Presentacion 1 - Vibraciones Producto de Las Tronaduras

 

UIFVKGILNHW PVLJXGZL JH AKW ZVLNKJXVKW III XNIJKJ ‗ INKGKP LZLÛL 6060 JLGHNZH - BKXVIGIL PI_KVVL B

 

INZVLJXGGILN Ak bhjijk jh vifrkgilnhs sh dk utaizkjl pkrk prlhmhr aks hsrugurks pr÷xibks pr÷xibks k aks zlnks jh vlakjurks (gksks, hjiegkgilnhs injusrikahs l inrkhsrugurks), jh lrbk quh, bhjiknh ak kpaigkgi÷n jh aks nlrbks, sh aibikn aks gkntjkjhs jh hxpalsivl pkrk hvikr suphrkr gihrls aâbihs quh pujihrkn lgksilnkr jkûls. Hs plsifah hvkaukr k qué jiskngik y gln qué gkrmks sh puhjhn hhgukr vlakjurks sin lgksilnkr jkûls hn ak rlgk glbhrgikaizkfah. Plr al knl, sh plnhn k punl aks hkpks y gëaguals k rhkaizkr pkrk hxhnjhr ak bhjijk jh vifrkgilnhs ka knëaisis jh als ubfrkahs jh rlurk, hskfahgihnjl hskfahgihnjl als aâbihs jh vifrkgi÷n quh lgksilnkrâkn ak rknsigi÷n jh ak zlnk haëstgk dkgik ak pakstegkgi÷n y rkmbhnkgi÷n. Hxishn bugdls invhstmkjlrhs knkaizknjl aks ahyhs jh rknsbisi÷n, unk aânhk jh rkfkol jh guyls rhsuakjls nls nuribls hn hsk invhstmkgi÷n. Erhnh k al bës dkfiuka, quh hs rhkaizkr un glbphnjil jh als rhsuakjls, hn hsh rkfkol sh prhhnjh rhkaizkr rhkaizkr unk akflr grâtgk jh jigdls rhsuakjls, rhgdkzknjl kquhaals quh nl hnmkn un jhshnakgh jh utaijkj.

 

PKVKBHZVLW JH AKW LNJKW KBPAIZXJ JH LNJK Hn eâsigk ak kbpaituj jh un blvibihntl lsgiaktlril, lnjuaktlril l shûka hahgtrlbkmnétigk hs unk bhjijk jh ak vkrikgi÷n bëxibk jha jhspakzkbihntl u ltrk bkmnituj eâsigk quh vkrâk phri÷jigk l guksi phri÷jigkbhnth hn ha tihbpl. Hs ak jistkngik hntrh ha puntl bës kahokjl jh unk lnjk y ha puntl jh hquiaifril l bhjil

 

PKVKBHZVLW JH AKW LNJKW PHVILJL JH LNJK Ha phriljl hs ha tihbpl quh trknsgurrh hntrh ak hbisi÷n jh jls lnjks glnshgutivks. Hn ltrks pkakfrks, hs ha tihbpl quh tkrjk hn pkskr unk lnjk glbpahtk plr un puntl jh rhehrhngik.

 

PKVKBHZVLW JH AKW LNJKW EVHGXHNGIK JH LNJK Ak ijhk jh erhguhngik jh lnjk, kaujh ka nÿbhrl jh vhghs quh sh rhpith unk lnjk hn unk jhthrbinkjk unijkj thbplrka. Ha glnghptl hstë vinguakjl k ak alnmituj jh lnjk, quh hs ak jistkngik rhglrrijk plr ak lsgiakgi÷n hn un tihbpl hsphgâeigl.

 

PKVKBHZVLW JH AKW LNJKW ALNMIZXJ JH LNJK Hs ak jistkngik quh quh rhglrrh unk phrturfkgi÷ phrturfkgi÷nn phri÷jigk quh sh pprlpkmk rlpkmk plr un bhjil bhjil hn un gigal. . ... Ak alnmituj Inthrnkgilnkaa jh Xnijkjhs. Hn kquhaaks lnjks quh sh  jh lnjk sh bijh hn bhtrls hn unijkjhs jha Wisthbk Inthrnkgilnk jhspakzkn k unk vhalgijkj glnstknth, ak alnmituj jh lnjk hs invhrskbhnth prlplrgilnka k ak erhguhngik y jirhgtkbhnth prlplrgilnka prlplrgilnka ka phrâljl jh ak lnjk.

 

ZIPL JH LNJKW WÂWBIGKW MHNHVKJKW LNJKW INZHVNK  Lnjks Zrknsvhrskahs l jh Gizkaakbihntl ‑W‒, quh jkn aumkr k un blvibihntl jh aks pkrtâguaks phrphnjiguakr k ak jirhggi÷n jh prlpkmkgi÷n jh ak lnjk. Ak vhalgijkj jh aks lnjks ‑W‒ hstë glbprhnjijk hntrh ak jh aks lnjks ‑P‒ y aks lnjks suphreigikahs. Als bkthrikahs k gkusk jh hstks lnjks hxphribhntkn gkbfils hn elrbk phrl nl hn vlaubhn.  Us ≄ Up/;.=7

 

LNJKW WXPHVEIGIKAHW Aks lnjks suphreigikahs quh sh mhnhrkn nlrbkabhnth hn aks  vlakjurks jh rlgks sln? aks lnjks Vkyahimd ‑V‒ y aks lnjks Alvh. Aks Lnjks ‑V‒ ibpribhn k aks pkrtâguaks un blvibihntl shmÿn unk trkyhgtlrik haâptigk gln un shntijl glntrkril ka jh ak prlpkmkgi÷n jh ak lnjk. Ur 2 0.9 Us Aks Lnjks Alvh, bës rëpijks quh aks lnjks ‑V‒, jkn aumkr k blvibihntls jh pkrtâguaks hn jirhggi÷n trknsvhrska ka jh ak prlpkmkgi÷n.

 

LNJKW P AKW PKV PKVZÂGXAKW ZÂGXAKW LWGIAKN HN H N AK BIWBK JIVHGGI×N JH PVLPKMKGI×N.

Blvibihntl jh aks pkrtâguaks   Prlpkmkgi÷n jh aks lnjks

 

LNJKW W AKW PKVZÂGXAKW PKVZÂGXAKW LWGIAKN HN ELVBK ZVKNWUHVWKA K AK JIVHGGI×N JH PVLPKMKGI×N PVLP KMKGI×N .

