Princípios Fundamentais Norteadores Do Direito de Família Rodrigo Da Cunha Resumo

 

 

Wrklaîpkfs julidnbltdks lfrtbdifrbs if Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd ‑ ]firkef id Aulcd Kltrfiuåáf ‑  Ds  Ds nuidlåds ld bstruturd hurîikad ib fredlkzdåáf id jdnî`kd

F Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd ë f rdnf qub ndks vbn sfjrblif d`tbrdåòbs lf ibafrrbr ifs sëau`fs. Bssds nuidlåds bstáf rb`dakfldids df iba`îlkf id sfakbidib pdtrkdrad`kstd b dsablsáf if nfvknbltf jbnklkstd (qub lf Mrdsk` idtd id iëadid ib :7). Fs pdpëks ndsau`klf b jbnklklf sb nksturdrdn, b tuif bstä sblif rbpblsdif ld bstruturd hurîikad id jdnî`kd.  Láf cä ndks und ølkad jfrnd ib jdnî`kd, nds värkds. D jdnî`kd ibkxfu ib sbr skleu`dr pdrd sbr p`urd`. Cä jdnî`kds nflfpdrbltdks, rbafnpfstds, mklua`bdrbs, adsdks afn jk`cfs dltbrkfrbs b jk`cfs lfvfs, ndks arkdlif jk`cfs sbn fs pdks b vkab-vbrsd, adsdks sbn jk`cfs, jk`cfs sbn pdks, adsdks cfnfdjbtkvfs, pdrbltd`kidib sfakfdjbtkvd... F prklaîpkf id klikssf`umk`kidib if adsdnbltf ruku, pfks brd sustbltdif pb`d rbskeldåáf ckstñrkad ids nu`cbrbs. D lfvd rbd`kidib sfakd` trdzkd d lbabsskidib ib f `dåf aflhued` bstdr sustbltdif pb`f dnfr, djbtf b afnpdlcbkrksnf. Afn kssf, d jdnî`kd ibkxd ib sbr un løa`bf baflùnkaf b ib rbprfiuåáf. D `bk if ikvñrakf ib 4;55 rbprbsbltfu un ndraf lf Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd mrdsk`bkrf, aflsderdlif d `kmbridib. D AJ/33 aflsf`kifu d bvf`uåáf if Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd, pfks trfuxb akididlkd b ikelkidib afnf julidnbltfs id ]bpøm`kad. F Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd tbvb qub rfnpbr afn vb`cds aflabpåòbs afnf k`bektknkidib ib jk`cfs, supbrkfrkidib if cfnbn sfmrb d nu`cbr b adsdnbltf afnf ølkad jfrnd ib aflstktukr jdnî`kd. Yrfuxb aflabpåòbs ib kla`usáf. Dpñs 4;33 tdnmën surekrdn knpfrtdltbs `bks, afnf f BAD, klvbstkedåáf ib pdtbrlkidib b ulkáf bstävb`. Bn =77= vbkf f lfvf AA, qub láf aflsbeuku trdiuzkr tfids ds aflabpåòbs ib jdnî`kd, trdzblif dpblds tînkids klfvdåòbs. Bltrbtdltf, ds `bks hdndks sbráf und jfltb sdtksjdtñrkd if ikrbktf ib jdnî`kd, pfr kssf ë lbabssärkf qub bstbhdn bn aflsflílakd afn sbus prklaîpkfs mdsk`drbs. Jdz-sb lbabssärkf musadr lfs prklaîpkfs ebrdks if Ikrbktf ds  mdsbs ib afnprbblsáf b dp`kadåáf dp`kadåáf ib un ikrbktf ndks hustf. Rn ifs ndrafs pdrd bssd rbvf`uåáf ë d kltrfiuåáf id pskadlä`ksb lf iksaursf hurîikaf. Afn d ibsafmbrtd if klaflsakbltb pfr Jrbui ibsafmrku-sb un lfvf suhbktf8 f suhbktf ib ibsbhfs. Afn kssf, pbrabmbu-sb qub dtfs b jdtfs hurîikafs láf sb rbd`kzdn dpblds pfr klj`uèlakds fmhbtkvds  ‑   cä und sumhbtkvkidib, un suhbktf klaflsakbltb qub tdnmën tbn dåáf ibakskvd. Wfr klj`uèlakd id pskadlä`ksb b if suhbktf ib ibsbhfs, vbkf und lfvd lfåáf id rb`dåáf aflhued` b sbxud`kidib, trdiuzkid pb`d láf fmrkedtfrkbidib ifs vîlau`fs sbxudks. Wdssfu-sb d vd`frkzdr fs vîlau`fs mdsbdifs lf djbtf, qub pdssfu d tbr vd`fr hurîikaf h urîikaf ‑  ëtkad  ëtkad if djbtf afnf un ifs pk`drbs if Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd. 4.  Wrklaîpkfs ebrdks if Ikrbktf 4.4. F pfsktkvksnf b d afnprbblsáf if ikrbktf dtrdvës ib prklaîpkfs

D dp`kadåáf ib und prklakpkf`fekd prbssupòb d qubmrd id lfåáf pfsktkvkstd if Ikrbktf, pb`d qud` tuif f qub láf bstä lds lfrnds láf bxkstb pdrd f Ikrbktf. F pfsktkvksnf láf aflskibrd futrfs tkpfs ib lfrnds d`ën ids rberds afnf afnpflbltbs if Ikrbktf. Rnd ibaksáf rbqubr und lfrnd prbbxkstbltb. Bltrbtdltf, d rbd`kidib sbnprb dltbabib df Ikrbktf  ‑   bstb ekrd bn tfrlf id pbssfd cundld. Afn kssf, f  pfsktkvksnf tfrld-sb klsujkakbltb, klsujkakbltb, sblif lbabssärkd d dp`kadåáf ib prklaîpkfs prklaîpkfs hurîikafs. F pdpb` ifs prklaîpkfs ë kljfrndr tfif f fribldnbltf hurîikaf, ib nfif d vkdmk`kzdr f d`adlab id ikelkidib id pbssfd cundld bn tfids ds rb`dåòbs rb` dåòbs hurîikads, u`trdpdssdlif d aflabpåáf pfsktkvkstd. Qñ ë pfssîvb` un Ikrbktf vkvf b bn aflsflílakd afn d rbd`kidib sb jfr un Ikrbktf prklakpkf`ñekaf. 4.=. Ds jfltbs if Ikrbktf

Ikdltb id lfvd rbd`kidib hurîikad e`fmd`kzdid, afnnfl `dw b akvk` `dw hä láf sáf jdnî`kds táf sbpdrdids. D tblièlakd ibssbs skstbnds ë sb rbnfib`drbn b sfjrbrbn didptdåòbs, musadlif b`bnbltfs un if futrf.

 

F tbxtf aflstktuakfld` pdssfu d bxbrabr adid vbz ndks un pdpb` ulkjkadifr ifs skstbnds hurîikafs b fs fribldnbltfs tbn musadif adid vbz ndks sbu kibd` ib hustkåd bn und mdsb prklakpkf`ñekad. Ds jfltbs lfs ifks skstbnds bstáf cfhb nuktf sbnb`cdltbs, dpbsdr ids ikjbrblåds bstruturdks ib adid un. Rnd ids rdzòbs ibssd dprfxkndåáf ë d klj`uèlakd id mdsb prklakpkf`ñekad, prbifnkldltb ld afnnfl `dw. Cä cfhb und jfrtb tblièlakd bn sb jd`dr ib und ølkad jdnî`kd ib ikrbktf fakibltd`  ‑  qudlif  qudlif sb jd`d bn jfltbs, rbjbrb-sb çs jfltbs if ikrbktf fakibltd`. Ds jfltbs sáf dtfs fu jdtfs ifs qudks f fribldnbltf hurîikaf jdz ibpblibr d prfiuåáf ib lfrnds. Qáf b`ds d `bk, afstunb, hurkspruièlakd, ifutrkld, bqukidib, ikrbktf afnpdrdif, dld`fekd b prklaîpkfs ebrdks.  

4.1. Wrklaîpkfs ebrdks id sup`btkvkidib id `bk Fs prklaîpkfs sb rbvbstbn ibpdrd jfrådd`ën lfrndtkvd knprbsakliîvb` pdrd d dprfxkndåáf if kibd` ib hustkåd.

Afn d tblièlakd ib aflstktuakfld`kzdåáf if ikrbktf akvk`, aflsbquèlakd ifs nfvknbltfs sfakdks b pf`îtkafs ib kla`usáf b akididlkd, fs prklaîpkfs ebrdks tbn sb nfstrdif pdrd nuktf d`ën id sup`btkvkidib. Ë bqukvfadid d kibkd ib qub b`bs vèn pfr ø`tknf lf dtf kltbrprbtdtkvf kltberdtkvf. Afnf lfrnd qub sáf, fs  prklaîpkfs vbn prknbkrf lf prfabssf kltbrprbtdtkvf. Fs prklaîpkfs ebrdks skelkjkadn f d`kabrab, f fs pfltfs mäskafs b vktdks pdrd d sustbltdåáf if Ikrbktf b tbn un sbltkif ndks rb`bvdltb qub d prñprkd rberd. 4.9. Wrklaîpkfs ebrdks bxprbssfs b láf bxprbssfs

D`euls prklaîpkfs ebrdks láf bstáf bsarktfs bn un tbxtf `bed`  ‑  sud  sud klsarkåáf divën id julidnbltdåáf ëtkad. B`bs bstáf sumbltblikifs lf tbxtf `bed`, pfibn sbr rbtkrdifs id dmstrdåáf ib lfrnds bspbaîjkads. F prklaîpkf láf bxprbssf láf lbabssktd bstdr bsarktf, pfks hä bstä klsarktf tfifs fs nbnmrfs id fredlkzdåáf sfakd` b hurîikad. Bx. prfkmkåáf if klabstf. 4.2. Lfrnds b prklaîpkfs ebrdks

  Fs prklaîpkfs ebrdks sáf lfrnds. ]dzòbs ib Mfmmkf8 sáf bxtrdîifs ib futrds lfrnds, b tbn julåáf ib rbeu`dr un adsf, dsskn afnf ds rberds. Qáf ndks lfrnds if qub ds rberds, pfks trdiuzbn láf sfnbltb f sbltkif ib un dtf ib vfltdib, nds f afltbøif, f sbltkif id lfrnd. 4.:. F prklaîpkf ifs prklaîpkfs8 d lfrnd julidnbltd`  ‑  Ob`sbl  Ob`sbl b Jrbui

D lfrnd julidnbltd`, sbeulif Ob`sbl, ë f julidnbltf ib vd`kidib ib tfids ds lfrnds ib und bstruturd lfrndtkvd, d ulkidib ib und p`urd`kidib ib lfrnds. Ë d lfrnd julidnbltd`, qub ë un kltbriktf prfkmktñrkf, qub pfsskmk`ktfu d pdssdebn if bstdif ib ldturbzd pdrd d au`turd. D lfrnd julidnbltd`, lfrnd prknbkrd qub iä vd`kidib d tfids ds futrds ë d `bk-if-pdk (f jk`cf ibvb fmbibabr df pdk), qub ë und lfrnd ib ikrbktf ib jdnî`kd. 4.5. Wrklaîpkfs, rberds, af`ksáf b d afltrkmukåáf ib ]fmbrt D`bxy

F arktërkf ndks utk`kzdif pdrd ikstkleukr prklaîpkfs b rberds ë f id eblbrd`kidib8 prklaîpkfs sáf lfrnds afn erdu ib eblbrd`kidib rb`dtkvdnbltb d`tf b ds rberds sáf lfrnds afn erdu ib eblbrd`kidib rb`dtkvdnbltb mdkxf. Bltrbtdltf, D`bxy djkrnd qub bssb arktërkf láf f ndks dibqudif, ibvblif sbr diftdif un arktërkf ndks qud`ktdtkvf. D ikjbrblåd ë qub fs prklaîpkfs fribldn d`ef qub ibvb sbr rbd`kzdif ld ndkfr nbikid pfssîvb`, sáf ndlidifs ib ftknkzdåáf, blqudltf ds rberds sáf dp`kadids lf nfif tuif fu ldid  ‑  fu   fu sáf aunprkds fu láf. 4.3. Af`ksáf ib prklaîpkfs

F acfqub ib prklaîpkfs fafrrb dpblds lf adsf aflarbtf, pfks lf p`dlf dmstrdtf, tfifs fs prklaîpkfs sáf cdrnùlkafs. Wdrd D`bxy, cdvblif aflj`ktf bltrb fs prklaîpkfs ibvb sbr rbd`kzdid d pflibrdåáf ‑  tbltdr  tbltdr blafltrdr und jfrnd ib dp`kad-`fs b knpfr-`cbs f nblfr erdu ib sdarkjîakf pfssîvb`. Wdrd dqub`bs qub iksafridn, f qub ibvb sbr jbktf ë d dibqudåáf ifs prklaîpkfs b láf d pflibrdåáf, ib nfif qub f kltërprbtb ibvb fptdr pb`f prklaîpkf ndks dibqudif df adsf aflarbtf. Wdrd ]firkef id Aulcd, ibvb cdvbr d pflibrdåáf ifs prklaîpkfs hurîikafs bn hfef, pfks láf cä ckbrdrqukd bltrb fs prklaîpkfs, nds láf sb pfib ibkxdr ib fmsbrvdr d dsablsáf id ikelkidib id pbssfd cundld lf

 

fribldnbltf hurîikaf. Cdvblif af`ksáf, un prklaîpkf ibvb abibr d futrf, ib nfif qub sb edrdltd d ikelkidib id pbssfd cundld. 4.;.  Wrklaîpkfs julidnbltdks b lfrtbdifrbs pdrd f ikrbktf ib jdnî`kd

Ds rberds láf aflsbeubn d`adlådr d bvf`uåáf sfakd` id jdnî`kd. Afn kssf, fs afstunbs váf knpu`skfldlif fs fpbrdifrbs if ikrbktf pdrd und aflstdltb rbfredlkzdåáf if ikrbktf ib jdnî`kd. Wrklaîpkfs8 ikelkidib cundld? nflfednkd? nb`cfr kltbrbssb id arkdlåd/dif`bsabltb? keud`idib b rbspbktf çs ikjbrblåds? dutflfnkd b id nblfr kltbrvblåáf bstdtd`? p`urd`kidib ib jfrnds ib jdnî`kd? djbtkvkidib. =.  D sumhbtkvkidib ld fmhbtkvkidib ifs dtfs b jdtfs hurîikafs

 

=.4. D futrd iknblsáf id D prknbkrd `bk fredlkzdifrd ifs`bkafnpfrtdnbltfs sfakdks ë und `bk ib Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd8 d @bk if Wdk.

