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Power Transmission and Distribution Siemens Belgium-Luxemburg ©
Siemens AG 2006
Siemens Power Transmission and Distribution What we have to offer
High Voltage Components, switchgear and turnkey projects for power transmission > 52kV (AC and DC)
Transformers Power transformers up to 1,300 MVA and 765kV, distribution transformers with oil or cast-resin insulation
Energy Automation Integrated control systems, protection and substation automation, telecontrol systems, power quality .
Medium Voltage Components, switchgear and turnkey projects for power transmission ≤ 52kV (AC and DC)
Services Network planning & consulting, asset maintenance and maintenance management for grids & networks, metering services ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
PTD Division High Voltage overview Air Insulated Switchgear (AIS) Circuit-breakers Arrestors, Bushings, Coils and Instrument Transformers Disconnectors Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) Highly Integrated Switchgear (HIS) Gas Insulated Lines(GIL) Reactive Power Compensation High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Installations
©
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Products and Solutions for High Voltage AIS – Circuit Breakers
80
Rated short-circuit breaking current [kA] 3AT2/3
63
3AT4/5
50 40 31,5 25 0
3AP1 FG 72,5
123
3AP2 FI
3AP1 FI 145
170
245
300
362
420
550
800
Rated voltage [kV] ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
High-Voltage Circuit-Breaker Product Characteristics
Type 3AP1 FG up to 245 kV For all applications: reliable and economical Stored energy Spring Drive Mechanism Self compression arc quenching principle Rated voltages up to 245 kV Rated short circuit breaking current up to 50 kA Type tested to the new IEC 62271-100 Available for one or three pole operation (FG/FI) Delivered more than 50,000 breakers to more than 120 countries
Type 3AP1 FI up to 300 kV Stored energy Spring Drive Mechanism Self compression arc quenching principle Rated voltages up to 300 kV Rated short circuit breaking current up to 50 kA Type tested to the new IEC 62271-100
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
High-Voltage Circuit-Breaker Product Characteristics
Type 3AP1 DTC 72.5 up to 245 kV One interrupter unit per pole Stored energy Spring Drive Mechanism Rated voltages up to 245 kV Rated short circuit breaking current up to 63 kA Type tested to the new IEC 62271-100 Equipped with bushing type current transformers Ambient temperature range from +50° C down to -55° C with pure SF6
Type 3AP2 FI up to 420 kV Stored energy Spring Drive Mechanism Self compression arc quenching principle Rated voltages up to 420 kV Rated short circuit breaking current up to 50 kA Type tested to the new IEC 62271-100 Easy installation and commissioning: only few subassemblies Transportation costs are minimized
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Products and Solutions for High Voltage Arrestors, Bushings, Coils & Instrument Transformers
Arrester HV: AIS (Porcellain, Polymer) & GIS; HVDC, FACTS MV: Distribution & Traction Vehicles
Coils Air Core Dry Type Reactors Line Traps Arc Suppression Coils
Bushings Air Core Dry Type Reactors Line Traps Arc Suppression Coils
Instrument Transformers Current Transformers Voltage Transformers
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Products and Solutions for High Voltage Disconnectors & Earthing Switches from 36 kV to 800 kV
Centre Break
Pantograph
Vertical Break
Ur 72,5 kV – 550 kV Ir 1250 A – 4000 A Ik 31,5 kA– 63 kA
Ur 123 kV – 420 kV Ir 3150 A Ik 50 kA
Ur 123 kV – 550 kV Ir 1250 A – 6300 A Ik 31,5 kA– 63 kA
Double Break
Earthing Switch
Knee Type
Ur 36 kV – 800 kV Ir 1250 A – 5000 A Ik 31,5 kA– 63 kA
Built-on Free-standing Neutral point
Ur 123 kV – 550 kV Ir 1250 A – 400 A Ik 31,5 kA– 63 kA
