Proceso Constructivo en Tuneles

 

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  \h tùhln  ls uhb marb suatlrrâhlb kl gbrâgtlr nchlbn qul gmfuhcgb kms puhtms pbrb ln trbhspmrtl kl  plrsmhbs m fbtlrcbnls. Hmrfbnflhtl ls brtcocgcbn.

Nbs ouhgcmhls kln tùhln smh kcvlrsbs9 sl gmhstruylh tùhlnls pbrb trbhspmrtl, pbrb bnfbglhbfclhtm y bnalrjbr kcvlrsbs chstbnbgcmhls.

 

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Obgtmrls cfpmrtbhtls pbrb uh tùhln9

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  \acgbgc÷h   Gmhkcgc÷h kln tlrrlhm, pulkl slr klskl uh ncfm anbhkm ebstb uhb rmgb kurb.   Klplhkclhkm ln tlrrlhm cfpncgbrâ gbfacms lh nb jlmfltræb, lh nb omrfb kl nb lstrugturb y pmr supulstm lh ln fãtmkm kl gmhstruggc÷h.

 

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 Nb slggc÷h tcpm kcoclrl sljùh ln tcpm kl tlrrlhm9

Lh rmgb sl utcnczbh jlhlrbnflhtl furms vlrtcgbnls y nb a÷vlkb kl flkcm puhtm (slggc÷h kl elrrbkurb), Lh tlrrlhms flhms rlscstlhtls ãstb sl bprmxcfb fâs b uhb omrfb mvmckbn bòbkclhkm uhb smnlrb. Lh fbn tlrrlhm sl tclhkl bn gærgunm, gmh gmhtrb a÷vlkb cholrcmr.

 

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  Nbs kcflhscmhls kln tùhln (bhgem, bnturb bnturb y nmhjctuk),  pbrâfltrms qul klochbh nb pnbhtb (gurvbs gcrgunbrls, kl trbhscgc÷h), ln bnzbkm (plhkclhtls fâxcfbs), nb

omrfb

lstrugturbn, (gærgunm, rlgtbhjunbr, kl elrrbkurb, ltg.), chonucrâh klgcscvbflhtl smarl nb slggc÷h tcpm. •

  Nb slggc÷h tcpm klalrâ smpmrtbr nbs prlscmhls kln tlrrlhm qul sl prlslhtl.

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  Ln scstlfb kl gmhstruggc÷h sl prlslhtb kl bgulrkm bgulrkm b9

Nbs gmhkcgcmhls kln tlrrlhm y tmfbhkm lh gulhtb nms flkcms lgmh÷fcgms gmh nms qul sl kcspmhjb.

 

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 Lh gubhtm bn lqucpbfclhtm kln tùhln ls hlglsbrcb uhb cnufchbgc÷h qul klal slr  pmtlhtl lh nb lhtrbkb, smarl tmkm kl kæb, y kcsfchucr prmjrlscvbflhtl ebgcb ln chtlrcmr.

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  Nb vlhtcnbgc÷h klal prlvlr ebstb nbs sctubgcmhls kl lflrjlhgcb, gmfm gmnbpsms kl trbhsctm l chglhkcms. Ln prmylgtm kl vlhtcnbgc÷h tclhl jrbh chonulhgcb lh ln prmylgtm y nb gmhstruggc÷h kln tùhln, puls ln pbsm kl nms gmhkugtms kl bcrl mgbscmhb prmanlfbs kl lspbgcm, y nms outurms pmzms kl vlhtcnbgc÷h kln tùhln sl pulklh utcnczbr kurbhtl nb gmhstruggc÷h pbrb funtcpncgbr nms orlhtls kl lxgbvbgc÷h kln tùhln y tbfacãh gmfm vlhtcnbgc÷h.

 

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 Lh tùhlnls plromrbkms sl tclhkl b nb slggc÷h gcrgunbr gmh ln fæhcfm kcâfltrm,  pmr nm qul nb lxbgtctuk lh ln rlpnbhtlm kl nb bnchlbgc÷h ls fuy cfpmrtbhtl klackm bn lsgbsm lspbgcm ncarl lhtrl ln lqucpm rmkbhtl y nb lstrugturb. Lh mgbscmhls, klackm b nb obntb kl bnturb, sl rlabib nb a÷vlkb y sl buflhtb su lsplsmr.

Nms tùhlnls lh nbs lstbgcmhls smh fugem fbymrls qul nms tùhlnls kl rlgmrrckm, y prlslhtbh, rlsplgtm b su bhgeurb, uhb slggc÷h bùh fâs rlabibkb. Lh ãstms sl lxcjlh hmrfbs lstrcgtbs kl cfplrflbacnczbgc÷h, bsæ gmfm uhb aulhb cnufchbgc÷h y uhms aulhms bgbabkms.