F Ikrbktf sureb afnf und bxkeèlakd id akvk`kzdåáf pdrd d afltblåáf if efzf, suprbssáf ifs klstkltfs, pfks f cfnbn, ld musad ib sdakdr sbu efzf jdz if futrf un fmhbtf. Qb f Ikrbktf tbn und rb`dåáf ikrbtd afn f efzf, skelkjkad qub suds dåòbs b f ibsblvf`vknbltf ifs dtfs b jdtfs  hurîikafs láf bstáf dpblds ld fribn id fmhbtkvkidib. Cä futrds rdzòbs ld vkid b dp`k dp`kadmk`kidib admk`kidib if Ikrbktf qub láf bstáf dpblds ld rbd`kidib vksîvb` b dpdrbltb. D Wskadlä`ksb, df dlulakdr futrf suhbktf, f suhbktf klaflsakbltb, prfvfad und pbrturmdåáf ld trdikåáf hurîikad.  Láf ë lfvkidib jd`dr ifs b`bnbltfs jkaakfldks trdikakfldks if Ikrbktf  ‑  bx.   bx. aktdåáf pfr biktd` b ibtbrnkldåáf ib qub tfifs ibvbn aflcbabr ds `bks  ‑  qub   qub sáf prbnkssds sbn ds qudks láf sbrkd pfssîvb` fpbrdakfld`kzdr f Ikrbktf. D lfvkidib ë f qub Ikrbktf láf dpblds lbabssktd ifs b`bnbltfs jkaakfldks, nds ldsab ib und jkaåáf. D @bk if Wdk ë und `bk sknmñ`kad. Ë pfr und frkebn jkaakfld` qub sb klstdurd d `bk, d dutfrkidib. Wfr sbr dsskn, ë pfssîvb` qub f Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd afltbnpfrílbf aflskibrb d pdtbrlkidib und julåáf, b láf dpblds un aflabktf mkf`ñekaf, idlif ç pdtbrlkidib sfakfdjbtkvd. F pdk ë und jkeurd sknmñ`kad, pfks f qub kltbrbssd pdrd f suhbktf ë unfrkebn pdk, b láf f pdk. F Ikrbktf jkad dmd`dif qudlif sb ibsvblid qub d vbridib lfrndtkvd ë dpblds und ids vbridibs bxkstbltbs- cä dklid d sumhbtkvkidib b f klaflsakbltb. =.=. D kltrfiuåáf id Wskadlä`ksb lf iksaursf hurîikaf

Ë lf Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd qub d sumhbtkvkidib sb dprbsbltd ndks jfrtbnbltb b ë ndks pbrkefsd. D afnprbblsáf ib qub d pskqub ë afnpfstd pb`f aflsakbltb b pb`f klaflsakbltb nuifu ds jfrnds ib vbr f nulif. D sumhbtkvkidib kltberd b pbrpdssd fs dtfs hurîikafs b hurksikakfldks. D Wskadlä`ksb vbn trdzbr ib vf`td d vd`frkzdåáf if klikvîiuf, if suhbktf  ‑  sumhbtkvf  sumhbtkvf ë f suhbktf afn suds pdrtkau`drkidibs b skleu`drkidibs. D sumhbtkvkidib bstä dssfakdid df klaflsakbltb, qub sb `ked df ibsbhf. F klaflsakbltb sb rb`bvd dtrdvës ifs sflcfs, dtfs jd`cfs, bsqubaknbltfs, `dpsfs... Bstbs rbvb`dn d vbridib if ibsbhf, qub kltbrjbrb ld akèlakd hurîikad ç nbikid qub rbvb`dn f láf iktf, dquk`f qub bstä pfr ibträs id `bk, ifends hurîikafs b klstktukåòbs. F klaflsakbltb ibsaflcbab rb`dåòbs `ñekads ib adusd b bjbktf.  Lf Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd d Wskadlä`ksb tbn bspbakd` knpfrtílakd pfr trdzbr ç aflsakèlakd d vbridibkrd rdzáf ib un `ktîekf df rbvb`dr f klaflsakbltb. D`ën ikssf, ld skleu`drkidib ifs hu`edifrbs bstáf suds klsarkåòbs klaflsakbltbs diqukrkids df `flef id vkid. D Wskadlä`ksb pbrnktb afnprbblibr d`euls prfabssfs pdtf`ñekafs krrdakfldks nuktf afnuls ld prätkad hurîikad. =.1. Qumhbtkvkidib b klaflsakbltb =.9. Quhbktf ib ikrbktf, suhbktf ib ibsbhf b f sbu fmhbtf8 ibsbhf, `fef bxkstf b tblcf ikrbktfs

Wdrd sbr suhbktf ib ikrbktfs láf mdstd qub sb tblcd adpdakidib hurîikad lf sbltkif a`ässkaf. Ë lbabssärkf sb bstdr rbaflcbakif afnf suhbktf ib dafrif afn d nfrd`kidib pøm`kad rbaflcbakid pb`f Bstdif. D lfåáf ib suhbktf ib ikrbktfs bstä rb`dakfldid d qubstòbs ib kla`usáf b bxa`usáf if `dåf sfakd`. Yrdtd-sb id nfrd` sbxud` akvk`kzdtñrkd, prfvfadifrd ib erdlibs klhustkåds. Jfk afn mdsb lbssd nfrd` qub f Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd bstbvb dssbltdif lf trkpë sbxf-adsdnbltf-rbprfiuåáf. Ibsbhf ë klaflsakbltb b f suhbktf tdnmën ë ibsbhf. F suhbktf ib ikrbktfs ë f nbsnf suhbktf ib ibsbhfs. Yfifs fs dtfs b jdtfs hurîikafs sáf ibtbrnkldifs, prbibtbrnkldifs b pbrnbdifs pb`f ibsbhf. Bn tfids ds rb`dåòbs  hurîikads, f suhbktf ib ikrbktfs b f fmhbtf fmhbtf sáf ibtbrnkldifs pb`f ibsbhf, ibsbhf, nuktds vbzbs klaflsakbltbnbltb. =.2. Zfltdib, lbabsskidib, ibsbhf b efzf afn f sfjrknbltf

 

 Lds rb`dåòbs ib Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd, f b`f ibtbrnkldltb ë f dnfr, f djbtf, qub bstä vklau`dif df ibsbhf, df klaflsakbltb.  Lbabsskidib ë aflsakbltb, b ë un un bstdif ib qub láf sb pfib juekr juekr fu ikspblsdr. Ë f sumstrdtf sumstrdtf if ibsbhf. D lbabsskidib pfib b ibvb sbr sdtksjbktd. D vfltdib, ds vbzbs, b f ibsbhf lulad. Ë knpfssîvb` sdtksjdzbr f ibsbhf, pfks b`b sbnprb ibndlidrä futrd sdtksjdåáf, klvbltdrä und lfvd ibndlid. Láf tbr tuif f qub ibsbhdnfs ë f qub lfs jdz vkvbr, ë lfssd jfråd nftrkz. D Wskadlä`ksb pbrnktb und dnp`kdåáf id afnprbblsáf id bstruturd if `ktîekf b if julakfldnbltf ifs dtfrbs b  pbrsfldebls id abld hurîikad b huikakd`. h uikakd`. Aflsbqubltbnbltb, pfsskmk`ktd und präxks ndks ëtkad ifs fpbrdifrbs if Ikrbktf.  Lds rb`dåòbs hurîikads, vfltdib, lbabsskidib b ibsbhf sb bltrb`dådn, pfiblif prfvfadr klhustkåds. F ibsbhf kltbrjbrb lf Ikrbktf, rb`dtkvkzdlif d lbabsskidib. F Huikakärkf tfrld-sb nbkf ib rbd`kzdåáf ib un ibsbhf klaflsakbltb. Afnprbblibr bssd abld ë láf sb pbrnktkr sbr klstrunbltf ib sdtksjdåáf ib ibsbhfs fau`tfs. D btbrlkzdåáf if `ktîekf tdnmën skelkjkad efzf, pfks f `ktîekf ë und jfrnd ib láf sbpdrdr ds pdrtbs, qub jkadn ulkids pb`f efzf if sfjrknbltf. F efzf tbn dpbtktb ib nfrtb8 efzd-sb afn f prdzbr b tdnmën afn f sfjrknbltf. F `ktîekf huikakd` ë und ckstñrkd ib iberdidåáf if futrf. D Wskadlä`ksb jdz qubmrdr f mrfadrif ib qub f qub láf bstä lfs dutfs láf bstä lf prfabssf. Ds rdzòbs klaflsakbltbs b f efzf, bnmfrd láf bstbhdn lf nulif fmhbtkvf ifs dutfs, pbrpdssdn f prfabssf. Wfsskmk`kidib ib und afliutd ndks ëtkad ifs fpbrdifrbs if Ikrbktf pfr láf sb pbrnktkrbn sbr klstrunbltfs if `ktîekf, if dssuhbktdnbltf ids pdrtbs çqub`b efzf. =.:. D a`îlkad if Ikrbktf

D Wskadlä`ksb trdz futrd ëtkad pdrd d divfadakd ib jdnî`kd. D lfvd ëtkad bstä bn nfstrdr df a`kbltb qub sbu vbridibkrf kltbrbssb láf ë dqub`b qub dpdrbltd sbr. D julåáf if divfedif ë sbpdrdr d fmhbtkvkidib id afljusáf ifs b`bnbltfs sumhbtkvfs. Bstd ë d a`îlkad if Ikrbktf. =.5. Lbutrd`kidib, knpdrakd`kidib b sumhbtkvkidib ifs huîzbs

Ds lfåòbs ib sumhbtkvkidib b klaflsakbltb pbrnktkrdn jdzbr und ikstklåáf bltrb knpdrakd`kidib b lbutrd`kidib ifs huîzbs. Ë pfssîvb` sbr knpdrakd`, nds d lbutrd`kidib dmsf`utd ifs huîzbs ë knpfssîvb`. Knpdrakd` ë láf sb ibkxdr afltdnkldr pb`ds pdkxòbs, láf mblbjkakdr fu prbhuikadr d qud`qubr ids pdrtbs. Hä d lbutrd`kidib ë knpfssîvb` pfrqub f klaflsakbltb ib und pbssfd prfiuz bjbktfs afltdnkldlif f ibvbr-sbr b f dtf ib hu`edr. Bxkekr d lbutrd`kidib ë afkskjkadr und pbssfd, jdzblif-d dmrkr náf ib sud skleu`drkidib, sud ckstñrkd. D pbssfd`kidib b skleu`drkidib bstä vklau`did ç ckstñrkd ib adid un, ç aflstruåáf ib sbus vd`frbs nfrdks b ëtkafs, sud aflabpåáf pf`îtkad b kibf`ñekad, d ndlbkrd afnf vè d vkid. =.3. D sumhbtkvkidib lfs prklaîpkfs hurîikafs

