita `b dlnraaremilsda dlnraaremilsdas. s.
Nmrmntbrästlnms.
Naistrunnlþi `b mnbra liaxl`mhcb tlpa >:0 Nmpmnl`m` `b 8:::cts. Ri mnbra liaxl`mhcb sudmdbitb sudmdbitb pucl`a hrli`m `urmhlcl`m` y nmpmnl`m` `b cldplbzm bi ui bivactarla mtrmntlva. Xbvbstldlbita litbria nai cm bxncuslvm supbrglnlb `b trmisgbrbinlm tìrdlnm PbrdZcmtb - Dmxldlzm cm bglnmnlm `b cm rbgrlebrmnlþi. Bstrunturm mlscm`m `b `ahcb pmrb` - Dmitlbib uim mctm bglnmnlm bi bc mcdmnbimdlbita mcdmnbimdlb ita tìrdlna. Zmtms moustmhcbs rbeucmhcbs bi mcturm - Cb msbeurm uim `lstrlhunlþi uilgardb `bc pbsa mÿi sahrb sahrb supbrglnlbs `b `bspmrboms. spmrboms. Cm tmpm `b cm hanm `b fadhrb sb mhrb fmnlm ui nastm`a - Gmnlcltm cm lispbnnlþi `b cm cbnfb y cm rbvlslþi `bc tmiqub; sb nlbrrm fbrdìtlnmdbitb pmrm dmitbibr cm smcuhrl`m` `b cm cbnfb. Bc tmiqub mutarrbgrlebrmitb. Bsnmcbrm `b mnbra liaxl`mhcb qub pbrdltb ui mnnbsa sbeura m cm tmpm `b cm hanm `b fadhrb `urmitb cm lispbnnlþi y bc sbrvlnla. Zrbpmrm`a pmrm slstbdm NLZ `b cmvm`a, apnlaimcdbitb pcmtmgardm lispbnnlþi litbrlar, Glctra pmrm sbpmrmr paslhcbs nubrpas bxtrmýas.
h) @B^NXBDM@AX (@^- =) Cm guinlþi qub nudpcb bs `b rbtlrmr pmrtb `b cm ermsm. Zar ui pranbsa `b nbitrlguemnlþi bc numc pbrdltb ahtbibr cbnfb sbdl`bsnrbd sbdl`bsnrbdm`m m`m mptm pmrm bc pranbsa `b yaeurt.
Nmrmntbrästlnms.
Nbitrlguem pmrm pranbsmr 07:: C/f. @bsimtm`a y/a flelbilzm`a `b cbnfb. Xbvbstl`ms `b mnbra LIAV. Nadpcbtms nai num`ra bcìntrlna, erupa `b prbslþi y hminm`m mincmob subca. Zrbpmrm`m pmrm cldplbzm par slstbdm N.L.Z. @bsnmrem `b ca`as m ldpucsas rbeucmrbs praermdm`as. Plbdpas `b `bsnmrem `lgbrbitbs sbeÿi pra`unnlþi a cmvm`a.
N)FADAEBIBL_M@AX (FD - =). Nmrmntbrästlnms.
Nai nmu`mcbs `bs`b cas 2: m cas 2:.::: c/f. ^b cm rbmclzm m =2:- 82: Hmr `b prbslþi. Pa`as cas da`bcas sb sudlilstrmi nai vbrslþi smiltmrlm a msìptlnm. Zaslhlcl`m` `b nmu`mc gloa a vmrlmhcb. @b uim a `as btmpms `b fadaebiblzmnlþi.
`) ZM^PBXL_M@AX - GBXDBIPM@AX (PK-8). Cas tmiqubs nudpcbi cm guinlþi `b pmstburlzmr cm cbnfb, dbzncmr cm cbnfb bi pacva y mzÿnmr ym qub bstíi pravlstas `b meltm`arbs litbrias. Cm gbrdbitmnlþi sb rbmclzm r bmclzm ermnlms m ui slstbdm `b naitrac `b nm`m uia `b cas tmiqubs qub prbnlsmi cm tbdpbrmturm `b 02ºN.
Nmrmntbrästlnms.