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Products and Solutions for High voltage Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 80
Rated short-circuit breaking current (kA) 63
50
40
HIS 8DQ1
8DR1
31,5
HIS 8DN8 25
8DQ1 8DN8
8DN9
8DQ1
0 72.5
123
145
170
245
300
362
420
550
Voltage 800 (kV) ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 8DN8.2 switchgear
Rated voltage
up to 145 kV
Rated frequency
50 / 60 Hz
Rated power frequency withstand voltage (1 min)
up to 275 kV
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage (1,2/50 µs )
up to 650 kV
Rated busbar current
up to 3150 A
Rated feeder current
up to 3150 A
Rated breaking current
up to 40 kA
Rated short-time current
up to 40 kA
Leakage rate per year and gas compartment
< 0.5 %
Bay width
800 mm
Bay height
2850 mm
Bay depth
3500 mm
Bay weight
3t ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 8DN9 switchgear Rated voltage
up to 245 kV
Rated frequency
50 / 60 Hz
Rated power frequency withstand voltage (1 min)
up to 460 kV
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage (1,2/50 µs)
up to 1050 kV
Rated busbar current
up to 3150 A
Rated feeder current
up to 3150 A
Rated breaking current
up to 50
kA
Rated short-time current
up to 50
kA
Leakage rate per year and gas compartment
< 0.5 %
Bay width
1500 mm
Bay height
3500 mm
Bay depth
4700 mm
Bay weight
5t ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Products and Solutions for High voltage Highly Integrated Switchgear (HIS) Compact Low cost Modular Suitable for in- and outdoor use Savings HIS* Site price
60 %
Civil works
20 %
Secondary cables
35 %
Steel structures
30 %
Earthing
70 %
Erection, tests, commissioning
70 %
* compared to air insulated switchgear ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Domaine d’utilisation des installations moyenne tension
G
Niveau de production et Réseau de Transport x
x
Niveau de distribution primaire x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Niveau de distribution secondaire x
Basse tension ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Medium Voltage: Overview
Primary distribution switchgear Gas-insulated (SF6 ) NX PLUS C NX PLUS 8DA/8DB Air-insulated NX AIR NX AIR M NX AIR P SIMOPRIME
Secondary distribution switchgear
Components
Gas-insulated (SF6 ) 8DH10 8DJ10/8DJ20
Vacuum tubes Vacuum circuit-breakers Vacuum contactors Other Components
Air-insulated SIMOSEC
MV DC-Multifunctional Link SIPLINK
©
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Medium Voltage Products for Primary Distribution SF6-Insulated Switchgear
8DA Type-tested, single-phase encapsulation, metal-clad Proved design, Single Busbar Modular design with standard enclosures allows single- and double phase applications More than 15 years of operating experience
Delivery Program up to 40.5 kV
8DB Type-tested, single-phase encapsulation, metal-clad Proved design, Double Busbar Modular design with standard enclosures Busbars and busbardisconnectors in separate gas compartments More than 15 years of operating experience
Delivery Program up to 40 kA
up to 4000 A
up to 40.5 kV
up to 40 kA
up to 4000 A ©
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Medium Voltage Products for Primary Distribution Air-Insulated Switchgear (AIS)
NX AIR Type-tested, IEC 62271-200, metal-clad, loss of service continuity category: LSC 2B, partition class: PM, internal arc classification: IAC A FLR ≤40 kA, 1s Single- and double busbar (back/back, front/front) Vacuum circuit-breaker withdrawable Vacuum contactor withdrawable Max. renewed availability by modular design Selective shutdown by bushing type transformers and pressure resistant compartments Max. operating safety by selfexplanatory logical operating elements Maintenance intervals > 10 years
Delivery Program up to 12 kV