 

NBW BG[C_CKBKLW PQCHGCPBNLW R\L CH[LJQBH NB GMHW[Q\GGC×H KL \H [ÙHLN WMH9 •

Lstukcms prlncfchbrls.

Lstukcm jlmn÷jcgm. Wl matlhkrâ kl nms fbpbs l chomrfls puancgbkms kl tmkm ln trbzbkm, chgnusm kl sus  pmscanls vbrcbhtls gmfm4 chomrfbgc÷h kl klp÷sctms bnuvcbnls b nuvcbnls y tcpms kl rmgb qul  pmkrlfms lhgmhtrbr lh nb lxgbvbgc÷h, bsæ gmfm kl obnnbs y mtrms bggcklhtls b ggcklhtls jlmn÷jcgms.

Wmhklms. Nms smhklms kbrâh chomrfbgc÷h smarl nb hbturbnlzb kl nbs kcstchtbs gbpbs, su gmhscstlhgcb y su jrbkm jrbkm kl euflkbk, euflkbk, nb plromrbgc÷h gmh abrrlhms ls ln fãtmkm fâs utcnczbkm pmr onlxcacnckbk, rbpcklz y lgmhmfæb. Ln kcâfltrm kl nms bjuilrms vbræb kl 200 b ;00 ff. y nb prmouhkckbk pulkl suplrbr bfpncbflhtl nms 200 f.

 

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[ùhlnls kl rlgmhmgcfclhtm.

Nms tùhlnls kl rlgmhmgcfclhtm smh sch kukb ln fãtmkm kl lxpnmrbgc÷h qul kb fâs chomrfbgc÷h pbrb nb gmhstruggc÷h kln tùhln. Wl pulklh lxgbvbr pbrtclhkm kl nbs amgbs kln tùhln m kln omhkm kl nms pmzms kl smhklm4 pulklh nnlvbr nb kcrlggc÷h kln lil gmfm tùhln pcnmtm qul pmstlrcmrflhtl slrâ bfpncbkm, m  pulklh cr lh uhb kcrlggc÷h pbrbnlnb y b nb kcstbhgcb gmhvlhclhtl  pbrb su pmstlrcmr utcnczbgc÷h gmfm jbnlræb kl slrvcgcms m gmfm tùhln kl krlhbil m kl vlhtcnbgc÷h.

 

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  2. Lxgbvbgc÷h.

Nb lxgbvbgc÷h sl rlbnczb lh nmhjctukls gmrtbs gmnmgbhkm lh gbkb trbfm lxgbvbkm y lh omrfb chflkcbtb ãn smpmrtl tlfpmrbn (bklfl) lnljckm. Nbs bgtcvckbkls kl lxgbvbgc÷h y bklfl pulklh rlbnczbrsl lh omrfb gmhtchub gubhkm ln lqucpm nm plrfctl gmfm lh ln gbsm kl nb lxgbvbgc÷h kl tùhlnls lh rmgb  pmr flkcm kl" [mpms " flgâhcgms, m nb lxgbvbgc÷h kl tùhlnls lh sulnms pmr flkcm kl lsgukms, utcnczbhkm pbrb bfams gbsms jlhlrbnflhtl kmvlnbs  prlobarcgbkbs kl gmhgrltm gmfm lnlflhtms kl smpmrtl tlfpmrbn

 

LH QMGB.- nb lxgbvbgc÷h ls lolgtùb lolgtùb pmr flkcm flkcm kl vmnbkurbs vmnbkurbs gmh lxpnmscvms yb qul sl bkbptb b gubnquclr tcpm kl kurlzb (rmgb anbhkb, flkcb m kurb).

 

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 Nb lxgbvbgc÷h utcnczbhkm nb plromrbgc÷h y nms lxpnmscvms prmkugl chlvctbanlflhtl uhb mplrbgc÷h gægncgb y hm gmhtchub qul gmhstb kl nms scjuclhtls pbsms9

Plromrbgc÷h kln orlhtl, scjuclhkm uh pbtr÷h y gmh nb prmouhkckbk bklgubkb pbrb ln bvbhgl prlvcstm lh nb vmnbkurb (pnbh kl vmnbkurb m tcrm). - Qltcrbkb kln lqucpm plromrbkmr. - Gbrjb kln lxpnmscvm y rltcrbkb kln plrsmhbn. - Kltmhbgc÷h kl nbs gbrjbs. - _lhtcnbgc÷h pbrb lncfchbr eufm, pmnvm y vbpmrls - Klsprlhklr nb rmgb sulntb. - Qlbnczbgc÷h kl nb lhtcabgc÷h prmvcscmhbn sc ls hlglsbrcm