Pmiqub `b mnbra liaxlhmhcb, nai meltm`ar, mlscm`a y nai nfmqubtm bi gai`a y cmtbrmcbs `b 0 Cts, pmrm bc nmcbitmdlbita, pmstburlzmnlþi, pmstburlzmnlþi, bigrlmdlbita `b cm cbnfb. Xbslstbinlms bcìntrlnms. Nai nmpmnl`m` `b cas 0 Cts. Nai nmdlsm `b litbrnmdhla pmrm nmcbitmr a bigrlmr. Mlscm`a bi gai`a y cmtbrmcbs. Nai meltm`arbs bspbnlmcdbitb `lsbým`as pmrm pra`untas nada, gbrdbitas, imtm a yaeur. Pmpm mhmtlhcb pmrm su cldplbzm. Zaslhlcl`m` `b cldplbzm N.L.Z. m pmrtlr `b >2:c. Zaslhlcl`m` `b daitmob bi pcmtmgardm, nai slstbdm `b rbeucmnlþi `b tbdpbrmturm y naitrac mutadítlna `bc nlnca `b pmstbrlzmnlþi nai rbelstrm`ar eríglna.
b) PMI]RB^ @B GXRPM@A A ^MHAXL_M@A (PK - >). Bc PK-> bstí pravlsta `b meltm`arbs litbrias qub pbrdltb grutm`a `bc yaeurt nai cms pucpms `b grutm qub qub sbríi bstlh bstlhm`ms m`ms m nm`m uia `b cas tmi tmiqubs. qubs.
Nmrmntbrästlnms.
Pmiqubs `b mnbra liaxl`mhcb `b 2:: m =::: Cts, nai meltm`arbs, pmrm bc grutm`a `bc yaeurt. Zaslhlcl`m` `b cldplbzm N.L.Z. m pmrtlr `b >2:c Zaslhlcl`m` `b daitmob bi pcmtmgardm, nai slstbdm db`l`ar `b tbdpbrmturm y naitrac `b cm meltmnlþi.
g) BIWM^M@AXM^ CLIBMCB^ (BC- =). ^ai bivmsm`arms qub uim vbz ar`bim`as cas bivmsbs, pranb`b m ccbimr bc pra`unta `b mnubr`a mc vacudbi rbqubrl`a, pmrm cubea pranb`br m tmpmr ym qub nubitm nai ui hrmza m prbslþi.
Nmrmntbrästlnms.
@bs`b 2:: m >.::: hatbccms/farm. Zmrm hatbccms `b pcístlna prb-gardm`ms nai tmpþi rasnm. Zmrm hatbccms `bs`b =::dc. fmstm 8c. Zrbpmrm`m pmrm slstbdm N.L.Z. `b cldplbzm. Patmcdbitb naistrul`m `b mnbra liaxl`mhcb. Zaslhlcl`m` `b `lgbrbitbs gardmtas. Zratbnnlaibs mitl-mnnl`bitb mitl-mnnl`bitbs. s.
e) NÍDMXM @B BIGXLMDLBIPA/NAI^BXWMNLÞI BIGXLMDLBIPA/NAI^BXWMNLÞI (NBN- =)
^b bigrlmríi cas yaeurbs fmstm cas =: ºN, ca dís rípl`mdbitb paslhcb, pmrm grbimr uim mnl`lglnmnlþi bxnbslvm `b cas dlsdas. Cm rbgrlebrmnlþi ia tbrdlim fmstm qub bc yaeur bstí m 0 ºN, tbdpbrmturm m cm qub `bhb naisbrvmrsb fmstm bc dadbita `b su naisuda. Nídmrm nai bqulpa grlearäglna?
Nmrmntbrästlnms.
@b gínlc daitmob, pmibcbs prb-bismdhcm`as. prb-bismdhcm`as. Nai pmibc grlearäglna `b 7:, 6:,=:: a =2: sbeÿi cm guinlþi `b cm nídmrm. Zmibc `b paclurbtmia nai nfmpm cmnm`m par sus `as nmrms. ^b pub`b listmcmr bqulpa grlearäglna ibnbsmrla? Bqulpa grlearäglna nadpmnta, Xbslstbinlms y slstbdm `b rbnlrnucmnlþi garzm`m `b mlrb pmrm cm gmhrlnmnlþi `b yaeur hmtl`a.
NMCNRCA @B CM NMXEM PAPMC @B BIBXELM BI CM ZCMIPM LI@R^PXLMC?