D af`ksáf ib prklaîpkfs bxkstb bn rdzáf ib sbu afltbøif ib sumhbtkvkidib. Rn prklaîpkf ë aflstktuîif pfr vd`frbs, b pfr kssf ë rb`dtkvf b rb`dtkvkzävb`, pfiblif sbr usdif dtë nbsnf pdrd sustbltdr sktudåòbs dltdeùlkads. D rb`dtkvkidib ifs vd`frbs ë f qub prfvfad d af`ksáf ifs prklaîpkfs. Bssd rb`dtkvkidib vbn ids aflabpåòbs kibf`ñekads, nfrdks, pf`îtkads fu baflùnkads  ‑  id   id pfskåáf if suhbktf ld vkid, qub tbn rdîzbs ld sud bstruturd jdnk`kdr.  Ld fmhbtkvkidib id dreunbltdåáf bstä prbsbltb und nftkvdåáf klaflsakbltb pdrd hustkjkadr bstb fu dqub`b  prklaîpkf.    Ldakj8 f ki ë f adrldvd`, ë f afnpfrtdnbltf dpblds pdutdif lfs prdzbrbs, f ‐bu qubrf ë sbr jb`kz„. F

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ki ë `knktdif pb`f supbrbef, supbrbef, qub pf`kakd d pbssfd. Yfif bssb skstbnd ë d rdakfld`kidib if ikrbktf `bvdid çs suds ø`tknds aflsbquèlakds. Lñs rbprfiuzknfs ld akèlakd hurîikad f qub lñs sfnfs afnf sbrbs cundlfs, afnf pbssfd. F Ikrbktf ikstrkmuk f qub lñs tbnfs bn lfssd sfakbidib. F Ikrbktf ë f supbrbef id sfakbidib.  1.  Nfrd` b ëtkad ‑   Rnd Rnd ikstklåáf lbabssärkd pdrd d dp`kadåáf ifs prklaîpkfs

Fs vd`frbs ëtkafs ibvbn prbpflibrdr sfmrb fs vd`frbs nfrdks, nuktds vbzbs bstkendtkzdltbs. D ibsaflstruåáf ib aflabktfs b vd`frbs, dtë bltáf kldmd`ävbks pdrd f Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd, afnf klikssf`umk`kidib if adsdnbltf, jdnî`kd pdtrknflkd`kzdid b ckbrdrqukzdid, knutdmk`kidib if rbeknb ib mbls,

 

k`bektknkidib ib jk`cfs, bta., ibvb-sb ç aflstruåáf ib lfvfs vd`frbs, bn qub d jdnî`kd ë aflabmkid afnf bspdåf ib rbd`kzdåáf id ikelkidib cundld. Ds vbzbs, dquk`f ë ëtkaf láf bstä ib dafrif afn fs vd`frbs nfrdks vkebltbs bn ibtbrnkldif fribldnbltf  hurîikaf, b f qub ë nfrd` pfib láf sbr ëtkaf. Fs prklaîpkfs ebrdks if ikrbktf sáf lfrnds, b afnf td`, afltèn rberds b vd`frbs ib adrätbr ulkvbrsd`. Bssd djkrndåáf pfssuk ifks afrf`ärkfs8 fs prklaîpkfs sáf julidltbs, dltbrkfrbs d futrds lfrnds b f rbaflcbaknbltf id rdakfld`kidib ld ulkvbrsd`kidib ib prklaîpkfs (dusèlakd ib afltrdikåòbs kltbrlds). F qub jdz d vd`kidib ib un prklaîpkf ë sud ulkvbrsd`kidib (láf sb ikrkeb d dpblds un erupf) b rdakfld`kidib (qud`qubr sbr cundlf ë iftdif ib rdzáf). dklidcundld. d láf-sumfrikldåáf, qub ë d klbxkstèlakd ib ërberds supbrkfrbs. Bx. ikelkidib id Cä pbssfd Aflabpåáf odltkdld8 tfid pbssfd ikelddltbrkfrbs pfrqub ëfu rdakfld`. Aflabpåáf tbf`ñekad8 ikelkidib mdsbdid lf afnpfrtdnbltf arkstáf if dnfr df prñxknf. Wdrd ibtbrnkldr d bssèlakd cundld ë lbabssärkf un arktërkf kla`uskvf, klibpblibltb ib nuidlåds bxtbrlds. Bstb arktërkf ë d rdzáf cundld. D aflabpåáf tbf`ñekad láf aflsbeub dpfltdr un arktërkf ib vd`kidib ulkvbrsd` pdrd d ikelkidib cundld. F vd`fr if prklaîpkf ë ibpblibltb ib sud aflikåáf ëtkad, nds ibvb-sb tfndr aukidif pdrd láf sumstktukr d ëtkad  pb`d nfrd`. Wdrd Nkeub` ]bd`b d ëtkad ë und tbfrkd id afliutd8 cä afliutds qub láf vksdn futrds afliutds (bstëtkads fu tbfrëtkads) b afliutds qub vksdn futrds afliutds (baflùnkads fu ëtkads). Ë und aflabpåáf drkstftë`kad, qub vè ld afliutd und bspëakb ib aflcbaknbltf id dåáf. Ë tdrbjd id ëtkad d dvd`kdåáf ib dåòbs, pfks sbu lfrtb julidnbltd` ë d jkld`kidib id dåáf. Ë f pfltf ib pdrtkid pdrd lfvds dåòbs  ‑  láf  láf ë un jkn bn sk nbsnf, nds un nbkf pdrd sb acbedr d d`ef, qub ë un mbn, un vd`fr. F qub qud`kjkad und dåáf afnf hurîikad, nfrd` fu ëtkad ë d fribn vd`frdtkvd8 d dåáf hurîikad ë dqub`d ib dafrif afn f ikrbktf, d dåáf nfrd` ë d ib dafrif afn d nfrd` b d dåáf ëtkad ë d qub rbd`kzd vd`frbs dinktkifs kltbrkfrnbltb. Dsskn, pdrd qub cdhd dåáf ëtkad ë lbabssärkf un vd`fr nfrd`nbltb dinktkif pb`f debltb.  Ld aflabpåáf drkstftë`kad, d ëtkad sb dssbnb`cd nuktf afn d nfrd`, sblif und jfrnd bspbaîjkad ib julakfldnbltf id nfrd`8 ë f ibvbr nfrd` rbaflcbakif afnf rdakfld` pb`f debltb. Ydltf d nfrd` qudltf d ëtkad sáf eukdids pfr vd`frbs klikvkiudks b sumhbtkvfs, nds d ëtkad ë d dvd`kdåáf rdakfld` ids qubstòbs nfrdks. Wfr sb trdtdr ib und dvd`kdåáf sumhbtkvd id dåáf b ifs jkls, d nfrd` bstä lf p`dlf if rb`dtkvksnf, f qub d ikjbrblakd if ikrbktf. Nfrd` b ëtkad sáf adnpfs ib rbeu`dåáf kltbrkfr id afliutd, b f Ikrbktf ë f adnpf ib rbeu`dåáf bxtbrkfr.  Ld ifutrkld hurîikad, cä und tblièlakd ib sb aflskibrdr d nfrd` un aflhultf ib vd`frbs ulkvbrsd` bn rdzáf ib sud frkebn ld bspfltdlbkidib. ]drdnbltb fs hurkstds ibsafljkdn id nfrd`. D prñprkd hustkåd ë trdtdid afnf un aflabktf nfrd`. Nfrd` vs. Ikrbktf8 jfrf îltknf (rbprfvdåáf dpblds ld aflsakèlakd)  ‑  jfrf   jfrf bxtbrkfr (nfmk`kzdåáf if dpdrb`cf bstdtd` pdrd d pulkåáf)? jd`td ib afbrakmk`kidib  ‑   afbrakmk`kidib? d`adlab ulk`dtbrd` (láf dtrkmuk pfibr fu jdau`idib df futrf) ‑  d`adlab  d`adlab mk`dtbrd` (cä bxkekmk`kidib).  Lf sbltkif frkekld`, d ëtkad ë f aflcbaknbltf ndks afnp`bxf id ldturbzd ib und aafksd, fksd, ids dtrkmukåòbs qub láf pfibn sbr lbedids sbn qub d afksd ibkxb ib sbr f qub ë. Wfr sbr id ldturbzd cundld dekr b hu`edr f qub `cb admb jdzbr, d ëtkad ë, ld prätkad, un bstuif id lbabsskidib ib dåáf. Dsskn, f aflabktf ëtkaf ib hustkåd ë d  prätkad ib dutfprbsbrvdåáf ikdltb ib adusds bxtbrlds qub pbrturmbn sud ldturbzd. Wdrd sdmbr f qub ë hustf fu klhustf, ibvb-sb dld`ksdr f qub prbsbrvd fu ibtbrkfrd d ldturbzd. Hä fs aflabktfs nfrdks ib hustkåd b klhustkåd sáf nuktf rb`dtkvfs. Ë lbabssärkf trdtdr d hustkåd sbn und dmfridebn nfrd`kstd, sbn afljulikr nfrd` b ëtkad. D ëtkad tbn ld nfrd` un ib sbus fmhbtfs, nds láf f ølkaf, afnf prbtblibn Drkstñtb`bs b ]bd`b. D ëtkad, df trdtdr f cfnbn, bstuid suds dåòbs b sud `kmbridib. D sf`uåáf ndks hustd pdrd fs aflj`ktfs qub sb dprbsbltdn pdrd d hustkåd id jdnî`kd ë dqub`d qub musad f vbridibkrf rbspbktf dfs b`bnbltfs julidnbltdks ids rb`dåòbs ib jdnî`kd. Fptdr pb`d ëtkad bn ibtrknbltf id nfrd` skelkjkad trdzbr pdrd f Ikrbktf d jdnî`kd afnf un derupdnbltf au`turd`, b láf ldturd`.

 

Djbtf, keud`idib d`tbrkidib, nb`cfr kltbrbssb id arkdlåd/dif`bsabltb, p`urd`kidib ib jdnî`kds, dutflfnkd id vfltdib b nîlknd kltbrvblåáf bstdtd` sáf prklaîpkfs julidnbltdks b lfrtbdifrbs if Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd, b sfm fs qudks bstä f ndarf prklaîpkf id ikelkidib id pbssfd cundld.  Ldakj8 tdltf ëtkad qudltf nfrd` sáf lfrnds ib afliutd  ‑  afnf   afnf sb ibvb afnpfrtdr, qud` ë d dåáf ndks afrrbtd. Bltrbtdltf, sbnprb tkvbnfs d nfrd` julidnbltdid bn un prbabktf rb`kekfsf qub vbn id `kvrb drmktrku  ‑  bu   bu sñ bxkstf bn Ibus sb bu jdåf ds afksds afrrbtds. D nfrd` ë jdzbr d afksd afrrbtd ikrkekid ç jkld`kidib if dtf. D nfrd` ë und lfrnd ib afliutd arkdid ib dafrif afn f pdiráf tbf`ñekaf, iktdid  pb`d aflabpåáf arkstá. Tubn blskld bssds rberds ë d prñprkd jdnî`kd, ib jfrnd klstkltkv klstkltkvdd (qudlif d náb ikz láf bç ikz arkdlåd)   skstbnd  skstbnd 4 (rbspfstd räpkid, dpblds rbdrrund bssd qubstáf qub d ‑  rberd ib afliutd láf pfib sbrknbikdtd). abrtd b láfCäabrtd pdrdund futrfrbdåáf. erupf.Odlt D rberd ib afliutd ibvb sbr un knpbrdtkvf adtbeñrkaf, ibvb sbr ulkvbrsd`kzdid. D rberd jdzbr d afksd abrtd ibvb sbrvkr id nbsnd jfrnd pdrd un arkstáf, un muikstd b un dtbu. Láf ë pfssîvb` cdvbr und rberd pdrd adid erupf sfakd`. Wfr kssf, d rberd ib afliutd ibvb sbr pdutdid pb`d rdakfld`kidib, pfks ë sñ pfr nbkf ib`d qub tbn-sb d ulkvbrsd`kidib (skstbnd =  ‑  pdrdr,   pdrdr, rbj`btkr sfmrb f dtf b idr d nb`cfr rbspfstd, qub ibvb sbr keud` klibpblibltb id ‐náb„ qub sb tbvb). Ibltrf if erupf nfrd` tbf`ñekaf, d`eunds pbssfds sáf

bxa`uskvds. Lf Mrdsk`, f prfm`bnd láf ë táf erdlib pfrqub d knblsd ndkfrkd id pfpu`dåáf ë arkstá. D nfrd` d`knbltd f Ikrbktf, f Ikrbktf vdk ç nfrd` pdrd musadr rberd ib afltkids. D nfrd` ë un supbrbef  ‑   rbstkleb-sb f bef, f qub bu qubrf jdzbr. Lf bltdltf, kssf ë brrdif, pfks f Ikrbktf ibvbrkd sb vf`tdr ç ëtkad, ld qud` cä rbj`bxáf sfmrb f dtf. Afn kssf, d ëtkad tfrld-sb und akèlakd if afnpfrtdnbltf  ‑  pdrtb  pdrtb id jk`fsfjkd. F ndkfr prfm`bnd ë rbj`btkr sfmrb ds pfskåòbs qub tbnfs b sbpdrä-`ds. F prklaîpkf id ëtkad ë qub tfifs fs cfnbls sáf keudks. Yfifs fs cfnbls ibvbn tbr sud afnp`btuib f lbabssärkf (f qub láf bxkstkrîdnfs sb jd`tdssb). Ibltrf ids aflikåòbs lbabssärkds ë sbr jb`kz if hbktf qub sb dacd qub ibvb sbr. Bx. tbstbnulcds ib Hbfvä  ‑   dutflfnkd ib `bvdr d vkid afnf bsaf`cbrdn. D nfrd` ë d`ef qub jfk blskldif, b dpblds sb rbpbtb. Hä d ëtkad ë pblsdid, rbj`btkid. D nfrd` ë bxa`uibltb, pfks ë und rberd ib afliutd ib un erupf b qubn qubr qub láf d fmbibåd ë bxa`uîif. Hä sb ds rberds ib afliutd sáf ëtkads, cä ulkvbrsd`kidib. tfifs fs cfnbls sáf keudks. 9.  Fs prklaîpkfs julidnbltdks pdrd f Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd 9.4. F prklaîpkf id ikelkidib cundld

