Pretarea - Laboratorio - Patologia - 1 - Adriana Guillen Miranda

 

=   Cmjormtorio dh Vmtocolám Zmdiocûlikm

Mdrim`m Luicch` Airm`dm  

 

Cuz Amrch`y Zonms

 

 

Lrupo> =846==_8

Tutorm

X`ivhrsidmd @mkio`mc mjihrtm y m Distm`kim - X@MD Thk`ocolám h` Zmdiocoláms h Iaílh`hs Diml`oskms Diml`oskms  

Vmtocolám Zmdiocûlikm I   @ovihajrh/:6:=

 

:   I`trodukkiû`

Hc hstudio dh cm M`mtoaám Vmtocûlikm rhprhsh`tm u`m rhcmkiû` h`trh cm m`mtoaám `oramc y co diehrh`kimc dh cm aisam, por tm`to, hs `hkhsmrio th`hr ko`okiaih`tos jmsh quh phraith` colrmr hstudimr cms mcthrmkio`hs aoreocûlikms, amkro y aikroskûpikms, quh produkh` h` cms kécucms, thnidos u ûrlm`os. Hc ojshrv ojshrvmr mr hstud hstudios ios rmdiol rmdiolrí ríkos kos phrait phraith h cchlmr cchlmr m koapch koapchah` ah`tmr tmr cm i`eora i`eoramk mkiû` iû` mdquiridm, koao sh ojshrvmrí m co cmrlo dh hsth trmjmno.

 

;   Ojnhtivos •

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Ko`okiaih`to h idh`kmkiû` dh cms pmtocoláms aís erhkuh`thah`th ojshrvmdms h` cos shrvikios dh iaílh`hs diml`ûskms, dh cms hstrukturms ûshms y dh hsûemlo usumcah`th hxpcormdms (hstudimdms) por rmdiocolám ko`vh`kio`mc. Ko`okiaih`to h idh`kmkiû` dh cms pmtocoláms aís erhkuh`thah`th ojshrvmdms h` cos shrvikios dh iaílh`hs diml`ûskms, dh cms hstrukturms dh tûrmx y kocua`m vhrthjrmc usumcah`th hxpcormdms (hstudimdms) por rmdiocolám ko`vh`kio`mc. Ko`okiaih`to h idh`kmkiû` dh cms pmtocoláms aís erhkuh`thah`th ojshrvmdms h` cos shrvikios dh iaílh`hs diml`ûskms, dh cms hstrukturms dh mjdoah` y phcvis, usumcah`th hxpcormdms (hstudimdms) por rmdiocolám ko`vh`kio`mc.

 

4  

Ahkm`isaos dh Ermkturms

Lrmekos

Koaprhsio`

Erm kturm por koaprhsio` dh

Iapcikm hc bu`diaih`to dh u` buhso mc quhdmr mtrmpmdo h`trh otros dos

T=: ko`

o` cuajmr. Euh`h Bh

Eilurm => ermkurm por  propim hcmjormdm m pmrtr  dh> bp

koaprhsio` h` rhli s>//mkormr.ci`g/:jN

Th`siû` Hs hc dhjicitmaih`t o o u`m rmnmdurm dhclmdm h` u` buhso provokmdm por uso hxkhsivo, koaþ` h` mtchtms dh mcto iapmkto.  

Ermkturm por th`sio` dhc

hcmjormdm m  pmrtr dh>

Eilurm :> ermkurm por h`sio` h` hc shlu`do ahmmrsim`o ahm mrsim`o..

Euh`h

 propim bps>//mkormr.ci`g/u6 [Uh

Torsiû` Kum`do hc buhso hs soahdo m u` pmr dh euhrzms quh co rhtuhrkh` orili`m`do u`m cá`hm dh ermkturm h` hspirmc.

Eilurm ;> ermkurm por orsio` h` hslui`zh dh ojicco. Euh`h propim hcmjormdm m pmrtr dh> bps>//mkormr.ci`g/:5y:n

 

8  

M`lucmkiû` Hs cm pérdidm dh mci`hmkiû` dhc hnh ûsho. X`o o majos ermlah`tos sh dhspcmzm` pmrkimcah`th bmkim u` cmdo, eoram`do u` í`luco.

Eilurm ;> ermkurm por m`lucmkio`. Euh`h propim hcmjormdm m pmrtr dh> bps>//mkormr.ci`g/^^n8n

X`m ermkturm hs u`m socukio` dh ko``uidmd h` hc buhso, hc kmrcmlo o majos kmusmdm por u`m euhrzm hxthr`m ym shm dirhktm o i`dirhktm, sh puhdh` kcmsikmr dh cm siluih`th am`hrm>

[hlþ` cm Ermkturm Mjihrtm Ermkturm Khrrmdm Hs mquhccm h` cm quh cm pihc hstí i`tmktm

Cm quh prhsh`tm u`m koau`ikmkiû` h`trh cm ermkturm y hc hxthrior

 

5  

[hlþ` su Aorocolám  Aorocolám  Ermkturm Koapchtm Vuhdh shr>

[iapch> kum`do soco bmy dos •

ermlah`tos ûshos. Ko`ai`utm> kum`do h`ko`trmaoss trhs o aís h`ko`trmao

•

ermlah`tos

Ermkturm I`koapchtm Hs aís erhkuh`th h` `iýos y mductos nûvh`hs y puhdh kcmkikmrsh h`> I`kurvmkio`hs o dheoraidmd hcmskm Ermkturm h` Torus Ermkturms h` tmcco vhrdh •

•

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rmkturm   [hlþ` cm dirhkkio` dh cm ci`hm dh rmkturm Trm`vhrsms

Ojcikums

 

<  

Hspiroidhms

Co`liudi`mchs

buhso   [hlþ` cm mhktmkiû` dh cm suphrekih mrkucmr dhc buhso  Ermkturm I`trmmrkucmr Hs kum`do cm ermkturm sh hxh`dh m cm

Ermkturm Hxtrm mrkucmr Hs kum`do cm ermkturm `o sh hxh`dh m cm mrkumckio`

mrkumckio`

hstmjicidmd  Ermkturms s shlþ` su hstmjicidmd  Trokm`th hstmjch

Trokm`th I`hstmjch

[o` mquhccms quh `o sh dhspcmzmrm` u`m

Kum`do sh dhnm cm rhdukkiû` dh cm ermkturm y

vhz rhdukidm cm ermkturm

hstm sh vuhchvh m dhzpcmzmr.

 

2  

Ermkturms shlþ` su mci`hmkiû` o dhspcmzmaih`to  dhspcmzmaih`to  Hc bu buhs hso o dh dhjh jh hs hstm tmrr mci` mci`hm hmdo do pmrm pmrm quh quh hs hsth th sm`h sm`h i` i`st stmu murm rm`d `do o hc pr prok okhs hso o dh ko`socidmkiû` dh cm ermkturm y si hstm sh h`kuh`trm dhspcmzmdm puhdh rhquhrir kirulám pmrm vocvhr m mci`hmr cos buhsos dh am`hrm korrhktm7 hsth dhspcmzmaih`to puhdh shr> mkortmaih`to, mcmrlmaih`to, mcmrlmaih`to, ph`htrmkiû` o h`lrosmaih`to, rotmkiû` o dhkmcmnh

Mci`hmkio` ko` amthrimc (Vcmkm y Tor`iccos)

Eilurm =Hnhapcos dh ermkurm dh kcmvákucm h` rmdiolrmm. Toamdo d h bps>//sborurc.m/aL;5 bps>//sborurc.m/aL;5  

Dhspcmzmaih`to dhc thrkio ahdio kh`trmc (Kcmkiekmkio` Mccam`)

Eilurm : Hnhapcos dh ermkurm dh kcmvákucm h` rmdiolrmm. Toamdo d h bps>//sborurc.m/aL;5  bps>//sborurc.m/aL;5 

Zhpmrmkiû` o Ko`socidmkiû` Ûshm

 

9   Hs u` prokhso quh sukhdh dh am`hrm `mturmc, por hc kumc cos thnidos ûshos dhc kuhrpo buam`o h`dh` m rhlh`hrmrsh trms u`m ermkturm. Cms trhs opkio`hs pri`kipmchs pmrm hc trmtmaih`to dh ermkturms dh buhsos so`> Zhdukkiû` dh cm ermkturm> Vrokhdiaih`to pmrm mci`hmr korrhktmah`th cos buhsos.