Bqulpa
Zatbinl m
Kw
Plbdpa F
Bibreäm Mpmrbitb
Nas Χ
^bi Χ
B.Mntlvm
B.Xvm
KU -@lm KUmtt-@
Pmiqub bigrlm`ar
0 FZ
8. FZ
8.80Kw
2
==.8Kw/@ :,67 :.2=:> .>2Kw
0
=>.0Kw/@ :.62 :.2876 ==.>6Kw/ :,=88 8=.>Kw/@ 7.6 Kw/@ @
0.6 FZ
>.26Kw
>
Fadaebiblzm`a r
Bdhmzm`ar clibmc
=:.50Kw/ @
:.< :.0>2<
:,2< FZ
PAPMC
0
8.80 Kw
6. 5.5 K w/@ 0.7 Kw/@
66.:
Numrta `b nmc`brm y nadprbsar 7 ganas `b 8: Umtt
Zra`unnlþi 8: ganas `b 2: Umtt =: ganas `b =:: Umtt
: : 0
Zmtla/Nanfbrm 7 ganas `b 2: Umtt
Nadb`ar y ^^FF =8 ganas `b 6: Umtt
: : =
: : 8
Wlelcminlm 0 ganas `b 8: Umtt
: 2
Zra`unta : 2 8
^bnnlþi Nlm.
66:::d
Aglnlim 22:::d m`dlilstrmtlvms Mcdmnìi `b lisudas y dmtbrlm prldm
>82:
d
Pbrdlim`aNumrta `b grla 2 ganas `b =:: Umtt
: 2
Lcudlimnlþ i Umtt /d8
Plbdp a F
8
>Umtt
=8
=:::d8x>U/d8x=8F4>7:::/=:::
>7Kw
8
:.6 Umtt
6
22:::d8x:.6Ux6F4>28:::/=:::
>28Kw
Írbm D8
Zra`unnlþi
Mcdmnìi `b prldm lisudas y dmtbrlm 6 ganas `b 7: Umtt
Aglnlims M`dlilstrmtlvms 6 ganas `b 7: Umtt
8
:.06 Umtt
<
72
Nmcnuca
72
B.Bcld Kwmt/F
d
=:::
8
x:.06Ux:::d
8
:.=8 Umtt
5
=:::d8x:.=8Ux5F4=:.=8Kw 20.7Kw
^^FF Wlelcminlm >82:d Zmtla -Nanfbrm 87:::d
8 8
Bibreäm `b Lcudlimnlþi `b Zcmitm
0Kw/@
@mta 4 Cm pcmitm trmhmom >: `lms Kw x F 4 :.=8
BIBXELM @B LCRDLIMNLAI+B LCRDLIMNLAI+BIBXELM IBXELM MNPLWM+BIBXELM XBMNPLWM 0 Kw-F+66.: @äms/Dbs x :,=8 $/Kw 4 8877.>: $/Kw ^B @BPBXDLIM BC PMDMÝA @B C PXMI^GAXDM@AX Bibreäm Patmc `b cm nmrem478 Kw/@lm x =.8 4 522.0 Kw/@äm
XBNADBI@MNLÞI M`qulrlr ui Prmisgardm`ar `b 57: Kw/@äm
Gmntarbs Numitlglnmhcbs
Dmtbrlm Zrldm Cbnfb Mríi`mia Dmia `b Ahrm Wäms `b Mnnbsa Pbrrbia Bibreäm Bcìntrlnm Meum
Dmia `b Ahrm Cm `lspailhlcl`m` `bc pbrsaimc y bc nasta `b dmia `b ahrm tlbib naisl`bra bc naitrmtmr m pbrsaimc nai bxpbrlbinlm bxpbrlbinlm bi cm li`ustrlm mcldbitm mcldbitmrlm rlm nai cm glimcl`m` `b rb`unlr nastas bi bi tlbdpas `b gardmnlþi y bitrbimdlbita.
Bibreäm Bcìntrlnm Bc sbrvlnla `b bibreäm bcìntrlnm sb binubitrm m nmrea `b cm bdprbsm Bibc,
Dmtbrlm Zrldm b Lisuda Cm dmtbrlm prldm prlinlpmc `bc pra`unta bs cm cbnfb grbsnm par bsm rmzþi sb `bhb msbeurmr su narrbnta trmispartb y dlildlzmr bc tlbdpa `b trmscm`a.
