principles of environmental engineering and science.pdf

Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science Second Edition

Macken%ie L. Davis Michigan State University-East Lansing

Susan J. Masten Michigan State University-East Lansing, MI McMaster University-Hamilton, ON

fB McGraw-Hili

t:M Higher Education Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco SI. Louis Bangkok Bogot8. Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto

Contents

Preface Acknowledgments Aboutthe Authors About the Cover Artist

1 1-1

1-2

WHAT IS ENVJRONMENTAL SCIENCE?

2

2

2

2

WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING?

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Overview Hydrology Water Treatment Wastewater Treatment Air Pollution Control Solid emd Hazardous Waste

1-4

HOW ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS

AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS

WORK TOGETHER

1-5

INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES OF

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

AND SCIENCE

1-6

1-7

ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION

AND REGULATION ENVIRONMENTAL ETH[CS Case I: To Add 01' Nut 10 Add Case 2: You Can 't Do Everything At Once

iv

3

3

3

3

3

4

4

8

9

2 2-1 2-2

22

22

23

31

01'

Not tu MTBE?

INTRODUCTION BASIC CHEMICAL CONCEPTS Atoms, Elements, and the Periodie Table Chemical Bonds and Intermolecular Forces The Mole, Molar Units, and Aetivity Units Chemical Reaetions and Stoiehiometry Chemieal Equilibrium Reaetion Kinetics

2-3

2-4

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

2-5 2-6

33

33

34

36

37

44

56

61

62

63

63

WATER CHEMISTRY

64

SOlL CHEMTSTRY ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY

64

65

66

69

75

Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions References

76

78

80

81

86

86

Biology

89

Case Study: Poison Warer?

90

91

Fundamentals

3

32

32

Allwnes, Alkenes, and Alkynes Aryl (Aromatic) Compounds Funetional Graups and Classes of Compounds Physical Properties of Water States of Solution Impurities Concentration Units in Aqueous Solutions

01' Suspensions Buffers

10

19

[9

23

24

25

29

Chemistry Case Study: To MTBE

9

11

Where Do We Start? 11

A Short Outline ofThis Book 11

ENVIRONMENTf\L SYSTEMS OVERVIEW 12

Systems as Such 12

Water Resource Management System 13

Air Resource Managemel1/ System 17

[7

Solid Waste Management Multimedia Systems 19

[9

Sustainability

Acts, La ws, ell1d Regulations

1-8

xv

I

Engineering Environmental Engineering

1-3

XIV

Introduction Natural Scienee Environmental Science Quamitative Environmental Seience

Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions References

xi

XIII

(~r Gases

3-1

INTRODUCTION

3-2

CHEMTCAL COMPOSITION OF LIFE Carbohydrates Nuc/eie Acids Proteins Lipids

91

91

93

96

96

Contenl;

:M)

23 24

,­

-)

29

3-4

ENERGY AND METABOLlSM Cells, MalIei; and Energy

3-5

CELLULAR REPRODUCTION The Cell Cycle Asexual Reproduclion Sexual Reproduetion

98 100 101 103 109 109 109 110 IJ2 1/2 IJ4 1/4

DIVERSITY OF L1VING THINGS

1/5

PROKARYOTES Archaea Baeleria

116 117 117 120 120 122 125

31

32 'J

'-

3-6 3-1

3-8

3-9

3-10 3-11 3-12 .16 ,9

5

THE CELL Prokaryoles and Eukaryoles Cell Membrane Ce/! Organelles of Eukaryoles Cell Organelles of Plal11 Cells Ce/! Organelles (!f Prokaryoles

PROTISTS Protozoa Algae Slime Molds and Water Molds

MICROBIAL DISEASE

125 125 125 125 126 126 127 128

MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS Chapter Review Discussion Questions References

