Presentacion Opcion de Grado Avance

 

E RNJTE CX C O^C XBJFLRZ\B FGG LOJ ACJBB\CFGXNRJE RF\ TF FBNJ C BFGR BF GR\X \XZB ZBBN BNÒG ÒG LJ FH FHXC XCR R BNQN BNQNOJ OJR R

Trjsjgtclf pfr; Ofrjg Ojfg Ojfg - 3348>3= 3348>3=

 

TXFHOJEC\NBC Oc acotc lj fr`cgnzcbnòg, oc ljanbnjgtj cponbcbn bnòòg lj ejtflfof`åcs bo boccrcs cajbtcg lnrj lnrjbt btccej ejgt gtjj jo lj ljsc scrr rrfo fooof, jvfo foub ubnnòg, prf rflu lubb bbnnòg y jan anbbcb cbnc nc lj ug prf rfyyjb jbttf9 js jstf tfss acbt acbtfr frjs js ngao ngaouy uyjg jg jg ug `r `rcg cg pf pfrb rbjg jgtc tckj kj jg oc vn vnch chnononl nlcl cl bf bfef ef tc tceh ehnî nîgg jg jo hjgj hjgjananbn bnff oubrct rctnvf quj pflråc tjgjr jo ensef9 ljhnlf c of cgtjrnfr mcy ugc sjrnj lj jstulnfs jgbcr`clfs lj husbcr oc rjlubbnòg lj acbtfrjs bfef jo tnjepf y jo bfstf jg ocs fhrcs bnvnojs, pfr ejlnf lj bcehnfs lj snstjecs cbtucojs, ejkfrcenjgtf lj ejtflfof`åcs c jepojcr, cgãonsns lj oc cponbcbnòg, jkjbubn bnòòg y janbcbnc lj gujvcs tjbgfof`åcs jtb., pfr of buco sj prjtjglj rjugnr ngafrecbnòg bfgbrjtc hcsclc jg ngvbjr jsrtnec `cbsnfprfl gjflub s ubtn octnvf svf buycja ojsnbnj ljgtjs ljs uzof bcsgpr ocfyjbt s jbtfs bffs. rrj.btcs ejlnlcs c tfecr bfg jo ang lj mc mcbj ecs pr janb njgt ofs prfy

 

FHKJ\NQF @JGJXCO

Jgbfgtrcr bocrcs cponbchojs ejtflfof`åcs jg fhrcs bnvnojs quj husqujg oc rjlubbnòg lj tnjepfs y bfstfs, bfg jo ang lj mcbjr ug prfyjbtf eãs sfstjgnhoj y oocectnvf jbfgòenbcejgtj.

 

FHKJ\NQFR JRTJBNANBFR

Cgconzcr ofs lnajrjgtjs snstjecs lj pocgjcbnòg y jkjbubnòg lj fhrcs bnvnojs cbtucojs bfg jo ang lj pfljr jgbfgtrcr ocs ljanbnjgbncs y lj jstc ecgjrc ugc sfoubnòg prfbjljgtj.

Jstulncr oc jajbtnvnlcl lj ofs lnstngtfs prfbjsfs quj sj mcg cponbclf jg vcrncs jeprjscs jg husbc lj ugc rjlubbnòg lj bfstfs y tnjepf.

Nljgtnanbcr ofs jrrfrjs cbtucojs quj prjsjgtcg ocs gujvcs ejtflfof`åcs bfef of js HNE ‟Hunolng` Ngafrectnfg Efljong`― y oc cponbcbnòg lj ofs ensefs.

Bfgfbjr ugc ejtflfof`åc f ug snstjec bocrf, jo buco `crcgtnbj oc lnsengubnòg lj ofs acbtfrjs c ejkfrcr.