Wäms `b Prmispartb Pa`m cm apbrmnlþi sb bgbntÿm hmoa rbgrlebrmnlþi (díxlda (díxlda 5 ¿N) pmrm dmitbibr cm nm`bim `b gräa, par ca qub cas trmispartbs `bhbi sbr rbgrlebrm`as y mlscm`as. Bc dmiboa `bc pra`unta `bhb
sbr nul`m`asa. Bc pra`unta `bhb trmispartmrsb bi su bdpmqub bspbnäglna, `lsbým`a bspbnlmcdbitb pmrm sapartmr bc dmiboa `urmitb bc trmispartb, y ia smnmrsb `b sus nmoms a naitbib`arbs, y saca bi nmsa ib ibnbsmrla nbsmrla saca pmrm cm bitrbem mc `lstrlhul`ar a nclbitb.
Nadhustlhcb Bc nadhustlhcb qub usm cm davlcl`m` `b trmispartb bs bc pbtrþcba qub sb m`qulbrb bi cas nbitras `b mhmstbnldlbita `b nadhustlhcbs (erlgas)
Meum ^b nubitm nai meum patmhcb sudlilstrm`m par cm rb` `b ^b`mpmc sb tlbib `lspailhlcl`m` `b bstb rbnursa.
LIGXMB^PXRNPRXM Cm ligrmbstrunturm `b cm pcmitm nubitm nai mdhlbitbs m`bnum`as m`bnum`as pmrm nm`m pranbsa y naitrac. Nastas gloas `b cms írbms par dbs 8 = = = =
NA^PA^ GLOA^ AGLNLIM M@DLIL^PXM@AX MCDMNBIBXA EBXBIPB NFAGBX PAPMC
^/. 52: ^/. 52: ^/. 2:: ^/. =,82: ^/. 2:: ^/. >,52:.::
Nastas Wmrlmhcbs NA^PA^ WMXLMHCB^ LPBD Z.RILPMXLA Z. DZ ^/. >5,57>.=> ^/. =:,2:: cltras. Bc tlbdpa qub ccbvm ta`a bc bc pranbsa `bs`b `bs`b cm rbnbpnlþi `b cm dmtbrlm prldm fmstm qub bc pra`unta bs bivmsm`a (vbr pranbsa
pra`untlva) bs `b 2 farms y 82 dli, nmhb sbý sbýmcmr mcmr qub bc pranb pranbsa sa `b lianucmnlþi lianucmnlþi `urm > farms, tlbdpa qub sb `bhb mpravbnfmr cas rbnursas fudmias m gli `b dmxldlzmr cm utlcl`m`, par ca tmita uim vbz qub bc prldbr pranbsa bitrm m cm gmsb `b lianucmnlþi sb lilnlmrí ui sbeui`a pranbsa, ym qub sb naitmríi nai `as tmiqubs `b gbrdbitmnlþi, par ca tmita sb rbmclzmríi `lmrlmdbitb `as pranbsas, bi vlstm qub sb cmharmrmi 6 farms `lmrlms sb pra`unlríi 7:: cltras cltras `b yaeurt `lmrlas `lmrlas,, bi bc mýa sb cmharmrmi 28 sb sbdmims dmims y bi nm`m nm`m sbdmim sb cmharmrmi 2 `äms, bitainbs sb pra`unlríi? 87: `äms x 7:: cltras `lmrlas4=27.::: cltras mc mýa. `lmrlas4=27.::: Bi rbsudbi, tbibdas? >:: Cltras par pranbsa x 8 pranbsas `lmrlas 4 7:: cltras `lmrlas 2 `äms cmharmhcbs m cm sbdmim sbdmim x 28 sbdmims mc mýa 4 87: `äms cmharmhcbs cmharmhcbs 7:: cltras `lmrlas x 87: `äms cmharmhcbs 4 =27.::: cltras mc mýa
h) Nm Nmpm pmnl nl`m `m` ` utlc utlclz lzm` m`mm Cm nmptmnlþi `b dmtbrlm prldm bi bstb nmsa cm cbnfb, bs duy vmrlmhcb, m`bdís sb `bhb husnmr pravbb`arbs qub nudpcmi nudpcmi nai cms bxlebinlms smiltmr smiltmrlms, lms, par bcca `urmitb bc prldbr mýa sb trmhmomrí nai bc 6:% `b cm nmpmnl`m` listmcm`m, linrbdbitíi`asb bi ui 2% miumc, fmstm ccbemr mc =::% `b cm nmpmnl`m` listmcm`m. ^b fmi tadm`a nada rbgbrbinlm bstas parnbitmobs naisl`brmi`a bc tlbdpa ibnbsmrla pmrm paslnlaimr bc pra`unta bi bc dbrnm`a.
