Presentasi Psycho

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics

aims

to

uncover

the

mental

representations and processes through which people produce and understand language, and it uses a wide range of techniques to do this. The preferred psycholinguistic method is to carry out a controlled

experiment.

This

means

that

the

researcher

manipulates an independent linguistic variable to control some aspect of language processing and then measures the effect of the manipulation on a dependent variable of interest. This paper is compiled to implement one of the research methodologies for this discipline. In this turning we intend to choose an approach that can be utilized in both qualitative and quantitative methods. However, we focus on psycholinguistical phenomenon especially on a film titled “And Your Name is Jonah”. Obviously we do not go further to a real result of research but we solely elaborate how to do a research on psycholinguistical phenomenon. Before coming to the discussion, we let you understand what psycholinguistics is in order to have more deep understanding. Psycholinguistics is a relatively new subject of linguistics due to the fact that it involves not only language study but psychological aspects as well. Psycholinguistics is the study of language acquisition and linguistic behavior as well as the psychological mechanism responsible form them. Now compare this definition with the one given by Hartmann and stork, saying:” psycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about

language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary

linguistic

theories

(e.g.:

transformational

generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of: perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (1973:189) In

this

regard,

Dan

Isaac

Slobin

in

his

book,

psycholinguistics (1979:2) comments that psycholinguists are interested in the underlying knowledge and abilities which people must have in order to use language in childhood. We say “underlying knowledge and abilities” because language, like all systems of human knowledge, can only be inferred from the careful study of overt behavior.” For this reason, language can be divided into two facets; competence

and

performance,

the

first

term

refers

to

everything the native speakers must have to understand the grammatical sentences, including those which have never been heard before. This is the so called innate ability parallel to underlying knowledge and abilities. The latter refers to the demonstration of the ability in actual communication. Meanwhile

Evelyn

Marcussen

Hatch

in

her

book,

Psycholinguistics (1983:1) expresses her concept as follows: Psycholinguistics is defined traditionally as the study of human language,

language,

language

comprehension,

language

production, and language acquisition.

Descriptive Descriptive research does not fit neatly into the definition of either quantitative or qualitative research methodologies, but instead it can utilize elements of both, often within the same study. The term descriptive research refers to the type of

research question, design, and data analysis that will be applied to a given topic. Descriptive statistics tell what is, while inferential statistics try to determine cause and effect. Descriptive

research

can

be

either

quantitative

or

qualitative. It can involve collections of quantitative information that can be tabulated along a continuum in numerical form, such as scores on a test or the number of times a person chooses to use a-certain feature of a multimedia program, or it can describe categories of information such as gender or patterns of interaction

when

using

technology

in

a

group

situation.

Descriptive research involves gathering data that describe events and then organizes, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data collection (Glass & Hopkins, 1984). It often uses visual aids such as graphs and charts to aid the reader in understanding the data distribution. Because the human mind cannot extract the full import of a large mass of raw data, descriptive statistics are very important in reducing the data to manageable form. When in-depth, narrative descriptions of small numbers of cases are involved, the research uses description as a tool to organize data into patterns that emerge during analysis. Those patterns aid the mind in comprehending a qualitative study and its implications. Three main purposes of research are to describe, explain, and validate findings. Description emerges following creative exploration, and serves to organize the findings in order to fit them with explanations, and then test or validate those explanations (Krathwohl, 1993). Many research studies call for the description of natural or man-made phenomena such as their form, structure, activity, change over time, relation to other phenomena, and so on. The description often illuminates knowledge

that

we

might

not

otherwise

notice

or

even

encounter. Several important scientific discoveries as well as

anthropological information about events outside of our common experiences have resulted from making such descriptions. For example,

astronomers

use

their

telescopes

to

develop

descriptions of different parts of the universe, anthropologists describe life events of socially atypical situations or cultures uniquely different from our own, and educational researchers describe

activities

within

classrooms

concerning

the

implementation of technology. This process sometimes results in the discovery of stars and stellar events, new knowledge about value systems or practices of other cultures, or even the reality of classroom life as new technologies are implemented within schools.

Qualitative Qualitative research is a type of scientific research. In general terms, scientific research consists of an investigation that: •

Seeks answers to a question

•

Systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer the question

•

Collects evidence

•

Produces findings that were not determined in advance

•

Produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study

Qualitative research shares these characteristics. Additionally, it seeks to understand a given research problem or topic from the perspectives of the local population it involves. Qualitative research is especially effective in obtaining culturally specific information about the values, opinions, behaviors, and social contexts of particular populations.