 

LNJK ALUH WLN XN ZIPL JH LNJKW  WXPHVEIGIKAHW DLVI_LNZKABHNZH, AKXNK INZHVEHVHNGIK JH NXBHVLWKW  JHA ZIPL W (LNJKW  WHGXNJKVIKW) VHWXAZKJL PVLPKMKJKWJH PLV LNJKWPLAKVI_KJKW GKPK HAËWZIGK WXPHVEIGIKA

 

LNJK VKYAHIMDZ AKW LNJKW JH VKYAHIMD WLN XN ZIPL JH LNJK KGßWZIGK WXPHVEIGIKA [XH UIKOK K AL AKVML JH AK WXPHVEIGIH JH ALW W×AIJLW. WH PXHJHN PVLJXGIV HN BKZHVIKAHW BKZHVIKAHW JH BXGDKW BKNHVKW, GLBL PLV IBP IBPKGZL KGZL ALGKAI_KJL L PLV ZVKNWJXGGI×N PIH_LHAÉGZVIGK.

 

HGXKGILNHW JH LNJKW WIWBIGKW Aks Lnjks Wâsbigks tkbfién sln jhnlbinkjks glbl Lnjks Haëstigks, hstks plshh unk euhrzk mrknjh hn gukntl k ak prlpkmkgi÷n jh elrbks thbplrkahs y sln aks quh tihnjhn k mhnhrkr phquhûls blvibihntls hn aks Pakgks Zhgt÷nigks.

 

¼[uh sln aks Lnjks Wâsbigks<

Aks Lnjks Wâsbigks sln unk gaksh jh lnjk aakbkjk haëstigk quh hs buy euhrth hn gukntl k ak prlpkmkgi÷n jh aks phrturfkgilnhs thbplrkahs jha gkbpl jh thnsilnhs quh tihnjhn k mhnhrkr blvibihntls bânibls hn aks Pakgks Zhgt÷nigks. Aks Lnjks Wâsbigks puhjhn aahmkr k shr grhkjks plr als aakbkjls blvibihntls thaÿrigls als gukahs sln prljugijls jh elrbk nkturka, als bës mrknjhs jh als gukahs puhjhn aahmkr k gkuskr jivhrsls jkûls hn aks ërhks jlnjh hxisthn kshntkbihntls urfknls.

 

Hxisth unk gaksh jh rkbk glbpahtk jh ak sisblalmâk, quh hs ak quh sh hngkrmk jha hstujil h invhstimkgi÷n jh tljl tipl glrrhsplnjihnth k hsth ehn÷bhnl eâsigl. Aks Lnjks Wâsbigks tkbfién puhjhn aahmkr k shr grhkjks jh bknhrk krtigika glbl plr hohbpal gln ha usl jh gihrtls hxpalsivls. Ak sâsbigk hs ak rkbk phrthnhgihnth k ak sisblalmâk quh sh hngkrmk jha hstujil jh jigdks lnjks krtigikahs. Hstk gaksh jh Lnjks sln lsgiakgilnhs quh sh tihnjhn k prlpkmkr jhsjh ; euhnth quh puhjh shr tkntl un elgl l jha diplghntrl k trkvés jh un bhjil jh bkthrika haëstigl quh tihnjh k shr s÷aijl y aâquijl quh vk trknsplrtknjl ak hnhrmâk bhgënigk.

 

GKVKGZHVÂWZIGKW Y GLBPLVZKBIHNZL GLBPLVZKBIHNZL JH AKW LNJKW HN GKBPL AHOKNL.

 

Bljhals jh Ak Uhalgijkj jh Pkrtâguak Phkc  

Hxphribhntkabhnth Hxphribhntkabh nth sh dk aahmkjl k hstkfahghr bljhals quh jhsgrifhn

ak vhalgijkj jh pkrtâguak phkc, glbl unk eungi÷n jh ak gkrmk jhtlnkjk plr rhtkrjl y ak jistkngik hntrh gkjk jhtlnkgi÷n y ha puntl jh bhjigi÷n.

 PP  P P U   

Jlnjh?  



 

  C    J

PPU

2 Uhalgijkj jh Pkrtâguak Phkc (bb/s)

C 2

Ekgtlr jh Uhalgijkj l Inthrghptl

J  2

 

 

2

Jistkngik Hsgkakr Ekgtlr jh Kthnukgi÷n l Jhgkibihntl

 

Bljhals jh Ak Uhalgijkj jh Pkrtâguak Phkc

 

Grithril Mhnhrka

 

Aknmhelrs (;957)

 

Dhnjrln (Fuaahtin ;585)

 Jhvinh(;955)

 

Glnstruggi÷n jha Bljhal Prhjigtivl ...y kdlrk koustkjl pkrk un 98%. Bljhal jh Jhvinh, Vkbpk Hsth 70

-;.;44

y 2 75=x

68

    P    h 60     j       j    k ;8     j     i    g    l     a ;0    h     U 8

-;.;4=9

y 2 66:.9;x 6 V  2 0.5=:;

0 0.00

8.00

;0.00

;8.00

60.00

68.00

Jistkngik Hsgkakr

70.00

78.00

:0.00

:8.00

 

Ukaijkgi÷n jha Bljhal Prhjigtivl C

75=

Kaek C Kaek Eh gdk

Zrln.

 Gkrmk (Hq. Knel) SCmR

Jist. Inga. SbR

-;.;44 75= -;.;44 J

PPU Wibuak jl Sbb/sh mR

PPU Bh jijl Sbb/sh mR

Jieh rh ngik

65-Ehf

 

8::--:5;

499

=;;. 07

67. =;

4. 87

8. :5;

7. 0=

06-Bkr 

 

850-;88

47;. :6

=40. ;::

6=. 05

=. 70

7. 547

7. 5;

07-Bkr 

 

70:-;8:

47;. :6

5:6. 4;

6 66 6. 69

9. ;4

:. 599

:. :9

0:-Bkr 

 

850-;85

499

80=. 6:6

;5. 96

;6. =8

4. 746

:. 75

08-Bkr 

 

850-;84

=9=. 9:

;0:8. ;9

7=. 00

8. 07

;. 86:

7. 8;

HWZKJÂWZIGK

 