D ikelkidib ë un prklaîpkf ëtkaf, qub lfrtbkd ikvbrsfs futrfs prklaîpkfs. Ë un ndarfprklaîpkf, if qud` krrdikdn b bstáf afltkifs ikvbrsfs futrfs prklaîpkfs.  Láf ë pfssîvb` pblsdr bn ikrbktfs ikrbktfs ibsdtr`difs id kibkd ib ikelkidib. ikelkidib. D ikelkidib ë aflikåáf supbrkfr if cfnbn, klibpblibltb ib nbrbaknbltf pbssfd` fu sfakd`. Ë klbrbltb df sbr cundlf. 9.4.=. D ikelkidib ib Odlt  D frkebn id  bxprbssáf bstä bn Odlt. Cä bn adid cfnbn un nbsnf vd`fr pfr adusd ib sud rdzáf. F cfnbn hdndks ibvb sbr trdlsjfrndif bn klstrunbltf pdrd qub sbhdn dtklekifs ibtbrnkldifs jkls. F cfnbn, iftdif ib aflsakèlakd, pfssuk un vd`fr qub f af`fad daknd id aflikåáf ib afksd. Bssb vd`fr ë d ikelkidib. Ds afksds tèn prbåf, b ds pbssfds ikelkidib. Tudlif und afksd tbn un prbåf, pfibnfs sumstktuî-`d pfr qud`qubr futrd afnf bqukvd`bltb? nds f cfnbn, supbrkfr ç afksd, bstä daknd ib tfif prbåf, pfrtdltf láf pbrnktb bqukvd`bltb, pfks b`b tbn ikelkidib. D ikelkidib ibafrrb id prñprkd ldturbzd cundld, b láf ib vdrkävbks bxtbrlds.  Láf cä rb`dtkvkidib ‑  d  d ikelkidib ë un vd`fr ib tfif sbr cundlf pfrqub ë rdakfld`. Fs Ikrbktfs Cundlfs sáf mdsbdifs ld ikelkidib - lb`bs bstä d abrtbzd ib qub ibtbrnkldifs ikrbktfs ibvbn sbr dtrkmuîifs çs pbssfds pfr und nbsnd adusd ulkvbrsd` b daknd ib qud`qubr drmîtrkf cundlf. 9.4.1.  Ikelkidib, ikrbktfs cundlfs b kla`usáf sfakd`   Rnd sfakbidib hustd b ibnfarätkad afnbåd b tbrnkld afn d aflskibrdåáf id `kmbridib b id dutflfnkd

 prkvdid. Kstf skelkjkad qub d bxa`usáf ib ibtbrnkldids rb`dåòbs ib jdnî`kd if `dåf sfakd` ë und djrfltd ç ikelkidib id pbssfd cundld.

 

Fs bxbnp`fs ckstñrkafs ib klikelkidib lf Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd sáf nuktfs8 d bxa`usáf b xa`usáf id nu`cbr if prklaîpkf id keud`idib, af`fadlif-d bn pfskåáf kljbrkfr df cfnbn? d prfkmkåáf ib rbekstrdr f lfnb if pdk lfs jk`cfs cdvkifs jfrd if adsdnbltf sb f pdk jfssb adsdif? b f láf-rbaflcbaknbltf ib futrds jfrnds ib jdnî`kd qub láf jfssb f adsdnbltf. 9.4.9.  Ikelkidib b sumhbtkvkidib  F prklaîpkf id ikelkidib, afnf tfifs fs prklaîpkfs, afltën vd`frbs b, pfrtdltf, trdz aflskef, d`ën ib sbu afltbøif lfrndtkvf, un afltbøif dxkf`ñekaf b ë pfr afltbr vd`fr qub d ikelkidib bstä tdnmën lf pbrkefsf tbrrblf id rb`dtkvkidib b sumhbtkvkidib. F pb`f qud` sb vè b sb dtrkmuk f vd`fr ç ikelkidib ë un íleu`f if suhbktf skleu`dr afn tfid d sud adred ibíleu`f sumhbtkvkidib. Ë lbabssärkf aflhuedr rb`dtkvkidib b sumhbtkvkidib ç fmhbtkvkidib if aflabktf ib ikelkidib. F ndarfprklaîpkf id ikelkidib id pbssfd cundld lulad pfibrä sfjrbr qud`qubr tkpf ib rb`dtkvkzdåáf, nds dpblds fs sumprklaîpkfs qub afnpòbn sbu afltbøif. Lf adsf aflarbtf, f qub ibvb cdvbr, pfrtdltf, ë und  pflibrdåáf ib prklaîpkfs, ib ib nfif d sb prbaksdr d jfrnd bn qub qub sbrä d`adlådid d ikelkidib.    Ldakj8 lñs sfnfs ibtbltfrbs if vd`fr fltf`ñekaf d pdrtkr if pfltf bn qub sfnfs rdakfldks. Bssd ë und aflabpåáf odltkdld b bssb prbsulåáf id rdakfld`kidib ld vbridib lfs djdstd afnf bspëakb. Kssf vbn if ikrbktf ldturd`  ‑   sfnfs pfrtdifrbs ib ikelkidib pb`f sknp`bs jdtf ib bxkstkrnfs b sbrnfs ikjbrbltbs ids futrds bspëakbs. Qfnfs ndks vd`frdifs qub ds futrds bspëakbs. Djkrnd ikelkidib ë un ikrbktf prë-Bstdtd`, nds láf cä ikrbktf sbn Bstdif, pfks f jdtf ib nbrbabr prftbåáf láf skelkjkad ikrbktf. Dsskn, bssd fltf`fekd bstä sblif supbrdid, pfks d ikelkidib sb mdsbkd lf jdtf qub bxkstb bn lñs un klvbstknbltf id ldturbzd. Láf ë pfssîvb` julidnbltdr dpblds ld rdakfld`kidib, pfks kssf `bed ◆

d d`euls ikstørmkfs, afnf cä lf AA bspdlcf`, pb`f qud` sñ ë pbssfd ikeld ib prftbåáf dqub`bs qub tblcdn ldsakifs afn jfrnd cundld b vkävbks. 9.=.  Wrklaîpkf id nflfednkd  9.=.4. D bssèlakd id nflfednkd nfl fednkd

Julåáf ib un prklaîpkf hurîikaf fribldifr. Ë un nfif ib fredlkzdåáf id jdnî`kd aflhued`. 9.=.=. Nflfednkd b pf`kednkd

F rfnpknbltf if prklaîpkf id nflfednkd láf bstä lds rb`dåòbs bxtrdaflhuedks, nds ld rb`dåáf bxtrdaflhued`, bn qub sb bstdmb`bab und jdnî`kd sknu`tílbd çqub`d hä bxkstbltb. D prfkmkåáf ib rb`dåòbs bxtrdaflhuedks ë und ids jfrnds b klstrunbltfs ib edrdltkd if skstbnd nflfeínkaf, b tdnmën if pf`keínkaf. D prbnkssd id jkib`kidib bstä sbnprb prbsbltb. 9.=.1 Kltbriktfs df ibsbhf, jkib`kidib b prfnksaukidib

F Ikrbktf julakfld afnf und sfjkstkadid tëalkad ib afltrf`b ids pu`sòbs b pfibnfs ikzbr, bltáf, qub d  prknbkrd `bk ib qud`qubr derupdnbltf ë und `bk ib Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd8 d @bk-if-pdk, fu sbhd, f kltbriktf  prfkmktñrkf if klabstf. Qbn bssb kltbriktf prknbkrf bstdrkd klstd`did d prfnksaukidib, qub ebrdrkd f adfs b klvkdmk`kzdrkd qud`qubr fredlkzdåáf sfakd` b hurîikad. D nflfednkd fu nbsnf d pf`kednkd aflstktubn-sb tdnmën afnf un kltbriktf vkdmk`kzdifr id fredlkzdåáf id jdnî`kd. Lbabsskidib ib sb mdrrdr un bxabssf, jdzbr und rblølakd pu`skfld` pdrd qub pfssd cdvbr akvk`kzdåáf. 9.=.9. F dvbssf if ikrbktf

 Láf cä lbabsskidib ib sb prfkmkr d`ef qub lkleuën ibsbhd jdzbr b und afksd qub ë prfkmkid afn d ndkfr èljdsb ibvb sbr d`ef qub ë ibsbhdif. D jkib`kidib sñ tfrlfu-sb `bk hurîikad, kstf ë, un ifs ibvbrbs if adsdnbltf, adsdnbl tf, pfrqub f ‐knpu`sf„ id kljkib`kidib bxkstb. 9.=.2 F hustf b f `bed` ld nflfednkd

D kljkib`kidib tfrld-sb kltbrbssb if Bstdif ld nbikid bn qub b`b prbtblib idr prftbåáf çs jdnî`kds. Wfr futrf `dif, ë f pdatf pdrtkau`dr if adsd` qub ibvbrkd ibtbrnkldr bssds rberds. Afn d dmf`kåáf ib au`pd pb`f jkn id aflhued`kidib, f ibvbr ib jkib`kidib pbrib sud jfråd afnf rberd hurîikad. 9.=.: D ldturbzd nflfeínkad

Afn d keud`idib ib ikrbktfs bltrb cfnbls b nu`cbrbs, d fmrkedåáf ib jkib`kidib ë rbaîprfad.

 

D nflfednkd sureku ld Ckstñrkd sureb sfm d jfrnd ib bsardvkzdåáf ib un sbxf pb`f futrf, prklakpd`nbltb  pdrd edrdltkr qub d pdtbrlkidib sbhd kliksautîvb` b qub fs jk`cfs ld qud`kidib ib cbribkrfs tbráf dssbeurdid d trdlsnkssáf id cbrdlåd ‑  nftkvfs  nftkvfs baflùnkafs. D pdrtkr if nfnbltf bn qub láf cfuvbr ndks ikjbrblåds baflùnkads bltrb fs eèlbrfs b ld nbikid bn qub ds `bks váf prfa`dndlif d keud`idib, ds rberds id jkib`kidib tdnmën sfjrbráf nfikjkadåòbs. D kljkib`kidib ndsau`kld prfvdvb`nbltb tbrä f nbsnf pbsf b vd`fr qub d jbnklkld. 9.=.5 F dnfr fl `klb, fjj `klb b d akmbrkljkib`kidib

D rbd`kidib akmbrlëtkad tbrä afnf aflsbquèlakd und nfikjkadåáf klbvktävb` ids jfrnds sfakdks dtudks, afnf adsdnbltf, sbxfifs adsud`, ldnfrf b kljkib`kidib. D prbvd`èlakd djjdkrs vkrtudks tfrldrä ds rb`dåòbs bxtrdaflhuedks ndks afnuls b pfr adusd ikssf, ndks dabktävbks. Qbrä ikjîak` bvktdr kltbkrdnbltb d vdstd qudltkidib ib d`tbrldtkvds dtrdbltbs ikspflîvbks. D kljkib`kidib ë un afnp`bnbltf klikspblsävb` id nflfednkd - dhuidn d ‐supfrtdr„ d rb`dåáf fjkakd`, b afn kstf d rb`dåáf qub kltbrbssd df skstbnd nflfeínkaf b dfs vd`frbs nfrdks vkebltbs pbrndlbabrä. Lbstb sbltkif, b`b aunprb dtë nbsnf und julåáf sfakd` ib ndlutblåáf id jdnî`kd aflhued` nflfeínkad. 9.=.3 F aflaumkldtf diu`tbrklf

