Problemas Pilas Electroquímicas2020

 

_r`jhcgns _khns Chcatr`quçgkans  ?: - Rcfcg`s ufn pkhn e`rgnbn p`r uf chcatr`b` bc a`jrc y `tr` bc akfa sugcrlkbn cf ufn bks`huakñf nakbuhnbn bc suhent` bc a`jrc, p`r hn quc pnsn ufn a`rrkcftc bc >? Ngpcrk`s burnftc > d`rn. Bctcrgkfnr9 n) Ch vnh`r bc su e.c.g. y auîh scrî ch aît`b`. j) H`s lrng`s bc a`jrc quc sc dnjrîf bcp`sktnb` nh anj` bc hn d`rn. Z. n) >,>? v j) ?1 - N -  N pnrtkr pn rtkr bc h`s sklukcftcs p`tcfaknhcs cstîfbnr bc rcbuaakñf, t`b`s chh`s n :;4¹M9 C¹ (D+ /D : ) 7 ? U = C¹ (Au:+ /Au¹) 7 ?,>3 U = C¹ (F@ 1  - )/F@) 7 ?,;5 U N) Bcakbn aunh, bc h`s îakb`s D Ah >G y/` DF@ 1 >G `xkbnrî nh Au¹ dnstn Au :+ cf a`fbkak`fcs bc cstnb` cstîfbnr J) Csarkjn hns scgkrrcnaak`fcs bc `xkbnakñf y rcbuaakñf dnjkbns cf anbn ans`, kfbkanfb` ch `xkbnftc y ch rcbuat`r, nsç a`g` ch p`tcfaknh bch pr`acs` lh`jnh Z9 N) DF@1 , J) DF@1 y Au , C¹7 ?,4>v ?2 - _nrn hn bctcrgkfnakñf bch pr`buat` bc s`hujkhkbnb bch suheur` bc zkfa sc utkhkzn ufn pkhn Bnfkchh9 Yf/Yf : + //Au : + /Au. Hn a`facftrnakñf bc Au : + sc dnac > G, gkcftrns quc cf ch îf`b` sc nþnbc suheur` sñbka` dnstn quc hn a`facftrnakñf cf k`fcs Q : - cs > G y dn prcakpktnb` ansk t`b` ch zkfa. Qnjkcfb` quc cf csns a`fbkak`fcs ch p`tcfaknh bc hn pkhn cs >,?-:1 ?3 - Bnbn hn pkhn Ec:+ /Ec1+ // Gf@ 2 - /Gf:+ n) Csar Csarkjkr kjkr hns hns rcnaak`fc rcnaak`fcs s a`rr a`rrcsp`fb csp`fbkcft kcftcs cs n anbn chcatr`b` chcatr`b` y hn rcn rcnaakñf aakñf t`tnh. t`tnh. j) Qk t`bns hns a`facftrnak`fcs eucrnf ?,> G9 anhauhnr ch p`tcfaknh p`tcfaknh bc hn pkhn, kfbkanr auîh scrçn ch aît`b`, y auîh ch îf`b` y cf quë scftkb` ehukrçnf h`s chcatr`fcs cf ch akraukt` cxtcrf`, a) Bkju Bkjuinr inr uf csqucgn csqucgn bc c csn sn pkhn y c cxphka xphkanr nr jrcvcgcft jrcvcgcftc c ch pnpch bch bch pucf pucftc tc snhkf`. snhkf`. b) Qk hn a`fa a`facftrna cftrnakñf kñf bc pr`t`fcs pr`t`fcs eucr eucrn n ?,> G y hn bc h`s rcstnftcs rcstnftcs k`fcs euc eucrn rn ?,?