Kpaigkgilnhs Jktls Glnstknth C jha bljhal jh Jivinh Glnstknth Kaek jha bljhal jh Jivinh k.-Uhalgijkj k ak quh sh prljugh ha jkûl plr trlnkjurk f.- Uhalgijkj k ak quh sh prljugh un bhnlr jkûl plr tr trlnkjurk g.g.- Uh Uhal alggij ijkj kj k ak qu quhh sh prlj prljug ughh un jk jkûl ûl kgh ghpt ptkf kfah ah plr plr tr trln lnkj kjuurk  

 

Gksl k

 

Ukalr 75=.00 -;.;44 ;8.5 ;=.4 60 60.4 .4

 

Gksl g

Gksl f

Jistkngik

Gkrm   k plr rhtkrjl

Ji Jist stkn kngi gik k

Gk Gkrm rmk k plr plr rh rhtk tkrj rjl l

Ji Jistk stkng ngik ik

Gk Gkrm rmk k pl plrr rhtk rhtkrj rjl l

8 ;0 ;8 60 68

0 0 ; 6 7

8 ;0 ;8 60

0 ; ; 6

8 ;0 ;8 60 68

0 ; 6 7 8

 C     j    

]  



U 



6  

 

Kpaigkgilnhs Gurvks jh jishûl jh gkrmks pkrk un nivha bëxibl jh vhalgijkj jh pkrtâguak jh 60.4 bb/s

900

 Nivha  Ni vha jh vifrkgi÷n 60.4 60.4 bb/s    (

400

   l    j =00    r    k    t    h    r 500    r    l    p    s 800    l   v    i    s :00    l    a    p   x    h 700    h    j    s 600    l    a    i    C

;00 0 ;80

;50

;=0

;40

;9 0

6 00

6;0

660

6 70

Jistkngik (b)

6:0

680

650

6=0

6 40

69 0

700

 

GKVKGZHVÂWZIGKW Y GLBPLVZKBIHNZL JH AKW LNJKW HN GKBPL GHVGKNL.

 

INZVLJXGGILN Ha knëaisis jh als rhmistrls rhmist rls jh vifrkgilnhs, phrbithn glnlghr ak vhalgijkj jh pkrtâguak quh mhnhrk gkjk gkrmk l mrupls jh gkrmks hn ak vlakjurk. Euh ksâ glbl sh lftuvihrln jktls jh vhalgijkj jh  pkrtâguak, jistkngik y gkrmk plr tkakjrl, k ak quh sh koustl  plsthrilrbhnth ak hgukgi÷n jha bljhal prlpuhstl plr plr Dlabfhrm & Phrssln. Xnk vhz jhthrbinkjk ak hgukgi÷n jh glbplrtkbihntl jh ak vifrkgi÷n, euh koustkjk k lfohtl jh hstkfahghr un bljhal bës hn rhprhshntktivl y glneikfah. Ak glrrhggi÷n hn guhsti÷n glnsisti÷ jhspakzkr pkrkahakbhnth ha bljhal lfthnijl, jh bljl quh gufrihrk un nÿbhrl bkylr jh puntls rhglmijls hn thrrhnl.

 

INEAXHNGIK JH AKW UIFVKGILNHW HN HA GKBPL GHVGKNL Ak vhalgijkj vifrkgilnka jh pkrtâguaks sh rhakgilnk erhguhnthbhnth gln ak dkfiaijkj pkrk injugir erkgturks erhsgks, k trkvés jh ak rhakgi÷n hntrh vhalgijkj y jhelrbkgi÷n jh pkrtâguaks, y hstë tkbfién rhakgilnkjk gln ak bksk rlglsk hn ak vhginjkj inbhjiktk jh als tkakjrls, jlnjh ha ibpkgtl jh ak vlakjurk hs bës  prlnungikjl.

Hstk hgukgi÷ninjugijk rhprhshntk ak rhakgi÷n hntrhrlglsk nivhahs vifrkgi÷njhbëxibk, PPU, y ak jhelrbkgi÷n θ pkrk unk bksk jhjh vhalgijkj lnjk glbprhsivk Up.

 

INEAXHNGIK JH AKW UIFVKGILNHW HN HA GKBPL GHVGKNL Jh ak ahy jh Dllch, y ksubihnjl un ekaakbihntl erëmia jh ak rlgk, ak vhalgijkj  pigl pkrtâguak grâtigk, PPU gritigk, gr itigk, quh puhjh rhsistir ak rlgk knths quh lgurrk ha ekaakbihntl plr thnsi÷n, sh puhjh gkaguakr glnlgihnjl ak rhsisthngik k ak thnsi÷n χt, ha b÷jual jh Ylunm H, y ak vhalgijkj jh prlpkmkgi÷n jh ak lnjk P, Up, usknjl ak simuihnth hgukgi÷n?

Dlabfhrm & Phrssln (;9=9) hstibkrln unk PPU pkrk rlgks âmnhks jurks hntrh =00 y ;000 bb/s. Kunquh jigdls nivhahs jh vifrkgi÷n sh glnsijhrkrln injigkjlrhs glneikfahs jh jkûl ingipihnth, eëgiabhnth lfshrvkfahs, lgurrhn k vkalrhs : vhghs quh pkrk un jkûl ingipihnth.

 

 Hn aks tkfaks ; y 6, sh shûkakn ha grithril jh jkûl y kamunks vhalgijkjhs gritigks pkrk rlgks glbunhs.

Jlnjh ‑C‒ , ‑λ‒ y ‑ζ‒ sln glnstknths quh phrthnhghn ka bkgizl rlglsl in ‗ situ.   Zkfak ;? Grithril jh Jkûl

Zkfak 6? Uhalgijkj gritigk jh rlgks

 

Ak hgukgi÷n pkrk ak prhjiggi÷n jh nivhahs jh vifrkgi÷n hn ha gkbpl ghrgknl, quh uh jhskrrlaakjk plr Dlabfhrm y Phrsln hs ak simuihnh?

Jlnjh C, λ y ζ sln glnsknhs quh phrhnhghn ka bkgizl rlglsl in ‗ siu y η hs ak jhnsijkj ainhka jha hxpalsivl gkrmkjk hn ha kakjrl (cm./b). Dlabfhrm & Phrssln (;9=9) jihrln vkalrhs jh C, λ y ζ jh =00, ;.8 y 0.= .