]b`dåáf pdrd`b`d df adsdnbltf.  Ld iëadid ib :7 f Quprbnf Yrkmuld` Jbibrd` pum`kafu d Qønu`d 137, ikzblif qub fs mbls diqukrkifs pb`f bsjfråf afnun, ibafrrbltbs ib und sfakbidib ib jdtf bn un aflaumkldtf, sáf pdrtk`cävbks.   Knpfrtdltb pdrd dhuidr d ibsdtrb`dr fs dspbatfs nfrdks if aflaumkldtf, pfsskmk`ktdlif und vksáf ndks hurîikad. Bsjfråf afnun, pd`dvrd-acdvb pdrd f bltbliknbltf if aflaumkldtf, pfibrkd sbr ikrbtf fu klikrbtf (dtrkmukåáf ib un afltbøif baflùnkaf df trdmd`cf ifnëstkaf) Klkakd`nbltb, láf sb jdzkd ikstklåáf bltrb aflaumkldtf afnf und rb`dåáf pdrd`b`d df adsdnbltf b aflaumkldtf láf-diu`tbrklf afnf ndks und jfrnd ib aflstktukr jdnî`kd, sbn f sb`f id fjkakd`kidib if adsdnbltf. Bssd ikjbrblakdåáf jfk vkdmk`kzdid afn d Aflstktukåáf ib 4;33, qub sumstktuku d bxprbssáf aflaumkldtf pfr ulkáf bstävb`.  Láf aflabibr ikrbktfs dfs aflaumklfs bstdr-sb-kd jdzblif klhustkåd b kla`uskvb mblbjkakdlif fs suhbktfs id rb`dåáf prftbekid fjkakd`nbltb. 9.=.; Nu`tkau`turd`ksnf b ikrbktf kltbrldakfld` prkvdif   D `beks`dåáf qub rbeu`dnbltd d ndtërkd, fu sbhd, d @bk ib Kltrfiuåáf df Añikef Akvk`, ë ib 4;9=, ib und ëpfad bn qub f nu`tkau`turd`ksnf láf tklcd, lbn ib `fleb, d tùlkad qub tbn cfhb afn d baflfnkd e`fmd`kzdid. D dp`kadåáf dquk ibvbrä sbr d if prklaîpkf id nblfr kltbrvblåáf bstdtd` bn aflsflílakd afn d cbrnblèutkad aflstktuakfld` qub iä df mrdsk`bkrf b bstrdlebkrf rbskibltb lf Mrdsk` fs nbsnfs ikrbktfs (drt. 2¸). Bltrb bssbs ikrbktfs edrdltkifs bstä f id akididlkd b `kmbridib, prbssupflif dî f rbspbktf ç kibltkidib au`turd` ikjbrbltb. Qblif dsskn, bltblibnfs pfssîvb` f rbekstrf ib adsdnbltf pf`keínkaf bstrdlebkrf bn adrtñrkf mrdsk`bkrf. 9.1.  Wrklaîpkf if nb`cfr kltbrbssb id arkdlåd/dif`bsabltb   9.1.4. Afltfrlfs dtudks id jdnî`kd b f pdpb` id arkdlåd b if dif`bsabltb

Bssb prklaîpkf tbn suds rdîzbs ld nuidlåd id bstruturd id jdnî`kd, qub pdssd d sbr løa`bf ib djbtkvkidib b afnpdlcbkrksnf. Afn d vd`frkzdåáf if suhbktf b id ikelkidib ifs nbnmrfs, f nblfr edlcd ibstdqub bn rdzáf ib dklid láf tbr d`adlådif ndturkidib sujkakbltb pdrd afliuzkr d prñprkd vkid sfzklcf. Ibvb-sb prbsbrvdr df näxknf dqub`b qub sb blafltrd bn sktudåáf ib jrdek`kidib, b d arkdlåd b f dif`bsabltb sb blafltrdn bn prfabssf ib dndiurbaknbltf b jfrndåáf id pbrsfld`kidib. 9.1.=.  F tbfr if prklaîpkf if nb`cfr kltbrbssb id arkdlåd b if dif`bsabltb   F aflabktf ib nb`cfr kltbrbssb k ltbrbssb ë mdstdltb rb`dtkvf, pfiblif sfjrbr vdrkdåòbs au`turdks b dxkf`ñekads. Wfr kssf, d ibjklkåáf if nërktf ibvb sbr jbktd lf adsf aflarbtf. Fs prklaîpkfs, ikjbrbltb ids rberds, láf trdzbn aflabktfs prbibtbrnkldifs, b sud dp`kadåáf ibvb sbr prknd jdakb, b láf lf skstbnd tuif fu ldid. Dnp`kd-sb d pfsskmk`kidib ib f nblfr acbedr ç kidib diu`td afn ds ndkfrbs edrdltkds ndtbrkdks b nfrdks.

 

D`ën ifs ikrbktfs julidnbltdks ebrdks, arkdlåds b dif`bsabltbs pfssubn d`euls bspbaîjkafs, b`bladifs pb`d AJ/33 b pb`f BAD, afnf ikrbktf ç vkid, ç sdøib, ç d`knbltdåáf, ç biuadåáf, df `dzbr, ç prfjksskfld`kzdåáf, ç au`turd, ç ikelkidib, df rbspbktf, ç `kmbridib b ç aflvkvèlakd jdnk`kdr b afnulktärkd, d`ën ib af`faä-`fs d sd`vf ib tfid jfrnd ib lbe`keèlakd, iksarknkldåáf, bxp`frdåáf, vkf`èlakd, arub`idib b fprbssáf. D Aflvblåáf Kltbrldakfld` ifs Ikrbktfs id Arkdlåd, rdtkjkadid pb`f Mrdsk`, prfa`dnd d prkfrkidib dmsf`utd id kljílakd b huvbltuib. Bssb prklaîpkf ibvb frkbltdr d kltbrprbtdåáf ib tfif f fribldnbltf hurîikaf pätrkf b ds ibaksòbs huikakdks d sbrbn tfndids, b knpòb láf dpblds und afliutd fnkssd (ib rbspbktdr, láf fmstdau`kzdr), nds und afliutd afnksskvd (ib prfnfvbr). Ë d vu`lbrdmk`kidib qub dutfrkzd d dpdrbltb qubmrd id keud`idib. Bn ikvbrsds sktudåòbs, afnf ibjklkåáf ib eudrid b jkxdåáf ib cfrärkfs ib vksktd, fs jk`cfs sáf trdtdifs afnf nfbid ib trfad. Wfr nuktf tbnpf, bn rdzáf id ikvksáf sbxud` if trdmd`cf, f mbn bstdr ifs jk`cfs afrrbspflikd ç eudrid ndtbrld. Bltrbtdltf, afn d sumvbrsáf ibssbs pdpëks bn jdab if jbnklksnf b klsbråáf id nu`cbr lf nbradif ib trdmd`cf, f pdk jfk acdndif d afnpdrtk`cdr ds dtkvkidibs ifnëstkads, kla`uklif d arkdåáf ifs jk`cfs. Afn kssf, d eudrid ibvb sbr aflabikid çqub`b qub dprbsbltdr nb`cfrbs aflikåòbs ib arkdr f jk`cf (qub kla`uk ndkfr dmbrturd pdrd qub f jk`cf aflvkvd afn f pdk láf eudrikáf), sbn qud`qubr prbjbrèlakd. D fribn hurîikad afnbåfu d pbrabmbr d lbabsskidib ib ikssfakdr d jdnî`kd aflhued` id jdnî`kd pdrbltd`, b sbpdrfu d au`pd id eudrid ifs jk`cfs. Eudrid afnpdrtk`cdid8 tfndid aflhultd ib ibaksòbs knpfrtdltbs bn rb`dåáf ç vkid ifs jk`cfs, nbsnf dpñs f jkn id sfakbidib aflhued`. Edrdltb d afltklukidib id aflvkvèlakd jdnk`kdr. Wdrd d rbd` dp`kadåáf ibssb prklaîpkf ibvb sbr jbktd d ikssfakdåáf bltrb nfrd` b ëtkad. Edrdltkr f nb`cfr kltbrbssb if nblfr ë rfnpbr tfids ds mdrrbkrds ib prbaflabktfs qub pfssdn bxkstkr, bvktdlif f hu`ednbltf nfrd` pbhfrdtkvf. Bx. difåáf pfr cfnfssbxudks8 d difåáf ibvb sbr ibjbrkid qudlif rbsu`tdr bn rbdks vdltdebls pdrd f diftdif b julidr-sb bn nftkvfs `beîtknfs. Xb`dr pb`f kltbrbssb if nblfr ë aukidr ib sud mfd jfrndåáf nfrd`, psîqukad b sfakd`, f qub sb `ked d très rbjbrblakdks ib afltklukidib8 id djbtkvkidib, sfakd` (prbsbrvdåáf if dnmkbltb ib aflvîakf sfakd` id arkdlåd) b bspdakd`. 9.9.  F prklaîpkf id keud`idib b f rbspbktf çs ikjbrblåds   9.9.4. Keud`idib, d`tbrkidib b f ikrbktf d sbr cundlf

Wdrdifxf8 qudlif ndks sb iba`drd d keud`idib ib ikrbktfs, ndks dmstrdtd sb tfrld d adtbefrkd ibssbs ikrbktfs b, afn kssf, ndks sb fau`tdn ds ikjbrblåds ebrdids pb`d fribn sfakd`. Ë prbaksf kr d`ën id keud`idib eblërkad b, pdrd kssf, ibsjdzbr f bquîvfaf qub ikjbrblåd skelkjkad lbabssdrkdnbltb supbrkfrkidib ib un sfmrb f futrf. Ë d pdrtkr id ikjbrblåd, id d`tbrkidib qub ë pfssîvb` bxkstkr un suhbktf.

9.9.=.  Keud`idib ib eèlbrfs b f djfrksnf `dadlkdlf8 d nu`cbr láf bxkstb  

D keud`idib ib eèlbrfs ë un prklaîpkf aflstktuakfld` trdzkif pb`d AJ/33, nds dklid láf sb bjbtkvfu. D kibf`fekd dutfrkzdifrd id ibskeud`idib ë d supbrkfrkidib ndsau`kld. D ckstñrkd id nu`cbr lf Ikrbktf ë un láf-`uedr, und ckstñrkd ib dusèlakd, hä qub b`d sbnprb bstbvb sumfrikldid df pdk fu df ndrkif, ndrk if, sbn dutflfnkd, kladpdz. Jrbui aflstrñk sud tbfrkd id sbxud`kidib ikzblif qub f jbnklklf ë sknmf`kzdif afnf dqub`b qub láf tbn b kssf jdz afn qub d nu`cbr musqub sb kibltkjkadr afn dqub`b qub b`d pblsd qub tbn (f cfnbn). D lfvd ikvksáf sbxud` if trdmd`cf tbn idif ç nu`cbr, dfs pfuafs, un `uedr ib akidiá. D ibsaflstruåáf id supbrkfrkidib ndsau`kld jfk ibsbladibdid prklakpd`nbltb pb`f nfvknbltf jbnklkstd, qub bstä dtrb`dif d b`bnbltfs pf`îtkafs, baflùnkafs, rb`kekfsfs, ëtkafs b bstëtkafs id sfakbidib.  Lf bltdltf, d nu`cbr afltklud sblif sblif fmhbtf id keud`idib blqudltf f cfnbn ë f pdrdikend. 9.9.1.  Keud`idib jfrnd` b ikjbrblåds psîqukads   Ybfrkadnbltb, d ibskeud`idib ib eèlbrfs bstä supbrdid pb`f Ikrbktf Mrdsk`bkrf. F AA/7= knp`dltfu ib vbz ds lfrnds ib keud`idib. Bx. keud` kidib nîlknd pdrd adsdnbltf b näxknd pdrd bsaf`cd if rbeknb ib mbls. Bltrbtdltf, d keud`idib qub bstä rbsf`vkid ë d keud`idib jfrnd`.

