Presentation on Latest Trends in Power System by Chandan Kumar Chanda

Recent Trends in Power System Dr. Chandan Kumar Chanda Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Bengal Engineering & Science University, Shibpur. MIEEE, FIE(I), MISTE

Topics to be briefly discussed discussed 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Power ower Sys System tem Fun Funda dame ment ntal alss Probl Problems ems in the Indian Indian Power ower Sect Sector or & the the New New Era Era Indi Indian an Elec Electr tric icit ity y Act Act 2003 2003 Lates Latestt Fact Factss & Figu Figures res (India (Indian n Pow Power er Sector Sector)) Indian Grid rid System Grid Discipline World’s Worst Power Outage Chang Changin ing g Tre Trend nds: s: Pow Power er Dere Deregu gula lati tion on New Technol echnologi ogies es comi coming ng up up in the the Pow Power er Sys System tem (WAMS v/s SCADA) 10. 10. Smart Smart Grids Grids 11. 11. Ener Energy gy Audi Auditt 12. Carbon Carbon Foot Footpri print nt Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

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11 kV. 132/220 kV. bare conductors,

At the substation, the 132 kV is transformed to 33kV, and then eventually to 440V (threephase) OR, 220-240 V(single phase) which we use in our homes & small industries. OR , depending upon geographical location

11 kV

Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

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Power System Segments GENERATION

TRANSMISSION

DISTRIBUTION Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

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POWER TRADING 4

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Keeping in mind the modern challenges, challenges, Indian Government Government came up with with a new Indian Electricity Act in 2003.

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WHICH IS THE ROOT OF SEVERAL OTHER PROBLEMS IN INDIA LIKE IRRIGATION & EDUCATION 

Financial constraints.

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Non uniform load density. density.

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Limited resource utilization.

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Limited no. of EHV lines.

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Lack of grid discipline.

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Limited power margins.

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Inadequate power supply

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Low capacity utilization of nuclear and non-conventional energy. energy.

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Poor quality of supply (low voltage), bad frequency profile and frequent loadsheddings. 7

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Control area: divided by area System Voltage Profile System Frequency

UNIT COMMITMENT Determining the generators that must be operated to meet daily demand. POWER SYSTEM SCHEDULING

POWER SYSTEM CONTROL

MANUAL

Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

COMPUTER 1. Reliable 2. Economic 3. Fast 9

India’s Installed Capacity = 205341 MW

(5TH in world)

(as on 30th June, 2012 – latest installation of 660MW plant at Jhajjar Jhajjar,, Haryana) Thermal = 136436 MW Nuclear = 4780 MW Hydro = 39291 MW Renewable = 24832 MW

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MAHARASHTRA is #1 in terms of installed capacity capacity

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WEST BENGAL is #9 in terms of installed capacity capacity

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Captive Power Power Plant Generation = 31500 MW GUJRAT IS INDIA’S ONLY POWER SURPLUS STATE (Excess 2 -3GW generation) Source: Ministry of Power Government of India

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FIVE INDIAN GRIDS

Heart of the National Grid system = POWERGRID CORPORATION OF INDIA

1 SHARING CONCEPT To distribute resources uniformly all through out India. [i.e. places far away from coal & hydel sources

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Connected using EHV Transmission lines, above 383,000 circuit kilometers

shouldn’t be at a loss].

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The power generating stations are hooked onto an interconnected network of  transmission transmission lines and substations

3 Exchange of surplus and compensation compensatio n of deficit power now possible.

technical minimum Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

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INTER-REGIONAL LINKS AT PRESENT

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INDIAN GRIDS BY THE END OF 2012 NOTE: A back-to-back HVDC arrangement is used when two asynchronous AC systems need to be interconnected interconnected for bulk power transmission or for AC system stabilization reasons. ADVANTAGES Reduction of short circuit current in strong AC systems. Better Frequency Control Asynchronous connection between weak AC networks •

•

•

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ENERGY RESOURCES IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF INDIA

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BUT, WE HAVE 205 GW Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

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*the data of the 12 th plan, 2007-2012 is not yet published Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

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Formally Mentioned in: Indian Electricity Grid Code 2010, (w.e.f 3rd May, 2010)

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commercial rules, encompassing all the It brings together a single set of  technical and commercial Utilities connected to/or using the inter-state transmission system (ISTS) •

It determines the responsibilities & defines the relationship between the various Users of the inter-State transmission system ( ISTS), National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC), Regional and State Load Despatch Centers ( RLDC & SLDC).