NX AIR M Type-tested, IEC 62271-200, metal-clad, loss of service continuity category: LSC 2B, partition class: PM, internal arc classification: IAC A FLR ≤25 kA, 1s Single- and Double Busbar (back/back, front/front) Vacuum circuit-breaker withdrawable Max. renewed availability by modular design Selective shutdown by bushing type transformers and pressure resistant compartments Max. operating safety by selfexplanatory logical operating elements Maintenance intervals > 10 years
Delivery Program up to 40 kA
up to 2500 A
17.5 / 24 kV
up to 25 kA
up to 2500 A ©
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Medium Voltage Products for Secondary Distribution SF6-Insulated Switchgear
8DJ10 Type-tested Independent of climate Maintenance-free Block-type construction, for 3-6 bays Hermetically-sealed welded switch-gear enclosures Compact and clear design No sealings Highest Quality Level Shortest Delivery Periods Smallest floor space for substations Delivery Program up to 24 kV
8DJ20 Type-tested Independent of climate Maintenance-free Block-type construction, for 1-5 bays Hermetically-sealed welded switch-gear enclosures Compact and clear design No sealings Highest Quality Level Shortest Delivery Periods
Delivery Program up to 25 kA
up to 630 A
up to 24 kV
up to 25 kA
up to 630 A ©
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MV DC-Multifunctional Link - SIPLINK
Large-scale power plant Independent power producers (wind generators, solar plants)
City
Large-scale industry with in-plant generation
Consumers with sensitive processes
Manufacturing, trade, small industry without in-plant generation Hospital
New Switching Technologies for Distribution Systems Improves Cost-Effectiveness, Availability and Power Quality ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Medium Voltage Components Vacuum Tubes
High reliability
Excellent field experience with more than 2 million vacuum interrupters
Tailormade development
Wide product range for any application
For use in
LV and MV circuit-breakers, load-break switches and contactors
Autoreclosers
Transformer Tap Changers
Delivery Program 690 up to 1300 V
up to 65 kA
up to 2500 A
7.2 up to 40.5 kV
up to 72 kA
up to 6300 A ©
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PTD Division Transformers Power Do lor situs cum transformersitum habilitarum alus causticus Distribution imanenter Status transformers with landum exus rius oil or cast-resin laudanum insulation tum.
Lorem exit vulnareus plexus est. Vulna pausta rhus tex, per itum falor sit wunt. Sit itum causticus aurum eum et expli ndus.Cum ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Siemens Transformers at all Levels of Transmission and Distribution
Generator transformer TLM Siemens Transformer Life Management (condition assessment, life-extension, on-site-services, monitoring, ...)
Shunt reactor
HVDC
System interconnecting transformer
Phase angle regulator
Special purpose transformers for industrial application System transformer
Oil-immersed distribution transformer
Voltage regulator
GEAFOL cast-resin transformer
Traction transformer
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Power Transformers
Ratings from 10 MVA up to 1.100 MVA / 1200 kV Three-phase and single-phase
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Distribution Transformers GEAFOL
Cast-resin distribution transformers Ratings from 50 kVA up to 40MVA Possibility for on-line tapchanger Static converter transformers
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Distribution Transformers Oil-immersed
Ratings from 50 up to 4.000 kVA (TUNORMA and TUMETIC)
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
PTD Division Energy Automation Information and Do lor situs cum network control habilitarum itum technology alus causticus imanenter ProtectionStatus and landum exus rius substation autolaudanum tum. mation, telecon-trol systems, power quality exit vulnareus Lorem
plexus est. Vulna pausta rhus tex, per itum falor sit wunt. Sit itum causticus aurum eum et expli ndus.Cum ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Energy Automation Strong products and brands on all levels Energy Market Mgmt.