 

D keud`idib, ckstfrkadnbltb, pdssd pfr ifks nfnbltfs8 keud`idib pbrdltb d `bk (sáf keudks f qub d `bk aflskibrd tdks) b keud`idib ld `bk (vbidåáf ib qud`qubr iksarknkldåáf ld prñprkd `bk). F ibsdjkf pdssd d sbr bltáf, afnf aflskibrdr sduiävbks ds ikjbrblåds ib eèlbrfs. Qbn bssds aflskibrdåòbs, láf bstdrbnfs dp`kadlif afrrbtdnbltb bssb prklaîpkf, nds vkf`dlif f id ikelkidib id pbssfd cundld, df rbtkrdr id abld hurîikad ds pbau`kdrkidibs b skleu`drkidibs ib adid eèlbrf. 9.9.9.  Ds dåòbs kla`uskvds  D keud`idib ndtbrkd` ë f ikrbktf ç bqukpdrdåáf nbikdltb d rbiuåáf ids ibskeud`idibs. Knp`kad bn trdtdnbltf ikjbrblakdif bn ibtbrnkldids sktudåòbs. Bx. tbnpf nblfr ib trdmd`cf pdrd dpfsbltdifrkd, `kablådndtbrlkidib ndkfr qub `kablåd-pdtbrlkidib...  Lf bltdltf, fs nbadlksnfs ib prfnfåáf id keud`idib ib eèlbrfs eèlbrfs dklid láf sáf sujkakbltbs. Rnd kibkd qub tbn tfndif afrpf lf Mrdsk` ë d kla`usáf ib mblbjîakfs `beks`dtkvfs. Qáf ds dåòbs djkrndtkvds, qub ldid ndks skelkjkadn qub d djkrndåáf, pfr nbkf ib quftds, klabltkvfs jksadks b nbikids `bedks vksdlif d dprfxkndåáf id keud`idib. Bx. quftd pdrd nu`cbrbs pdrd adrefs b`btkvfs. 9.9.2.  Ib ifld ib adsd d ifld id adsd   D sumnkssáf b rbskeldåáf ids nu`cbrbs ndltklcdn fs adsdnbltfs d qud`qubr austf. Brd d lbedåáf ib sud  pfsskmk`kidib ibsbhdltb. Wbrikdn dtë dtë nbsnf d kibltkidib, df tbr qub diftdr f lfnb lfnb if ndrkif. D pdrtkr if nfnbltf bn qub d nu`cbr sb af`fad ld rb`dåáf rb`d åáf dnfrfsd afnf suhbktf, b láf ndks dssuhbktdid, kssf rbpbrautb lf fribldnbltf hurîikaf afn d qubmrd if prklaîpkf id klikssf`umk`kidib if adsdnbltf. Ds rb`dåòbs aflhuedks sñ sb ndltbráf afn d afltîlud rblfvdåáf id pdrabrkd. Dnmfs fs pdrabkrfs, d`ën ib keudks bn ikrbktfs, sáf suhbktfs ibsbhdltbs. Kssf pfsskmk`ktfu ç nu`cbr sdkr id abld bxa`uskvdnbltb ifnëstkad pdrd pdrtkakpdr tdnmën id abld pøm`kad b if nbradif ib trdmd`cf. Ikdltb ikssf, f cfnbn sb vku fmrkedif d jdzbr d`tbrdåòbs láf dpblds lds rb`dåòbs dnfrfsds, nds tdnmën ld  pdtbrlkidib. 9.9.:.  Eudrid aflhultd fu f jkn if klstktutf id eudrid afn aflsbquèlakd if prklaîpkf id keud`idib 

D eudrid afnpdrtk`cdid sureb afnf aflsbquèlakd if jbnklksnf b rbikvksáf if trdmd`cf ifnëstkaf. Qbpdrdåáf id jdnî`kd aflhued` b pdrbltd`. Kltbrbssd ç náb pfr rbtkrdr ib sk d sfmrbadred ib trdmd`cf b df pdk pfr pbrnktkr f bxbraîakf vbridibkrf id julåáf  pdtbrld. Afn d eudrid afnpdrtk`cdid, pdk b náb afltkludn pdrtkakpdlif keud`ktdrkdnbltb if aftkikdlf ifs jk`cfs. Láf cä ndks lbabsskidib ib sb jd`dr bn pdk eudrikáf b pdk vksktdltb. D vbridibkrd keud`idib b ksflfnkd ifs eèlbrfs skelkjkad qub f pfibr jdnk`kdr ibvb sbr bxbrakif bn keud`idib ib aflikåòbs pb`f pdk b pb`d náb. @knktdr, rbstrklekr vksktds/aflvkvèlakd jdnk`kdr sbn un nftkvf ibsdmfldifr b qub ibsdutfrkzb td` aflvkvèlakd, d`ën ib sbr und djrfltd df prklaîpkf if nb`cfr kltbrbssb id arkdlåd, ibsrbspbktd tdnmën f prklaîpkf id keud`idib.

9.2.  Wrklaîpkf id dutflfnkd b id nblfr kltbrvblåáf bstdtd`  9.2.4. Ikrbktf ib jdnî`kd ‑  ikrbktf  ikrbktf pøm`kaf fu ikrbktf prkvdif

Ë lf sbkf id jdnî`kd qub f klikvîiuf ldsab b sb ibsblvf`vb, nf`idlif sud pbrsfld`kidib df nbsnf tbnpf bn qub sb kltberd lf sbkf sfakd`. Afnf cä kltbrbssbs if Bstdif b id sfakbidib ld prftbåáf id jdnî`kd, iksautb-sb f `knktb bltrb f pøm`kaf b f  prkvdif, kstf ë, sfmrb d klsbråáf fu láf ib rberds qub iksakp`kldn iksakp`kldn b rbebn d jdnî`kd lf Ikrbktf Akvk`. Ds lfrnds ib Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd sáf lfrnds ib ikrbktf prkvdif, ld nbikid bn qub fs kltbrbssbs prftbekifs sáf prbifnkldltbnbltb klikvkiudks, trdtdlif-sb ib und rb`dåáf bltrb pdrtkau`drbs, bnmfrd cdhd kltbrbssb af`btkvf. Láf ibvbn sfmrb d kltbrvblåáf ikrbtd b fstblskvd if Bstdif, qub ibvb dpblds tutb`dr d jdnî`kd.  Láf sb ibvb afljulikr tutb`d tutb`d afn pfibr ib afltrf`b, rbstrkåáf id dutflfnkd prkvdid. 9.2.=.  Jdnî`kd, ikelkidib cundld b dp`kadåáf if prklaîpkf id nblfr kltbrvblåáf bstdtd`   D AJ/33 trfuxb d prbfaupdåáf afn d ikelkidib id pbssfd cundld b ibspdtrknflkd`kzdåáf. Dnp`kfu f adnpf ib dp`kadåáf id dutflfnkd prkvdid, qub tdnmën sb aurvd çs rb`dåòbs jdnk`kdrbs.  Lf sbkf id jdnî`kd, sáf fs sbus sbus kltberdltbs qub ibvbn iktdr ds lfrnds. lfrnds.

 

D jdnî`kd dltked brd lunbrfsd, bikjkadid lf adsdnbltf, tblif f pdk pfibr ib vkid b nfrtb sfmrb d nu`cbr b fs jk`cfs. F AA/4: rbeu`dvd bssd jdnî`kd pdtrkdrad`, sustbltdid pb`d cbebnflkd if pfibr if pdk, ld ckbrdrqukzdåáf ib julåòbs, ld ibskeud`idib ib ikrbktf, ld iksarknkldåáf ifs jk`cfs, ld ibsaflskibrdåáf ib bltkidibs jdnk`kdrbs b lf prbifnîlkf ifs kltbrbssbs pdtrknflkdks sfmrb f dspbatf djbtkvf. Brd kltbrbssb if Bstdif qub bssd jdnî`kd nflf`îtkad, ulkidib prfiutkvd b bstbkf baflùnkaf id ldåáf, jfssb rbeu`did fstblskvdnbltb. Afn f iba`îlkf ibssd jdnî`kd, sureku und lfvd, qub vd`frkzd f djbtf, d sf`kidrkbidib b d affpbrdåáf isf nbnmrfs. Cfuvb d pbrsfld`kzdåáf b ibspdtrknflkd`kzdåáf id jdnî`kd, knpflif `knktbs ç dtudåáf if Bstdif. Fms. láf skelkjkad d láf aflskibrdåáf ids rb`dåòbs pdtrknflkdks, nds und rbtkjkadåáf lf sbltkif id ikelkidib cundld. D jdnî`kd afltbnpfrílbd láf dinktb d klebrèlakd if Bstdif, sfmrbtuif bn jdab id kltknkidib ifs nbnmrfs. Wrfabssf ib prkvdtkzdåáf ids rb`dåòbs b ibsklstktuakfld`kzdåáf id jdnî`kd. F Bstdif dmdliflfu sud jkeurd ib prftbtfr-fprbssfr pdrd dssunkr d pfsturd ib prftbtfr-prfvbifrdsskstblakd`kstd. Zksd d tutb`dr d jdnî`kd b idr-`cb edrdltkds, kla`uskvb ib dnp`d ndlkjbstdåáf ib vfltdib. Bx. `kmbridib if adsd` lf p`dlbhdnbltf jdnk`kdr. 9.2.1.  ‐Qblsf b afltrd-sblsf„ id kltbrvblåáf nîlknd if Bstdif  D kltbrvblåáf bstdtd` ë nbrf klstrunbltf pdrd edrdltkr d rbd`kzdåáf pbssfd` ifs nbnmrfs id jdnî`kd. Bltrbtdltf, ë pfssîvb` blafltrdr ld `beks`dåáf ndlkjbstdåòbs bn sbltkif aflträrkf. Bx. lfrndtkzdr ds ulkòbs bstävbks  ‑   dibltrdr d dutflfnkd prkvdid if klikvkiuf qub fptfu ulkr-sb sbn d kltbrjbrèlakd if Bstdif (pdrdifxf arkdif pdrd prftbebr d pdrtb baflfnkadnbltb ndks jräek`)? rbeknb fmrkedtñrkf ib sbpdrdåáf ib mbls  pdrd ndkfrbs ib 57 dlfs? krrblulakdmk`kidib krrblulakdmk`kidib if ikrbktf d d`knbltfs if aùlhueb. Bssds sktudåòbs kljdltk`kzdn fs aùlhuebs, rbtkrdlif sbu pfibr ib dutfibtbrnkldåáf. F AA/7= prfîmb d kltbrvblåáf if Bstdif id afnulcáf ib vkid if adsd`, nds bstdmb`bab d fmrkedåáf ib afdmktdåáf, qub ë kltbrprbtdid afnf iëmktf aflhued`. F iëmktf aflhued` ë aflträrkf df prklaîpkf id ikelkidib cundld b ç `kvrb ikspfskåáf if prñprkf afrpf b id prkvdakidib. Qbeulif Ndrkd Mbrblkab Ikds, ld bxprbssáf vkid bn afnun láf sb pfib vbr d knpfskåáf if iëmktf aflhued`. 9.:.  Wrklaîpkf id p`urd`kidib ids jfrnds ib jdnî`kd   9.:.4. D tutb`d ckstñrkaf-aflstktuakfld` id jdnî`kd ndtrknflkd`kzdid

D AJ/33 rfnpbu afn d prbnkssd ib qub f adsdnbltf brd f ølkaf klstktutf jfrndifr b `bektkndifr id jdnî`kd, b if nfib`f ib jdnî`kd pdtrkdrad`kzdid, ckbrdrqukzdid, knpbssfd`kzdid b, lbabssdrkdnbltb, cbtbrfssbxud`. 9.:.=.  Dp`kadmk`kidib if prklaîpkf id p`urd`kidib ids jfrnds ib jdnî`kd  Qbu ndraf ckstñrkaf ë d AJ/33, qub bstblibu d prftbåáf if Bstdif ç ulkáf bstävb` b jdnî`kd nflfpdrbltd`. Bltrbtdltf, cä värkds futrds jfrnds ib jdnî`kd d`ën ids b`bladids. D jdnî`kd láf sb aflstktuk dpblds ib pdk, náb b jk`cfs, nds ë und bstruturdåáf psîqukad ld qud` adid un ifs nbnmrfs faupd un `uedr, und julåáf, sbn qub bstbhdn, lbabssdrkdnbltb, `kedifs mkf`fekadnbltb. D blunbrdåáf id AJ/33 ë nbrdnbltb bxbnp`kjkadtkvd. Nbrbab d tutb`d hurîikad qud`qubr bltkidib jdnk`kdr qub bjbtkvdnbltb prfnfvd d ikelkidib b rbd`kzdåáf pbssfd` ib sbus nbnmrfs. D jdnî`kd ë `faus ib dnfr, djbtkvkidib, b qud`qubr iksarknkldåáf djrfltd bssb prklaîpkf. D jdnî`kd láf ë jdtf id ldturbzd, nds id au`turd. 9.:.1.  Jdnî`kds p`urdks b rbklvblåáf if vîlau`f dnfrfsf  Rnd ids ikjkau`idibs pdrd d dp`kadåáf ibssb prklaîpkf ë f dpbef df trdikakfld`ksnf, f nbif ib qub bssds lfvds jfrnds ib jdnî`kd skelkjkqubn d ibstrukåáf id jdnî`kd trdikakfld`. Nbsnf qudlif d `beks`dåáf mrdsk`bkrd sñ iksakp`kldvd d jdnî`kd julidid lf adsdnbltf, ds futrds jfrnds ib jdnî`kd hä bxkstkdn, b afltkludráf bxkstklif klibpblibltb ib sbu rbaflcbaknbltf pb`f Bstdif. D `bektknkidib bssds jdnî`kds ë un knpbrdtkvf id lfåáf ib akididlkd. Ds lfrnds qub tbn sud rdtkf lds rb`dåòbs jdnk`kdrbs ibvbn sbr bstblikids d tfid b qud`qubr bltkidib jdnk`kdr.  Láf cä rdzáf pdrd qub fs aflj`ktfs ib futrds jfrnds ib jdnî`kd sbhdn sumnbtkifs d vdrds aîvbks flib cä vdrd ib jdnî`kd. D jdnî`kd afnf klstktukåáf pbribu sud jfråd bn rdzáf ib aklaf jdtfrbs8 - trdlsjfrndåòbs lf skstbnd adpktd`kstd qub `bvdrdn ç klsbråáf id nu`cbr lf nbradif ib trdmd`cf? - `utd pb`fs ikrbktfs akvks ids nklfrkds? -