 

Jiehrhngiks jh als bljhals Aks pringipkahs jiehrhngiks hn ha gkbpl ghrgknl gln rhsphgtl ka gkbpl ahoknl, hs quh hximhn instrubhntls jh jistintks gkrkgthrâstigks, eiokjks pringipkabhnth plr als simuihnths ekgtlrhs? k) Inthnsijkj jh aks vifrkgilnhs. f) Vknml jh erhguhngiks.

g) Phrâljls jh rhtlrnl jh als hvhntls.

 

KZHNXKGI×N JH AKW LNJKW HN HA BKGI_L VLGLWL Ak hnhrmâk ka prlpkmkrsh hn elrbk jh vifrkgi÷n sh vk jisipknjl hn eungi÷n k ak jistkngik y jh kguhrjl k aks gkrkgthrâstigks jha bhjil plr ha guka vikok. Wh jistinmuhn ksâ jls tipls jh kthnukgi kthnukgi÷n? ÷n?  Kthnukgi÷n Mhlbétrigk Aks lnjks sh kthnÿkn invhrskbhnth prlplrgilnka k ak jistkngik jh ak euhnth sâsbigk  Kthnukgi÷n Inhaëstigk? Hn ak nkturkahzk als bkthrikahs nl sln phrehgtkbhnth haëstigls, plr al tkntl ak hnhrmâk tkbfién sh jisipk plr ha glbplrtkbihntl nl ainhka jh éstls.

 

VHMIWZVL JH XN HUHNZL

 

UKVIKFAHW [XH JHZHVBINKN AKW UIFVKGILNHW HN ZVLNKJXVK (UKVIKFAHWVHZKVJLW, GLNZVLAKFAHW? GKVMK JIWZVIFXGI×N HTPALWIUL, UKVIKFAHW NLHTPALWIUK, GLNZVLAKFAHW? ZHVVHNL, UIHNZL, GAIBK, XFIGKGI×N JH AK ZVLNKJXVK) ZVLNKJXVK)

Ka imuka quh als rhsuakjls jh unk vlakjurk, ak bkmniuj h inhnsijkj jh aks vifrkgilnhs jhphnjhn jh unk shrih jh kglrhs quh sh puhjhn p uhjhn jivijir hn jls mrupls? (i) pkrëbhrls glnrlakfahs y (ii) pkrëbhrls inglnrlakfahs. Als pkrëbhrls glnrlakfahs hsën rhakgilnkjls gln aks gkrkghrâstgks jh als hxpalsivls h inigikjlrhs utaizkjls hn ak vlakjurk. Plr lrl akjl, als pkrëbhrls quh nl sh puhjhn puhj hn glnrlakr hsën rhakgilnkjls gln aks gkrkghrâstgks mhla÷migks y hsrugurkahs jha bkgizl rlglsl. Kamunls rkfkols jivijhn als pkrëbhrls glnrlakfahs glnrlakfahs hn jls mrupls? (i)

pkrëbhrls mhlbérigls

(ii)

pkrëbhrls jha hxpalsivl.

Hsk gaksiegkgi÷n sh hbpahkrë hn hsh rkfkol pkrk jhsgrifir aks vkrikfahs quh khgkn hn ak mhnhrkgi÷n jh vifrkgilnhs.

 

JIKBHZVL JH PHVELVKGILN Ak inuhngik jha jiëbhrl jha jiëbhrl hn ak rkmbhnkgi÷n jh ak rlgk hs fihn glnlgijk. Wiscinj y Eubknt (;9=:) jhblsrkrln quh hs plsifah rkgurkr ak rlgk dksk unk jiskngik hnrh 7 y 88 vhghs ha rkjil jha fkrrhnl hn ungi÷n jha tpl jh hxpalsivl y aks gkrkghrâstgks mhla÷migks. Plr knl, hs a÷migl phnskr quh un kubhnl jha jiëbhrl jha fkrrhnl ibpaigk un kubhnl jh ak inhnsijkj jh aks vifrkgilnhs, yk quh ak gkntjkj jh hxpalsivl plr fkrrhnl hs prlplrgilnka ka gukjrkjl jha jiëbhrl (A÷phz‐Oibhnl h ka. ;998). Win hbfkrml, hsh nl hs un kglr quh sh hnmk hn guhnk k ak dlrk jh glnrlakr vifrkgilnhs. Xnk hxpalkgi÷n binhrk nl suhah hbpahkr bës jh jls l rhs jiëbhrls jh phrlrkgi÷n, y hsls slal rhsplnjhn k grihrils jh prljuggi÷n. Als jiëbhrls jh phrlrkgi÷n vkrâkn kprlxibkjkbhnh hnrh ; ;/6‒ pkrk phrlrkgilnhs bknukahs hn phquhûk binhrâk dksk bës jh ;7‒ pkrk mrkn binhrâk k gihal kfihrl. Fakir (60;0) jhskrrlaa÷ un bljhal knkaâtgl pkrk unk gkrmk giaânjrigk jh hxpalsivl y jhblsr÷ jiëbhrljhjh gkrmk thnh unk inuhngik simniegktvkquh hn akhainhnsijkj aks ak vifrkgilnhs.

 

ALNMIZXJ JH GKVMK HTPALWIUK Hs ibplrknh jistnmuir hnrh ak alnmiuj jh ak gkrmk hxpalsivk y ak kaurk jh fkngl, yk quh hsk ÿatbk glnsijhrk kbfién ak alnmiuj jh rhkgkjl. Ak alnmiuj jh ak gkrmk hxpalsivk hs un pkrëbhrl quh suhah shr glnsknh hn ljls als fkrrhnls jh prljuggi÷n jh unk vlakjurk. Mhnhrkabhnh, lsgiak hnrh als 8 y 60 b hn binhrâk k gihal kfihrl. Fakir (60;:) jhskrrlaa÷ un bljhal knkaâtgl pkrk hsujikr ak inuhngik jh ak alnmiuj jh ak gkrmk hxpalsivk hn als nivhahs bëxibls jh vifrkgilnhs. K pkrtr jh un fkrrhnl gihml hn un bhjil visglhaëstgl unilrbh, lfuvl quh als nivhahs bëxibls jh vifrkgilnhs pkrk gkbpl ghrgknl y ahoknl sln injhphnjihnhs jh ak alnmiuj jh gkrmk pkrk vkalrhs vkalrhs bkylrhs k 0,0; b. Kjhbës, hn ha bisbl rkfkol, Fakir jhblsr÷ quh kubhnkr ak alnmiuj jh gkrmk ingrhbhnk ak alnmiuj jha rhnh jh jhlnkgi÷n jh aks lnjks P y W phrl nl su kbpaiuj.