KEY RESPONSIBILITIES 1. OPTIMAL POWER SCHEDULING 2. POWER SYSTEM SECURITY 3. OUTAGE PLANNING 4. DEVELOP RENEWABLE SOURCES IF GRID DISCIPLINE IS NOT MAINTAINED

ANOTHER DISASTROUS BLACK BL ACKOUT OUT

IMPORTANT POINTS OF GRID DISCIPLINE Ensure that, grid frequency always always remains within the 49.5 –50.2

Hz band.

Except under an emergency, or to prevent an imminent damage to a costly equipment, no User shall suddenly reduce his generating unit output by more than 100 MW ( 20 MW in case of NER) without prior intimation to to and consent of the RLDC, particularly when frequency is falling or is below 49.5 Hz

no User / SEB shall cause a sudden variation in its load by more than 100 MW without prior intimation to and consent of the RLDC. All generating units shall normally have their automatic voltage regulators (AVRs). All SEBS, distribution licensees / STUs shall provide automatic under-frequency and df/dt relays for load shedding in their respective systems, to arrest frequency decline that could result in a collapse/disintegration collapse/disintegration of the grid.

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Electricity traders and producers export excess excess electricity to other countries or procure the electricity they lack from other grids. A limited volume of electricity conforming to the system security criteria can be transmitted transmitted in a power grid. transmission capacity capacity of the network is limited, and this can lead to congestion in the grid.

1. Consumers Consumers may not get get access access to power power 2. Grid Stabili Stability ty & Power Power Syste System m security security problems. problems.

Auctions are the key tool of congestion management

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WORLD’S WORST POWER  POWER OUTAGE OUTAGE WHERE

22 States in North, East & N.E India

AFFECTED

700 Million People

WHEN

JULY JUL Y 30-31, 2012

WHY

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•

•

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IMPACT

•

•

•

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Cause yet to be determined accurately. July 30 Failure: According to IPPAI, IPPAI, ‘oversupply’ and not ‘overdrawal’ At 2.35AM, when grid collapsed: line frequency was 50.4 Hz(above normal) July 31 Failure: Overdrawal from a weak grid. 2001 N.E.India Blackout: Was due to machinery failure. Daily life badly hit. Train transportation stopped Schools, colleges, public offices were shut down. Huge economic losses Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

PREVENTION •

• •

States must declare to Center how much power it requires next day. Prevent Power Theft ISLANDING

REAL PROBLEM POWER DEMAND INCREASING

POWER SUPPLY

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A CONSEQUENCE OF ALL THESE MODERNIZATIONS IN POWER SECTOR

o o o o o o o

Vertically integrated Regulated cost based Monopoly Service Consumer Privilege Engineers

vertically unbundled unregulated price based competition commodity customer choice Manager+Engineer+Lawyer+Economist

WHAT WHAT DEREGULA DER EGULATION TION PRACTICALLY PRACTICALLY IMPLIES? Price Drop Due to competition

Consumer Importance Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

Innovation

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Independent Power Producers

Limited Competition for the market of bulk supply Competitive

G

T & BS Regulated Market

market segments

D & RS

C

C

C

POST PRE ELECTRICITY ACT 2003 Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

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POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF DEREGULATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Conges Cong esti tion on an and d mar mark ket po powe werr Obli Ob lig gation tion to se serve rve Some Some supp suppli lier erss at disa disadv dvan anta tage gess Price rice volat olatil iliity Loss Lo ss op oper erat atin ing g fle flexi xibi bili lity ty Pricin Pricing g of energ energy y and and trans transmis missio sion n services 7. ATC ca calcul lcula ation tionss 8. Ma Mark rket et set settl tlem emen entt and and dispu dispute tess

AN EXAMPLE FROM TEXAS, USA

You can see the Texan success story of Power Deregulation in this website: http://www.texaspolicy.com/center/economicfreedom/reports/texas-electricity-market IndianBESU, Power Prof C K Chanda, IndiaDeregulation

is still an incomplete dream 23

UPCOMING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE POWER  POWER SYSTEM SYSTEM NOTE: WHAT IS SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING? A transmission line loaded to its surge impedance loading: (i) has no net reactive power flow into or out of  the line, and (ii) will have approximately approximately a flat voltage profile along its length.