 

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  Lh ln fãtmkm fãtmkm gmh lxpnmscvms lxpnmscvms ls cfpmrtbhtl cfpmrtbhtl ln pnbh kl vmnbkurb. Ln  puhtm hljrm rlprlslhtb ln tbnbkrm gbrjbkm kl lxpnmscvm y nb huflrbgc÷h chkcgb ln mrklh lh ln qul sl ebgl lxpnmtbr b gbkb uhm kl lnnms, nm qul sl gmhscjul gmh kltmhbkmrls rltbrkbkms qul sl bgtcvbh lnãgtrcgbflhtl (fcgrmrltbrkms).

 

LH QMGB M W\LNMW.- pmr flkcm kl fbquchbs tuhlnlrbs m  pmr fbrtcnnms rmfplkmrls rmfplkmrls..

  Pbrb nb plromrbgc÷h kln orlhtl sl utcnczbh plromrbkmrbs hlufâtcgbs qul mplrbh gmh bcrl b prlsc÷h y qul pulklh slr kl  plrgusc÷h, kl rmtbgc÷h m gmfachbg gmfachbgc÷h c÷h kl bfabs4 nbs eby fbhubnls y mtrbs qul smh fâquchbs plsbkbs fmhtbkbs smarl  iufams (jrùbs f÷vcnls kl gbabnnl gbabnnltl). tl).

 

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  Gmh tuhlnbkmrbs

Fâquchbs qul rlbnczbh nb lxgbvbgc÷h b pnlhb slggc÷h flkcbhtl nb bggc÷h kcrlgtb y gmhtchubkb kl ùtcnls m elrrbfclhtbs kl gmrtl. Lstl tcpm kl fâquchbs nnlvbh chtljrbkm klskl ln prcflr fmflhtm ln rlvlstcfclhtm bn prmglsm gmhstrugtcvm, flkcbhtl nb gmnmgbgc÷h scstlfâtcgb kln fcsfm kltrâs kl nb fâquchb.  

 

\h tmpm pulkl nnlvbr aunmhbkmrbs m lfplrhbkmrbs qul trbabibh sljùh sl bvbhzb, m flgbhcsfms pbrb gmnmgbr glrgebs fltâncgbs. [bfacãh sl pulkl prlpbrbr pbrb ln rlvlstcfclhtm gmh kmvlnbs  prlobarcgbkbs kl emrfcj÷h lh ln gbsm kl qul sl lsplrlh jrbhkls klomrfbgcmhls kl nb rmgb.

 

1. Gmnmgbgc÷h kln smpmrtl tlfpmrbn. Ln smpmrtl tlfpmrbn m bklfl qulkb chstbnbkm kl bgulrkm bn lqucpm utcnczbkm, ls klgcr, lh omrfb gmhtchub m lh omrfb chtlrfctlhtl.   sl chstbnb lh ln trbfm rlgcãh lxgbvbkm rlpctcãhkmsl lh omrfb slgulhgcbn nbs kms mplrbgcmhls kl lxgbvbgc÷h y bklfl

 

7. Qlvlstcfclhtm kl gmhgrltm. Lh gubhtm bn rlvlstcfclhtm klochctcvm kl gmhgrltm, bgtcvckbk guyb ouhgc÷h ls nb kl smpmrtbr lh omrfb plrfbhlhtl nbs gbrjbs qul bgtùbh bnrlklkmr kln tùhln, pulkl slr kl 1 omrfbs9 b)

Kl fbhlrb fbhlrb scfun scfuntbhlb tbhlb gmh nb nb lxgbvbgc lxgbvbgc÷h ÷h y bklfl, bklfl, b uhb kcstb kcstbhgcb hgcb tbn qul nbs bgtcvckbkls hm sl mastbguncglh lhtrl sæ

 a) Klspuãs kl nb lxgbvbgc÷h y bklfl kl tmkb nb nmhjctuk kln tùhln, sl lolgtùb ln rlvlstcfclhtm gmfm ùhcgb bgtcvckbk

 

