Problemas Mendelianos y No Mendelianos

 

?8. Nb lks plkbtks hn mueskbtn, mueskbtn, nl klnla "L", qun ebheik snde sndellks llks lesks, ns hadebkbtn hadebkbtn saorn nl klnla "l", qun ebheik sndellks rumasks, y nl klnla "K" qun ebheik ialar  kdkrella, ns hadebkbtn saorn nl klnla "k" , qun ebheik ialar vnrhn. Ye sn iruzk ubk vkrenhkh purk lesk hn ialar kdkrella iab ubk vkrenhkh purk rumask hn ialar vnrhn, ±iuël ns nl mnbatepa y nl cnbatepa hn lk prednrk mnbnrkieùb celekl (C;) 1. Ebheikr  las cnbatepas hn lk snmubhk mnbnrkieùb (C?) y lk praparieùb hn ikhk uba hn nllas qun rnsultk hn lk kutacniubhkieùb hn lks plkbtks hn lk C;. Hktas0 Yndellk lesk - hadebkbtn sndellk rumask ’ rninseva(L) (l) sndellks kdkrellks ’ hadebkbtn (K) sndellks vnrhns ’ rninsevks (k) Iruin ;0 LLKK (lesk y kdkrellk) x llkk (rumask y vnrhn) Mkdntas0 LK lk C;0 LlKk Iruin ?0 LlKk Mkdntas0 LK Lk lK lk C?0 iukhra hn Zubbntt

x

LK Lk lK lk

LlKk LK Lk lK lk

LK LLKK LLKk LlKK LlKk

Lk LLKk LLkk LlKk Llkk

EK LlKK LlKk llKK llKk

Ek LlKk Llkk llKk llkk

a

Zrnmubtk ;0 - Cnbat Cnbatep epa a ;::% ;::% sndel sndellk lkss lesks lesks y kdk kdkre rell llks. ks. - Mnbat Mnbatep epa a ;::% ;::% fnt fntnr nraie aiemat mata a nb kdo kdoas as ikrk ikrkit itnrn nrns. s.

a

Zrnmubtk ?0 - Cnbat Cnbatep epas0 as0 Le Lesks sks y kdk kdkre rell llks ks 5/; 5/;3 3 (>3. (>3.?>% ?>%))   Lesks y vnrhns 9/;3 (;6.=> %)   _umask y kdkrellk 9/;3 (;6.=>%)   Kdkrellk y vnrhn ;/;3 (3.?>%)

?>. Las Las palla pallass iab klks klks y pk pktks tks rniar rniartk tkhks hks rn rnie ieonb onb nl ba bado dorn rn hn tr trnpk npkhar harns. ns. Nl kpkr kpkrnk nkde denb nbta ta hn nstn nstn te tepa pa hn pa pall llas as ia iab b kv kvns ns ba bard rdkl klns ns hk lumk lumkrr k ub ubkk hnsinbhnbiek nqueleorkhk nbtrn pallas bardklns y trnpkharns. Nl kpkrnkdenbta hn  pallas trnpkharns nbtrn sä prahuin ubk hnsinbhnbiek cardkhk par has pallas trnpkharns y uba bardkl. Nl iruzkdenbta nbtrn pallas bardklns hk lumkr k ubk  pramnben ubecardn cardkhk nxilusevkdnbtn par kvns bardklns. Nxpleikr nl cnbùdnba hn cardk rkzabkhk.   Las klnlas sab0 Kk (trnpkharns) kk (kvns bardklns) a

Iksa ; trnpkharks x kvns bardklns k

KkK

kk k

 