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WHY IS IT NOW REQUIRED? •

Power system system is dynamic, dy namic, and the operating conditions are changing

continuously. • System topology (network interconnections) also changes frequently. • Uncertainties in the Rapid growth in the demand of electricity. • Power system components are being operated closer to their designed

limits. • High penetration of renewable energy sources adds to power quality and

control problems.

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COMPONENTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

(E.M.S)

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CURRENT TECHNOLOGY SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA)

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UPCOMING TECHNOLOGY T ECHNOLOGY:: WIDE AREA MONIT MONITORING ORING

(WAM)

WHAT WAM CAN DO? 1. Capturing the power system data in real-time • Clearer anticipation of  incipient problems • Development of faster control action to improve power grid security

2. Measuring the t he power system data with precise time stamping

Figure: A Typical Typical PMU based WAMS WAMS Architecture

• Electric grid behavior over a wide area can be tracked in a synchronized manner • Development of wide -area controls.

A Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU or SYNCHROPHASOR) is a device which measures the electrical waves on Has SCADA at the heart of the an electricity grid, using a common time source for system! synchronization. It can be a dedicated device or incorporated in Relays. The technology has the potential to change the economics of power Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

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COMPARISON COMP ARISON BET BETWEEN WEEN SCADA & WAMS

Demerit of WAMS: Synchro-Phasor Technology is currently very expensive!

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EXAMPLE OF WAMS IMPLEMENTATION IN WEST INDIA The Project Project is approved approved by by CSIR & Funded by by CSIR (Council (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) under New Millennium India Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI) Along with POWERGRID (PGCIL) other members of this project are:TCS-Leader IIT Bombay C ompany Limited Limite d (Tata Power) Tata Power Company

EXAMPLE OF WAMS IMPLEMENTATION IN NORTH INDIA According to PGCIL’s 2010 Pilot Project plan in N.India, it was claimed that: PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units ) with GPS system, will be installed at four substations

of Northern Region and PDC at NRLDC, Delhi. PMU Locations: Moga- 400 KV, Kanpur- 400 KV S/s, Vindhyachal- HVDC, Dadri- HVDC To use Phasor Measurements data for better situational awareness and technology

evaluation using minimal hardware & software. Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Empo Empowe werr the the Cust Custom omer er Enhanc Enhance e Tran Transmi smissio ssion n & Distr Distribu ibution tion Impro mprov ve Effi Effici cien ency cy Reduce Co Costs Assist Assist use of renewa renewable ble energ energy y sour sources ces

BETTER  ENERGY MANAGEMENT

In longer term, we can expect the Smart Grid to spur the kind of transformation that the internet has already brought to the way we live, work, play and learn.

FIRST POWER GRID

1896, based on Nikola Tesla’s design • • •

FIRST SMART GRID

109 Years Population increased by 5 billion people Energy demand increased, Fossil Fuels decreased.

2005, by ENEL S.P.A in Italy

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While modernizing, modernizing, simply replacing the copper wires in our transmission grids, will not improve its efficiency. efficiency. We need a technological overhaul in our power system. system.

1. Integra Integrate te isola isolated ted technolo technologies gies : Smart Smart Grid Grid enables enables better energy management.

2-way communication Between Utility & User SELF-HEALING

2. Proactiv Proactive e manag managemen ementt of electrical electrical network network during during emergency situations. 3. Bette Betterr demand demand supply supply / demand demand respo response nse management. 4. Bett Better er po powe werr qua quali lity ty 5. Redu Reduce ce ca carb rbon on emis emissi sion ons. s. 6. Increasin Increasing g demand demand for energy energy : requires requires more complex complex C K Chanda, BESU, India t and critical solution with better Prof energy managemen management

WORLD NEWS All Smart Grid Companies have shown great revenue projections in the coming years. 32

AN OVERVIEW OF SMART GRID

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DISTRIBUTION IN SMART GRID A.M.I

WHAT IT MEANS •

Automatic Distribution

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Demand Optimization - Selective Load Control

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Operation

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Managing Distribution Network Model

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Outage management and AMI Integration

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DMS & Advanced Switching Applications Applications

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Integrated Voltage / VAR Control

Islanding of Micro-grids

WORLD NEWS Smart Grid Distribution Automation Spending to Total $46 Billion Worldwide by 2015 Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is an architecture for automated, two-way communication between a smart meter with an IP address and a utility company. The goal of an AMI is to provides utility companies with realtime data about power consumption and allow customers to make informed choices about energy usage based on the price at the time of  use. 34

ASPECTS OF THE SMART GRID

A smart meter is usually an electrical meter that records consumption of electric energy in intervals of an hour or less and communicates that information at least daily back to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes.