 

KAZXVK JH FKNGL

Wi ak kaurk sh puhjhn jhsvikgi÷n kjhbës

jh fkngl hs buy mrknjh prhshnkr prlfahbks jh jh als fkrrhnls quh, jh khgkr k ak

rkmbhnkgi÷n, vifrkgilnhs jhfijl k quh akmhnhrkrën bkaak jh phrlrkgi÷n nl sh bknhnjrë glnsknh hn ljk ak kaurk jha fkrrhnl (A÷phz‐Oibhnl h ka, 60;=). ]lrshy (;945) kerb÷ quh guknl

bkylr shk ak kaurk jh fkngl, y plr  

FXVJHN Ha furjhn hs ha pkrëbhrl mhlbérigl bës ibplrknh jh ak vlakjurk. Ha rhsl jh pkrëbhrls sh gkaguakn k pkrtr jha vkalr jh hsh. Wh ksubh mhnhrkabhnh quh ha nivha jh vifrkgilnhs kubhnk yk quh mkshsjhaphrbknhghn glnenkjlskahningrhbhnkrak ha lnjl jha fkrrhnl bësalsthbpl kprlpikjl. Hn hsh gksl, ak hnhrmâk jha hxpalsivl nl sh hbpahk hn rkmbhnkr ak rlgk y kubhnk ha nivha jh vifrkgilnhs (Winmd y Winmd, 6008). Win hbfkrml, ljkvâk nl sh dk kplrkjl ninmunk rhakgi÷n glngauyhnh quh jhbuhsrh ha kubhnl jha nivha jh vifrkgilnhs hn ungi÷n jh ak pihjrk (Kinkais hka, 60;=). Fakir y Firnhy (;99:) y Frhn h ka (6006) rhkaizkrln bhjigilnhs usknjl un slal fkrrhnl pkrk jls vkalrhs jh pihjrk sin hnglnrkr unk rhakgi÷n glngrhk. Aui y Aujwim (;995) nl dkaakrln unk rhakgi÷n vëaijk, phrl glngauyhrln quh sâ jhfh dkfhr unk rhakgi÷n hnrh ak pihjrk y ha nivha jh vifrkgilnhs.

 

 HEHGZL  HEHGZLW W JHA KXBHNZ KXBHNZL L JH AK PIHJVK HN AK INZHNWIJKJ JH UIFVKGI×N UIFVKGI×N (IU), HN ‐

XNK ULAKJXVK ULAKJXVK PKVK XN BIWBL NIUHA JH JH HNHVMÂK, (A×PH_ OIBHNL HZ KA, 60;=)

 

HWPKGIKBIHNZL

PKWKJXVK

Ha hspkgikbihnl hs ak jiskngik hnrh fkrrhnls jh unk bisbk eak quh sh jispkrkn sibuaënhkbhnh l gln rhkrjl. Ak inuhngik jha hspkgikbihnl hs sibiakr ka furjhn, kjhbës sh gkaguak hn ungi÷n jha furjhn (A÷phz‐Oibhnl, ;99;). Winmd y Winmd (6008) kerbkrln quh hbpahkr unk kzk hnrh hspkgikbihnl y furjhn bkylr quh

Ak pkskjurk hs ak alnmiuj jha fkrrhnl fkol ha nivha jh pisl jha fkngl nhghskrik pkrk rkmbhnkr ak rlgk k ak kaurk jha fkngl y almrkr ak glk jh hxgkvkgi÷n prlpuhsk. Hn su nivha sh glalgk ha hxpalsivl

unl rkmbhnkgi÷n, jh bknhrk quh kubhnk ljk hsk akhnhrmâk quh sh hbpahk hn rkmbhnkr ak rlgk nl mhnhrkrë vifrkgilnhs.

inigikjlr‐rlbphjlr dk jhpkrk shggilnkr fksh jha fkngl, jhsgkazknjlquh ak rlgk quh haakrhsl jha fkrrhnl ak hbpuoh. Wi sh hbpahk unk pkskjurk bkylr k ak nhghskrik, un hahvkjl plrghnkoh jh ak hnhrmâk jha hxpalsivl sh glnvihrh hn vifrkgilnhs (A÷phz‐Oibhnl h ka, 60;=).

 

ZKGL

INGAINKGILN JH PL_LW

Ha rhkgkjl hs ha rhaahnl gln bkhrika inhrh jh ak pkrh suphrilr jha fkrrhnl. Wu ungi÷n hs glnenkr als mkshs jha hxpalsivl ha thbpl suegihnh pkrk quh rkfkohn hn ha prlghsl jh rkmbhnkgi÷n jh ak rlgk (Winmd y Winmd, 6008). Pljrâk glnsijhrkrsh a÷migl phnskr quh kubhnkr ha rhkgkjl ibpaigk rhjugir als nivhahs jh vifrkgilnhs jhfijl

Ak jisplsigi÷n jh ak gkrmk jh lnjl, ha hxpalsivl bës plhnh, hn un fkrrhnl ingainkjl kvlrhgh un bholr kprlvhgdkbihnl jh ak hnhrmâk jha hxpalsivl k nivha jh pisl, hsl sh jhfh k quh sh rhjugh ak gkntjkj jh hnhrmâk quh sh pihrjh hn vifrkgilnhs plr jhfkol jh ak glk inhrilr jha fkngl sin hnglnrkr unk suphregih aifrh jh rhhxi÷n (Fhrnklak h ka, 60;7? A÷phz‐Oibhnl h ka, ;998).

k quh sh rhjugh ak gkntjkj jh hxpalsivl hn ha fkrrhnl. Win hbfkrml, un kgl bkylr k ak alnmiuj grâtgk puhjh ingrhbhnkr ha nivha jh vifrkgilnhs jhfijl ka hahvkjl glnenkbihnl y kak prhsi÷n jh als mkshs jhskrrlaakjls hn ha fkrrhnl (Dkmkn y Chnnhjy, ;9==).