I`aovicizmkiû` ko` sisthams khrrmdos, eérucm dh yhso, amthrimchs si`tékos aocdhmjchs.

Htmpm dh rhpmrmkiû` Eoram u` kmcco jcm`do quh sustuyh mc bhamtoam y cuhlo sh trm`seoram h` kmcco duro

Htmpm i`mamtorim Eoram u` bhamtoam mcrhdhdor dh cm ermkturm, hs hc priahr puh`th h`trh Ték`ikms dh sustukiû` ko` i`nhrtos ûshos o ko` prûthsis ahtícikms, iapcm`ths ahtícikos i`thr`os y hxthr`os.

 

=6  

Htmpm Dh Zhaodhcmkiû` Hc kmcco duro sh Ko`vihrth h` Buhso

Eilurm = y :> Vrokhso dh ko`socidmkiû` ûshm. Euh`h propim hcmjormdm m pmrtr dh> (Borkmnmdms, :6=9)

Ermkturms Vmtocûlikms [o` [o` mquh mquhccm ccmss quh quh sh prod produk ukh` h` h` u` buhs buhso o dhji dhjici citm tmdo do por por u` u`m m m` m`oa oamc mcám ám ûshm ûshm prhhxisth`th, `hopcmsims o i`ehkkio`hs. M ah`udo so` shku`dmrims m trmuamsaos dh jmnm i`th`sidmd quh `o bujihrm` ermkturmdo u` buhso `oramc.

Ermkturms dh Hstrés Ermkturm quh mpmrhkh koao ko`shkuh`kim dh euhrzms dh rhphkiû`, tm`to h` buhso sm`o koao h` buhso m`oramc. • 

Ermkturms Ermktu rms por i`su i`sukih` kih`kim> kim> mrtris rhuamtoidh, osthoporosis

Iamlh` = > Ermkurm dh hseuhrzo h` hc ojicco. Euh`h propim. Hcmjormdo m  pmrtr dh bps>//sborurc.m/huwIZ  bps>//sborurc.m/huwIZ  

• 

Ermkturms por emlm 

 

==  

Ermkturms por Mvucsiû` [h produkh kum`do cm ko`trmkkiû` jruskm dh u` th`dû` ah`os erhkuh`thah`th, cm th`siû` dh u` cilmah`to, dhthrai`m` hc mrrm`kmaih`to dhc ermlah`to buhso do`dh `oramcah`th shdh i`shrtm`. Iamlh` :> Ermkurm por mvucsiû` dhc ojicco. Euh`h propim. Hcmjormdo m  pmrtr d h bps>//sborurc.m/mc]ZX  bps>//sborurc.m/mc]ZX 

Ermkturms Trmjhkucmrhs (Ko`tusiû` ûshm) [o` shku`dmrims m trmuamsao dirhkto, m iapmkto h`trh buhsos mdymkh`ths o m ahkm`isao dh trmkkiû`. Iamlh` ;> Ko`usiû` ûshm ko` ermkurm rmjhkucmr. @hkghy.m

= mpikmc : Vosthrior ; M`thrior 4 hxthr`o 8 I`thr`o 5 mpikmc < I`thr`o 2 M`thrior 9 Hxthr`o =6 Vosthrior Vosthrior

=-:Mpikoposthrior ; M`thrior =-:Mpikoposthrior 4 hxthr`o 8 I`thr`o 5 mpikmc 2 M`thrior 9 Hxthr`o =6

 

=:  

Iamlh` => [hlah`tos Vucao`mrhs. Euh`th propim. Hcmjormdo m pmrr dh bps>//www.scidhsbmrh.`ht/phrmctmcorkm=/tormx-:-

 

 

=;  

Hstrukturms Umskucmrhs m `ivhc dhc Ahdims`o Cá`hms Ahdims`ikms

 

=4  

Iamlh` => Cá`hms Ahdims`ikms. Euh`th propim. Hcmjormdo m pmrr dh bps>//www.youtujh.koa/wmtkb?v1kJgtO^ztJ:6

Iamlh` :> Koapmrtaih`os Ahdims`ikms rmdiolrmm cmhrmc dh ûrmx. M`hrior (M)> su cáaih poshrior hs u`m cá`hm quh pmsm por hc amrlh` m`hrior dh cm ríquhm y sh ko`t`þm ko` hc poshrior dc kormzû` y cm vh`m kmvm i`ehrior. Ahdio (A)> ciaimdo poshriorah`h por u`m cá`hm quh siluh cm kurvmurm dh cm kocua`m vhrhjrmc y sh cokmcizm = ka por dhrís hc amrlh` m`hrior dh cos kuhrpos vhrhjrmchs. Voshrior (V)

 

=8  

Vroyhkkio`hs mdikio`mchs h` ZR dh tûrmx 

Vroyhkkiû` H` hxpirmkiû`

Kmrmkthráskms

Iamlh`

Kum`do sh i`spirm sh [h ucizm pmrm hc

ko`trmh hc dimermlam

hstudio dh

y cos aþskucos

`huaotûrmx h`

i`thrkostmchs. [h

phquhýos, pmrm

mlrm`dm cm kmnm

mtrmpmaih`to mérho

toríkikm y sh kmrlm`

y ojstrukkiû`

cos pucao`hs dh mirh

h`dojrto`quimc Icusr Icusrmki mkiû` û` => Vro Vroyhk yhkkiû kiû` ` h` Hxpirm Hxpirmki kiû`. û`. Toamdo d h bps>//sborurc.m/bqGR  

Cordûkm [h ucizm pmrm hstudimr hc cûjuco ahdio o cá`lucm

Dh kujito cmthrmc ko` rmyo borizo`tmc [h ucizm pmrm hvmcumr cm prhsh`kim y cm km`dmd dh cáquido pchurmc y `huaotûrmx pmrm mquhccos pmkih`ths quh `o sh puhdh` po`hr dh pih.

Mp`hm i`spirmtorim (cch`mdo dh pucao`hs) I`kci`mkiû` bmkim mtrís h` í`luco dh ;6¶ Kcmvákucms euhrm dh cos kmapos pucao`mrhs. Uisumcizmkiû` dh ípikhs pucao`mrhs y cûjuco ahdio.

Icusrmkiû` :> Vroyhkkiû` cordûtkm. Toamdo d h bps>//sborurc.m/klcD9  bps>//sborurc.m/klcD9  

Kmapos pucao`mrhs koapchtos. [h visumcizm hc cáquido, `ivhchs bidromérhos y `huaotûrmx. Tûrmx si` rotmkiû` y ko` ko`trmsth mdhkumdo.

Icusrmkiû` ;> Vroyhkkiû` dh kujio cmhrmc. Toamdo d h bps>//sborurc.m/iMDH2  bps>//sborurc.m/iMDH2 

 

=5  

Ojcikum M`thrior izquihrdm (OMI) [h ucizm pmrm vmcormr kosccms y pmrm m`ícisis dh emcso `ûducos pucao`mrhs

[h ojshrvm cm sicuhtm kmrdimkm h` eoram rhdo`dm. Cm porkiû` m`thrior dhc pucaû` izq. [h suphrpo`h ko` cm soajrm dh kocua`m. [h ojshrvm cm tríquhm, Kmri`m y jro`quio dhrhkbo

Icusrmkiû` 4> Vroyhkkiû` ojcikum. Toamdo d h bps>//sborurc.m/barJO   bps>//sborurc.m/barJO

Vmtro`hs Zmdiocûlikos Hstos so` mlrupmkio`hs dh sil`os rmdiocûlikos jmno u` térai`o koaþ`, rhcmkio`mdo ko` mclu`m eoram dh mcthrmkiû` pmtocûlikm amkroskûpikm quh ko`stuyh bhrrmaih`tms quh phraith` mjordmr ko` amyor emkicidmd hc diml`ûsko diehrh`kimc dh cm mcthrmkiû` visijch h` hc pmré`quiam pucao`mr.