 

KZR\NANBCBNFG KZR\NANBCBNF G ^ CO COBCGBJ BCGBJ

Jo ljcbtuco pocgjcbnòg trchckf y lnsjóf pr jsjgtcrc prjsjgtcrc lj ocs prfhojeãtnbcs fhrcs, jg bfgtrcstj cbtucojsbfg lj ocs ofs ejtflfof`åcs snstjecs bfgvjgbnfgcojs gfvjlfscs, ljangnjglf jg quj bfgsnstj, efstrcglf ofs hjgjanbnfs, jo cobcgbj lj oc ejtflfof`åc, y c su vjz ofs lîanbnts bfg of quj bujgtc cbtucoejgtj

Xjsuotc nglnspjgschoj sjócocr oc nepfrtcgbnc lj ugc cljbuclc pocgjcbnòg y jkjbubnòg lj ocs fhrcs bnvnojs, sng jehcr`f, jg oc cbtuconlcl jxnstj ugc `rcg bcgtnlcl lj prfyjbtfs quj gf ooj`cg c buoengcrsj ljhnlf c oc pfbc rjojvcgbnc quj sj oj lc c jstj tjec, of quj trcj bfef bfgsjbujgbnc ug lîanbnt prjsupujstco, cuejgtf ljsejlnlf jg tnjepfs lj jgtrj`c, of quj sj jqunpcrc c pjrlnlcs enoofgcrncs jg jo sjbtfr lj oc bfgstrubbnòg9 pfr of tcgtf, ejlncgtj jstj jstulnf sj husbc prjsjgtcr ugc ejtflfof`åc cponbchoj quj sfoubnfgj f rjluzbc ocs prfhojeãtnbcs tnjepf y bfstf jgbfgtrclcs jg ofs prfyjbtfs.

 

CG\JBJLJG\JR

Jg jo trchckf ‟JR\ZLNF LJO BFETFX\CENJG\F LJ OFR FHKJ\NQFR \NJETF ^ BFR\F JG OC BFGR\XZBBNÒG LJ FHXCR― sj cgconzcg ofs bcehnfs quj prjsjgtc oc bfgstrubbnòg jg `jgjrco jg tîrengfs lj fr`cgnzcbnòg, `jstnòg, tnjepf y bfstf, y lj jstc ecgjrc sj `jgjrcg vcrncbnfgjs jg cspjbtfs bfef bconlcl, prflubtnvnlcl, lnsbnpongc, tjbgfof`åc jtb. C su vjz sj cgconzc oc sntucbnòg cbtuco c gnvjo ngtjrgcbnfgco y c gnvjo gcbnfgco lj oc bfgstrubbnòg.

Rj`ûg jo cutfr Lcnojg Bcrlfsfs Xflrå`ujz, jo buco canrec quj ‟Oc ngvjrsnòg jg tjbgfof`åc j nggfvcbnòg, bcpcbntcbnòg lj prfajsnfgcojs y bfglnbnfgjs bfgtrcbtucojs cbfrljs co prfyjbtf, pjrentjg ljscrrfoocr ocs fhrcs jg tnjepf rîbfrl.― Ljhnlf c oc canrecbnòg cgtjrnfr pfljefs jvnljgbncr oc nepfrtcgbnc lj oc nggfvcbnòg jg tîrengfs lj prf`rcecbnòg lj fhrcs y bfstfs, tjgnjglf jg bujgtc quj snjeprj jxnstjg ngbfgvjgnjgtjs jg jstc rcec co efejgtf lj jgtrj`cr ugc fhrc, yc quj gf sj buepojg ofs poczfs, ocs cbtnvnlcljs jtb. ^ jstf fbcsnfgc ugc pîrlnlc lj lngjrf y tnjepf of buco cajbtc co prfyjbtf jg tflfs ofs cspjbtfs9 ‟oc ejkfrc lj oc prflubtnvnlcl ljtjrengclc pfr ofs cvcgbjs tjbgfoò`nbfs lj ofs snstjecs bfgstrubtnvfs pjrentj jkjbutcr jg oc cbtuconlcl ug jlnanbnf jg cpjgcs 34 ejsjs, enjgtrcs quj cgtjs sj gjbjsntchc jo lfhoj lj tnjepf―, (Ofjsjr, 8440).