 

PVHWHNGIK JH GKVKW AIFVHW Hn unk vlakjurk jh prljuggi÷n gln unk suphregih aifrh, aks lnjks mhnhrkjks plr ak jhlnkgi÷n vikokn dkgik ak gkrk aifrh quh gubpah ak ungi÷n jh paknl jh rhhxi÷n (_dknm, 60;5). Ha hn÷bhnl jh rhhxi÷n hs fihn glnlgijl y uh jhsgril bhjiknh aks hgukgilnhs jh _lhppriz (Kci y Vigdkrjs, 6006), kunquh shmÿn Fakir (60;8) aks lnjks nl puhjhn glnsijhrkrsh glbl paknks y hs buy glbpaigkjl bljhaizkr ha hn÷bhnl jh rhhxi÷n rhhxi÷n jh aks lnjks. Kjhbës, ha ënmual jh ak gkrk aifrh thnh unk inuhngik glnsijhrkfah yk quh ak kbpaiuj jha rhnh jh aks lnjks inhrnks (P y W) puhjh rhjugirsh l kubhnkrsh hn ungi÷n jh hsh ënmual guknjl aks lnjks kagknzkn ak gkrk aifrh (Fakir, 60;8).

 

EKGZLVHW GLNZVLAKFAHW PKVËBHZVLW HTPALWIULW

 

ZIPL JH HTPALWIULW Als hxpalsivls quh mhnhrkn unk hahvkjk prhsi÷n jh hxpalsi÷n hn glbpkrkgi÷n k ak prhsi÷n jh jhlnkgi÷n glbl ha KNEL suhahn mhnhrkr un bhnlr nivha jh vifrkgilnhs. vi frkgilnhs. Whmÿn A÷phz‐Oibhnl h ka (60;=), ka glbpkrkr ak bisbk gkntjkj jh KNEL gln un dijrlmha glbÿn, l gln kjigi÷n jh kaubinil, ak inhnsijkj jh aks vifrkgilnhs mhnhrkjks mhnhrkjks plr ha KNEL hs 6 y 6,: vhghs bhnlr, rhsphgtvkbhnh. Hs plr haal plr al quh hn als hsujils jh rhmisrl y glnrla jh vifrkgilnhs sh jhfhn nlrbkaizkr aks gkrmks k un hxpalsivl jh plhngik glnlgijk. Wh suhah hahmir ha KNEL glbl hxpalsivl pkr÷n, yk quh jhfijl k sus prlpihjkjhs y su fkol glsh hs ha hxpalsivl quh bës sh glnsubh.

KGLPAH Y JHWKGLPAH JH HTPALWIULW Xnk gkrmk hxpalsivk glbpahkbhnh kglpakjk lgupk ljl ha jiëbhrl jha fkrrhnl. Plr ha glnrkril, unk gkrmk jhskglpakjk thnh un jiëbhrl inhrilr ka jiëbhrl jha fkrrhnl. Wh dk jhblsrkjl quh dky unk rhakgi÷n hnrh ha kglpakbihnl jh ak gkrmk y ha nivha jh vifrkgilnhs. Zkqihjjin (;945) hnglnr÷ quh sh prljughn bkylrhs nivhahs jh vifrkgilnhs gln gkrmks kglpakjks quh gln gkrmks jhskglpakjks jhfijl k quh als mkshs mhnhrkjls hnguhnrkn bkylr jieguakj pkrk rkmbhnkr y jhspakzkr ak rlgk, plr al quh ak hnhrmâk mhnhrkjk sh rknslrbk hn hnhrmâk sâsbigk. Glbl kerb÷ Bhaniclv (;956), hbpahknjl gkrmks jhskglpakjks hnrh ha 58 y ha =8% sh bholrk ak rkmbhnkgi÷n, ha jhspakzkbihnl y sh rhjugh ha nivha jh vifrkgilnhs, yk quh ak hnhrmâk mhnhrkjk hn ak jhlnkgi÷n

 

WHGXHNGIKW JH VHZKVJLW

ZIPL JH VHZKVJKJLV 

K phskr jh ak ibplrkngik jh ak shguhngik jh skaijk jh ak vlakjurk

Als jhlnkjlrhs sh hbpahkn glbl inigikjlrhs y pkrk glnrlakr ak shguhngik

slfrh akglnsijhrkr rkmbhnkgi÷n y blvibihnl jh ak piak jh bkhrika, nljh sh puhjh quh hnmk unk mrkn inuhngik slfrh ha nivha vifrkgilnhs (Fakir, (Fakir, 6009). Fakir y Krbsrlnm (;999) jhblsrkr jhblsrkrln ln quh, si ha bkgizl rlglsl thnh un glbplrkbihnl dlblménhl, dlblménhl, ak rhguhngik jh aks vifrkgilnhs sh puhjh glnrlakr gln ak shguhngik jh rhkrjls. Hn ha gksl glnrkril, un bkgizl gln gkrkghrâstgks buy vkrikfahs, aks vifrkgilnhs sln ibprhjhgifahs y nl sh puhjhn glnrlakr. Wdi y Gdhn (60;;) hsujikrln ak inuhngik jh vkrils thbpls jh rhkrjls (;8, 68, 70, 78 y :0 : 0 biaishmunjls) hn unk bisbk bink k gihal kfihrl sin hnglnrkr hvijhngiks hskjâstgks. hskjâstgks. Kamunls thbpls jh rhkrjl jisbinuâkn als nivhahs jh vifrkgilnhs bihnrks quh lrls kubhnkfkn ak inhnsijkj jh jigdks vifrkgilnhs.

jh jhlnkgi÷n jh aks gkrmks hxpalsivks. Kgukabhnh sh uskn rhs tpls jh jhlnkjlrhs? haégrigls y nl haégrigls hn phquhûk y bhjiknk binhrâk, y hahgr÷nigls hn mrkn binhrâk. Xnk jh aks innlvkgilnhs bës rhgihnhs hs ha usl jh jhlnkjlrhs hahgr÷nigls inkaëbfrigls quh rknsbihn ak shûka bhjiknh injuggi÷n hahgrlbkmnétgk. Ak kpkrigi÷n jh als jhlnkjlrhs hahgr÷nigls dk rkâjl bholrks simniegktvks hn ha usl, ak shmurijkj y ak prhgisi÷n jh als thbpls jh jhlnkgi÷n (Flwhn, 60;8). Kjhbës, ak jisphrsi÷n hn als rhkrjls jh als thbpls jh jhlnkgi÷n sh dk rhjugijl k bhnls jh un biaishmunjl (Knjhrsln y Fringchrdl Fringchrdl,, 6004). Kunquh kulrhs glbl Firgd h ka (60;0) sumihrhn quh ha usl jh jhlnkjlrhs hahgr÷nigls bholrk ak rkmbhnkgi÷n y rhjugh ha nivha jh vifrkgilnhs, hsk kerbkgi÷n dk sijl jisgutjk hn kamunls rkfkols quh buhsrkn quh nl dky unk rhakgi÷n jhblsrkfah (Fakir,6009).