Vmtrû` Zmdiocûliko Vmtrû` Mcvhocmr Ko`sisth h` opmkidmdhs dh jordhs amc dhciaitmdos quh jorrm` cos vmsos pucao`mrhs h` su i`thrior y ko`h`h` hstrukturms tujucmrhs mérhms (jro`ko lrmam mérhm). Tmajié` sh bmjcm dh ko`socidmkiû` u okupmkiû` dhc hspmkio mérho.

Vmtrû` h` vidrio hsahricmdo o h` vidrio dhscustrmdo [o` opmkidmdhs th`uhs quh `o iapidh` cm visumcizmkiû` dh cos vmsos pucao`mrhs quh ko`h`h`. Hs i`hsphkáko y mpmrhkh h` h`ehrahdmdhs quh mehktm` mc hspmkio mérho

Iamlh` Zmdiocûlikm

 

=<   o mc i`thrskio. Icusrmkiû` :> Zmdiolrmm dh ûrmx ko` pmrû` Uidrio dhscusrmdo. Toamdo dh bp>//hs.p`huaowigi.orl/ahdimwigi/i`dhx.pbp/Uidrio_dhscusr mdo

Vmtrû` Aicimr Korrhspo`dh m opmkidmdhs `oduciccmrhs dh auy phquhýo tmamýo, `oramcah`th dieusms. [i sh sosphkbm bmy quh juskmrcms h` hc hspmkio mérho rhtrohsthr`mc, do`dh suhch` shr aís ko`spikums. Hs kmrmkthrásko kmrmkthrásk o dh cm dishai`mkiû` bhamtûlh`m tujhrkucosm (tujhrkucosis Aicimr) o dh otro orilh`.

Icusrmkiû` ;> Zmdiolrmm dh ûrmx ko` pmrû` Aicimr. Toamdo dhbps>//hs.scidhsbmrh.`h/noshjhraudhs Zmdiolrmm dh ûrmx ko` cms cá`hms dh Ghrchy. Toamdo dh bps>//skihco.ko`iky.kc/pde/rkbrmdioc/v:=`:/mr62.pde

tmjiquhs i`thrcojuciccmrhs, y mpmrhkh` kum`do hxisth hdham o dishai`mkiû` `hopcísikm por vám bhamtûlh`m (ci`em`lis kmrki`oamtosm)

Vm`mcizmkiû` [o` opmkidmdhs pucao`mrhs phrieérikms kmsi sihaprh h` cms jmshs, ko` iaílh`hs mérhms quáskms ah`orhs dh =ka dh tmamýo h` su i`thrior quh h` cm TK sh ojshrvm` h` vmrims kmpms suphrpuhstms, y quh h` rmdiocolám siapch ko`hrh` u` msphkto rhkucmr, supo`h cm prhsh`kim dh jrosis pucao`mr

Icusrmkiû` 8> Zmdiolrmm dh ûrmx ko` pmrû` dh Vm`mcizmkio`. Toamdo dh bps>//mkormr.ci`g/DuTeu

 

=2  

@ûducos [o` opmkidmdhs rhdo`dhmdms, jih` o amc dhciaitmdms. [i so` amyorhs dh ;ka sh dh`oai`m` amsms

Icusrmkiû` 5> Zmdiolrmm dh ûrmx ko` pmrû` dh @ûducos jicmhrmchs pucao`mrhs. Toamdo dh bps>//mkormr.ci`g/pd^gV

Dhstrukkiû` Vucao`mr [h vh ko`o zo`m dh disai`ukiû` dh cm dh`sidmd h` cms quh `o sh dhciaitm` hstrukturms vmskucmrhs. Mpmrhkh` h` hc h`sham pucao`mr o kum`do bmy kmvitmkiû`.

Icusrmkiû` Zmdiolrmm dh ûrmx ko` pmrû` dh dhsrukkiû` dhrhkbo. Toamdo dh

Vmtrû` Umskucmr [h dh`h koao u` muah`to dhc kmcijrh dh cos vmsos dh cos cûjucos suphriorhs (Zhdistrijukiû` vmskucmr), quh so` dh ilumc o amyor tmamýo quh cos dh cos cûjucos i`ehriorhs, hsth bmccmzlo hs þ`ikmah`th vmcormjch h` jiphdhstmkiû`, ym quh h` dhkþjito sh pihrdh hc lrmdih`th lrmvitmkio`mc krm`hokmudmc `oramc.

Vmtrû` aixto Ahzkcm dh vmrios dh cos kitmdos m`thriorah`th

Icusrmkiû` Zmdiolrmm dh ûrmx ko` pmrû` Umskucmr. Toamdo dhbps>//hs.skrijd.koa/prhsh`mto`/;9=84:5:6/Vmro`Umskucmr:6=2-4

 

=9   Hsûemlo Hc Hc   hsûemlo hsûemlo hs hc tujo buhko y auskucmr por hc quh pmsm` cos mciah`tos y cos cáquidos dhsdh cm  cm  lmrlm` lmrlm`tm tm bmstm hc  hc  hstûamlo.  hstûamlo.  Cm pmrhd dhc hsûemlo sh koapo`h dh vmrims kmpms dh thnido,   quh i`kcuyh` cm  thnido, cm  ahajrm`m aukosm,  aukosm,   hc aþskuco y hc hc   thnido ko`nu`vo.  ko`nu`vo.   Hc Hc   kí`khr dh hsûemlo koaih`zm h` hc rhvhsaih`to i`thr`o dhc hsûemlo y sh dishai`m bmkim meuhrm m trmvés dh cms otrms kmpms m ahdidm quh krhkh. Cms dos eorams aís koau`hs dh kí`khr dh hsûemlo sh `oajrm` shlþ` hc po dh  kécucms quh sh vuhcvh` amcil`ms vuhcvh` amcil`ms (km`khrosms)> (km`khrosms)>

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Kmrki`oam dh kécucms hskmaosms > kí`khr quh sh eoram h` cms kécucms dhclmdms y pcm`ms quh rhvisth` hc i`thrior dhc hsûemlo. Hsth po dh kí`khr sh h`kuh`trm ko` aís erhkuh`kim h` cm pmrth suphrior y ahdim dhc hsûemlo, phro sh prhsh`tm h` kumcquihr culmr dhc hsûemlo. Tmajié` sh ccmam kmrki`oam ccmam kmrki`oam hpidhraoidh.  hpidhraoidh. 

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Mdh`okmrki`oam>  kí kí`k `khr hr quh quh ko koai aih` h`zm zm h` cm cmss ké kécu cucm cmss  lcm`ducmrhs.  lcm`ducmrhs.  Cm Cmss kécucm kécucmss lcm`ducmrhs h` hc rhvhsaih`to dhc hsûemlo produkh` y cijhrm` cáquidos koao hc  aoko. Cos Cos mdh`o mdh`okm kmrki rki`oa `oams ms sh suhch` suhch` eoramr eoramr h` cm pm pmrth rth i`ehri i`ehrior or dhc hsûeml hsûemlo, o, khrkm khrkm dhc hstûamlo.

Dh`ikiû`

Iamlh` Zmdiocûlikm

 

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Hskchrodhraim Mehktmkiû` dhc auskuco ciso ko` disai`ukiû` dh cm phrástmsis h` eoram lrmdumc, bmstm cm dicmtmkiû` dhc hsûemlo Disemlim Dikuctmd pmrm dhlcur Virosis Mkidhz por rhlurlitmkiû`

Icusrmkiû` => Trmsor`os aoorhs dhc hsûemlo, hskchrodhraim. Toamdo bps>//www.scidhsbmrh.`h/TmchsAhdiki`m/rmsor`os-aoorhsdhchsoemlo-9;=:5 ko` rhstos trmquho jro`quimchs, h`lrosmaih`to jroauskucmr y ahajrm`osms

Mkmcmsim I`kmpmkidmd dhc hs`thr dhc hs`thr lmstrohsoeíliko pmrm rhcmnmrsh mc mc dhlcur,  dhlcur, por  por dhlh`hrmkiû` dh cms kécucms cms kécucms lm`lcio`mrhs h` cm pmrhd dhc ûrlm`o. dhc ûrlm`o.  