 

ECXBF \JFXNBF

Jg jstj sj jxpfgjg ljangnbnfgjs y pugtfs lj vnstc tjòrnbfs lj oc prf`rcecbnòg lj prfyjbtfs, pr fyjbtfs, pfr ejlnf lj oc hujgc jstnecbnòg lj bfstfs f snstjecs lj pocgjcbnòg cljbuclfs, ofs bucojs sj utnonzcg pcrc ljscrrfoocr ofs cr`uejgtfs gjbjscrnfs pcrc jgafbcr jo trchckf rjlubnjglf ljsvncbnfgjs ljo ensef

 

EJ\FLFOF@NCR CB\ZCOJR TCXC OC JR\NECBNFG LJ BFR\FR Jo Trfkjbt Ecgc`jejgt Ngstntutj, jxpfgj oc jstnecbnòg lj bfstfs bfef ‟jo prfbjsf quj bfgsnstj jg ljscrrfoocr ugc cprfxnecbnòg lj ofs rjbursfs gjbjscrnfs (muecgfs y ectjrncojs) pcrc bfepojtcr ocs cbtnvnlcljs lj ug prfyjbtf―

Jxnstjg lnstngtfs eîtflfs lj jstnecbnòg lj bfstfs, ofs bucojs, jg hcsj co cobcgbj ljo prfyjbtf, oc jkjbubnòg lj oc fhrc, oc ngafrecbnòg suengnstrclc ljo prfyjbtf sj jsbf`jg.

 

OC EJ\FL EJ\FLFOF@ÅC FOF@ÅC HZNOLNG@ HZNO LNG@ NGAFXEC\NF NGAFXEC\NFG G EFLJONG@ Jstc ejtflfof`åc bfgsnstj jg oc prflubbnòg y `jstnòg lj lctfs ljo prfyjbtf lurcgtj su bnbof lj vnlc pfr ejlnf lj oc nepojejgtcbnòg lj ug sfatwcrj lngãenbf lj efljocbnòg jg trjs lnejgsnfgjs y jg tnjepf rjco, jo buco husbc rjlubnr jo tnjepf y oc pjrlnlc lj rjbursfs jg jo lnsjóf y jg oc jtcpc lj bfgstrubbnòg. Rj`ûg LC\CJLXF, 8430, ocs prngbnpcojs vjgtckcs lj oc ejtflfof`åc HNE sfg, ugc ejkfr bffrlngcbnòg, ug cuejgtf jg oc prflubtnvnlcl, jg jo lnsjóf, c su vjz tcehnîg ejkfrc bconlcl co pfljr tjgjr ug bfgtrfo lj oc ngafrecbnòg y lj jstc afrec acbnontc oc rjocbnòg bfg jo bonjgtj Oc bffrlngcbnòg lj ofs prfajsnfgcojs js ug tjec nepfrtcgtj yc quj jg eubmfs bcsfs sj pujlj jvnljgbncr ofs brubjs lj ngtjrajrjgbncs jgtrj jstrubturc y tflcs ocs rjljs mnlrãuonbcs, ocs bucojs sj pflråcg sfoubnfgcrsj jg ug tnjepf ejgfr, yc quj jo snstjec trchckc lj afrec ugnanbclc, of buco cmfrrc ugc sjrnj lj prfhojecs jg fhrc, bfef of sfg rjtrcsfs r jtrcsfs quj cajbtcg lnrjbtcejgtj jo prjsupujstf ljo prfyjbtf.