129 130 131 132

Materials and Energy Balances

J33

FUNGI Chytridiomycola Zygomycola Aseomycota Basidiomyeola Deuleromyceta VIRUSES

Reoclors Reaelor Analysis

4-4

5

4

1

:6

b

4-1 4-2

INTRODUCTION

4-3

MATERIALS BALANCES Fundamenlais Time os a FaClor More Complex Syslems Efficiency The S,a,e ofMixing lncluding Reaetions

UNIFYING THEORIES Conservation of MaIleI' Conservalion of Energy Conservalion 01 Maller and Energy

134 134 134 134 134 135 135 136 137 140 143 145

v

149 150 158 158 159 166 168 169 176 177

Ecosystems

179

Case Sludy: DDT-Curse 01' Blessing?

180 18J 181

5-1

INTRODUCTION Ecosyslems

5-2

HUMAN INFLUENCES ON ECOSYSTEMS

181

5-3

ENERGY AND MASS FLOW Bioaccumulation

182 187

5-4

NUTRIENT CYCLES Carbon Cyc/e Nilrogen Cyc/e Phosphorus Cyc/e Sulfur Cyc/e

189 189 190 193 194

5-5

POPULATION DYNAMICS BaClerial Population Growlh Animal Populalion Dynamics Human Populalion Dynan,ies

195 195 197 202

5-6

LAKES: AN EXAMPLE OF MASS AND ENERGY CYCLING IN AN ECOSYSTEM Slratifieatio/1 anel Tumover i/1 Deep Lakes Biologieal Zones Lake ProduClivily EUlrophicalion

205 206 207 208 212

ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS TO PROTECT ECOSYSTEMS Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions References

2J4 215 216 219 219

6 ()

ENERGY BALANCES FirSI Law ofThermodynamics Fundamentals Second Law ofThermodynamics Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions References

I

5-1

6

6-1 6-2

Risk Perception, Assessment, and Management 221 Case Sludy: No Swimming!

222

INTRODUCTION

222

RISK PERCEPTION

222

vi

I

Contents

6-3

RISK ASSESSMENT Data Collection and Evaluation Toxicity Assessmen/ Exposure Assessl11en/ Risk Characlerization

225

225

231

237

RISK MANAGEMENT Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions References

238

238

239

241

241

Hydrology

243

Case Study: The Dying ofa Sea

244

7-1

FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROLOGY The Hydrological Cycle

246

246

7-2

MEASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION,

EVAPORATION, INFILTRATION, AND

STREAMFLOW Precipilation Evaporation Infiltralion Streamfiow

254

254

257

260

262

7-3

GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY Aquifers

264

265

7-4 7-5

GROUNDWATER FLOW

269

WELL HYDRAULICS Definition ofTerms Cone of Depression

273

273

275

6-4

7

Environmen/allmpacts Terrain Effec/s Suslainable Energy Sources Energy Conservo/ion

306

8-3

MINERAL RESOURCES Rese,-ves Environmentalll11pacts Resource COl1serva/ion

310

310

3J J

312

8-4

SOlL RESOURCES El1.ergy Storage Plant Production

3J5

315

315

8-5

PARAMETERS OF SOlL SUSTAINABILITY Nutrient Cycling Soil Acidit)' Soil Salinity Tex/ure and Structure

3 I6

316

318

318

319

8-6

SOlL CONSERVATION SoU Man.agement SoU Erosion Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions References

3\9

319

320

326

326

328

328

224

7-6

SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER

AS A WATER SUPPLY 280

7-7

DEPLETION OF GROUNDWATER

AND SURFACE WATER Water Use Land Subsidence Chapter Review Problems Discussion Questions References

9 Water Quality

Management 9-1

9-2

28\

28\

28J

283

284

286

286

8 Sustainable Energy, Mineral and Soil Resources

289

Case Study: A New Precious Metal-Copper!

290

8-1

INTRODUCTION Sustainable Development

290

290

8-2

ENERGY RESOURCES Coal Fonnation Petroleum Formation Fossil Fuel Reserves Nuclear Energy

291

29J

292

293

295

290

299

2