System control centers
EMM
Spectrum PowerCC
FDWH
SINAUT Spectrum
PROPHET Solutions AMIS …
Station control & automation Communications & networking
SICAM PAS SAT 1703 / SAT 230
PLC
RTU’s
Modems
SAT 1703 SICAM eRTU / miniRTU TG 805 / TG 5700
…
Tools SICAM TOOLBOX
Protection/Power Quality/Bay Control
IMM DIGSI…
SIPROTEC REYROLLE BC 1703 ACP SIMEAS ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
SIPROTEC 4 LE BUT DE LA PROTECTION SELECTIVE EST: -Assurer la continuité de service du réseau d’energie , par élimination de l’élément défaillant et de lui seul -Eviter des dégâts au niveau des équipements affectés par les défauts(câbles,transformateurs…)
©
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SIPROTEC 4 LE SYSTEME DE PROTECTION = TI/TP + Relais+ Disjoncteur Sélectif,rapide,fiable
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
SIPROTEC 4 - What does it mean?
SIPROTEC 4 is a family of numerical Protection, Control- and Automation Devices from SIEMENS
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
SIPROTEC 4
O/C protection 7SJ6 Distance protection 7SA6 Line differential protection 7SD5 / 7SD6 Transformer diff. protection 7UT6 Generator protection 7UM6 Station protection 7SS52
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
SIPROTEC 4
O/C protection 7SJ6
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Time-overcurrent protection Functions
Time-overcurrent protection Criteria for fault:
overcurrent
Criteria for selectivity:
time
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Time-overcurrent protection Characteristics
Tripping characteristic of a two stage time-overcurrent protection device - definite time t [sec] 2.0 Tripping area
1.5 1.0 0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5 I>
2.0
2.5
x IN
I>>
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Time-overcurrent protection Characteristics
Tripping characteristic of a time-overcurrent protection device inverse time t [sec] 2.0
Characteristics: IEC ANSI user defined
1.5 1.0 0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
x IN
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Time-overcurrent protection Application
As main protection
Used as: 1 Line protection
Selectivity by time-grading
x
x
x O/C
O/C
O/C
x O/C
1
M 2
2 Motor protection
with short circuit- and overload protection, start protection, start inhibit
3 Transformer protection 3
for network transformers with short circuit- and overload protection, Inrush-stabilisation
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Time-overcurrent protection Application Main protection as line protection
x
x
x
x O/C
O/C
t = 900ms
t = 600ms
O/C
t = 300ms
O/C
t = 0ms b a c k u p
Ttrip
distance
Advantage:
simple device, only current transformers are necessary Disadvantage: near infeed higher tripping time ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Reverse Interlocking Application
O/C 2
Energy direction
T = 50ms t = xxms
O/C
O/C
+
+
start
Blocking
M
start.
1
O/C +
start.
1 Outgoing protection initiates and blocks the infeed protection stage within 50 ms 2 Infeed protection gives a trip after 50 ms since no outgoing feeder has picked up and blocked the infeed protection
©
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SIPROTEC 4 O/C O/Cprotection protectionwith withmotor motorprotection protection 7SJ61 Over current protection (Phase/Earth) Inrush Blocking Motor Protection Overload Protection Unbalanced Load Protection Auto reclosure Trip Circuit Supervision Breaker Failure Protection Lock out 4 CT inputs ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
SIPROTEC 4 Distance Distanceprotection protection
©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Why impedance protection? Situation:
Meshed network and two infeeds Directional overcurrent time relays
0,6s
0,3s
0,6s
0,3s
0,6s
0,3s
0,6s
0,3s
non-selective trip ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Basic principle of impedance protection Localization of short-circuits by means of an impedance measurement: fault on the protected line Z1 relay A
fault outside the protected line Z2 relay A
selectivity ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Distance measurement (principle) IL1 Z IL2
ZL = RL + j XL
L
IL3
ZE = RE +j XE
IE Z E
UL1 UL2 UL3 6 loops:
3 phase- phase loops and 3 phase- ground loops
phase- phase -loop:
UL1-L2 = ZL ( IL1 - IL2) Measured current measured voltage
The same applies to the remaining loops ©
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Siemens AG 200606.08.97 dtgerdis3 Power Transmission and Distribution
Distance measurement (principle) IL1 ZL IL2
ZL = RL + j XL
IL3 ZE = RE +j XE
IE Z E
UL1 UL2 UL3 phase-ground-loop:
UL1 = ΙL1 · ( RL + j XL )- ΙE · ( RE +j XE)
ΙL1, ΙE measured current UL1
measured voltage
The same applies to the remaining loops ©
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Siemens AG 200606.08.97 dtgerdis3 Power Transmission and Distribution
Numerical filtered phasor measurement
X
R
1. Fast operation ⇒ Use short data window 2. High accuracy ⇒
High selectivity
3. Signal distortion does not cause delay or maloperation ©
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Fourier analysis of measured values sin 2π ⋅i n
Sampled measuring values
0 1 2 . .