 

NETOJEJG\CBNFG LJ OC EJ\FLFOF@NC HNE

Oc nepojejgtcbnòg lj oc ejtflfof`åc HNE jg Bfofehnc gf sj jgbujgtrc rj`uoclc jg tflf sjbtfr lj cûg oc bfgstrubbnòg ljhnlf co cotf bfstf qujjo prjsjgtc, pflnlf rj`uocr jg tflcs ocs bfepcóåcs lj bfgstrubbnòg pfr su prjbnf, sng jehcr`f, rjconzcglf ug cgãonsns fhkjtnvf sj pujlj canrecr quj js eãs bfstfsf gf nepojejgtcr lnbmc tjbgfof`åc quj mcbjrof, ljhnlf c ocs eûotnpojs sfoubnfgjs quj oj lc co prfbjsf bfgstrubtnvf y lj lnsjóf. Tfr jsc rczòg jeprjscs bfef Bcecbfo, oc Rfbnjlcl Bfofehncgc lj Crquntjbtfs y rjbnjgtjejgtj ug Boûstjr HNE, husbcg ugnanbcr ug ojg`uckj. Cså ensef oc Bãecrc lj Bfejrbnf rjconzf jo Boûstjr lj Bfgstrubbnòg angconzcglf jo cóf 8430 lfglj oc tjbgfof`åc HNE auj lj `rcg nepfrtcgbnc.

 

NETFX\CGBNC LJ OC EJ\FLFOF@NC HNE

Jg jo euglf, oc nepojejgtcbnòg lj oc ejtflfof`åc HNE mc ejkfrclf eubmfs cspjbtfs ljbucojs ofs prfbjsfs y tîbgnbcs lj ofs prfyjbtfs, cgtjrnfrejgtj sj rjconzchcg sng ugcof bffrlngcbnòg fptnec of buco `jgjrchc cuejgtf jg ofs bfstfs y tnjepf pfr of buco eubmcs bfepcóåcs mcg clfptclf jstc ejtflfof`åc crrnjs`ãglfsj c ug snstjec bfepojtcejgtj lnstngtf, jo buco bfg ugc hujgc tjglrãtjgnjglf îxntf y jg ejkfrcrc lnbmfsnepojejgtcbnòg cspjbtfs gj`ctnvfs, bujgtc ocs gjbjsnlcljs lj bclc jeprjsc y ofs fhkjtnvfs quj ljsjc cobcgzcr yc quj HNE chcrbc tflf, pjrf js hujgf onentcr jo prfbjsf.

 

Tcrc quj oc ejtflfof`åc augbnfgj y tflfs fhtjg`cg ug hjgjanbnf jg jo sjbtfr lj oc bfgstrubbnòg sj rjqunjrj brjcr ug jstãglcr HNE, js ljbnr quj tflfs mchojg jo ensef nlnfec y sj rnkcg lj oc ensec ecgjrc, jg vcrnfs pcåsjs jxnstj ug pocg lj nepojejgtcbnòg lj jstc ejtflfof`åc jg oc vnlc lj ug prfyjbtf, jstf mcbj quj ocs lnstngtcs jeprjscs bfgtjepojg oc nljc lj bcehncr su ejtflfof`åc y lj jstc ecgjrc nr eflnanbcglf jo snstjec, pfr ftrc pcrtj oc nepfrtcgbnc lj jgafbcr ocs tjbgfof`åcs HNE jg prj`rclfs y pfs`rclf lj ocs lnstngtcs bcrrjrcs rjocbnfgclcs bfg oc ejtflfof`åc pjrentj quj ofs gujvfs prfajsnfgcojs sco`cg bfg ugc afrec lnstngtc lj vjr oc jkjbubnòg lj ofs prfyjbtfs y lj jstc ecgjrc sj cbjojrc jo prfbjsf lj nepojejgtcbnòg ljo snstjec HNE

 

Ejtflfof`nc

Ngnbncoejgtj pcrc jo ljscrrfoof ljo fhkjtnvf lj cgconzcr ofs lnajrjgtjs snstjecs lj pocgjcbnòg y jkjbubnòg lj fhrcs bnvnojs cbtucojs bfg jo ang lj pfljr jgbfgtrcr ocs ljanbnjgbncs y lj jstc ecgjrc ugc sfoubnòg prfbjljgtj

Rj pocgtjc oc sn`unjgtj ejtflfof`åc oc buco bfgsnstj jg ugc rjvnsnòg y ug cgãonsns lj lnajrjgtjs crtåbuofs ofs bucojs ljsbrnhcg ofs snstjecs bfgvjgbnfgcojs f cbtucojs y lj jstc ecgjrc pfljr nljgtnanbcr ocs acojgbncs y ocs vjgtckcs bfg ocs quj jstfs bujgtcg.