Kk kk k - Mnbatepa0 >:% fntnraiemata (Kk) y >:% fadaiemata rninseva (kk). - Cnbatepa0 >:% trnpkharns y >:% kvns bardklns. a

fadaiemata

Iksa ? Xrnpkharns x trnpkharns K k KK Kk K k Kk kk

Mnbatepa0 >:% fntnraiemata (Kk) y ?>% rninseva (kk) -

y ?>% kvns bardklns a

Cnbatepa0 >:% trnpkharns

Iksa 9 Kvns bardklns x kvns bardklns k k kk kk k kk kk k -

Mnbatepa0

;::%

fadaiemata rninseva (kk) Cnbatepa0 ;::% kvns bardklns

?3. ±Nb nl mueskbtn, mueskbtn, las ikrkitnrns ikrkitnrns tklla lkrma y clar ra`k hadebkb saorn tkl tklla la nbkba y clar olkbik1 ±Iuël snrë lk praparieùb hn plkbtks haoln fadaiemùteiks qun ikon nspnrkr nb lk C? aotnbehk k pkrter hn ub iruzkdenbta nbtrn has läbnks purks, ubk hn tklla lkrma y clar olkbik iab atrk hn tklla nbkba y clar ra`k1 Ebheikr nl mnbatepa hn tahks lks plkbtks fadaiemùteiks qun punhnb kpkrninr nb lk C?. _kzabkr lk rnspunstk. Hktas0 tklla lkrma ’ hadebkbtn (L) tklla nbkba - rninseva (l) clar ra`k - hadebkbtn (K) clar olkbik ’ rninseva (k) Iruin ;0 LLkk (tklla lkrma, clar olkbik) x llKK (tklla nbkba, clar ra`k) Mkdntas0 Lk lK C;0 LlKk (tklla lkrma, clar ra`k) Iruin ?0 LlKk x Mkdntas0 LK Lk lK lk C?0 Iukhra hn Zubbntt

LK Lk lK lk

LK LLKK LLKk LlKK LlKk

LlKk LK Lk lK lk

Lk LLKk LLkk LlKk Llkk

EK LlKK LlKk llKK llKk

Ek LlKk Llkk llKk llkk

Las mnbatepas hn lks plkbtks hefadaiemùteiks sab las semuenbtns0 a Zrnmubtk ;0 LLKK (;/;3)0 tklla lkrma, clar ra`k. a a

Zrnmubtk ?0 LLkk (;/;3)0 tklla lkrma, clar olkbik. Zrnmubtk 90 llKK (;/;3)0 tklla nbkba, clar ra`k.

 

a

Zrnmubtk 80 llkk (;/;3)0 tklla nbkba, clar olkbik.

?=. Nl ialar ialar ra ra`a `a hn lk pulpk pulpk hnl tadkt tadktnn hnpnbh hnpnbhnn hn lk prnsnb prnsnbie iekk hnl ckitar ckitar _, hadebkbtn saorn su klnla r pkrk nl kdkrella. Nl nbkbesda sn hnon k ub mnb rninseva h. Yn hespabn hn ubk vkrenhkh fadaiemùteik hn pulpk kdkrellk y tkdkûa bardkl y atrk nbkbk hn pulpk ra`k. ±Zahräk aotnbnrsn k pkrter hn lks vkrenhkhns hespabeolns, ubk vkrenhkh a fadaiemùteik hn pulpk ra`k y tkdkûa bardkl1 ±U ubk vkrenhk vkrenhkh h hn pulpk pulpk kdkre kdkrell llkk y hn partn partn nb nbkba kba11 _kzùb _kzùbnsn nsn lk a rnspunstk. Xnbndas qun iruzkr tadktns hn lk C; (_rHh) pkrk aotnbnr lk C? Cnbatepas pramnbetarns _a`a, tkdkûa bardkl _a`a, tkdkûa bardkl Mnbatepas pramnbetarns _r Hh x _r Hh Mkdntas _H _h rH rh _H _h rH rh C?0 Iukhra hn Zubbntt

_H

_H __HH

_h __Hh

rh _rHr 

__hh _rHh

rH _rH H _rHh rrHH

_h rH

__Hh _rHH

rh

_rHh

_rhh

rrHh

rrhh

_rhh rrHh

Zrnmubtk ;0 - Zkrk aotnbnr ubk vkrenhkh hn pulpk ra`k y tkdkûa bardkl sn rnquenrn hn ub __HH __HH (f (fad adai aiem emat atas as ha hade debk bkbt btns ns), ), pa parr la qu qunn pa pahn hnda dass aosnrvkr qun la nbiabtrkdas iab ubk crniunbiek hn ;/;3 Zrnmubtk ?0 - Hnl desda daha pkrk aotnbnr ubk vkrenhkh hn pulpk kdkrellk y hn  partn nbkba sn rnquenrn hn ub rrhh (fadaiematas rninsevas), Zar  tkbta, tkdoeåb kpkrnin iab ubk crniunbiek hn ;/;3.

?6. Lk deapäk deapäk ns hnoehk hnoehk k ub mnb hadebkbtn, hadebkbtn, kl emukl qun nl cnbatep cnbatepa a _f+. _f+. ^bk du`nr hn veseùb bardkl _f+, fe`k hn ub fadorn _f-, tenbn hnsinbhnbiek iab ub vkrùb vkrù b deapn deapn fntnrai fntnraiemat emata a y _f-. _f-. Nstkol Nstkolåzik åzikbsn bsn las prnvese prnveseolns olns mnbatep mnbatepas as y cnbatepas hn las fe`as hn lk pkrn`k. Hktas0 Du`nr veseùb bardkl _f+ fe`k hn _fDeapn fntnraiemùteia _fIruin0 dd_r x Ddrr  Mkdntas0 d_ dr Dr dr  C;0 iukhra hn Zubbntt Dr dr d_  Dd_r dd_r   Ddrr ddrr   dr   Cnbatepas0

?>% Deapns _f+ ?>%Seseùb bardkl _f+ ?>% Deapns _f?>% Seseùb bardkl _f-

 

?5. Lk nbcnrdnhkh nbcnrdnhkh hn Xky-Ykifs ns ubk nbcnrdnhkh nbcnrdnhkh fnrnhetkrek fnrnhetkrek rninsevk qun ikusk lk dunrtn nb las prednras kûas hn vehk iukbha sn nbiunbtrk nb iabheieùb fadaiemùteik. fadaiem ùteik. Yn penbsk qun las hnhas kbardkldnbtn kbardkldnbtn iartas (orkquecklkbmek) (orkquecklkbmek) sn hnonb kl mnbatepa fntnraiemùteia pkrk ub mnb lntkl, senbha bardkl nl ebhevehua OO. ±Iuëlns sab las cnbatepas nspnrkhas nbtrn beûas khalnsinbtns fe`as hn pkhrns  orkquecklëbmeias y fntnraiemùteias fn tnraiemùteias pkrk lk nbcnrdnhkh hn Xky-Ykifs1 Hktas0  Bardklns ’ fadaiemata hadebkbtn hadebkb tn (OO) Orkbquecklkbcek ’ fntnraiemata (Oo) Xky-Ykifs ’ fadaiemata rninseva (oo)   Iruin0 Oo x Oo O o OO Oo O Oo oo o Zrnmubtk0  las cnbatepas nspnrkhas sab0 - ;/8 bardklns (?>%) - ;/? orkbquecklkbmek (>:%) - ;/8 Xky-Ykifs (?>%) 9:. Lk plk plkbt btkk hn Massypeud fersutud  punhn punhn snr kltk ( K ), tklla vnrhn ( S ), clar  kdkrellk ( C ), tklla fersuta ( F ) y iab onllatk bardkl ( O )7 sendprn y iukbha nb su mnbatepa iunbtn iab klnlas hadebkbtns hadebkbtns pkrk nstas cnbatepas. Zar nl iabtrkr iabtrkrea, ea, lks plkbtks fadaiematks rninsevks sn aosnrvkb kifkpkrrkhks, hn tklla darkha, clar ra`k, tklla tklla mlkora y iab onllatk hncardn. Yn iruzk ubk vkrenhkh vkrenhkh fadaiematk hadebkbtn hadebkb tn pkrk nl ikrëitnr clar kdkrellk y onllatk bardkl pnra trefäorehk trefäorehk pkrk lks ikrkitnrästeiks rnstkbtns, iab, ubk plkbtk hefäorehk pkrk clar kdkrellk y onllatk bardkl pnra fadaiematk hadebkbtn pkrk nl ikrëitnr kltk y fadaiematk rninsevk  pkrk tklla darkha y mlkora. k) ±Iuël ±Iuël ns lk praoko praokoele elehkh hkh hn qun qun nbtrn nbtrn lk C; C; sn nbiunbt nbiunbtrnb rnb plkbtks plkbtks iab iab mnbatepa KkSvCCFFOO1  o) ±Iuël ns nl parinbtk`n hn plkbtks kltks, vnrhns, clar kdkrellk, tklla mlkora y onllatk bardkl nbtrn lk C;1 i) ±Iuë ±Iuëb btas y iu iuëëlns sab taha ahas las mkd kdnntas hec hecnrn rnb btns hn ikh khkk  pramnbetar1 h) Ye par ikhk ikhk plkbtk plkbtk KkSSC KkSSCCFf CFfOO OO ln pkmkr pkmkrkb kb $?.::, $?.::, ±par ±par iuëbta iuëbta snrë merkha nl ifnqun hn pkma1 n) Zar Zar ikhk ikhk pl plkb kbtk tk fe fers rsut utkk fa fada daie iema matk tk ln pkmk pkmkb b $ 9> 9>:. :.:: ::,, ±iuë ±iuëbt bta a rnieoerë1 Hktas0 Kltk ’ hadebkbtn (K) Kifkpkrrkhk ’ rninseva (k) Xklla vnrhn ’ hadebkbtn (S) Xklla darkha ’ rninseva (v) Clar kdkrellk ’ hadebkbtn (C) Clar ra`k ’ rninseva (c) Xklla fersuta ’ hadebkbtn (F) Xklla mlkora ’ rninseva (f) Onllatk bardkl ’ hadebkbtn (O) Onllatk hncardn ’ rninseva (o)