MÝA^
NMZMNL@M@ LI^PMCM@M
NMZMNL@M@ RPLCL_M@M
% Z.RPLCL_M@M
=
=27
6:%
=80.6
8
=27
62%
=>8.7
>
=27
>- Zmstburlzm`a
8:,=7
0 „Nanlim`a
:,27
2- Numom`a
Hlacþe lna ]uädl na
Naitmdlimnlþi par rbsl`uas qu quäd ädln lnas as?? ^a ^a`m `m níustlnm y/a ínl`a
Lim`bnum`m flel lelbib `b apbrmrlas
cas
Lim`bnum`m flelbib bi bc tmiqub `b linuhmnlþi. Hmom `aslglnmn `aslglnmnlþi lþi `b mebitbs `bsligbntmitbs. Xbsl`uas `b mebitbs `bsligbntm `bsli gbntmitbs itbs bi bc tmiqub `b
linuhmnlþi.
Naitmdlimnlþi par? ^tmpfycanannus murbus, Bsnfbr Bsn fbrlnf lnflm lm nac nacl, l, smcdaibccm spp.
Naitmdlimnlþi par? Hmntbrlms mbrahlms dbsþgltms vlmhcbs.
ZBCLEXA IA L@BIPLGLNM@A
Lim`bnum`m flelbib `bc fadaebilzm`ar. Hmom `aslglnmn `aslglnmnlþi lþi `b mebitbs `bsligbntmitbs. Xbsl`uas `b mebitbs `bsligbntm `bsli gbntmitbs itbs bi bc fadaebilzm`ar. Lim`bnum`m flelbib `bc fadaebilzm`ar. Hmom `aslglnmn `aslglnmnlþi lþi `b mebitbs `bsligbntmitbs. Xbsl`uas `b mebitbs `bsligbntm `bsli gbntmitbs itbs bi bigrlm`ar `b pcmnms.
Naitmdlimnlþi
Lim`bnum`m flel lelbib `b apbrmrlas
cas
Flelbib lim lim`bn `bnum` um`mm bi bc bigrlm`ar. Hmom `aslglnmn `aslglnmnlþi lþi `b mebitbs `bsligbntmitbs. X bsl`uas `b mebitbs
Nudpclr nai bc pranb`ldlbita `b HZD y ^^ ^^AZ AZ –`bs –`bsmg mgbn bnnl nlþi þi y cldp ldplb lbzzm— pmrm bstb nlrnulta `b cm pcmitm.(H) Nudpclr nai bc pranb`ldlbita `b HZD y ^^ ^^AZ AZ –`bs –`bsmg mgbn bnnl nlþi þi y cldp ldplb lbzzm— pmrm bstb nlrnulta `b cm pcmitm.(H) Nudpclr nai bc pranb`ldlbita `b HZD y ^^ ^^AZ AZ –`bs –`bsmg mgbn bnnl nlþi þi y cldp ldplb lbzzm— pmrm bstb nlrnulta `b cm pcmitm.(H) Nudpclr nai bc pranb`ldlbita `b HZD y ^^ ^^AZ AZ –`bs –`bsmg mgbn bnnl nlþi þi y cldp ldplb lbzzm— pmrm bstb nlrnulta `b cm pcmitm.(H) Nudpclr nai cas `b HZD y ^^ ^^AZ –c –cmvm`a y `bsligbnnlþi `b dmias— y –nmpmnltmnlþi `b c pbrsaimc— Nudpclr nai bc pranb`ldlbita `b HZD y ^^ ^^AZ AZ –`bs –`bsmg mgbn bnnl nlþi þi y cldp ldplb lbzzm— pmrm bstb nlrnulta `b cm pcmitm.(N) Nudpclr nai bc pranb`ldlbita `b HZD y ^^ ^^AZ AZ –`bs –`bsmg mgbn bnnl nlþi þi y cldp ldplb lbzzm— pmrm bstb nlrnulta `b cm pcmitm.(N) Nudpclr nai cas `b HZD y ^^ ^^AZ –c –cmvm`a y `bsligbnnlþi `b dmias— y –nmpmnltmnlþi `b c pbrsaimc—
Nudpclr nai bc pranb`ldlbita `b HZD y ^^ ^^AZ AZ –`bs –`bsmg mgbn bnnl nlþi þi y cldp ldplb lbzzm— pmrm bstb nlrnulta `b cm pcmitm.(N) Nudpclr nai bc pranb`ldlbita `b HZD y
par rbsl`uas quädlnas.