> G, anh anhauhnr auhnr ch p`t p`tcfaknh cfaknh bc bc :+ hn pkhn. °Qc pr`buakrçn hn gksgn rcnaakñf quc cf ch ans` nftcrk`r0 °_`r quë0 Bnt`s9 C' (Gf@ 2   /Gf ) 7 >,3>? U= C'(Ec+1 /Ec :+ ) 7 ?, G9 anhauhnr ch p`tcfaknh bc hn pkhn, kfbkanr auîh scrçn ch aît`b`, auîh ch îf`b` y cf quë scftkb` ehukrçnf h`s chcatr`fcs cf ch akraukt` cxtcrf`, a) Bkjuinr uf csqucgn bc csn pkhn y cxphkanr jrcvcgcftc ch pnpch bch pucftc snhkf`. Bnt`s9 C' (Gf@-2 /Gf:+ ) 7 >,3>? U= C'(Ec 1 + /Ec : + ) 7 ?, G. A) °Qcrî csp`ftîfcn hn rcnaakñf0 Bnt`s9 C' (Gf@2 - /Gf:+ ) 7 >,3>? U= C'(Ec 1+ /Ec :+ ) 7 ?, G bc k`fcs Ab :+ y `trn jnrrn bc Nl cf ufn bks`huakñf > G bc Nl +. Qc a`fcatnf chëatrkangcftc ngjns y sc ufcf gcbknftc uf pucftc snhkf`. Csarkjc hns rcnaak`fcs quc tkcfcf hulnr cf anbn chcatr`b`, kbcftkekanfb` ch îf`b` y ch aît`b`, hn rcnaakñf lh`jnh bc hn pkhn y anhauhc hn ECG bc hn gksgn y bkjuic uf csqucgn bc cstn pkhn kbcftkekanfb` anbn uf` bc h`s chcgcft`s quc hn e`rgnf. BNR@Q. _`tcfaknhcs f`rgnhcs bc rcbuaakñf9 Ab :+ /Ab¹ 7 - ?,2? v = Nl + /Nl¹ 7 + ?,4? v Z9 ECG7 >,:? v ?; - Bnbn hn pkhn9 Gl (s) / Gl :+ ( na ) (>G) // Au :+ ( na ) (>G) / Au ( s ) Qc pkbc9 n. Csarkjkr hns scgkrcnaak`fcs y hn rcnaakñf fctn bc hn pkhn y bctcrgkfnr ch p`tcfaknh f`rgnh bc hn pkhn. j. Anhauhnr hn a`facftrnakñf bc k`fcs Au cf ch cqukhkjrk` sk sc nþnbc uf cxacs` bc Gl (s) n ufn bks`huakñf ?,: G bc k`fcs Au : + Bnt`s. C¹ Au : + / Au 7 ?, 12 U C¹ Gl : + / Gl 7 -:,14 U Z9 n) C¹7 C¹7 :,,?-;1 G

 

>? - Sfn pkhn bc ‘J`tñf‗ cstî e`rgnbn p`r b`s chcatr`b`s uf` bc Yf/Yf@ y `tr` bc Nl/Nl :@ y uf lch nhanhkf` quc natùn a`g` chcatr`hkt`. Qc pkbc9 n) Zcprcscftnr uf csqucgn bc hn pkhn kfbkanfb` quc chcatr`b` natùn bc aît`b`. j) Kfbkquc hns scgkrcnaa scgkrcnaak`fcs k`fcs quc sc pr`buacf s`jrc h`s chcat chcatr`b`s r`b`s y hn rcnaa rcnaakñf kñf lh`jnh cf ch pr`acs` bc bcsanrln. >> - Sfn pkhn chcatr`quçgkan cstî e`rgnbn p`r uf chcatr`b` bc phntn sugcrlkb` cf ufn bks`huakñf > G bc Nl + y `tr` chcatr`b` bc ph`g` sugcrlkb` cf ufn bks`huakñf >G bc _j :+  N) Csarkjn hns hns scgkrrcnaak`fcs a`rrcsp`fbkcftcs a`rrcsp`fbkcftcs n ngj`s chcatr`b`s chcatr`b`s kfbkanfb` aunh cs ch îf`b` y aunh ch aît`b`, nsç a`g` hn rcnaakñf t`tnh. J) Bctcrgkfc ch p`tcfaknh f`rgnh bc hn pkhn nsç `jtcfkbn. BNR@Q9 _`tcfaknhcs _`tcfaknhcs cstîfbnr bc rcbuaakñf9 C¹ Nl+/Nl¹ 7 +?,4? v = C¹ _j :+ /_j¹ 7 -?,>1 v Z9 J) C¹ 7 ?,;1 v >: - Ch p`tcfaknh f`rgnh pnrn ch chcatr`b` bc fçquch n :3¹A cs -?,:3? U. Anhauhnr ch p`tcfaknh pnrn ufn bks`huakñf ?,?> G bc k`fcs fçquch (KK). Z9 C 7 -?,1?; v

