Preventive Medicine and Public Health Boards Orientation ROBERTO L. RUIZ, MD, MS Department of Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine – Philippine General Hospital University of the Philippines Manila
Scope of the PRC Physician Licensure Examination • Preventive Medicine – Epidemiology and Biostatistics – Public Health and Preventive Medicine – Family and Community Health Care – Environmental Sanitation – Occupational Health Practice – Herbal Medicine and Nutrition
Scope of the PRC Physician Licensure Examination • Preventive Medicine – Research Methodology – Special Problems – HIV and AIDS – Transmissible Spongiform Encephelopathy – Hepatitis – Bioengineering Genetic Disorders – Foot and Mouth Disease
Scope of the PRC Physician Licensure Examination • Preventive Medicine
– References: – Foundations of Statistical Analysis for Health Sciences by Ophelia Mendoza, Maridel Borja, Caridad Ancheta. Ofelia Saniel. Jesus Sarol – Research Methods in Health and Medicine (Philippine Council for Health Research and Development), Department of Science and Technology, Volume I by F.S. Sanchez, S.I. Morelos, J.C. Baltazar – Reading in Preventive Medicine II (UST, Dept. of Preventive and Social Medicine) – Bioethics by A. Angles TanAlora, MD – The Implementing Rules And Regulations of the National Health and Insurance Act of 1995. – Epidemiology Manual by Dr. Rosa SantosCarreon (UST) – Lectures and manuals on Preventive Medicine from different Philippine Medical Schools.
I. Epidemiology and Biostatistics 1. A recent study found higher incidence of Sudden Infant death Syndrome (SIDS) for children of mothers who smoke. If the rate for smoking mothers is 230/100,000, and the rate for nonsmoking mothers is 71/100,000, what is the relative risk for children of mothers who smoke? – 0.32 – 3.2 – 159 – 230
• Rate for smoking mothers / rate for non smoking mothers • 230/71 = 3.24
2. Prevalence is a measure of: – Cases occurring within an interval – Old and new cases in the community – Old cases only – New cases only – Prevalence means existing cases, both old and new
• 3. When two or more observers measure the same variable in the same subjects, it is known as: – Instrument variability – Inter observer variation – Intra observer variation – Controlled trial variation
• 4. True about life expectancy in the Philippines, EXCEPT – Rose from 61.6 in the 80’s to the 70’s in the early 70’s – Females higher than males – Lowest in the ARMM – Is comparable to Thailand
• 5. IMR is affected by sociodemographic factors. In the Philippines, a child will most likely celebrate his/her first birthday if: – The mother is illiterate – The child is born in the urban area – The child is born in the ARMM – The child is born less than a year after a previous child
• 6. A study was conducted to assess the effects of smoking on the memory of medical students. The objective was to focus on all medical students with a 5 pack year smoking history . A group from 2nd year students of UPCM was invited for the study. In this study, all students who have been smoking would be the – Target population – Study population – Study sample – Population at risk
Population
• Target population • Study population
• 7. A component part diagram such as a pie diagram is used to portray: – Percentages – Trends – Frequencies of discreet variables – Frequencies of continuous variables
• 8. An epidemiologic study that provides clues for diseases etiology and hypothesis for further study: – Cross sectional study – Cohort study – Descriptive study – Casecontrol study
• 9. This is the measure of mortality which reveals the rates of ten leading cause of death – Case fatality rate – Cause specific death rate – Infant mortality rate – Proportionate death rate
• 10. To establish the trend of birth events in 5 years, the measure to use is – Crude birth rate (CBR) – Total Fertility rate (TFR) – Agespecific Birth Rate (ASBR) – Child woman ration
• 11. An age dependency ratio of 105 can be interpreted as – 100 persons are dependent on the 105 – The computed value is not representative of the number of dependents to be supported – 105 persons will be supported by 100 able bodied persons – There are less number of dependents per 100 persons
• 12. Which among the following is the reference population in a research study to test the effectiveness of a vaccine against tetanus neonatorum? – All neonates without tetanus – Mothers who have tetanus – All patients with tetanus – All neonates with tetanus
• 13. A measure of prognosis that identifies the number of those who died among those diagnosed with the disease is – 5year survival – Median survival – Relative survival – Case fatality
• 14. This measure is indicative of the potential for prevention if the exposure can be eliminated – Relative risk – Attributable risk – Prevalence risk – Proportionate mortality ratio
• 15. Several studies have found that approximately 85% of cases of lung cancer are due to cigarette smoking. This is an example of – Incidence rate – Attributable risk – Relative risk – Prevalence risk
II. Communicable and Non communicable Diseases
• 16. The following is/are important factor/s of the disease to be considered before asking for a screening test. – Common disease – Cause significant morbidity – c. both – d. neither
• 17. Giving influenza vaccine to an elderly diabetic is a form of – Primary prevention – decrease incidence – Secondary prevention – decrease prevalence – Tertiary prevention – decrease disability – Waste of money
• 18. Patients who receive immune globulin for prevention or modification of measles should NOT be given measles vaccine until after: – 4 weeks – 3 – 4 months – 2 – 3 months – 5 – 6 months
• 19. True about Measles vaccine EXCEPT – Provides protection against mumps, measles and german measles – All children should have two doses first at 12 15 months then at 4 – 6 years – All adults should receive a booster provided they have sufficient measles antibody titers or had history of actual disease – Infants 611 months should be given one dose prior to travel to an endemic area
• 20. The annual chest exam as part of a periodic health exam is meant for the early detection of – Chronic lung disease – Cancer of the lungs – PTB – All of the above
• 21. The length of time between detection of cancer with screening tests and the time in which the disease by the presence of signs and symptoms would otherwise have been detected in the absence of screening is called : – Overdiagnosis bias – Selection bias – Lead time bias – Length bias
• 22. Vaccines should not be given to the following: – Child who has fever of 38’C and is anorexic and lethargic – Child has allergy to duck meat – Child with history of convulsion – All of the above
• 23. The most effective screening tool for colon cancer is – Clinical history and family genogram – FOBT – Annual digital rectal exam – Colonoscopy every other year
• 24. Risk factors that are associated with breast cancer include all of the following EXCEPT – menarche before age 12 – menopause after age 50 – obesity – no exception
• 25. Sunscreen of at least 15 SPF are recommended to protect against the most serious of dermatologic malignancies which is – Malignant melanoma – Squamous cell carcinoma – Basal cell carcinoma – Actinic keratosis
• 26. False positive test may result with FOBT if there is inadequate preparation. For three days prior to the exam, patients must be restricted from taking – High doses of NSAID – Vitamin C – Meat – All of the above
• 27. The following are live attenuated vaccines EXCEPT – a. Measles – b. Rubella
c. Hepatitis B d. Oral polio
• 28. The screening instrument used to detect alcohol abuse is called – CAGE questionnaire – Family APGAR – DSM4 – Fagerstrom test
• 29. The drug of abuse that imposes the largest health and economic burden on society is – Amphetamines – Nicotine – Hallucinogens – coccaine
• 30. Determined efforts to reduce drug abuse led to requirement of drug testing. Most substance of abuse maybe detected. All of the following are correct EXCEPT – Marijuana maybe detected up to 3 4 weeks even after occasional use – Major metabolite of cocaine is detectable 23 days after use – PCP positive test means use within the previous week – Sympathomimetic agents in decongestants may test positive for amphetamines
• 31. Based on the NCEP’s ATP3 recommendations, a patient with 2 or more major risk factors must aim for LDL levels –
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