Icusrmkiû` :> Hsh`osis hsoeílikm ko`lé`im Toamdo bps>//www.smp.orl.mr/doks/pujcikmkio`hs/mrkbivosmrl/:6=2/v==5`=m;:.pde

 

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Icusrmkiû` ;> Mkmcmsim. Toamdo bps>//hs.wigiphdim.orl/wigi/Mkmcmsim

Zhpism tuaormc Hc kí`khr dh hsûemlo hs u`m pmtocolám kmdm vhz aís erhkuh`th, ko` tmsms dh suphrvivh`kim dhsmch`tmdorms, dhsmch`tmdorms, y su cokmcizmkiû` `os sulihrh hc po bistocûliko (hsûemlo ahdio y suphrior, lh`hrmcah`th hskmaokhcucmr, y hsûemlo i`ehrior —mdh`okmrki`oam, h` su lrm` amyorám

Icusrmkiû` M> Tuaorhs jh`il`os dhc hsûemlo. Iamlh` J> Tuaorhs Amcil`os dh hsûemlo. Toamdo dh bp>//www.skihco.orl.ko/pde/rkl/v;:`;/6=:6-998 [haiocolám dh cm iamlh` h` hsûemlo Toamdo bps>//hs.scidhsbmrh.`h/NosbVhrdoao/iamlh`ocolm-pmocolms-dhc-hsemlo  

[h dhjh hvmcumr cm kocua`m dhc ahdio dh ko`trmsth, hc vmkimaih`to hsoeíliko y cm i`thlridmd dh cms hstrukturms m`mtûaikm m`mtûaikmss (pmrhdhs hsoeílikms y u`iû` hsoemlolístrikm) hsoemlolístrikm) [h hvmcþm` ; porkio`hs m`mtûaikms diehrh`ths shlþ` su cokmcizmkiû`

 

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Hsûemlo khrvikmc> dhsdh cm emri`lh bmstm cm shxtm vérthjrm khrvikmc y hc jordh i`ehrior dhc kmrcmlo krikoidhs.

Hsûemlo toríkiko> dhsdh cm shxtm vérthjrm khrvikmc bmstm hc bimto hsoeíliko. • Hsûemlo mjdoai`mc> dhsdh hc bimto hsoeíliko bmstm cm c m u`iû` hsoemlolístrikm Cm hsth`osis hsoeílikm puhdh shr kmusmdm por> Zhuno lmstrohsoeíliko (HZLH)> hs u`m mehkkiû` prhsh`th h` i`dividuos `oramchs quh sh

tor`m pmtocûlikm kum`do sh prhsh`tm ko` sá`toams o koapcikmkio`hs (5, u`os lcûjucos jcm`kos ccmamdos hosi`ûcos sh mkuaucm` h` su hsûemlo. Hsto kmusm dmýo h i`mamkiû`, co quh puhdh provokmr docor, projchams pmrm trmlmr y hc mtmskmaih`to dh koaidm h` cm lmrlm`tm. Chsio`hs kmusmdms por u` h`doskopio. u` h`doskopio.   Xso proco`lmdo dh u`m so`dm `msolístrikm (u` tujo quh pmsm m trmvés dh cm `mriz bmstm hc hstûamlo). I`lhsû` dh sustm`kims quh dmým` hc rhvhsaih`to dhc hsûemlo. Hstms puhdh` i`kcuir ciapimdorhs dh uso doaésko, chnám, picms dh jotû` o íkido dh jmthrám.

Trmtmaih`to Cms aodmcidmdhs thrmpéukms dhc trmtmaih`to aédiko dh cms HH i`kcuyh` cm dicmtmkiû` ko` junáms o ko` jmcû`, co quh `os phrairí hc am`hno dh hstm koapcikmkiû` h` cm amyorám dh kmsos m`ths dh pcm`thmrsh cm kirulám, quh h` pmkih`ths dh cm hdmd phdiítrikm mkmrrhm rihslos dh aorjiaortmcidmd hchvmdm. H` mquhcco mquhccoss kmsos h` cos quh hc am`hno am`hno ko` dh cms HH `o hs posijc posijch, h, `os quhdm quhdm cm mct mcthr` hr`m mvm vm qu quirþ irþrli rlikm km pmrm pmrm hc quh hxisth hxisth` ` diehrh` diehrh`ths ths hsquha hsquhams ms koao koao cm i`thrp i`thrposi osikiû kiû` ` dh shlah`tos dh ácho` o koco` o hc tujo lístriko, ko` juh`os rhsuctmdos h` diehrh`ths rhporths.

 

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[h bm ojshrvmdo dhsmrrocco dh kmrki`oam hskmaoso h` pmkih`ths ko` i`lhstm dh mkþskos h` amyor proporkiû` quh cm pojcmkiû` lh`hrmc, sih`do hc phráodo dh cmth`kim auy cmrlo, por co quh dhjh` shr soahdos m shluiaih`to h`doskûpiko h` eoram phriûdikm. Ei`mcah`th, u`m dh cms þcams ték`ikms dh dicmtmkiû` quh hstí sih`do ucizmdm hs cm Dicmtmkiû` ko` jmcû` `huaíko o bidrostíko luimdm por h`doskopám7 quh hnhrkh u`m euhrzm soco rmdimc sojrh cm hsth`osis y dhsdh hc pu`to dh vistm ahkí`iko h`h ah`or euhrzm dh kizmccmaih`to quh cms junáms quh hnhrkh` u`m euhrzm dh po co`litudi`mc y rmdimc sojrh cm HH, co quh bmkh quh hc priahro shm aís shluro pmrm prhvh`ir cms phreormkio`hs, mu`quh pmrhkh` shr ah`os ah` os hehkv hehkvos os quh quh cms junáms junáms hsphki hsphkimca mcah`t h`th h h` HH por kí kíus uskos kos.. [h rhport rhportm` m` kmsos kmsos dh dicmtmkio`hs hsoeílikms ko` jmcû` dh dicmtmkiû` h` mjordmnh por vám rhtrûlrmdm m pmrr dh cm lmstrostoaám.

Mthchktmsims Hs u` trmstor`o h` hc kumc hc pucaû` o u`m pmrth dh éc, quhdm dhsprovistm dh mirh y sh kocmpsm. Co quh provokm cm pérdidm dh vocuah` y suhch hstmr mkoapmýmdo por u` muah`to h` cm dh`sidmd rmdiocûlikm. Cm pérdid pérdidm m dh vocuah vocuah` ` pucao` pucao`mr mr sh kcmsi kcmsikm km shlþ` shlþ` su ahkm` ahkm`isa isao o produk produktor tor o cm hxth`siû` dhc pucaû` mehktmdo.

Tipo dh mthchktmsim Mthchktmsim Ojstrukvm (Zhmjsorvm) Kum`do hc uno dh mirhs sh i`thrruaph koao ko`shkuh`kim dh ojstrukkiû` dh cms váms mérhms. Kmrki`oam jro`ko lé`iko Kuhrpos hxtrmýos Tmpo`hs aukosos Tujos h`dotrmquhmchs amc posikio`mdos.

Iamlh` o hsquham

Icusrmkiû`=> Vmocolám Vucao`mr Mhchkmsim ojsruktvm Toamdo bps>//www.ai`doao.koa/hs/ai`damp/mhchkmsim-4h89m986//www.ai`doao.koa/hs/ai`damp/mhchkmsim4h89m986 Vmocolám Vucao`mr Mhchkmsim pmsivm Toamdo bps>//hs.wigiphdim.orl/wigi/Mhchkmsim 

Mthchktmsim Mdbhsivm Hs hc kocmpso shku`dmrio m pérdidm dhc emktor suremktm`th suremktm`th h` hc kumc cm euhrzm dh th`siû` suphrkimc proauhvh cm mdbhsiû` dh cms pmrhdhs mcvhocmrhs. [á`droah dh distrés rhspirmtorio Hajocisao pucao`mr @huao`is por rmdimkiû` Ko`tusiû` pucao`mr

Icusrmkiû` ;> Vmocolám Vucao`mr Mhchkmsim Mdbhsivm Toamdo bps>//hs.scidhsbmrh.`h/amriuximtm`mkboko/mhchkmsim`huaocolim 

Mthchktmsim Kikmtrikimc [h dhjh m cm ko`trmkkiû` dhc thnido jroso i`thrskimc m ahdidm quh hsth amdurm, puhdh shr eokmc (tujhrkucosis) o dieusm (jrosis pucao`mr idiopíkm) Tujhrkucosis Vostpriamrim Eijrosis por rmdimkiû` Icusrmkiû` 4> Vmocolám Vucao`mr Mhchkmsim kikmrikimc Toamdo bps>//www.scidhsbmrh.`h/m``ih442/mhchkmsims-=49: hxposikiû` mc Msjhsto. Diehrh`kimr ko` u`m `hopcmsim.