 

Iruin0

CCOO

SSFFKK

CCOO KK vvff

9;. ^b kmreiultar kmreiultar prntnbhn aotnbnr aotnbnr ubk vkrenhkh hn plkbtks hn tadktn tadktn hn tklla nbkba y cruta iab pulpk ra`k. Zkrk fkinrla, iruzk ubk plkbtk hn tkdkûa bardkl y cruta iab pulpk ra`k, fadazemùteik hadebkbtn pkrk kdoas ikrkitnrns, iab atrk plkbtk hn tkdkûa nbkba y cruta iab pulpk hn ialar kdkrell kdkrella. a. ±Iabsnmuerë aotnbnr heifk vkrenhkh1 ±Nb quå mnbnrkieùb kpkrninrë1 ±Iab quå praparieùb kpkrninrë1 Hktas0 Xklla bardkl - hadebkbtn (X) Xklla nbkba - rninseva (t) Zulpk ra`k - hadebkbtn (Z) Zulpk kdkrellk ’ rninseva (p) Iruin0 XXZZ Mkdntas0 XZ XZ XZ XZ C;0 iukhra hn pubbntt

ttpp tp tp tp tp tp

XZ XZ XZ XZ tp XtZp XtZp XtZp XtZp XtZp XtZp XtZp XtZp tp XtZp XtZp XtZp XtZp tp tp XtZp XtZp XtZp XtZp Cnbatepa0 tklla bardkl iab cruta hn pulpk ra`k ;::% (;3/;3)

 

Iruin0 XtZp Mkdntas0 XZ Xp tZ tp C?0 iukhra hn pubbntt

XtZp XZ Xp tZ tp

XZ Xp tZ tp

XZ XXZZ

Xp XXZ  p XXZp XXpp XtZZ XpZp XtZp Xtpp

tZ tp XtZZ XtZp

XtZp ttZZ ttZp

Xtpp ttZp ttpp

  -

-

Zrnmubtk ;0   Ye, kubqun ba nb nl prednr iruin. Zrnmubtk ?0    Nstk kpkrninrë nb lk snmubhk mnbnrkieùb, iukbha tnbmkdas qun iruzkr (XtZp x XtZp). Zrnmubtk 90  Cnbat nbatep epa a tkll tklla a nbkb nbkba a iab iab crut cruta a pu pulp lpkk ra ra`k `k kpkr kpkrni ninn iab iab lks lks  praparieabns hn 9/;3 9/; 3 nsta quenrn hnier nb ub ;6.=>%. ; 6.=>%.