i(k −n+i)
.
n
IS(k)
i k-n
Resulting phasor
I(k) = IS(k) + j⋅ IC(k)
k
IC(k)
I (k )
j⋅ IC(k)
ϕ
cos 2π ⋅i n
IS(k) ©
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Load and short-circuit impedances ZL
distance relay operating characteristic
ZLF1 ZLF2
Fault area
X
ZL ZLF2
RR
D
ZF2
RR
load g n i as Incre
ZF1 jL
Fault in reverse direction
j SC2
j SC1
RF F2
RR ≈ RF / 2 Phase - Earth Fault RR ≈ RF /(1 + RE/RL)
R Load area
Minimum Load Impedance: Minimum voltage 0,9 Un Maximum current 1,1 In Maximum angle ± 30° ©
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ZLoad
Phase - Phase Fault
ZLoad ZLF1
RF F1
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Graded distance zones Z3 ∆t = grading time time
Z2
Z1
t3 t2
t1
A
B D1
C D2
D D3 distance
Grading rules:
Safety margin is 15
Z1 = 0,85 ZAB %: Z2 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 ZBC) line error Z3 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 (ZBC + 0,85 ZCD)) CT, VT error
measuring error ©
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Determination of fault direction
Fault location
Where is the fault ?
Current area for forward faults
USC
ϕSC
X
Impedance area for forward faults
ΙSC
ZSC
ϕSC R
Z'SC
ΙSC Current area for reverse faults
Impedance area for reverse faults
current / voltage diagram
impedance diagram
The impedance also shows the direction, but .... ©
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Fault detection techniques
Over-current fault detection Voltage dependant over-current fault detection Voltage and angle dependant over-current fault detection
U
I>
Iϕ>
I >>
X
R
Impedance fault detection
I
Not in 7SA522 ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Impedance zones of digital relays wa for rds
X
Distance zones Inclined with line angle ϕ Angle α prevents overreach of Z1 on faults with fault resistance that are fed from both line ends
Line
Z5 Z4 Z2 Z1B α re v ers
Z1 e
ϕ
Load
Load
R forw
Z3
ard s
Fault detection
e ers rev
no fault detection polygon: the largest zone determines the fault detection characteristic simple setting of load encroachment area with Rmin and ϕLoad ©
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Zone grading chart, radial feeder
Z3 Z2 Z1 B
A
D
C
D
Z1 = 0.85 ZA-B
Z2 = 0.85 (ZA-B + 0.85 ZB-C) Z3 = 0.85 [ ZA-B + 0.85 (ZB-C+ 0.85 ZC-D) ]
D
D
Ι>> ZT Ι>t ∆Ι
Grading according the recommendation with the safety margin of 15%. ©
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Ring feeder: with grading against opposite end
grading time (s) 0.6 0.3
The same grading from both sides ©
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SIPROTEC 4
Line differential protection 7SD61 / 7SD52
©
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Measuring Principle I1
I5
I2
I4 I3
Kirchhoff:
I1+I2+I3+I4+I5=0 ©
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Trip Characteristic 1 p.u.