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Qlvlstcfclhtm. -Aunmhls. Nms aunmhls utcnczbkms hmrfbnflhtl smh abrrbs kl bglrm kl 1< b 71 ff. kl kcâfltrm y kl 7 b ; f. kl nmhjctuk y tclhlh gmfm fcsc÷h uhcr nms lstrbtms bnrlklkmr kl nb slggc÷h lxgbvbkb pbrb omrfbr uhb a÷vlkb hbturbn. Nms aunmhls qulkbh bhgnbkms pmr bkelrlhgcb kln fmrtlrm m rlschb qul sl chtrmkugl lh ln omhkm y b nm nbrjm kln tbnbkrm. Ln lxtrlfm qul qulkb lh ln lxtlrcmr kln tbnbkrm kcspmhl kl rmsgb pbrb tulrgb y brbhklnb pnbhb qul sl biustb gmhtrb nb suplrocgcl kl nb rmgb. Aunmhls kl bjub, tuams fltâncgms guybs pbrlkls sl klomrfbh gmhtrb nbs kln tbnbkrm bn chylgtbr bjub b prlsc÷h. Lstl scstlfb plrfctl uhb bgtubgc÷h fuy râpckb lh tlrrlhms chlstbanls, m aclh lh uh aunmhbkm prlvcm sc eby bjub qul kcocguntb ln orbjubkm kl fmrtlrms m rlschbs.

 

Qlvlstcfclhtm Glrgebs.

Wmh vcjultbs kl bglrm gmh slggc÷h lh E y gurvbkbs b nb slggc÷h trbhsvlrsbn kln  prmylgtm kln tùhln, kl fbhlrb qul hmrfbnflhtl gmh trls glrgebs, kms lh nms ebstcbnls (pcls kl fbrgm) y uhb lh nb a÷vlkb (gmrmhb), sl pulkl guarcr nb slggc÷h gmfpnltb. Wc eby rmgb pmgm gmfpbgtb m sulntb lhtrl kms slggcmhls gmh glrgebs sl  pulklh bòbkcr tbanmhls (sc ls tlfpmrbn) m pnbhgebs kl bglrm lhtrl ãstbs.

 

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Qlvlstcfclhtm Kmvlnbs.

Wmh bhcnnms gcrgunbrls sljflhtbkms, hmrfbnflhtl kl emrfcj÷h fâs m flhms brfbkm.

Gmfm rlvlstcfclhtm plrfbhlhtl tclhlh nb vlhtbib kl qul chflkcbtbflhtl klspuãs kl qul sl ebh gmnmgbkm prmpmrgcmhbh uhb oulrtl lstrugturb kl smpmrtl, sclfprl qul nb chylggc÷h kl gmhgrltm lh ln trbsk÷s (lhtrl ln tlrrlhm y ln bhcnnm) sl rlbncgl nm bhtls  pmscanl. Wl obarcgbh kcstchtms tcpms kl kmvlnbs9

b) Kmvlnbs mrkchbrcbs chylgtbkbs Wmh kl emrfcj÷h flkcbhbflhtl brfbkm qul usbh nnbvls slhgcnnbs pbrb su uhc÷h. Ln trbsk÷s klal chylgtbrsl chflkcbtbflhtl b su gmnmgbgc÷h.

 

 a) Kmvlnbs lxpbhkckbs Wmh kmvlnbs kl emrfcj÷h lh fbsb m ncjlrbflhtl brfbkbs. \h lrlgtmr nbs gmnmgb smarl ln bhcnnm fltâncgm kl smpmrtl, y gmh uhb kmvlnb lh omrfb kl guòb sl prmvmgb nb lxpbhsc÷h m buflhtm kln kcâfltrm ebstb ln gmhtbgtm tmtbn gmh ln tlrrlhm. Hm prlgcsb,  pmr nm tbhtm, chylggc÷h lh ln trbsk÷s.

g) Kmvlnbs btmrhcnnbkbs Wmh kl gmhgrltm oulrtlflhtl brfbkm m kl bglrm ouhkckm4 sl btmrhcnnbh lhtrl sæ y bn bhcnnm bhtlrcmrflhtl gmnmgbkm. Nb jlmfltræb qul sl nmjrb ls plrolgtb y nb chylggc÷h lh ln trbsk÷s sl rlbnczb lh gmhkcgcmhls ÷ptcfbs.

 

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 ;. Qlnnlhm kl mqulkbkls, lhtrl gmhgrltm y rlnnlhm

(chylggc÷h kl gmhtbgtm) Gmhscstl lh rlnnlhbr pmr flkcm kl flzgnbs gmnmgbkbs b prlsc÷h b trbvãs kl  abrrlhms lstrbtãjcgbflhtl sctubkm, nms eulgms qul pukclslh ebalr qulkbkm lhtrl ln gmhgrltm kl rlvlstcfclhtm y ln bklfl m tlrrlhm.