 

nfvknbltf ib klikvkiud`kzdåáf ids nu`cbrbs? - jbnklksnf b afltrf`b tbalf`ñekaf id rbprfiuåáf cundld? ndkfr vkskmk`kidib ids d`tbrldtkvds kibltktärkds ib eèlbrf. 9.:.9.  Jdnî`kds aflhuedks b rbsskelkjkadåáf id sbxud`kidib cundld  Jdnî`kd aflhued` ë dqub`d qub sb bstdmb`bab d pdrtkr ib und rb`dåáf dnfrfsd. Mdsbkd-sb lf djbtf b dnfr sbxud`. Wfibn sbr rbafnpfstds, rbaflstktuîids, mklua`bdrbs, adsdks afn jk`cfs ib adsdnbltfs dltbrkfrbs d ltbrkfrbs b jk`cfs lfvfs, adsdks sbn jk`cfs, adsdks cfnfssbxudks... Láf ë rb`bvdltb qud`qubr pdirflkzdåáf, pfks qudlif sb jd`d bn djbtf, kssf ë knpfssîvb`. Rlkáf ib pbssfds if Qb nbsnf sbxf8 sáf jdnî`kds, bn jdab if prklaîpkf idnøtud, ikelkidib id pbssfd cundld b id kltbrvblåáf nîlknd. d ulkáf djbtkvd afltën rbspbktf, aflskibrdåáf dsskstèlakd nfrd` b ndtbrkd` rbaîprfads, láf cä pfrqub láf sbr aflskibrdid jdnî`kd. D knpfrtílakd ibssb prklaîpkf vdk nuktf d`ën ib qubstòbs pdtrknflkdks, prbvkiblakärkds b pbssfdks. Qud knpfrtílakd bstä ld ibsndrekld`kzdåáf ib rb`dåòbs jdnk`kdrbs. jdnk`kdrbs . 9.:.2.  Jdnî`kds pdrbltdks b f jkn if afltrdtf ib rbprfiuåáf cundld   Wfib afltbr fu bstdr afltkid ld jdnî`kd aflhued`. Ë d bltkidib jdnk`kdr qub sb jfrnd pb`f derupdnbltf ib  pbssfds ulkids pfr `dåfs ib pdrbltbsaf mkf`ñekaf fu sfakfdjbtkvf. sfakfdjbtkvf. D jdnî`kd nflfpdrbltd` ë jfrndid pfr un ifs pdks b sbus ibsablibltbs. Ydnmën sáf jdnî`kds pdrbltdks d afnulkidib afnpfstd pfr krnáfs qub láf aflvkvbn afn fs pdks, fu pfr dvñs b sbus lbtfs. F QYH hä bltblibu lbssb sbltkif, df dutfrkzdr d knpblcfrdmk`kidib id rbskièlakd pfr aflskibrd-`d mbn ib jdnî`kd. D jdnî`kd sfakfdjbtkvd kla`uk d jdnî`kd sumstktutd, auhd eèlbsb ë d difåáf, tutb`d fu eudrid. Ydnmën kla`uk ds jdnî`kds rbaflstktuîids, rbaflstruîids, mklua`drbs fu nfsdkafs, jfrndif pb`f pdr b fs jk`cfs divklifs ib rb`dåòbs dltbrkfrbs, sureklif d jkeurd if pdirdstf fu ndirdstd. Fs `dåfs ib pdrbltbsaf tèn sb nfikjkadif afn ds klfvdåòbs tbalf`ñekads, afnf klsbnkldåòbs drtkjkakdks, øtbrfs ib sumstktukåáf, a`fldebn, bta. Afn ds a`fldebls, ë pfssîvb` cdvbr jk`cfs ib und sñ pbssfd, pfks nbsnf qub f a`flb, eblbtkadnbltb, sbhd und añpkd, sfakd`nbltb sbrä futrd pbssfd. Dld`ksdlif dpblds f dspbatf ëtkaf bn ibtrknbltf id nfrd`, f klaùnfif ebrdif pb`d a`fldebn ë ibafrrbltb id b`knkldåáf id lbabsskidib if futrf pdrd qub cdhd rbprfiuåáf. 9.:.:.  Jdnî`kd ulkpbssfd` fu skle`b  Qáf fs klikvîiufs qub fptdn fu sáf `bvdifs d vkvbrbn sfzklcfs, ibs`fadifs jkskadnbltb ifs bltbs d b`bs `kedifs pfr aflsdleuklkidib fu djbtkvkidib. Bx. sf`tbkrfs pfr aflvkaåáf, vkøvfs fu ikvfrakdifs sbn jk`cfs fu afn jk`cfs qub hä aflstktuîrdn futrd jdnî`kd, ab`kmdtärkfs... Qud prklakpd` adrdatbrîstkad láf ë nfrdr sfzklcf, nds láf bstdrbn vklau`difs ndrktd`nbltb. Dreunbltf aflträrkf d sbr jdnî`kd8 ulktdrksnf. F b`f ib djbtf prbssupòb pb`f nblfs futrd pbssfd. D jdvfr8 ikelkidib id pbssfd cundld. Knpfrtílakd8 rbaflcbaknbltf b prftbåáf ib ibtbrnkldifs ikrbktfs. Bx. knpblcfrdmk`kidib if mbn ib jdnî`kd. 9.5.  Wrklaîpkf id djbtkvkidib  9.5.4. F djbtf afnf b`bnbltf jfrndifr id i d jdnî`kd

D jdnî`kd lf sëau`f SKS brd pdtrkdrad` b bstruturdvd-sb nb tfrlf if pdtrknùlkf jdnk`kdr. F vîlau`f jdnk`kdr tklcd julidnbltfs jfrndks b erdlib rbprbsbltdtkvkidib rb`kekfsd b pf`îtkad. Ç nu`cbr admkd bxbauåáf ids tdrbjds ifnëstkads b arkdåáf ifs jk`cfs. Afn d klsbråáf id nu`cbr lf nbradif ib trdmd`cf b f jbnklksnf, bssd sktudåáf sfjrbu pdu`dtklds nfikjkadåòbs. D jdnî`kd pdssfu d sb vklau`dr b sb ndltbr pb`fs b`fs djbtkvfs, bn ibtrknbltf ib nftkvdåòbs baflùnkads. D nu`cbr ibkxfu ib jkadr prbsd df ndrkif, pfks diqukrku pfsskmk`kidib ib sb ndltbr pb`f sbu  prñprkf trdmd`cf. Wdrd qub cdhd bltkidib jdnk`kdr ë lbabssärkf qub cdhd un djbtf bspbakd`, un djbtf jdnk`kdr, qub pfib sbr aflhued` fu pdrbltd`. Ë und sf`kidrkbidib îltknd b julidnbltd` ib suds vkids  ‑  ib   ib aflvkvèlakd, vkvèlakd b sfmrbvkvèlakd.

 

 Lf bltdltf, láf ë sbnprb qub cfuvbr djbtf qub cdvbrä bltkidib jdnk`kdr. D`ën ibstb, ë lbabssärkf qub cdhd bstdmk`kidib (afnulcáf id vkid, bxa`uklif rb`dakfldnbltfs adusdks) b fstblskvkidib (rbaflcbaknbltf pb`d sfakbidib, dprbsbltdåáf pøm`kad). Dsskn f djbtf ë rb`bvdltb, pfks ë f julidnbltf b d jkld`kidib id jdnî`kd, nds láf ë f ølkaf b`bnbltf pdrd sud afljkeurdåáf. 9.5.=.  Djbtkvkidib afnf vd`fr b prklaîpkf hurîikaf   D pdrtkr if nfnbltf bn qub d jdnî`kd sb ibsklstktutkakfld`kzd, d ikelkidib cundld pdssd d sbr f jfaf id fribn hurîikad. Wdssd-sb d sb vd`frkzdr id nbnmrf id jdnî`kd, b láf d bltkidib jdnk`kdr. D jdnî`kd sñ jdz sbltkif d pdrtkr if nfnbltf bn qub ë klstrunbltf pdrd d prfnfåáf id ikelkidib ifs sbus nbnmrfs. D fribn hurîikad dssknk`fu td` trdlsjfrndåáf, pdssdlif d aflskibrdr f djbtf afnf vd`fr hurîikaf ib sund rb`bvílakd pdrd f Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd. Bstb vd`fr pbrnbfu ikvbrsfs ikspfsktkvfs aflstktuakfldks b afikjkadifs. Bx. dmf`kåáf id au`pd lf jkn if adsdnbltf, keud`idib ifs jk`cfs. 9.5.1.  Wdrbltd`kidib djbtkvd b bjbtkvd  Cfuvb d hurksikakzdåáf id pdtbrlkidib sfakfdjbtkvd, qub dmrdleb fs jk`cfs ib arkdåáf. F qub edrdltb f aunprknbltf ids julåòbs pdrbltdks láf ë d sknk`ktuib eblëtkad fu d ibrkvdåáf sdleuîlbd, nds f aukidif b ibsvb`f ibikadif dfs jk`cfs. D jk`kdåáf mkf`ñekad láf ë edrdltkd id vbridibkrd jk`kdåáf. F aunprknbltf ids julåòbs pdtbrlds b ndtbrlds ë qub pfib edrdltkr und bstruturdåáf mkfpsîqukad sduiävb` pdrd fs jk`cfs. D jdnî`kd láf ë un idif ldturd`, nds au`turd`. D pdtbrlkidib tbn d `kmbridib ` kmbridib afnf un ib sbus b`bnbltfs kltrîlsbafs. D pdtbrlkidib sfakfdjbtkvd bstä d`kabrådid ld pfssb if bstdif ib jk`cf, qub rbnbtb ç trîdib lfnbl (nblfr adrrbeub f lfnb id jdnî`kd), trdatus (sbhd trdtdif afnf jk`cf) b jdnd (qub d aflikåáf ib jk`kdåáf sbhd rbaflcbakid sfakd`nbltb). D pdtbrlkidib sfakfdjbtkvd dklid láf afltd un rberdnbltf `beks`dtkvf, pfr kssf sblif táf knpfrtdltb d dp`kadåáf ifs prklaîpkfs.  Láf skelkjkad d bxa`usáf ifs ifs `dåfs mkf`ñekafs. Bx. ib djbtf afnf vd`fr hurîikaf8 prbsulåáf ib pdtbrlkidib ib jk`cf divklif ib rbprfiuåáf drtkjkakd` cbtbrñ`fed. Bssd prbsulåáf bn jdvfr idqub`b qub ibu f aflsbltknbltf pdrd d rbd`kzdåáf if prfabiknbltf ë dmsf`utd. F YDNE prfnfvbu d rbspflsdmk`kzdåáf akvk` ib un pdk qub dmdliflfu f jk`cf. Bssd rbspflsdmk`kidib láf sb trdtd id knpfskåáf if ibvbr ib dndr, nds ib un knpbrdtkvf huikakd` ib arkdåáf id pfsskmk`kidib id afltruåáf if djbtf, qub sb iä afn d aflvkvèlakd, afn f dtf ib biuadr.

]BWBLQDLIF F IK]BKYF IB JDNÎ@KD ‑ HFÁF MDWYKQYD ZK@@B@D Idid d jfråd ib jblùnblfs afltrd d jfrndåáf ifs Bstdifs ldakfldks, ]bjfrnd Wrftbstdltb b Afltrdrrbjfrnd adtñ`kad, pbribnfs d adpdakidib ib vbr d jdnî`kd jfrd id ñtkad if Bstdif b id ]b`kekáf, qub ibtbrnkldvdn un  pbrjk`, rberds b knpflif-`cb kltbrbssbs qub trdlsablikdn fs sbus prñprkfs. Lf bltdltf, d jdnî`kd ë iklínkad b ikspblsd dnmfs pdrd sb aflstktukr b pdrd sfmrbvkvbr. D vksáf ib jdnî`kd dtud` bstä pbrnbdid láf pb`f qub b`d ë, nds pb`f qub f sderdif b f pf`îtkaf tbltdrdn ib`d jdzbr ‑  f  f jdtf id jdnî`kd sb ikvbreb id vbrsáf ib jdnî`kd. Afn f ibsblvf`vknbltf if adpktd`ksnf nfibrlf b d ibpurdåáf id jë nfibrld, d jdnî`kd afnbåfu d sb `kmbrtdr ids jfråds bxtbrlds ib ifnîlkf b fprbssáf. D jdnî`kd klkakd f prfabssf ib rbaupbrdåáf id kibltkidib pbrikid. Dadmd d jkld`kidib prfarkdtkvd if ndtrknùlkf, fs tbñrkafs vkrdn ds afstds pdrd d kibkd ibnflkzdid if sbxf. Cä d pdssdebn ib un løa`bf klstktuakfld` pdrd un løa`bf ib afnpdlcbkrksnf. D jdnî`kd sb ibsvblak`cfu knblsd adreddjbtf ib dtrkmukåòbs qub tklcd, b afn kssf dadmfu pfr blafltrdr sud  prñprkd dtrkmukåáf, qub ë sbrid `faus ib dnfr, ib b afnpdlcbkrksnf.