 

GKVMK LPHVKNZH AK GKVMK LPHVKNZH L BKWK JH HTPALWIUL JHZLNKJK HN ELVBK WIBXAZËNHK, OXNZL GLN AK JIWZKNGIK, WH GLNWIJHVK HA EKGZLV BËW IBPLVZKNZH HN AK MHNHVKGI×N JH UIFVKGILNHW. HW BXY IBPLVZKNZH JIEHVHNGIKV HNZVH AK GKVMK LPHVKNZH Y AK GKVMK ZLZKA JH AK ULAKJXVK, PXHWZL [XH JHFIJL K AK WHGXHNGIK JIWHÛKJK NL ZLJLW ALW FKVVHNLW JHZLNKN K AK UH_ (NIGDLAW HZ KA, ;9=;). PKVK [XH AKW UIFVKGILNHW NL WHKN JH MVKN BKMNIZXJ, HA INZHVUKAL JH VHZKVJL DK JH WHV WHK WXEIGIHNZHBHNZH MVKNJH PKVK [XH NL HTIWZKN INZHVEHVHNGIKW GLNWZVXGZIUKW L GLN HEHGZLW WXBKZLVILW HNZVH AKW LNJKW MHNHVKJKW PLV ALW JIWZINZLW FKVVHNLW. JIGC HZ KA (;946) HWZKFAHGIHVLN [XH HA NIUHA JH UIFVKGILNHW MHNHVKJL PLV JLW GKVMKW GLN XN VHZKVJL JH 4 L 9 BIAIWHMXNJLW HNZVH WÂ NL MHNHVK XN BKYLV NIUHA JH UIFVKGILNHW, YK [XH AKW LNJKW NL PVLULGKN HWH HEHGZL WXBKZLVIL Y WH PXHJHN GLNWIJHVKV JIWPKVLW INJHPHNJIHNZHW. KWÂ, AK JHEINIGI×N BËW PVHGIWK JH GKVMK LPHVKNZH WH VHEIHVH K AK WXBK JH ZLJKW AKW GKVMKW [XH JHZLNKN HN XN INZHVUKAL INEHVILV K 4 BW, WIHNJL HA HEHGZL H[XIUKAHNZH K AK UIFVKGI×N MHNHVKJK PLV AK WXBK JH JIGDKW GKVMKW (FHVNKLAK HZ KA. 60;7). WHMßN ALW VHWXAZKJLW JH AKW INUHWZIMKGILNHW PXFAIGKJKW PLV HA XWFB, HTIWZH XNK VHAKGI×N HTPLNHNGIKA HNZVH HA NIUHA BËTIBL JH UIFVKGILNHW Y AK GKVMK LPHVKNZH, U  − [K, HWZKNJL HA UKALV JH K HN ZLVNL K 0,4. KAMXNLW KXZLVHW GLNWIJHVKN INZHVUKALW JIEHVHNZHW, AKNMHELVW Y CIDAWZVÕB (;957) INJIGKVLN [XH GLN INZHVUKALW WXPHVILVHW K ZVHW UHGHW HA PHVILJL JH UIFVKGI×N WH PXHJH GLNWIJHVKV [XH NL DKY HEHGZL JH GLLPHVKGI×N HNZVH FKVVHNLW KJYKGHNZHW. AINHDKN Y ]IWW (;946) GLNWIJHVKN XN INZHVUKAL JH ;= BIAIWHMXNJLW HNZVH VHZKVJLW WXGHWIULW PKVK HAIBINKV AK WXPHVPLWIGI×N JH AKW UIFVKGILNHW. WIN HBFKVML, K PHWKV JH AL INZXIZIUL [XH PKVHGH KEIVBKV [XH HTIWZH XNK VHAKGI×N JIVHGZK HNZVH AK GKVMK JH HTPALWIUL Y HA NIUHA JH UIFVKGILNHW, BKNJKA (60;6) Y FAKIV (60;:) PLNHN HN JXJK HWZK VHAKGI×N Y KEIVBKN [XH NL ZIHNH WHNZIJL GLNWIJHVKNJL ALW BLJHALW KTIAHW JH VKJIKGI×N JHWJH XN FKVVHNL JHNZVL JH XN BHJIL INEINIZL. LZVL EKGZLV VHAKGILNKJL [XH PXHJH ZHNHV INEAXHNGIK HW HA GLNWXBL HWPHGÂEIGL, HW JHGIV, AK BKWK JH HTPALWIUL NHGHWKVIK PKVK EVKMBHNZKV ; B7 JH VLGK. DKY GKWLW HN ALW [XH WH DK VHJXGIJL HA GLNWXBL HWPHGÂEIGL DKWZK GLNEINKBIHNZL XN 60% VHWPHGZLY KA ×PZIBL Y ALW NIUHAHW JH UIFVKGILNHW DKN KXBHNZKJL GLNWIJHVKFAHBHNZH JHFIJL KA HAHUKJL BKAK JIWZVIFXGI×N JHA HTPALWIUL (A×PH_‐

OIBHNL HZ KA, 60;=).  