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) describes a system in which plug-in electric vehicles, such as electric cars (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs), communicate with the power grid to sell demand response services by either delivering electricity into the grid or by throttling their charging rate.

One very, very promising V2G project in the US is at the University of Delaware Delaware Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

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THE NEAR-FUTURE

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As per the Energy Conservation Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined: “the

verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency  with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption ”. TYPES OF ENERGY AUDIT

ADVANT ADVANTAGES AGES OF ENERGY AUDITING

The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on: - Function and type of industry - Depth to which final audit is needed, and - Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following two types. i) Preliminary Audit ii) Detailed Audit

Gives us a very accurate accurate picture of  your property (both the good and the bad). •

Gives the end-buyer significant peaceof-mind. •

YOU CAN ACTUALLY DO IT AT YOUR HOME TO DETERMINE YOUR OWN ELECTRICITY CONSUMTION & SEE WHERE YOU CAN SAVE!

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GOALS OF AN ENERGY AUDIT 1. Determine the overall efficiency in the energy usage of a property. 2. Discover any and all problem areas as they relate to #1. 3. Provide an impartial recommendation recommendation of what the property owner/tenant should do to fix #2.

HOW TO DO AN ENERGY AUDIT? 1. Visual inspection of the home and appliances/systems. appliances/systems. 2. Blower door test – Used to de-pressurize the home, see airflow patterns and see where there are leaks that need to be fixed. 3. Thermal imaging pictures – Used to spot potential problem areas behind walls/ceilings walls/ceilings and floors. These infrared infrared pictures can literally see through through drywall to give you an accurate view of hot spots, missing insulation, electrical issues, etc. 4. A typical energy audit will take 3-4 hours Prof about C K Chanda, BESU, India to complete.

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EXAMPLE OF THERMAL IMAGING PICTURE DURING ENERGY AUDIT

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It is a MEASURE of the impact human activities have on the environment environment in terms of  the amount of CO2 & other green house gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide. So that every person or industry understands understands his/ its own impact upon the health of  our environment

HIGH CARBON FOOTP FOOTPRINT RINT

More Pollution More Penalties (Bills)

Modern Objective: Greener & Cleaner Power

So, we should REDUCE Carbon Footprint

So, we should REDUCE CO2 production during entire life cycle of  power production. Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

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UNIT: grams of CO2 equivalent per kilowatt hour of generation (gCO2eq/kWh) Calculated using a method called Life-Cycle-Approach (LCA), calculated at every step from production to consumption of electricity

Calculation method accredited internationally internationally by: ISO 14000

Robust Method of Calculation [means ranking of electricity generation technologies does notProf change with different sources of data.] C K Chanda, BESU, India

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Direct Impact While power production and consumption

Indirect Impact While to fuel extraction

Carbon Footprint of Typical Coal Power Plant: >1,000

gCO2eq/kWh

Approaches to deal with it 1. CARBON CAPTURE & STORAGE (CCS) It is a technology attempting attempting to prevent the release of  large quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere from fossil fuel use in power generation and other industries by capturing CO2, transporting it and ultimately, pumping it into underground geologic formations to securely store it away from the atmosphere.

2. LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGIES Wind Energy [4-6gCO2eq/kWh [4-6gCO2eq/kWh]] PV Cells [58gCO2eq/kWh] Biomass [25gCO2eq/kWh] Wave & Tidal [25-50gCO2eq/kWh [25-50gCO2eq/kWh]]

Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

Nuclear [5gCO2eq/kWh [5gCO2eq/kWh]] 42

THANK YU Feel free to contact me with any query quer y at: Website: www.ckchanda.co.cc [email protected] , [email protected] [email protected] Email: [email protected]