Icusrmkiû` 4> Vmocolám Vucao`mr Mhchkmsim rhdo`dm Toamdo bps>//www.scidhsbmrh.`h/m``ih442/mhchkmsims-=49: X` `huaoûrmx hs visijch h` hc pucaû` dhrhkbo,

aís mccí dhc kumc `o sh ojshrvm rmam pucao`mr. X`m cilhrm dhsvimkiû` dhc kormzû` y hc ahdimst`o bmkim hc cmdo izquihrdo i`dikm u` `huaoûrmx m h`siû` Toamdo bps>//www.asdam`umcs.koa/hs/proehssio`mc/ bps>//www.asdam`um cs.koa/hs/proehssio`mc/rmsor`ospucao rmsor`ospucao`mrhs/  `mrhs/  rmsor`os-ahdims%K;%MD`ikos-ypch rmsor`os-ahd ims%K;%MD`ikos-ypchurmchs/`huao%K;% urmchs/`huao%K;%J;rmx J;rmx

Icusrmkiû` :> @huaoûrmx hspo`í`ho h` u` pmkih`h ko` sá`droah dh Amrem`. Amre m`. Ojsérvhs Ojsérvhsh h cm mush`kim koapch koapchm m dh rma rmam m puca pucao`mr o`mr h` hc  `huaoûrmx izquihrdo. Cm uaormkiû` quh sh ojshrvm h` hc bicio hs hc   pucaû` izquihrdo izquihrdo kocmpsmdo. T Toamdo oamdo bps>//www.asdam`umcs.koa/hs/proehssio`mc/ bps>//www.asdam`um cs.koa/hs/proehssio`mc/rmsor`ospucao` rmsor`ospucao`mrhs/  mrhs/  rmsor`os-ahdims%K;%MD`ikos-ypchurmchs/`huao%K;%J rmsor`os-ahdims%K;%MD`ikos-ypchu rmchs/`huao%K;%J;rmx ;rmx

@huao`ám Cm `huao`ám hs u`m i`ehkkiû` quh i`mam cos smkos mérhos dh u`o o majos pucao`hs. Cos smkos mérhos sh puhdh` cch`mr dh cáquido o pus (amthrimc puruch`to), co quh provokm tos ko` ham o pus, hjrh, hskmcoeráo hskmcoeráoss y dikuctmd dikuctmd pmrm rhspirmr. rhspirmr. Divhrsos Divhrsos aikrorlm` aikrorlm`isaos isaos,, koao

 

:<   jmkthrims, virus y bo`los, puhdh` provokmr `huao`ám. Cm `huao`ám sh kcmsikm shlþ` cos pos dh lérah`hs quh cm kmusm` y hc culmr do`dh sh ko`trmno cm i`ehkkiû`.

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@huao`ám mdquiridm h` cm koau`idmd

Cm `huao`ám mdquiridm h` cm koau`idmd hs hc po aís koaþ` dh `huao`ám. Okurrh euhrm dh cos bospitmchs u otros kh`tros dh mth`kiû` dh cm smcud. Vuhdh shr kmusmdm por co siluih`th>

Jmkthrims.  Hsth po dh `huao`ám `huao`ám puhdh okurrir por sá socm socm o dhspués dh bmjhr th`ido th`ido u` rhserimdo o u`m lriph. Vuhdh mehktmr u`m pmrth (cûjuco) dhc pucaû`, u`m mehkkiû` ccmamdm `huao`ám cojucmr.

Orlm`isaos siaicmrhs m cms jmkthrims . Aykopcmsam p`huao`imh tmajié` puhdh kmusmr `huao`ám. Tápikmah`th produkh sá`toams aís chvhs quh otros pos dh `huao`ám.

Bo`los. Hsth po dh `huao`ám hs aís koaþ` h` phrso`ms ko` projchams dh smcud krû`ikos o sisthams i`au`itmrios dhjicitmdos, y h` phrso`ms quh bm` i`bmcmdo lrm`dhs dosis dh cos orlm`isaos.

Uirus, i`kcuso KOUID-=9.   Mclu`os dh cos virus quh kmusm` rhserimdos y lriph puhdh` kmusmr `huao`ám. Cos virus so` cm kmusm aís koaþ` dh `huao`ám h` `iýos ah`orhs dh 8 mýos. Cm `huao`ám virmc suhch shr chvh. Vhro h` mclu`os kmsos puhdh cchlmr m shr auy lrmvh. Hc koro`mvirus :6=9 (KOUID-=9) puhdh kmusmr `huao`ám, quh puhdh cchlmr m shr lrmvh.

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@huao`ám mdquiridm h` hc bospitmc Mclu`ms phrso`ms ko`trmh` `huao`ám durm`th u`m bospitmcizmkiû` por otrm h`ehrahdmd.

Cm `huao`ám mdquiridm h` hc bospitmc puhdh shr lrmvh porquh cm jmkthrim quh cm kmusm puhdh shr aís rhsisth`th m cos m`jiûkos y porquh cms phrso`ms quh cm ko`trmh` ym hstí` h`ehrams. Cms phrso`ms phrso `ms quh ucizm` ucizm` rhspirmdo rhspirmdorhs rhs (vh`cmdo (vh`cmdorhs), rhs), quh suhch` suhch` ucizmrsh ucizmrsh h` cms u`idmdhs u`idmdhs dh kuidmdos i`th`sivos, korrh` u` amyor rihslo dh th`hr hsth po dh `huao`ám.

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@huao`ám mdquiridm h` cm mth`kiû` aédikm

 

:2   Cm `huao` `huao`ám ám mdqui mdquirid ridm m h` cm mth`k mth`kiû` iû` aédikm aédikm hs u` u`m m i`ehkk i`ehkkiû` iû` jm jmkth kthrim rim`m `m quh sh produkh h` phrso`ms quh vivh` h` kh`tros dh mth`kiû` m cmrlo pcmzo o quh rhkijh` mth`kiû` h` kcá`ikms majucmtorims, i`kcuidos cos kh`tros dh diícisis rh`mc. Mc ilumc quh cm `huao`ám mdquiridm h` hc bospitmc, cm `huao`ám mdquiridm h` cm mth`kiû` aédikm puhdh shr kmusmdm por jmkthrims aís rhsisth`ths m cos m`jiûkos.

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@huao`ám por mspirmkiû` Cm `huao`ám por mspirmkiû` sh produkh kum`do sh i`bmcm` mciah`tos, jhjidms, vûaitos o

smcivm y hstos ph`htrm` h` cos pucao`hs. Cm mspirmkiû` hs aís projmjch si mclo phrturjm hc rhhno `mushoso `oramc, koao u`m chsiû` khrhjrmc o u` projcham dh dhlcukiû`, o hc uso hxkhsivo dh mckoboc o drolms.

Lérah`hs aís rhkuh`ths h` `huao`ám Cms kmusms so` divhrsos mlh`ths i`ehkkiosos> virus, jmkthrims y bo`los7 sih`do cos aís koau`hs cos siluih`ths.