JIWZKNGIK KNGIK KA PXNZL JH VHMIWZV VHMIWZVL L Y PVLPKMKGILN PVLPKMKGILN JIWZ Ounl gln ak gkrmk lphrknh, ak jiskngik hnrh ak vlakjurk y ha punl jh rhmisrl hs unl jh als kglrhs jh bës ibplrkngik hn ak mhnhrkgi÷n jh vifrkgilnhs. Hs inbhjikl phnskr quh ak inhnsijkj jh aks vifrkgilnhs sh vk rhjugihnjl glnlrbh kubhnk ak jiskngik. Plr knl, hs un kglr ibplrknh guknjl dky hjiegkgilnhs l hsrugurks shnsifahs ghrgk jh unk vlakjurk. Whmÿn ha XWFB, ha nivha jh vifrkgilnhs jisbinuyh hn ungi÷n jh ak jiskngik jh kguhrjl k ak rhakgi÷n  − ;⁊, hsknjl ha vkalr jh  hn lrnl k ;,5 (A÷phz‐ Oibhnl h ka, ;998). Lrl kglr quh sh jhfh glnsijhrkr hs ak jirhggi÷n jh prlpkmkgi÷n jh aks vifrkgilnhs. Jhfijl k aks vkrikgilnhs jh aks gkrkghrâstgks jh ak rlgk, mhlbérigks, rkgurkgi÷n y prhshngik jh kmuk, hnrh lrls kglrhs, aks vifrkgilnhs puhjhn prlpkmkrsh hn jirhggilnhs jihrhnhs (Kinkais h ka, 60;=). Hxishn jikmrkbks buy shngiaals, glbl ha jh ak emurk 7.5. (Ainhdkb y ]iss ;946), quh phrbihn glbprlfkr ak plsifah inhrhrhngik jh aks gkrmks, jh lrbk quh jhphnjihnjl ha ënmual quh lrbk ak glalgkgi÷n jha mh÷lnl jh rhmisrl gln ak aânhk jh trl , sh puhjh gkaguakr ha rhkrjl glrrhmijl G hn ungi÷n jha nlbinka N, hbpahknjl ha hspkgikbihnl hnrh fkrrhnls fkrrhnls W y ak vhalgijkj jh prlpkmkgi÷n UP.

 Jisplsigi÷n rhaktivk jha gkptkjlr hn rhakgi÷n gln ak aânhk jh tirl ti rl hn unk vlakjurk, (Ainhdkb y ]iss ;946)

 

JHZLNKGILN IJHKA/NL IJHKA Ak jhlnkgi÷n jh un hxpalsivl sh puhjh glnsijhrkr ijhka l nl ijhka. Hn unk jhlnkgi÷n ijhka, ljk ak hnhrmâk aifhrkjk sh hbpahk pkrk ak prlpkmkgi÷n jha rhnh jh jhlnkgi÷n hn ak glaubnk jh hxpalsivl (Phrssln h ka, ;997). Hn unk jhlnkgi÷n nl ijhka nl sh hbpahk ljk su hnhrmâk quâbigk pkrk ibpuaskr ha rhnh jh jhlnkgi÷n y hs plsifah quh, pkrh jha bisbl, rhkggilnh jhspués jhfijl ka gdlquh jh ak lnjk sâsbigk. Lrk gkrkghrâstgk gkrkghrâstgk quh jihrhngi jihrhngikk als jls tpls jh jhlnkgilnhs hs ak lrbk jha rhnh jh jhlnkgi÷n quh sh rknsbih plr ha hxpalsivl, unk jhlnkgi÷n ijhka

 

EKGZLVHW NL GLNZVLAKFAHW Als kglrhs nl glnrlakfahs sln als pkrëbhrls nkurkahs slfrh als quh nl pljhbls kgukr, glbl aks prlpihjkjhs mhla÷migks y bhgënigks jh ak rlgk y aks gkrkghrâstgks hsrugurkahs. hsrugurkahs. Zihnhn unk mrkn inuhngik k bhjijk quh kubhnk ak jiskngik jh ak vlakjurk, yk quh, pkrk jiskngiks phquhûks, als kglrhs mhlbérigls y jha hxpalsivl thnhn unk bkylr inuhngik slfrh aks vifrkgilnhs. Ha bkgizl rlglsl sh puhjh jhenir glbl ak lrbk hn quh sh prhshnk ak rlgk jh lrbk nkurka, plr al quh ha bkgizl rlglsl hsë lrbkjl plr ak rlgk y su hsrugurk, quh k su vhz glnthnh paknls jh hsrktegkgi÷n, kaaks, ounks, paihmuhs y lrls hahbhnls hg÷nigls. Zljks hsks gkrkghrâstgks dkghn jha bkgizl rlglsl un glnounl jisglntnul jisglntnul y quh puhjh prhshnkr prlpihjkjhs dhhrlménhks y/l y/l knis÷rlpks (Vkbârhz y Kahoknl, 600:). Aks lnjks mhnhrkjks hn ak jhlnkgi÷n jha hxpalsivl puhjhn rknsbitrsh hn bÿatpahs jirhggilnhs y hsën suohks k hn÷bhnls jh khnukgi÷n, jisphrsi÷n, rhhxi÷n rhhxi÷n y rhrkgg rhrkggi÷n i÷n hn ungi÷n jh aks prlpihjkjhs jha bkgizl rlglsl. Aks gkrkghrâstgks gkrkghrâs tgks jh ak rknsbisi÷n jh aks lnjks k rkvés jha bkgizl sln ibplrknhs pkrk hnhnjhr y gkrkghrizkr gkrkghriz kr aks vifrkgilnhs (Kajks, 60;0).

 

HOHVGIGILW PVLPXHWZLW Xnk lnjk prljugtl jh unk trlnkjurk trlnkjurk shgunjkrik sh prlpkmk k 6,8 b/s gln un phriljl jh 0,: s. Gkaguakr ak alnmituj jh lnjk (V2;b) Gkaguak ak vhalgijkj jh prlpkmkgi÷n jh unk lnjk skfihnjl quh su alnmituj jh lnjk hs 0,08b y su erhguhngik 60000 Dz (V2 ;000 b/s). Xnk lnjk sh prlpkmk gln unk vhalgijkj jh 7000 b/s y tihnh ;8000 Dz jh erhguhngik. Gkaguakr ak alnmituj jh lnjk ( V2 0.6 b). Ak vhalgijkj jh prlpkmkgi÷n jh unk lnjk hs =80 b/s y ak alnmituj jh lnjk hs 0,068 b, Gkaguakr su erhguhngik erhguhngik y su phriljl. (V270000Dz y 0.00007 shm) Xn blvibihntl lnjuaktlril mhnhrkjl plr unk trlnkjurk hstë jhsgritl plr ak hgukgi÷n y( x   x ,t )26 )26 sin(6 π  (6 t∖x)) b  . Jhthrbinkr?  Ak kbpaituj jh ak lnjk  

Ak alnmituj jh lnjk



Nÿbhrl jh lnjk



Erhguhngik



Uhalgijkj jh prlpkmkgi÷n

Phriljl jh ak lnjk