Naitmdlimnlþi par? Hmntbrlms mbrahlms dbsþgltms vlmhcbs.
Hlacþe lna
Bivmsm `a
]uädl na
Mcdmnbimdlbita 8 @bspmnfa y trmispartb
Naitmdlimnlþi par? faieas y cbvm`urms. Naitmdlimnlþi par? ^tmpfycanannus murbus, Bsnfbr Bsn fbrlnf lnflm lm nac nacl, l, smcdaibccm spp. Naitmdlimnlþi par rbsl`uas qu quäd ädln lnas as?? ^a ^a`m `m níustlnm y/a ínl`a iätrlna. Naitmdlimnlþi par rbsl`uas quädlnas `bc cmvm`a `b bivmsbs.
^^ ^^AZ AZ –`bs –`bsmg mgbn bnnl nlþi þi y cldp ldplb lbzzm— pmrm bstb nlrnulta `b cm pcmitm.(N)
`bsligbntmitbs `bsligbntm itbs bi bc bigrlm`ar.
Flelbib lim` lim`bn bnum um`m `m `bc `bc tmiqub `b bivm bivmssm`a m`a y ca cass nlrnultas `b `aslglnmnlþi. Hmom `aslglnmn `aslglnmnlþi lþi `b mebitbs `bsligbntmitbs. Lim`bnum`m flel lelbib `b cas bivmsbs.
lim`bnum`m flel lelbib `b apbrmrlas
cas
Xbsl`uas `b mebitbs `bsligbntmitbs bi bc tmiqub `b dbzncm. Xbsl`uas `b mebitb `bsligbntmitb bi cas bivmsbs
Nudpclr nai bc pranb`ldlbita `b HZD y ^^ ^^AZ AZ –`bs –`bsmg mgbn bnnl nlþi þi y cldp ldplb lbzzm— pmrm bstb nlrnulta `b cm pcmitm.(N)
Nudpclr nai cas `b HZD y ^^AZ –`bsligbnnlþi `b bivmsbs— Nudpclr nai bc pranb`ldlbita `b HZD y ^^ ^^AZ AZ –`bs –`bsmg mgbn bnnl nlþi þi y cldp ldplb lbzzm— pmrm bstb nlrnulta `b cm pcmitm.(N) Nudpclr nai bc pranb`ldlbita `b HZD y ^^ ^^AZ AZ –`bs –`bsmg mgbn bnnl nlþi þi y cldp ldplb lbzzm— pmrm bstb nlrnulta `b cm pcmitm. Nudpclr nai bc pranb`ldlbita `b HZD y ^^ ^^AZ AZ –`bs –`bsmg mgbn bnnl nlþi þi y cldp ldplb lbzzm— pmrm bstb nlrnulta `b cm pcmitm.
ZBCLEXA IA L@BIPLGLNM@A ZBCLEXA IA L@BIPLGLNM@A
=0. Naincuslaibs y Xbnadbi`mnlaibs?
Naincuslaibs?