 

Jo sn`unjgtj pcsf c ljscrrfoocr js pfljr cgconzcr y jstulncr oc jajbtnvnlcl lj ofs lnstngtfs prfbjsfs lj ocs gujvcs tjbgfof`åcs quj sj mcg cponbclf jg vcrncs jeprjscs jg husbc lj ugc rjlubbnòg lj bfstfs y tnjepf,

Jstf sj of`rcrc pfr ejlnf lj ugc rjbfpnocbnòg lj ngafrecbnòg quj sj fhtjglrã lj ljscrrfooclfs jg jstulnfs lnstngtcs prjvnfs jeprjscs, cbjrbc lj bòef mc snlf oc nepojejgtcbnòg lj ocs gujvcs tjbgfof`åcs, ofs bcehnfs quj mcg tjgnlf quj cponbcr tcgtf jg jo snstjec aåsnbf bfef jg jo pjrsfgco lj bclc prfajsnfgco9 jstj cgãonsns sj mcrã bfg vcrncs jeprjscs pfr ejlnf lj ug buclrf bfepcrctnvf jg jo buco sj vjr ocs vjgtckcs f ljsvjgtckcs lj pujlc bclc prfbjsf

 

Tfstjrnfr co cgãonsns lj oc cponbcbnòg lj ofs gujvfs snstjecs jg ocs jeprjscs cbtucoejgtj, sjquj prfbjlj c nljgtnanbcr ofs jrrfrjs cbtucojs prjsjgtcg ocs gujvcs ejtflfof`åcs bfef of js HNE ‟Hunolng` Ngafrectnfg Efljong`― y oc cponbcbnòg lj ofs ensecs9

Jstf sj rjconzc jg hcsj c oc ngafrecbnòg fhtjgnlc ljo buclrf bfepcrctnvf yc quj vcrncs lj ocs lnanbuotcljs lj cponbcbnòg lj oc ejtflfof`åc sj ljhj c jrrfrjs f acojgbncs bfg ocs quj bujgtc jo snstjec9 ensefcrtåbuofs jstc ngafrecbnòg tcehnîg sj pflrã fhtjgjr lj ofscså pcpjrs, f ngafrecbnòg prnecrnc cbjrbc lj oc ejtfof`nc HNE, yc quj jg jstfs ljsbrnhjg lj ecgjrc bfepojtc ocs augbnfgjs, ocs ejkfrcs, ocs vjgtckcs, ofs jrrfrjs, ocs lnanbuotcljs ljo snstjec y pfr ftrc pcrtj tcehnîg sj jvnljgbnc oc ecgjrc jg oc buco rjlubjg ofs acbtfrjs c jstulncr bfef jo bfstf y jo tnjepf.

 

Angcoejgtj, co fhtjgjr tflc oc ngafrecbnòg cgtjrnfr sj vc c tjgjr ugc kustnanbcbnòg hcsclc jg mjbmfs, cbbnfgjs, jrrfrjs, ejkfrcs jtb.

Oc buco pjrentnrã pfljrf ljangnr ugc ejtflfof`åc ug snstjec bocrf, jo buco `crcgtnbj oc lnsengubnòg lj ofs acbtfrjs c ejkfrcr9 lj ugc ecgjrc fhkjtnvc

Jstf sj pflrã bueponr pfr ejlnf lj uglj rjsuejg `jgjrco ocs ejtflfof`åcs jstulnclcs oc buco jvnljgbnj lj ecgjrc prjbnsc buco js oc ejtflfof`åc ecs fptnec.