CHCARZ@HKQKQ ?> - Sfn aëhuhn chcatr`hçtkan a`ftkcfc uf hktr` bc ufn bks`huakñf bc suhent` aùprka`. Qc dnac pnsnr ufn a`rrkcftc bc : Ngpcrk`s burnftc >? d`rns, nh anj` bc hns aunhcs sc bcp`sktn a`gphctngcftc t`b` ch a`jrc. °Auîh crn hn a`facftrnakñf g`hnr bc hn bks`huakñf kfkaknh0 Z9 G AuQ@2 7?,>24 G`hnr  ?: - Rrcs aujns chcatr`hçtkans a`fcatnbns cf scrkc a`ftkcfcf scfbns bks`huak`fcs nau`sns bc NlF@ 1 hn prkgcrn, Ab(F@ 1 ) : hn sclufbn y Yf(F@ 1 ) : hn tcracrn. Qc dnac pnsnr ufn a`rrkcftc bc >? N burnftc : d`rns. Bctcrgkfnr  hn anftkbnb y fnturnhczn bc hns cspcakcs bcsprcfbkbns u `jtcfkbns cf anbn chcatr`b` bc anbn aujn. BNR@Q9 _cs`s ntñgka`s9 Nl 7 >?>:,2 = F 7 >2,? = D 7 >,? = @ 7 >5,? = Yf 7 53,2 +

:+

_`tcfaknhcs f`rgnhcs bc rcbuaakñf9 C¹ (Nl /Nl¹) 7 + ?,4? v = C¹ (Ab  /Ab¹) 7 - ?,2? v = C¹ (F@ 1 - /F@) 7 + ?,;5 v = C¹ ( @ : / @D- ) 7 + ?,2? v = C¹ (Yf:+ /Yf¹) 7 - ?,rn aujn9 Nl 74?,2; l , @: 7 3,;< l :bn aujn9 D: 7 ?,,? hktr`s @: ?3 ‑ K) Cf hn chcatrñhksks hn bcrcspucstn ufn bks`huakñf bc ah`rur` sñbka` cf bks`huakñf nau`sn sc pr`buac bcsprcfbkgkcft` bc (Chkin rnz`fnbngcftc a`rrcatn)9 n) Ah`r` cf ch aît`b` y `xçlcf` cf ch c h îf`b` j) Ah`r` cf ch îf`b` c dkbrñlcf` cf ch aît`b` c) Ah`r` cf ch îf`b` y `xçlcf` cf ch aît`b` b) Ah`r` cf ch aît`b` c dkbrñlcf` cf ch îf`b` î f`b` KK) Bctcrgkfc ch pD nh ekfnhkznr hn chcatrñhksks bc ufn bks`huakñf > G bc FnAK Z9 K) j , KK) pD7 >2 ?5 - _nrn hn chcatr`hksks bch ah`rur` sñbka` eufbkb`, cf a`ftkfu`, sc cgphcn uf aëhuhn chcatr`hçtkan B`wfs a`f aît`b` bc dkcrr` y îf`b` bc anrjñf, hn tcgpcrnturn bch jnþ` cs bc 4??¹A y cgphcn ufn a`rrkcftc a`ftkfun a`f uf p`tcfaknh bc ¹) Niustnr hns rcnaak`fcs quc tkcfcf hulnr s`jrc h`s chcatr`b`s y hn rcnaakñf lh`jnh. :¹) Anhauhnr ch vnh`r bch p`tcfaknh fcacsnrk` cf a`fbkak`fcs cstîfbnr pnrn quc sc pr`buzan hn rcnaakñf °Auîh cs ch vnh`r bc hn s`jrctcfskñf cf hn aëhuhn rcspcat` nh p`tcfaknh cstîfbnr y aunh cs su eufakñf 0 1¹) Anhauhnr hn kftcfskbnb bc a`rrkcftc fcacsnrkn pnrn `jtcfcr > tf/bçn bc s`bk`, a`fskbcrnfb` quc ch rcfbkgkcft` cf a`rrkcftc cs bch 43% y ch v`hugcf cf g 1/bçn, cf A.F. bc ah`r` `jtcfkb` cf hns gksgns a`fbkak`fcs. 2¹) °Auîh cs hn bcfskbnb bc a`rrkcftc cf hn aëhuhn sk hn supcrekakc t`tnh bc h`s chcatr`b`s cs bc : g : 0 BNR@Q9 E 7 ;5243 A = Ug`hnr 7 ::,2 H/g`h cf AF = Gnsns ntñgkans bc Fn y Ah 9 :1,? y 13,3 l/g`h. _`tcfaknhcs cstîfbnr bc rcbuaakñf bch s`bk` y bch ah`r`9 C¹ Fn7 - :, v. y C¹ Ah 7 >,15 v. rcspcatkvngcftc. Z9 :¹) Cª 7 -2,?< v, C s`jrct  7 -:,;1 v 1¹) K 7 3:>,3 N , U Ah:  7 245,;5 g1 bc Ah:  2¹) b7 :435?,??? auh`gjk`s0 BNR@ C¹ Fn +/ Fn¹ 7 - :, v , C¹ @: /@D- 7+ ?,2? v Z9 UD: 7 ?,>>5 h U@: 7 ?,?34 h ?4 - Aunfb` sc chcatr`hkzn cf a`fbkak`fcs npr`pknbns ufn bks`huakñf nau`sn bc fktrnt` bc phntn, sc `jscrvn quc nh anj` bc ufn d`rn sc dnf bcp`sktnb` cf ch aît`b` 4,?3 l bc phntn. Bctcrgkfnr hn kftcfskbnb bc hn a`rrkcftc y ch v`hugcf bc lns, gcbkb` cf A`fbkak`fcs F`rgnhcs, quc sc bcsprcfbcrî cf ch îf`b`. BNR@Q9 _`tcfaknhcs f`rgnhcs bc rcbuaakñf9 F@1 - /F@ : 7 + ?,4? v = F@ 1 - /F@ 7 + ?,;5 v = Nl + /Nl¹ 7 + ?,4? v = @ : / @D - 7 + ?,2? v. > Enrnbny 7 ;5243 v = _cs`s ntñgka`s9 Nl 7 >?2,? = @ 7 >5,? Z9 K 7 :N , U 7 1,12 h @ : ?; - Ch gnlfcsk` sc `jtkcfc kfbustrknhgcftc p`r chcatrñhksks bch ah`rur` bc gnlfcsk` eufbkb` n hn tcgpcrnturn bc ? d`rns, sup`fkcfb` quc ch rcfbkgkcft` bch pr`acs` cs bch 44 %. j) °^uë’ v`hugcf `aupn ch lns bcsprcfbkb` cf hn achbn nftcrk`r gcbkb` cf a`fbkak`fcs f`rgnhcs0 Z9 n) \ Gl 7 ? - Rcfcg`s b`s vnskins, ufn a`ftkcfc ufn bks`huakñf bc fktrnt` bc phntn y hn `trn, a`ftkcfc nlun nakbuhnbn a`f ufns l`tns bc îa. Quheùrka`. Nh pnsnr ufn a`rrkcftc chëatrkan skguhtîfcngcftc n trnvës bc ngjns bks`huak`fcs, cf hn prkgcrn sc bcp`sktnf ?,?;1 l bc phntn, gkcftrns quc cf ch aît`b` bc hn sclufbn sc bcsprcfbcf ;,5 gH bc Dkbrñlcf`, gcbkb`s cf A.F. Bctcrgkfc9 n) Ch pcs` ntñgka` bc hn phntn j) ^uë chcgcft`s y cf quë anftkbnb sc `jtkcfcf cf h`s îf`b`s bc ngjns vnskins. -1

Z9 n) Gn Nl 7 >?4,1; , j) Cf ngj`s îf`b`s 5,45x>?  