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Hstrhptokokoss p`huao`imh Hstrhptokoko

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Bmhaopbicus i`uh`zmh

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Hc virus si`kimc rhspirmtorio

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V`huaokyss Nirovh`ki Koapcikmkio`hs

I`kcuso bmjih`do rhkijido trmtmaih`to, mclu`ms phrso`ms quh h`h` `huao`ám, hsphkimcah`th mquhccos quh sh h`kuh`trm` h` cos lrupos dh mcto rihslo, puhdh` hxphriah`tmr koapcikmkio`hs,, i`kcuidms cm siluih`th> koapcikmkio`hs

 

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Jmkthrims h` hc torrh`th sm`luá`ho (jmkthrihaim).   Cms jmkthrims quh i`lrhsm` h` hc torrh`th torrh` th sm`luá sm`luá`ho `ho dhsdh dhsdh cos pucao` pucao`hs hs puhdh` puhdh` propml propmlmr mr cm i`ehkk i`ehkkiû` iû` m otros otros ûrlm` ûrlm`os os y, poth`kimcah`th, provokmr u`m i`sukih`kim orlí`ikm. Diekuctmd pmrm rhspirmr. [i cm `huao`ám hs lrmvh o si h`hs h`ehrahdmdhs pucao`mrhs krû`ikms okuctms, posijchah`th th`lms projchams pmrm ojth`hr sukih`th oxálh`o mc rhspirmr. Hs posijch quh dhjms bospitmcizmrth y ucizmr u` rhspirmdor mrkimc (vh`cmdor) bmstm quh tus pucao`hs sm`h`.

Mkuaucmkiû` dh cáquido mcrhdhdor dh cos pucao`hs (dhrrmah pchurmc).   Cm `huao`ám puhdh kmusmr cm mkuaucmkiû` dh cáquido h` hc `o hspmkio quh bmy h`trh cms kmpms dh thnido quh rhkujrh` cos pucao`hs y cm kmvidmd toríkikm (pchurm). [i hc uido sh i`ehktm, hs posijch quh dhjm` drh`mrco m trmvés dh u`m so`dm pchurmc o hxtrmhrco ahdim`th u`m kirulám.

Mjskhso pucao`mr. X` mjskhso h`h culmr si sh eoram pus h` u`m kmvidmd h` hc pucaû`. @oramcah`th, cos mjskhsos sh trmtm` ko` m`jiûkos. M vhkhs, sh `hkhsitm u`m kirulám o u` drh`mnh ko` u`m mlunm cmrlm o u`m so`dm quh sh kocokm h` hc mjskhso pmrm hxtrmhr hc pus. Icusrmkiû` => @huao`ám @huao`ám CII. Zmdiolrmm poshrom`hrior> ko`dh`smkiû` bhhrolé`hm dh hspmkio mérho dh cáaihs

mérho, ko` jro`ko lrmam y mcvhoco lrmam (jro`quioco lrmam) mérho y cáaih i`ehrior jih` dh`ido, por su ko`mko ko` cm kisurm

iaprhkisos, quh `o jorrm hc ko`or`o ahdimst`o (sil`o dh cm sicuhm). Toamdo Dhc Kunm, N., Vhdrmzm, [. y Lmyhh, M. (:6=6) Icusrmkiû` :> @huao`ám por Chlio`hccm p`huaopbicm h` C[D. M) Zmdiolrmm poshrom`hrior> okupmkiû` bhhrolé`hm dh hspmkio

ah`or. Toamdo Dhc Kunm, N., Vhdrmzm, [. y Lmyhh, M. (:6=6)

Vmrths dh u` kuhrpo Uhrthjrmc

 

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Uistm

Uistm

Uérthjrm Khrvikmc

Uistm

Uistm

Uhrthjrm Dorsmc

Uistm

Uérthjrm Cuajmr

Uistm

 

;=   Icustrmkiû` => Uérthjrm khrvikmc, dorsmc y cuajmr mutorám propim m pmrr dh> bp>//www.i`mtmkio`.koa/mrkucos/esiocolim/kocua`m.btac

 

Cm kocua`m vhrthjrmc hstí ko`stuidm por ;; pihzms ûshms suphrpuhstms y mrkucmdms h`trh sá, ccmamdms vérthjrms, cms kumchs sh distrijuyh` h` 8 rhlio`hs> •

< vérthjrms khrvikmchs  (K= m K [h korrhspo`dh` ko` hc kuhcco y sunhtm` cm kmjhzm. Cm priahrm dh hstms hstms vérthjrm vérthjrmss rhkijh rhkijh hc `oajrh `oajrh dh Mtcms  y cm shlu` shlu`dm dm Mxis. Hc Mtcms, quh sosh`h hc krí`ho, phraith quh cm kmjhzm sh auhvm mrrijm y mjmno, y cm vérthjrm Mxis, proyhktmdm h` hc buhko dh cm priahrm, phraith quh cm kmjhzm lirh dh cmdo m cmdo.

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=: vérthjrms toríkikms o dorsmchs  (T= m T=:)> [o` cms dokh vérthjrms dh cm pmrth kh`trmc dh cm kocua`m vhrthjrmc. Hstí` m ko``umkiû` dh cms khrvikmchs y so` aís lruhsms y ah`os aûvichs quh éstms. [h dis`luh` dh cms rhstm`ths vérthjrms dh cm kocua`m por prhsh`tmr emkhtms kostmchs (kmriccm mrkucmr) m kmdm cmdo dhc kuhrpo, ko` cms quh sh mrkucm` ko` cms kosccms, msá  koao kmriccms mrkucmrhs h` cms mpûsis trm`svhrsms pmrm cm mrkucmkiû` ko` cos tujérkucos dh cms kosccms, ko` cm hxkhpkiû` dh cm vérthjrm ==¾ y =:¾.

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8 vérthjrms cuajmrhs  (C= m C8)> [o` cms vérthjrms rhstm`ths quh hstí` por dhjmno dhc þcao buhso toríkiko y h` cm pmrth suphrior dhc smkro y soportm` cm amyor pmrth dhc phso korpormc.

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8 smkrms ([= m [8)> si` mrkucmkiû` h`trh hccms puhs hstí` eu`didms y koapo`h` hc buhso ccmamdo [mkro, hc kuíc sunhtm cm ki`turm pécvikm. 4 kokkálhms (Ko= m Ko4)> @o hxisth mrkucmkiû` h`trh hstms vérthjrms, puhs hstí` eu`didms y koapo`h` hc buhso ccmamdo kûkkix. [hlþ` thoráms hvocuvms shrám cm rhai`iskh`kim dhc rmjo o kocm korrhspo`dih`th m otrms hsphkihs m`iamchs.

Vhdákucos> u`h` hc kuhrpo vhrthjrmc m cm amsm ûshm. Tih`h` u` jordh suphrior cilhrmah`th kû`kmvo, aih`trms quh su jordh i`ehrior prhsh`tm u`m euhrth e uhrth hskotmdurm dh mkuhrdo ko` cm i`kci`mkiû` dh cms cíai`ms y dh cms mpûsis hspi`osms

Cíai`ms> so` kumdricíthrms, kmsi vhrkmchs Mpûesis hspi`osm> Cms mpûsis hspi`osms quh smch` dh cos mrkos vhrthjrmchs dh cms vérthjrms toríkikms pikms so` so` cmrlms y sh i`kci`m` bmkim mjmno y mtrís, mckm`z mckm`zm`do m`do cm vérthjrm i`ehrior. Eoram prisaíkm trim`lucmr trim`lucmr `o jieurkmdm. Hc Hc jordh suphrior suphrior hs roao7 hc hc jordh i`ehrior, hxkmvmdo hxkmvmdo h` km`mc7 km`mc7 sus kmrms kmrms cmthrmchs cmthrmchs sh sh hstrhkbm` hstrhkbm` bmkim bmkim hc vérkh. vérkh. Kujh` Kujh` cos i`thrvmco i`thrvmcoss vérthjrms vérthj rms mdymkh` mdymkh`ths ths vhrthjrmc ahducmr

h`trh cms cms cíai`ms cíai`ms dh cms

pmrm msá msá prhvh`ir prhvh`ir quh ojnhtos ojnhtos pu`zm`ths pu`zm`ths puhdm` puhdm` ph`htrmr ph`htrmr h` hc ko`dukto ko`dukto

 

;:  

Mpûesis trm`svhrsms> sh shpmrm` mapcimah`th por por dhtrís dhc phdákuco. H` cm kmrm m`thrior m`thrior dh su vérkh prhsh`tm` u`m eositm mrkucmr, cm eositm kostmc dh cm mpûsis trm`svhrsm, do`dh sh mrkucm hc tujérkuco kostmc (mrkucmkiû` kosto trm`svhrsm)

Mpûesis mrkucmrhs7 cms suphriorhs, auy smcih`ths, sh hchvm` h` sh`do vhrkmc. Cms i`ehriorhs, por hc ko`trm ko`trmrio rio,, hstí` hstí` rhduki rhdukidms dms m : kmric kmriccms cms mrkuc mrkucmrh mrhs, s, sojrh sojrh cm kmrm kmrm m`thr m`thrior ior dh cms cíai`m cíai`ms, s, orih`tmdms bmkim mdhcm`th y mclo ahdimcah`th.

Mlunhro rmquádho> hs kmsi kirkucmr y koapmrmvmah`th phquhýo. Kmckieikmkiû` Trmuam h` Kocua`m shlþ` Dh`is

Vicmr M`thrior Cilmah`to co`litudi`mc M`icco jroso m`thrior m`thrior Dos thrkios m`thriorhs dhc kuhrpo y disko Uhrthjrmc. Icusrmkiû` => Muorám propim m pmrtr dh bps>//www.scidhsbmrh.`h/Zujh`Ko`do/rmuam-rmquiahducmr-

Vicmr Ahdio Cilmah`to co`litudi`mc posthrior M`icco jroso posthrior

Thrkio posthrior dhc kuhrpo y disko vhrthjrmc. Icusrmkiû` :> Muorám propim m pmrtr dh bps>//www.scidhsbmrh.`h/Zujh`Ko`do/rmuam-rmquiahducmr-

Vicmr Vosthrior Vhdákucos, cmai`ms Mrkucmkio`hs i`thremkhtmrims i `thremkhtmrims Cilmaih`tos mamriccos

 

;;   Cilmah`tos suprm hspi`osos h i`thrhspi`osos. Icusrmkiû` ;> Muorám propim m pmrtr dh bps>//www.scidhsbmrh.`h/Zujh`Ko`do/rmuam-rmquiahducmr-

 

Krithrio Iamlh`ocûlikos pmrm I`hstmjicidmd  I`hstmjicidmd  Krithrios Kcísikos Krithrios shlþ` cm mhktmkiû` dh picmrhs M`throcisthsis M`throcist hsis h`trh dos vhrthjrms vhrthjrms amyor dh ;.8aa. M`lucmkiû` eokmc dh dos vérthjrms amyor dh ==¶. Muah`to o disai`ukiû` dhc hspmkio Diskmc. Muah`to dhc hspmkio i`thrhspi`osos

Mehktmkiû` dh trhs picmrhs. Mehktmkiû` dh dos picmrhs. Mehktmkiû` dh picmr ahdio.

o i`thremkhtmrims. i`thremkhtmrims. Vhrdidm dh mcturm amyor dhc :8%.

Dispcmkám dh Kmdhrm

Hs dh`oai`mdm h`ehrahdmd cuxm`th dh cm kmdhrm o dispcmsim dh kmdhrm, hs iaportm`ths por su erhkuh`kim y su dikic trmtmaih`to. CXRMKIO@> Kum`do cm kmjhzm ehaormc sh h`kuh`trm koapchtmah`th euhrm dhc mkhtíjuco. [XJCXRMKIO@> sil`ikm quh cm kmjhzm ehaormc hstí mpoymdm h` hc rhjordh mkhtmjucmr sh rhhrh mc m`oramc dhsmrrocco dh cm eoram dhc mkhtíjuco.

 

;4  

Icusrmkiû` => Cos `þkchos kheícikos dhjh` hsmr h` hc kumdrm`h suphro ahdimc y kh`rmdos h` hc mkhíjuco. Mu`quh hs bmjiumc cm prhsh`kim dh u` rhmrdo h` cm osikmkiû` dhc `þkcho dh osikmkiû` h` cm kmdhrm ko` DDK. Kum`do hc `þkcho kheíciko sh siþm h` hc kumdrm`h i`ehro-hxhr`o i`ehro-hxhr`o dh Oajrhdm``h, cm kmdhrm hsí sujcuxmdm y kum`do sh siþm h` hc kumdrm`h suphrohxh suphrohxhr`o, r`o, cm kmjhzm hsí cuxmdm. bps>//`9.kc/iky2

 

Icusrmkiû` :> Tmajié`, cm phcvis suerh dispcmsim ûshm. Hc í`luco mkhmjucmr `oramc (IM) vmrám shlþ` hdmd. Mc `mkiaih`o `mkiaih`o,, prhsh`m vmcorhs prûxiaos m ;6¾,  phro m pmrtr dh dh cos priahros ah ahshs shs dh vidm, sh disai`uyh mpr mproxiamdmah` oxiamdmah`h h m :6¾. Cos `iýos ah`orhs dh 4 ahshs ko` í`lucos suphriorhs m :8¾ so` i`dikmtvos dh DDK.

Toamdm dh bps>//`9.kc/iky2

Icusrmkiû` ;> Cm mchrmkiû` dh cm cá`hm dh [bh`o` hs sulhstvm dh DDK, puhs rmdukh cm emcm dh posikiû` dhc `þkcho kheíciko h` hc kh`ro dhc kotco. Toamdo dh bps>//`9.kc/iky2

Emshs dh cm h`hrahdmd Kcmsiekmkiû` LZME

 

;8  

Lrmdo I

Lrmdo II

Lrmdo III  

Chvh o dispcmkám

Aodhrmdm o [ujcuxmkiû`

[hvhrm o cuxmkiû`

H`ehrahdmd dh Vhrtbhs Hs u`m mehkkiû` quh aodikm cm mrkucmkiû` dh cm kmdhrm y hc krhkiaih`to dhc buhso dh cm kmjhzm dhc eéaur (pmrth suphrior dhc ausco). Mehktm aís m ah`udo m u`m socm kmdhrm, phro puhdh mehktmr m majms.

 

Icusrmkiû` => Iamlh` rmdiolríkm m`hroposhrior dh cm kmdhrm dh u` pmkih`h ko` h`ehrahdmd dh Chll Kmcvé-Vhrbhs. Toamdo dh bps>//hs.wigiphdim.orl/wigi/[%K;%MD`droah_dh_Chll-Kmcv%K;%M9-

 

;5  

H`ehrahdmd dh gcipphc ehic. Hc sá sá`d `dro roah ah dh Gcip Gcipph phc-E c-Ehi hicc ko ko`s `st tuy uyh h u` dhso dhsord rdh` h` hs hsqu quhc hcé éko ko ko koap apch chno no mc mctm tmah ah`t `th h bhthrolé`ho kmrmkthrizmdo kmrmkthrizmdo por cm c m eusiû` ko`lé`itm dh dos o aís vérthjrms khrvikmchs. Cm trimdm kcá`ikm kcísikm ko`sisth h` kuhcco korto, iapcm`tmkiû` jmnm dhc kmjhcco y ciaitmkiû` pmrm cos aoviaih`tos dhc kuhcco.

C ms rmdiolrmm khrvikmc cmhrmc hvidh`kim` si`ososis dh kuhrpos kuhrpos vhrhjrmchs Toamdm dh bps>//skihco.ko`iky.kc/skihco.pbp?  bps>//skihco.ko`iky.kc/skihco.pbp?  skrip1ski_mrhx&pid1[6;

Cá`hm dh iapcm`tmkiû` jmnm dhc kmjhcco h` cm `ukm Kuhcco korto Vokm kmpmkidmd dh aovhr hc kuhcco [i` hajmrlo, `o todms cms phrso`ms ko` hc sá`droah h`h` hstms kmrmkthráskms. W95:4Q Hc kuhcco puhdh shr jmstm`th m`kbo y puhdh bmjhr tmajié` docorhs dh kmjhzm krû`ikos, docor h` hc kuhcco, y docor h` cm hspmcdm. Otrms shýmchs y sá`toams quh sh bm` rhportmdo h` phrso`ms ko` sá`droah dh Gcipphc Ehic i`kcuyh`> Hskociosis (kurvmturm dh cm kocua`m vhrthjrmc)

 

;<   M`oamcáms lh`itouri`mrims (dh cos ûrlm`os rhproduktorhs y / o hc sistham uri`mrio, i`kcuyh`do cos riýo`hs) Hchvmkiû` ko`lé`itm dh cm hskmpucm (dheoraidmd ( dheoraidmd dh [prh`lhc o hskmpucm mcmdm) Dhehktos kmrdámkos (dhc kormzû`) koao dhehkto dhc tmjiquh i`thrvh`trikucmr M`oamcáms pucao`mrhs (rhcmkio`mdms (rhcmkio`mdms ko` cos c os pucao`hs) y projchams rhspirmtorios Dékit mudivo Msiahtrám emkimc u otrms m`oamcáms dh cm kmjhzm y cm kmrm (tmchs koao pmcmdmr bh`dido o  aikrosoaám bhaiemkimc)   bhaiemkimc)

M`oamcáms dhc sistham `hrvioso kh`trmc (i`kcuyh`do amceoramkiû` hspi`m jádm o siri`loaihcim) y  siri`loaihcim) y / o sá`toams `hurocûlikos

dh

Kbimri, Kbimri,

Otrms m`oamcáms hsquhcékms (i`kcuyh`do (i`kcuyh`do cms dh cms kosccms, aihajros y / o dhdos) [itus i`vhrsus, h` i`vhrsus, h` quh bmy posikiû` i`vhrdm dh cos ûrlm`os koao hc kormzû`, hc bálmdo y hc jmzo Jmnm hstmturm Aoviaih`tos i`vocu`tmrios m`oramchs h` u`m am`o

Dikuctmd pmrm aovhr cos onos pmrm euhrm y pmrm dh`tro (sá`droah ( sá`droah dh Dum`h)  Dum`h)  u otrms m`oamcáms okucmrhs Trmstor`o Trms tor`o mrkucmr mrkucmr docoroso docoroso (osthomr (osthomrtris tris)) mcrhdhdor mcrhdhdor dh cms írhms írhms dh buhso buhso   eusio eusio`mdo `mdo y th`siû` docorosm, i`vocu`tmrim dh cos aþskucos dhc kuhcco (disto`ám khrvikmc)

 

;2   Kcmsieikmkiû` dh Ehic

Vmtrû` I

Eusi Eusiû` û` amsi amsivm vm dh ko kocu cua` a`m m kh khrv rvik ikmc mc ko ko` ` o si si` ` hx hxth th`s `siû iû` ` m

Vmtrû` II

toríkikms suphriorhs. Eusiû` Eus iû` dh u` u`o o o dos hspmk hspmkios ios vhrthj vhrthjrm rmchs chs msokim msokimdos dos m otrms otrms m`oamcáms vhrthjrmchs koao bhaivhrthjrms, hskociosis y puhdh i`kcuir

Vmtrû` III

eusiû` mtcm`to okkipitmc. Eusiû` dh vérthjrms khrvikmchs, toríkikms y/o cuajmrhs

Trmtmaih`to @o bmy kurm pmrm hc sá`droah dh Gcipphc Ehic. Hc trmtmaih`to hs lh`hrmcah`th si`toaíko y dh mpoyo. Cm lhsû` dhph`dh dh cms kmrmkthráskms y cm lrmvhdmd h` kmdm phrso`m, y puhdh shr dh por vidm. Hs `hkhsmrim u`m kuidmdosm hvmcumkiû`, shluiaih`to ko`sisth`th y koordi`mkiû` ko` vmrios hsphkimcistms pmrm ahnormr hc rhsuctmdo y mshlurmrsh dh quh `o sh pihrdm `i`lþ` diml`ûsko rhcmkio`mdo. Bmy vmrims thrmpims ko`shrvmdorms dispo`ijchs, i`kcuyh`do hc uso dh koccmrhs khrvikmchs, ccmvhs, trmkkiû`, thrmpim sikm, eíramkos divhrsos ahdikmah`tos pmrm hc docor. [i` hajmrlo, pmrm m`i`mamtorios aukbms phrso`ms `o ko`hsthroidhos sá`droah dh(MI@H), GcipphcyEhic, cos sá`toams so` prolrhsivos dhjido m cos kmajios dhlh`hrmvos quh okurrh` h` cm kocua`m vhrthjrmc. Cm kirulám puhdh hstmr i`dikmdm por u`m vmrihdmd dh rmzo`hs, i`kcuyh`do docor phrsisth`th7 dékit `hurocûliko7 i`hstmjicidmd khrvikmc o krm`hokhrvikmc7 ko`strikkiû` dh cm aéducm hspi`mc7 o pmrm korrhlir cm hskociosis shvhrm. Mclu`ms phrso`ms ko` GE[ puhdh` `hkhsitmr kirulám pmrm rhpmrmr otrms m`oamcáms hsquhcékms o rhcmkio`mdms ko` hc kormzû`, cos riýo`hs, cos oádos, cos onos, u otrms pmrths dhc kuhrpo.

Zhhrh`kims

 

;9   M`ijmc Mcmrkû`, L. T. (=999). Hsth`osis Hsoeílikms h` cm I`em`kim> Hxphrih`kim h` hc am`hno aédiko. Zhv. Lmsroh`hroc. Vhrþ. Ojth`ido Vhrþ. Ojth`ido dh bps>//sisjij.u`asa.hdu.ph/jvrhvist bps>//sisjij.u` asa.hdu.ph/jvrhvistms/lmstro/voc_=9`4/hst ms/lmstro/voc_=9`4/hsth`osis.bta h`osis.bta Jhr`mrdo M. Jorríhz [hlurm, D. E. ((:6= iaílh`hs quh vmch` aís quh aic.  aic.   Ojth`ido dh dh \ords>

Hsopbmlolrmas>

Iamlhs

\ortb m

Tbousm`d

bp>//www.skihco.orl.ko/pde/rk bp>//www.s kihco.orl.ko/pde/rkl/v;:`;/6=:6-998 Hditorimc ahdikm Vm`mahrikm`m. Ojth`ido dh bps>//jijciothkmvirtumc.u`md. bps>//jijciothkm virtumc.u`md.hdu.ko>:8:8//www.i`mtmkio`.koa/mrkucos/siocolám `mtmkio`.ko a/mrkucos/siocolám/kocua`m.btac /kocua`m.btac Chaus,

D. O. (s.e.). Kurso dh Kocua cua`m, sá`droah bp>//www.ahdiki`m.um` bp>//www. ahdiki`m.um`c.ax/trmuamtocolim c.ax/trmuamtocolim/wp/wp-

dh

Gcipphc

Ehic.   Ojth Ojth`i `ido do

ko`th`t/upcomds/:6=4/=6/[i`droahdhGcipphcEhicTor ko`th`t/upcomd s/:6=4/=6/[i`droahdhGcipphcEhicTorkocisAuskucmr. kocisAuskucmr.pde pde Vhrdoao, @. N. (Dikihajrh dh =: dh (:6=8)). [cidhsbmrh. [cidhsbmrh. Ojth`ido  Ojth`ido dh bps>//hs.scidhsbmrh.`ht/NosbVhrdoao bps>//hs.scidhsbm rh.`ht/NosbVhrdoao/iamlh`ocolm-pmtoco /iamlh`ocolm-pmtocolms-dhc-hsemlo lms-dhc-hsemlo Zikbmrd \. Cilbt, A. ((:6=9)). @huaotûrmx. Ojth`ido dh bps>//www.asdam`umcs.k bps>//www. asdam`umcs.koa/hs/proehssio`mc/trm oa/hs/proehssio`mc/trmstor`os-pucao`m stor`os-pucao`mrhs/trmstor`osahd rhs/trmstor`osahdimst imst %K;%MD`ikos-y-pchurmchs/`huaot% %K;%MD`iko s-y-pchurmchs/`huaot%K;%J;rmx K;%J;rmx

dh