 

XJRZO\CLFR JRTJXCLFR Lurcgtj jo ljscrrfoof ljo prfyjbtf sj jspjrc tjgjr oc ngafrecbnòg gjbjscrnc y bfgtugljgtj pcrc pfljr rjconzcr ug buclrf bfepcrctnvf jo buco suengnstrj ofs prfs y ofs bfgtrcs lj ocs gujvcs tjbgfof`åcs y c su vjz snrvc bfef `uåc brntnbc jg oc ljbnsnòg lj ejtflfof`åcs pcrc nepojejgtcr jg ofs prfyjbtfs bfg jo ang lj quj jstc lnsenguyc ofs acbtfrjs tnjepf y bfstf, yc quj sfg ofs eãs bråtnbfs jg jo efejgtf ljo ljscrrfoof ljo prfyjbtf.

@rcbncs c oc jg ngafrecbnòg fhtjgnlc jg jo bursflj ngtjrgcbnfgco jg lfgljy sj pflrã prfyjbtfs9 clqunrnr oc ngafrecbnòg hcsj c lnvjrscs jxpjrnjgbncs lnstngtcs jeprjscs lnvjrsfs buco pjrentnrã tjgjr ecs brntjrnfs c oc mfrc lj ljangnr oc ejkfr ejtflfof`åc jg oc prf`rcecbnòg lj fhrcs y bfstfs.

 

Brfgf`rcec

 

Aujgtj hnhonf`rãanbc • • • • • • • • • •

Bjròg, N. C., & Xcefs, L. C. (Gfvnjehrj lj 8430). Tocg lj nepojejgtcbnòg lj lj ejtflfof`åc HNE jg jo bnbof lj vnlc jg ug prfyjbtf, Zgnvjrsnlcl Bctòonbc lj Bfofehnc. Bcrjy, J. S. (s.a.). @JXJGBNCENJG\F ^ BFG\XFO LJ BFR\FR JG OC NGLZR\XNC LJ OC BFGR\XZBBNFG. Xjvnstc Ng`jgnjråc lj bfgstrubbnòg . Bcrlfsfs Xflrå`ujz, Xflrå`ujz, L. (kugnf lj 844>). Jstulnf ljo bfepfrtcenjgtf lj ofs fhkjtnvfs tnjepf y bfstf jg oc bfgstrubbnòg lj fhrcs. GCQCXXF, K. K. (s.a.). \JBGFOF@ÅC HNE CTONBCLC C ZG TXF^JB\F LJ JLNANBCBNÒG. JO BFG\XFO LJ BCONLCL

LJ ZG TXF^JB\F ^ CGÃONRNR LJO JR\CLF LJ EJLNBNFGJR ^ TXJRZTZJR\F BFG MJXXCENJG\CR HNE. Fhtjgnlf lj Zgnvjrsnlcl Tfontîbgnbc lj Qcojgbnc. Rngbmj Rcovclfr, E. R. (sjptnjehrj ( sjptnjehrj lj 843=). \jbgfof`åc HNE y su ngaoujgbnc jg jo vcofr ljo prjsupujstf ljo prfyjbtf jg jo prfbjsf lj lnsjóf lj jlnanbcbnfgjs jg oc ZGLCB ‒ ZGLCB ‒ Tcsbf 843=. Fhtjgnlf lj Zgnvjrsnlcl Gcbnfgco Lcgnjo Cobnljs Bcrrnòg. Crbnoc, K. M. (s.a.). TXF@XCECBNÒG LJ FHXCR BFG OC \JBGNBC LJ OC ONGJC LJ HCOCGBJ . Fhtjgnlf lj www.cn.fr`.ex TCXCKJOJR, J. C. (Lnbnjehrj lj 8433). Mjrrcenjgtc pcrc oc jstnecbnòg lj bfstfs jg oc bfgstrubbnòg lj vnvnjglcs pcrc oc jeprjsc Afejgtf Zrhcgf R.C. Suj js oc tjbgfof`åc t jbgfof`åc HNE. (s.a.). Fhtjgnlf lj NljcNg`jgnjrnc;mttps;//nljcng`jgnjrnc.js/nglustrnc-