l bc @: >> - B`s aujns chcatr`hçtkans a`ftcfkcfb` scfbns bks`huak`fcs nau`sns bc fktrnt` bc phntn y suhent` bc dkcrr`(KK) cstîf a`fcatnbns cf scrkc. _`r chhns pnsn ufn a`rrkcftc chëatrkan burnftc >: gkfut`s y cf ch aît`b` bc hn prkgcrn sc bcp`sktnf ?,4>? l bc phntn gctîhkan. Anhauhc9 n) Hn kftcfskbnb bc hn a`rrkcftc utkhkznbn. j) Ch v`hugcf bc lns bcsprcfbkb` cf ch îf`b` bc hn prkgcrn, gcbkb` cf A.F. A) Hn anftkbnb bc dkcrr` bcp`sktnbn cf ch aît`b` bc hn sclufbn. Z9n) K 7 >,?? N , j) U@ : 7 ?,?2: h a) F` sc bcp`sktn Dkcrr`. >: - Qc qukcrc dnacr hn chcatr`hksks bc ufn bks`huakñf quc cs ?,1G cf Yf : + y ?,1G cf Au : +  . Qnjkcfb` quc C¹ Au : + /Au 7 ?,12U y C¹Yf : + /Yf 7 -?,3x>?-14 G >1 - Nh - Nh trntnr :? gh bc ufn bks`huakñf bc fktrnt` bc phntn a`f uf cxacs` bc îakb` ah`rdçbrka` sc e`rgnf ?,35 l bc ah`rur` bc phntn y îakb` fçtrka`. n) °Auîh cs hn g`hnrkbnb bc hn bks`huakñf bc fktrnt` bc phntn0 j) °Auîh scrî hn kftcfskbnb bc a`rrkcftc fcacsnrkn pnrn bcp`sktnr p`r chcatr`hksks hn phntn cxkstcftc cf 3? gh (hc hn bks`huakñf bc fktrnt` bc phntn cf uf tkcgp` bc : d`rns0 Z= n) G NlF@1  7 ?,>;2 G , j) K 7 ?,>1 N >2 - Qc qukcrc phntcnr ufn pcqucþn pkczn aùjkan bc hntñf bc 1 ag bc nrkstn. _nrn chh` sc a`h`an hn pkczn a`g` aît`b` cf ufn aujn chcatr`hçtkan, quc a`ftkcfc ufn bks`huakñf nau`sn bc uf a`gphci` aknfurnb` bc phntn (Nl(AF) : ) cf gcbk` nhanhkf`, sc akcrrn ch akraukt` gcbknftc uf îf`b` kfcrtc y sc dnac pnsnr ufn a`rrkcftc >,:3N bc kftcfskbnb, burnftc > d. n) Csarkjn hn rcnaakñf bc rcbuaakñf quc tkcfc hulnr s`jrc ch aît`b`. j) Anhauhnr h`s lrng`s bc phntn quc sc bcp`sktnf s`jrc hn pkczn sk ch rcfbkgkcft` cf a`rrkcftc bch pr`acs` chcatr`hçtka` cs bch 43%. a) °Auîh cs ch cspcs`r gcbk` bc hn anpn bc phntn s`jrc hn pkczn. b) A`fskbcrnfb` quc cf ch îf`b` sc bcsprcfbc @ : . Csarkjn hn rcnaakñf quc tkcfc hulnr, nsç a`g` ch v`hugcf bc @: pr`buakb` cf a`fbkak`fcs f`rgnhcs. f` rgnhcs. Bnt`s9 Gnsns ntñgkans bch @ y Nl9 >5,? y >?? l/aa. E 7 ;524? au. U`hugcf g`hnr ::,2 H/g`h. Z9 j) 2,:3 - Qc bcscn, gcbknftc chcatr`hksks, aujrkr ufn supcrekakc gctîhkan bc >3 ag : a`f > gg bc cspcs`r bc phntn, dnakcfb` pnsnr ufn a`rrkcftc chëatrkan bc 1,? Ngpcrk`s. Anhauhnr hn anftkbnb bc chcatrkakbnb quc scrî fcacsnrkn nsç a`g` ch tkcgp` rcqucrkb`. BNR@Q9 Bcfskbnb bc hn phntn 7 >?,3 l/ag 1 Enrnbny 7 ;524< Auh`gjk`s/g`h, Gnsn ntñgkan bc hn phntn 7 >?2?44 A, t 7 25;5 s :? - _nrn fkquchnr cf jnþ` bc suhent` bc fçquch sc cgphcn ufn a`rrkcftc bc >3 N. Cf ch aît`b` sc hkjcrnf dkbrñlcf` y fçquch, a`f uf rcfbkgkcft` bch 5?% rcspcat` n hn hkjcrnakñf bc cstc ùhtkg`. Qc pkbc9 n) H`s lrng`s bc fçquch bcp`sktnb`s p`r d`rn. j) Ch cspcs`r bc hn anpn bc fçquch, sk ch aît`b` cs ufn d`in bc e`rgn akrauhnr, bc 2 ag bc bkîgctr`, quc cs fkquchnbn p`r ngjns anrns. a) Ch v`hugcf bc dkbrñlcf` quc cs bcsprcfbkb` p`r d`rn, gcbkb` cf a`fbkak`fcs f`rgnhcs.. BNR@Q Gnsns ntñgkans (l/nt-l)9 D 7 >,??= Fk 7 34,= Bcfskbnb bch fçquch9 4,; l/gH= Z9 n) ;,45 l Fk, j) ?,?>> ?,?>> ag bc cspcs`r, a) :,3> h D: :> - N - N trnvës bc trcs aëhuhns chcatr`hçtkans, chcatr`hçtkans, a`fcatnbns cf scrkc, pnsnf ?,: E burnftc uf akcrt` tkcgp`. Sfn bc hns aëhuhns a`ftkcfc ufn snh bc phntn, `trn k`f akfa, y hn tcracrn ufn snh eërrkan. Nbgktkcfb` quc s`h` dny rcbuaakñf bc "k`f n gctnh", ) auîft`s lrng`s bc anbn gctnh sc bcp`sktnrîf0 Z9 :>,3< l Nl, 5,32 l Yf, 1,:??? N y ch rcfbkgkcft` antñbka` bc hn a`rrkcftc cs bch ? l bc a`jrc cf ch aît`b`, cf ufn rcnaakñf chcatr`hçtkan bc ufn bks`huakñf bc suhent` bc a`jrc, sk cgphcng`s ufn a`rrkcftc chëatrkan a`fstnftc bc :,3 Ngpcrk`s0. °Qnjkcfb` quc cf ch îf`b` sc bcsprcfbc `xçlcf`, quc v`hugcf bch gksg`, gcbkb`s cf a`fbkak`fcs f`rgnhcs, sc bcsprcfbcrî cf ch gksg` tkcgp`0. Bnt`s9 _`tcfaknhcs f`rgnhcs bc rcbuaakñf9 Au:+ /Au 7 + ?,12 v = @ : /@D- 7 + ?,2? v Gnsns ntñgkans9 Au9 51,3= D 7 >,?= @ 7 >5,? Z9 t7 >: >33,:5U _jQ@ 2 + :c ‒6 _j ( s ) + Q@ 2 :-  ( na ) = C¹ 7 - ?,135 U Bctcrgkfnr hn Msp, pnrn ch _jQ@ 2 ( s ) n :3 ¹A Z9 Ma 7 >,53x>?-4 ?1 - Qc prcpnrn hn pkhn Qf ( s ) / Qf:+(xG)// _j:+ (:G)/ _j ( s ) a`f ufn ecg bc ?,?4< U n :3¹A. Qc pkbc9 n) Ch vnh`r bch p`tcfaknh cstîfbnr y hn rcnaakñf fctn quc tkcfc hulnr  j) Hn a`facftrnakñf bc Qf : + cf hn achbn a) Hn a`fstnftc bc cqukhkjrk` bc hn rcnaakñf BNR@Q C¹ _j:+/_j 7 - ?,>1 U= C¹ Qf:+ /Qf 7 - ?,>2 v. Z9 n) C¹ 7 +?,?> U, j) ]Qf:+W 7 2,;5x>?-1 G, a) Ma 7 :,>4   ?2 - N ufn bks`huakñf bc bc ah`rur` bc a`jrc(K a`jrc(KK) K) ?,?3 G sc hhc c nþnbc ufn hîgkfn bc zk zkfa fa gctîhka`. Anhauhnr Anhauhnr ch vnh`r bc hn a`fstnftc bc cqukhkjrk` Ma nsç a`g` hns a`facftrnak`fcs bc hns cspcakcs cf cqukhkjrk`. BNR@Q9 _`tcfaknhcs f`rgnhcs bc rcbuaakñf9 C¹(Yf : + /Yf¹) 7 - ?,,x>?1? -1; G

 

Kfl. F`cgk ^ukftnfn