Ermnlms m bstb trmhmoa l`bignmdas qub bs ui pranbsa `b pra`unnlþi y nada uinlaim pmrm ahtbibr ui pra`unta gimc
Ri pranbsa `b pra`unnlþi ias pbrdltb `bsmrraccmr `b dmibrm sbnubinlmc y cþelnm ui pra`unta bvltmi`a `bspbr`lnlas y sahrb nastas
Nai bc bstu`la `bc pranbsa `b pra`unnlþi sb naincuyb qub ia bxlstb cm aremilzmnlþi `b cms mnvl`m`bs bi bc pranbsa `b rbnbpnlþi `b cm dmtbrlm prldm, b linuhmnlþi, fadaebilzmnlþi tmdhlìi sb nadprahþ qub bc trmhmom`ar rbnarrb cmrems `lstminlms y rbmclzmhm davldlbitas liibnbsmrlas pra`unlbi`a msä `bspbr`lnlas `b bdpas
@b mnubr`a nai ca livbsem`a, bxlstb `lspailhlcl`m` `b rbnursas `b dmtbrlm prldm, lisudas b lincuslvb dmqulimrlm pmrm cm bcmharmnlþi `b cas pra`untas cíntbas `b bspbnlmcl`m`. Ca qub pbrdltb ebibrmr pcmibs pmrm ahtbibr bstas rbnursas bi bc dadbita m`bnum`a, y bvltmr bi b i cm dmibrm `b ca paslhcb rbtrmsas a mctmitbs bi mceuias `b bccas; y qub m`bdís sb m`bnubi m cms paslhlcl`m`bs `b cas pbqubýas emim`bras.
Xbnadbi`mnlaibs?
Bxlelr m sus pravbb`arbs qub bc farmrla `b bitrbem `b cm dmtbrlm prldm sbm naistmitb qub pbrdltm m sus trmhmom`arbs uim pcmilgnmnlþi m`bnum`m pmrm qub ia bxlstm `bspbr`lnlas `b bdpa, par bi`b bvltmrm pbr`l`ms bnaiþdlnms y `b pra`unnlþi.
^b rbnadlbi`m qub slbdprb sb rbmclnb bc b c pranbsa `b naitrac `b mnl`bz mitbs `b `bsnmremr mc tmiqub `b mcdmnbimdlbita, pmrm bvltmr `bspbr`lnlas `b bdpa. Pmdhlìi sb rbnadlbi`m rbmclzmr ui rbelstra `bc pranbsa `b bcmharmnlþi `bc yaeurt pmrm cm vbrlgnmnlþi cm mpclnmnlþi m pclnmnlþi `b cas bdpas bstmi`mrlzm`as
Cm bstrunturm `b nastas bspbrm`a pbrdltbi sbr nadpbvas bi bc dbrnm`a `b pra`untas cíntbas eaurdbt, m pbsmr qub bi mceuias pra`untas sb `bhm rb`unlr bc dmrebi `b naitrlhunlþi. Ia ahstmitb bs rbnadbi`mhcb qub ta`as cas pra`untas prapubstas sb bcmharbi, muiqub ia sbm mc dlsda bdpa, pubs cas hbibgnlas ahtbil`as bi su dbzncm sai duy paslvas pmrm cm pcmitm.
Nmpmnltmr pbrlþ`lnmdbitb mc emim`bra y mc pbrsaimc `b cm pcmitm pmrm qub dmitbiem uim mntu` `b nadpradlsa nai cm nmcl`m` b lianul`m` `b cas pra`untas cíntbas. @b bstm dmibrm, ia pbr`brí bc biaqub m db`l`m vmym tadmi`a bxpbrlbinlm. Bc mnada`a y cm bxlhlclzmnlþi bi mspbntas `b nmcl`m` smiltmrlm pub`bi tbibr naisbnubinlms n aisbnubinlms ibemvms
sahrb cm pra`unnlþi, bc rbi`ldlbita y par bi`b, b i`b, bi cms ucl`m`bs `b cm pcmitm.
XBGBXBINLM^?
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[email protected] fttp?//rbpasltarla.upma.b`u.pb/hltstrbmd/upmarbp/>:20/=/XBQLI @
[email protected]^ @LM.ZRBCCB^ QM@
[email protected]@XACL_M QM@LNLAI
[email protected]@XACL_M@AQ@MPA^ @AQ@MPA^.Z@G .Z@G
fttp?//rbpasltarla.cmdaclim.b`u.pb/hltstrbmd/fmi`cb/RIMCD/8:27/B8=-F6>H5G522H:2N P.p`g;osbsslail`4B6052< =>:>H5G522H:2N6G>=>0>B>8>21sbqubi 6G>=>0>B>8>21sbqubinb4= nb4=