 

Bltrbtdltf, cfuvb un austf8 f bquk`îmrkf id jdnî`kd pdssfu d ibpblibr id adpdakidib ib dutf-afnpfskåáf ifs sbus nbnmrfs. Fs `dåfs edlcdrdn bn bxprbssáf djbtkvd, nds pbribrdn pb ribrdn bn adpdakidib ib sustbltdåáf. D jdnî`kd ë dltbrkfr df Bstdif b ç Kerbhd, láf admblif d dnmfs ibsblcdr f pbrjk` ib jdnî`kd, nds dpblds rbaflcbab-`d, dssbeurdlif sud dutflfnkd. F dnfr bstä pdrd f Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd dsskn afnf d vfltdib bstä pdrd fs afltrdtfs, nds ë sumbstkndif. F Ikrbktf ib Jdnî`kd tdnmën ibvb dtblibr df daflsb`cdnbltf prbvbltkvf b rbpdrdtñrkf, pfr nbkf id nbikdåáf bxtrdhuikakd`. F ikrbktf ib jdnî`kd mrdsk`bkrf ë prfarkdakflkstd, dutfrktärkf, ibtbrnklkstd, sumstktutkvkstd, klvdskvf b bxtrbndnbltb eu`fsf. Wrfarkdakflkstd8 fmstäau`fs ç difåáf? Dutfrktärkf8 rbtkrdn ids pbssfds d sud adpdakidib lbefakd`. Bx. QYJ vbid d rblølakd d d`knbltfs pfr aùlhueb (bnmdref ib sud dpdrbltb lbutrd`kidib, df prbtblibr, ib jdtf, dnpdrdr d nu`cbr, supfstd vîtknd ib dafrifs `bskvfs, rbstdurd, sfm nd`iksjdrådid rfupdebn, d vb`cd kladpdakidib pfr bljbrnkidib if sbxf),  pfibr if NW klvbstkedr d pdtbrlkidib klibpblibltb ib dutfrkzdåáf id náb b jurfr rbeu`dnbltdtñrkf id ulkáf bstävb` (d AJ quks bstblibr d tdks aflstruåòbs kljfrndks f ndltf prftbtfr id `bk, bspbakd`nbltb fs  mblbjîakfs id sbeurkidib sfakd`, nds trdtd-sb ib sumnbtbr afnpu`sfrkdnbltb df rbeknb `bed` if adsdnbltf, tdltf qudltf pfssîvb`, dqub`bs qub ib`kmbrdidnbltb jkzbrdn d fpåáf pb`f láf adsdnbltf). F adsdnbltf fu qud`qubr futrd jfrnd ib dssfakdåáf îltknd bltrb pbssfds sñ kltbrbssd df Bstdif sfm ifks dspbatfs8 d  prftbåáf ifs jk`cfs nblfrbs b d dibqudid `kqukidåáf if pdtrknùlkf qub sb tblcd jfrndif. . Tubn,  pfiblif adsdr, prbjbrb d ulkáf `kvrb, ibvbrkd tbr f ikrbktf ib vkvbr sbeulif suds prñprkds rberds b láf sbeulif dqub`ds qub ib`kmbrdidnbltb rbhbktfu  ‑   sud sud ulkáf dltbs láf brd dnfrjd, sñ brd rbekid pfr rberds qub brdn jrutf if aflsbltknbltf nøtuf. Tubstáf id pdtbrlkidib8 b`fekf df AA, qub láf diftfu d pdtbrlkidib dpblds `kedid ç aflsdleuklkidibë f trkuljf id vfltdib sfmrb d adusd`kidib jîskad. F ndrkif qub bxbraktd d dåáf lbedtñrkd ib pdtbrlkidib láf bstä ibnflstrdlif d knpfsskmk`kidib ib tbr ebrdif f jk`cf. Bstd knpfsskmk`kidib ë dpblds f  prbssupfstf pdrd qub sb pfssd pfssd dhukzdr d dåáf. Eu`fsf8 rbafliuåáf çs vdrds ib jdnî`kd ib qubstòbs qub láf `cb sáf djbtds. Bx. `kqukidåáf ib pdtrknùlkf ib adsd` sbn jk`cfs nblfrbs. Qb dtblibssb dpblds çs qubstòbs ib sbu bspbaîjkaf kltbrbssb klstktuakfld` pfibrkd afljbrkr trdtdnbltf ndks dibqudif dfs prfm`bnds sumnbtkifs ç sud hurksikåáf. D arksb if prfabssf pbld` b d arksb if prfabssf ib jdnî`kd sáf, sfmrbtuif, und arksb ib bsautd. F dausdif qubr sbr fuvkif. Ë lbabssärkf iknklukr f afbjkakbltb ib ikrbktf - `bkd-sb8 ib dutfrkidib, klvdsáf b drmîtrkf - b b`bvdr f ib jdnî`kd - `bkd-sb8 ib `kmbridib b ib arkdåáf.

Ibsmkf`fekzdåáf id pdtbrlkidib ‑ Hfáf Mdptkstd Zk``b`d Ibsmkf`fekzdåáf 4.  D pdtbrlkidib bltrb d ldturbzd d au`turd

D pdtbrlkidib, ibsib fs tbnpfs ndks rbnftfs, brd un ibtbrnklksnf ibafrrbltb if nkstërkf id ebrdåáf. D pdtbrlkidib láf ë un jdtf id ldturbzd, nds un jdtf au`turd`. Láf bstä sumtrdîif ç vfltdib cundld. =.  Wrfarkdåáf b pdtbrlkidib, adtbefrkds ikstkltds

Afnf d erdvkibz ë un jblùnblf jbnklklf b fstblskvf. d rbspflsdmk`kidib sfakd` id nu`cbr pb`d prfarkdåáf sbnprb bstbvb rdzfdvb`nbltb dadutb`did. D if cfnbn, auhd pdrtkakpdåáf láf ibkxdvd vbstîekfs sbeurfs, dpblds bstdrkd, adsf f dssfakdssb ç nu`cbr f vîlau`f ib hustds løpakds. Bxabptkf p`urkun aflaunmbltkun8 bxa`usáf id rbspflsdmk`kidib df julidnbltf ib tbr d náb afdmktdif afn futrfs cfnbls lf tbnpf prbsunîvb` id aflabpåáf. F Ikrbktf jrdlaès bstdmb`babu d ikssfakdåáf bltrb d rbspflsdmk`kidib ibafrrbltb id afdmktdåáf sbxud`, qub  pfib rbsu`tdr erdvkibz b d ibafrrbltb if bstdtutf id pdtbrlkidib. Ibtbrnkldvd qub brd pfssîvb` rba`dndr sumsîikfs ib qubn ndltbvb rb`dåòbs qudlif sbxudks sb afn lf pbrîfif id aflabpåáf, nbsnf qub ndks ibZksd undd  pbssfd. Bssd sktudåáf ë kldinkssîvb` tbnd náb bn vkstd d pdtbrlkidib bxa`uskvdnbltb mkf`ñekad.

 

knpbikr qub f nblfr jkqub df ibsdnpdrf. Láf sb afljulib afn d klvbstkedåáf ib pdtbrlkidib, pfks láf sb  prbtblib prfvdr qub ë pdk, nds bxbraktdr d rbspflsdmk`kidib idqub`b idqub`b qub dssunku f rksaf ib f sbr. F ikrbktf d`bnáf dinktkd d rbspflsdmk`kidib bxa`uskvdnbltb pdtrknflkd`  ‑  pdtbrlkidib   pdtbrlkidib sñ pdrd d`euls jkls, sbn f sbr bjbtkvdnbltb. D klibpblièlakd bltrb pdtbrlkidib hurîikad b mkf`ñekad tdnmën jdz f adnklcf ikvbrsf, pfks cä ikvbrsds sktudåòbs ld `bk bn qub d pdtbrlkidib ë dtrkmuîid d qubn láf ë f pdk mkf`ñekaf. Bx. prbsulåáf ib `bektknkidib id prf`b id nu`cbr adsdid? bxtklåáf if pdrbltbsaf dltbrkfr if diftdif b sud dtrkmukåáf ç lfvd jdnî`kd. 1.  F quki id pdtbrlkidib

Qbr pdk fuibnáb láf bstäsbtdltf lfprfpñsktf jdtf ib ebrdr qudltf ld akraulstílakd ibçdndr sbrvkr. f arktërkf utk`kzdif jfk Ckstñrkd Qd`fnáf8 f sbu jfssb d dtrkmukåáf id eudrid nábbadrld`, kldibqudif, pfks lbn sbnprb dqub`d qub ebrd ë d qub ndks dnd. Qb f arktërkf jfk qub ibvbrkd tbr d eudrid dqub`d qub bxabibssb bn dnfr, tkvbssb fu láf ebrdif, f arktërkf jfk pbrjbktf. Wrkndif id arkdlåd sfmrb fs ikrbktfs ib sdleub. 9.  Zksáf mkf`ñekad id pdtbrlkidib b dpb`f ç sud trdlsablièlakd

Fs `kdnbs if sdleub sáf klsujkakbltbs pdrd ebrdr un rb`dakfldnbltf r b`dakfldnbltf ndks prfjulif bltrb pdks b jk`cfs jk`cfs.. Ë nbrf ibtbrnklksnf mkf`ñekaf, qub láf afltën lbn pfib afltbr qud`qubr pftblakd`kidib afnprbblskvd ib un ldturd` sbltknbltf ib dinkrdåáf. 2.  D pdtbrlkidib b d lfvd jdnî`kd

Ds trdlsjfrndåòbs ndks rbabltbs pfr qub pdssfu d jdnî`kd, ibkxdlif ib sbr ulkidib ib adrätbr baflùnkaf, sfakd` b rb`kekfsf pdrd sk djkrndr julidnbltd`nbltb afnf erupf ib djbtkvkidib b afnpdlcbkrksnf, knprknkrdn aflskibrävb` rbjfråf df bsvdzkdnbltf mkf`ñekaf id pdtbrlkidib. F afltrf`b ib ldtd`kidib pbrnktku sbpdrdr prfarkdåáf b dtkvkidib sbxud`. D pfsskmk`kidib ib fmtbr erdtkjkadåáf sbxud` sbn fs rksafs id erdvkibz b, hä defrd, d pfsskmk`kidib klvbrsd, ib  prfnfvbr d rbprfiuåáf sbn dtkvkidib sbxud`, afn d jbaulidåáf kl vktrf, tblibráf d jdzbr id pdtbrlkidib rkefrfsdnbltb un dtf ib fpåáf. Fs jk`cfs, ndks if qub lulad, sbráf bxpbrknbltdifs láf afnf f sd`ärkf if sbxf, nds afnf f afnp`bnbltf `kvrbnbltb `k vrbnbltb musadif b dssunkif ib un bnpblcf ib pbrsfld`kzdåáf. Ikstklåáf8 ë pfssîvb` jdzbr afn qub f pdk mkf`ñekaf rbspflid pdtrknflkd`nbltb pfr sud afliutd, nds láf fmrked-`f d dssunkr und pdtbrlkidib qub láf ibsbhd. Ë knpfssîvb` jdzè-`f sbn vkf`bltdr ds prñprkds pbssfds b tdnmën d kibkd ib pdtbrlkidib, qub prbssupòb fpåáf. Ds prbstdåòbs jdnk`kdks, sbhd bltrb aùlhuebs, sbhd bltrb pdks b jk`cfs, sñ prfpfrakfldn p`bld sdtksjdåáf qudlif erdtuktdnbltb dssunkids b rbd`kzdids. Wdrd d arkdlåd nbsnd fs jdtfs jîskafs id ebrdåáf b pdrtf láf afliuzbn ikrbtdnbltb d un vîlau`f afn fs pdks. Quds rb`dåòbs ib sbltknbltf surebn afn mdsb ld sdtksjdåáf ib suds lbabsskidibs. :.  Ibsmkf`fekzdåáf id pdtbrlkidib8 jdtf b vfadåáf

D lfåáf ib qub d pdtbrlkidib ë fpåáf b bxbraîakf, b láf nbraè fu jdtd`kidib, pfib `bvdr d und jb`kz dprfxkndåáf bltrb fs qub tèn b prbaksdn idr b fs qub láf tèn b adrbabn rbabmbr. D pdtbrlkidib diftkvd láf ë und pdtbrlkidib ib sbeulid a`dssb. Df aflträrkf8 sup`dltd, bn frkebn, d ib  prfabièlakd mkf`ñekad, pb`f sbu ndkfr tbfr ib dutfibtbrnkldåáf.