1:1 (3Y)
1:1 (3Y)
IX
1 p.u.
IY
IX
IY 0
6
12
0
6
12
Internal Fault ©
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Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Trip Characteristic
IX 0
6
12
ID = I X + I Y
ID = (+1)+ (+1) = 2
IR = I X + I Y
IR = +1 + +1 = 2
IY 0
3
6
12
Internal Fault ©
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Trip Characteristic
Ideal internal fault
fault line (k=1)
Idiff
Idiff = I1 Istab = I1 fault is on fault line
internal fault external fault or operation condition
External fault Idiff = 0 Istab = |I1|+|I2|+...|In|
security for CT deviations
Istab
©
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Differential Current due to CT-Saturation i1 t
i2 t
⎟ i_diff⎟ t T
2T
3T
4T
Differential Current may cause maloperation in case of CT-saturation ©
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Current transformer saturation
Saturation during steady-state current
Saturation during offset current
©
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SIPROTEC 4 Line Linedifferential differentialprotection protection Current Comparison Protection for all applications for cables and overhead lines Two up to six line ends Handles transformers in the protected zone (integrated vector group matching) Direct connection to communication networks Communication via copper and ISDN networks Fault Locator Fast tripping (less than 15 ms) Automatic reclosure ©
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SIPROTEC 4 Line differential protection Configurations Configurations over 3 line ends 7SD52
7SD52
7SD52 ©
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SIPROTEC 4 No Norestrictions restrictionsfor forcommunication communication
Communication with …
direct FO connection up to 100 km
digital communication network (G703, X21)
ISDN-connection
2 or 3 wire pilot wire (twisted, screened)
FO
O
E
Digital communication network
E
O
or O
E
ISDN
E
or O
E
2/3 wire pilot wire (Cu)
E
O
7SD5
7SD5
or
O
©
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SIPROTEC 4 Topology Topologydetection, detection,example example side 2
side 2
side 3
I2
I2 Side 3 I3
I3+I1
connection to other devices
I3
I2
I1+I2
I3
I1
I1 I3+I1 I1+I2
side 1
side 1
Partial current summation
ring topology
©
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7SD52 V4.3 Line protection Universal line protection for HV and EHV applications Line differential protection and distance protection in one device Comprehensive function mix for 2-6 line end applications Any combination of DIF and DIS, as main or backup protection Emergency / backup protection as additional backup level Full control functionality (graphic display) Z1B
Z1 Z1
∆I
.....11010110.....
Z<
Z1B
∆I Z< ©
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28/11/2007
A.belvaux
Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
SIPROTEC 4
Multifunctional Protection for Transformers and Generators 7UT6
©
Page 65
28/11/2007
A.belvaux
Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Measuring Preprocessing, Example for CT Matching (Part 1) SN = 100MVA UN1 = 110kV UN2 = 30kV 1000/5A IP1 = 500A
(load current)
2000/5A winding 1
IN, Trafo = 525A
IS1 = 2.5A
IP2 = 1833A
winding 2
(load current)
IN, Trafo = 1924A
7UT512
measured secondary currents
IS2 = 4.58A
IDiff = ? IStab= ?
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Page 66
28/11/2007
A.belvaux
Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
Method of Vector Group Determination Side 2:
Side 1:
2L1 1L1 2L2 1L2 2L3 1L3
IL1,S2 = IL1 - IL2
IL1,S1
330° (n * 30°)
Vector group is
Y d 11 ©
Page 67
28/11/2007
A.belvaux
Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
SICAM PAS System with IEC61850 and further services I4 DIGS Web or it Mon
Station unit SICAM PCC 62,5µ or 50µ FO
100 Mbit/s switched and redundant Ethernet ring
max. 6 devices per switch
Stand by connection
EthernetSwitch
Ethernet patchcable
Goose Message Info report
©
Page 68
28/11/2007
A.belvaux
Siemens AG 2006 Power Transmission and Distribution
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