CHAPTER II Discussion Chapter I: Introduction Background of the study It is a way to remain us that there are still so many people who need to communicate but they cannot

do it using oral

language like us. Statement of the problems 1. What are the kinds of sign language used by Jonah in And

Your Name is Jonah movie? 2. How is sign language acquired by Jonah in And Your Name

is Jonah movie? Objectives of the study 1. The kinds of sign language used by Jonah in And Your

Name is Jonah movie 2. The sign language processes which occur in And Your

Name is Jonah and do analyze the way Jonah as deaf child in the movie acquired his language Significance of the study Giving theoretical contribution and practical contribution. •

Theoretical : This study is expected to be a beneficial reference for those who are going to study the similar field since this study analyzed about sign language acquisition in details using an appropriate movie which can represent a real condition of deaf children in acquiring sign language.

•

Practical : The students who study in university were expected to be able to use sign language or at least understand how to use it so if one day they find someone who has laxity they still can communicate with them.

Scope and limitation This study focuses on the process of sign language acquisition in And your name is jonah movie by using chomsky’s

language acquisition theory. Written sign language which is part of sign language does not involved in this study since the written sign language is rarely used by deaf children. Operational definition of the key terms Some key term that important to be understood: Sign language: Sign language is a language, which uses manual communication

combining

hand

shapes,

orientation,

and

movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expression to express gracefully a speaker’s thought. Jonah: Jonah (Jeffrey bravin) is a lonely deaf child who has been misdiagnosed as retarded. He tries hardly to communicate with other by using sign language. And Your Name is Jonah: is one of the best movie about deaf child which got some awards such as academy award in 1987, Golden Globe in 1987, etc. Chapter II: Review of the related literature Language acquisition theory Nativist theory Non nativist theory Sign language List of sign language The acquisition of American sign language ASL Typical acquisition of sign language in deaf children Types of sign language Sign language development Independent sign language Deafness and hearing impirements Deafness impirements Language in exceptional circumstances Deaf in language The synopsis of “and your name is jonah” movie

Previous study From the International journal and some students research before. Chapter III: Research method Research design Descriptive qualitative approach: Describtive because this study describes sign language used in the data which are taken from the movie of “and your name is Jonah”. Descriptive research is design to obtain information concerning the current status phenomena of sign language acquisition by jonah (as a def child) in And your name is Jonah movie. Qualitative because it tries to look for the kind of sign language used by jonah a deaf character in “and your name is jonah movie and to look at how jonah acquires his sign languge. Subject of the study The movie about the deaf child Data sources The sign language description of the script in the movie and your name is Jonah. Research instrument In qualitative study, the human investigation is the primary instrument for gathering and analyzing the data. It will be more effective and efficient for the researcher to get the data. So, in this study, the researcher herself is as the research instrument. Data collection The researcher uses a document that is one of techniques in data collection types. 1. Watching movie for many times in order to understand what kind of sign language used. 2. Transcribing the sign language used in the movie to get the collect data.

3. Arranging the collect data to be analyzed. Data analysis Technical

analysis

used

by

researcher

is

descriptive

qualitative: 1. Watching the movie 2. Reading the sign language description on the script 3. Identifiying the collect data to get the type of sign language used 4. Classifiying the sign language which is included as American sign Language. 5. All kinds of sign language used are described and explained 6. The data is presented descriptively to draw conclusion. Triangulation This study uses triangulation to support the validity of the data. There are four category of triangulation, there are: 1. Data source triangulation 2. Investigator triangulation 3. Theoretical triangulation 4. Methodological triangulation. This study uses two types of it, data source triangulation and investigator triangulation, comparing the subtitle of the movie with the dialogue in that movie. Chapter IV: Finding and discussion Research finding This part explain the finding of the data which are analyzed. In the research finding, the researcher describes and identifies the sign languages which are taken from jonah’s sign language description in the film. The dat are devided into some cases according to the scene of the movie. Analysis Discussion

Answering the research problem Types of sign language used by Jonah The ways Jonah acquires his language Chapter V: Conclusion and Suggestion Conclusion The difficulties in research. Some good theory that found Relating the research with Al-quran Research’s contributions. Suggestion Some suggestions for the next researcher who conducted same research. Bibliography Daftar

pustaka.

It

can

be

from

references such as grand theory sources. Appendix The Script of the film Curriculum vitae Information about the researcher: 1. Educational background 2. Achievements 3. Experiences

internet

and

some

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION