Present status of nuclear power around the globe

Assignment on

Present status of nuclear power around the globe

Submitted to: Md. Fazlul Huq Assistant Professor Department of Nuclear Engineering University of Dhaka

Submitted by: Mohammad Rashed Sordar Roll No. :SH-76-003, 4th Batch Department of Nuclear Engineering University of Dhaka

Date of Submission: 31st March 31, 2017

Present Nuclear Power Plants by country Nuclear power plants operate in 31 countries. Most are in Europe, Northern America, East Asia and South Asia. France has the largest share of electricity generated by nuclear power. China has the fastest growing nuclear power program with 28 new reactors under construction, and a considerable number of new reactors are also being built in India, Russia and South Korea. At the same time, at least 100 older and smaller reactors will "most probably be closed over the next 10–15 years". However, our country , Bangladesh will have her own nuclear power planta by 2025.

Source: International Atomic Energy Agency ( Power Reactor Information System – up to date)

PAGE 1

There are over 440 commercial nuclear power reactors operable in 31 countries, with over 390,000 MWe of total capacity. About 60 more reactors are under construction. Moreover, Many countries have also built research reactors to provide a source of neutron beams for scientific research and the production of medical and industrial isotopes. 55 countries operate a total of about 245 research reactors, and a further 180 nuclear reactors power some 140 ships and submarines. By contrast, 55 countries operate about 245 civil research reactors, over one-third of these in developing countries. Now 31 countries host some 447 commercial nuclear power reactors with a total installed capacity of over 390,000 MWe (see below table for up to date figures). This is more than three times the total generating capacity of France or Germany from all sources. About 60 further nuclear power reactors are under construction, equivalent to 16% of existing capacity, while over 160 are firmly planned, equivalent to nearly half of present capacity. Here a big table is given below for further information on this topic.

Table 1: Nuclear Power Plants at Different Countries

COUNTR NUCLEAR Y ELECTRICI TY GENERATI ON 2015

billion % e kWh

REACTO RS OPERABL E

REACTORS UNDER CONSTRUCTI ON

1 Mar 2017 1 March 2017

REACTO REACTO RS RS PLANNED PROPOSE D March 2017 March 2017

No MWe . net

No.

MWe gross

No MWe . gross

No MWe . gross

4.8

3

1627

1

27

2

1950

2

1300

34.5

1

376

0

0

1

1060

Banglades 0 h

0

0

0

0

0

2

2400

0

0

Belarus

0

0

0

0

2

2388

0

0

2

2400

Belgium

24.8

37.5

7

5943

0

0

0

0

0

0

Brazil

13.9

2.8

2

1901

1

1405

0

0

4

4000

Bulgaria

14.7

31.3

2

1926

0

0

1

950

0

0

Canada

95.6

16.6

19

13553

0

0

2

1500

3

3800

Chile

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

4400

Argentina 6.5 Armenia

2.6

PAGE 2

China

161.2

3.0

36

32637

21

23086

40

45700

13 9

16000 0

Czech Republic

25.3

32.5

6

3904

0

0

2

2400

1

1200

Egypt

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

2400

2

2400

Finland

22.3

33.7

4

2764

1

1700

1

1200

1

1500

France

419.0

76.3

58

63130

1

1750

0

0

1

1750

Germany

86.8

14.1

8

10728

0

0

0

0

0

0

Hungary

15.0

52.7

4

1889

0

0

2

2400

0

0

India

34.6

3.5

22

6219

5

3300

20

18600

44

51000

Indonesia

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

30

4

4000

Iran

3.2

1.3

1

915

0

0

2

2000

7

6300

Israel

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1200

Italy

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Japan

4.3

0.5

42

39952

2

2756

9

12947

3

4145

Jordan

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

2000

Kazakhst an

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

600

2

600

Korea DPR (North)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

950

Korea RO (South)

157.2

31.7

25

23081

3

4200

8

11600

0

0

Lithuania

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

2700

Malaysia

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

2000

Mexico

11.2

6.8

2

1600

0

0

0

0

2

2000

Netherlan ds

3.9

3,7

1

485

0

0

0

0

1

1000

Pakistan

4.3

4.4

4

1040

3

2662

0

0

0

0

Poland

0

0

0

0

0

0

6

6000

0

0

Romania

10.7

17.3

2

1310

0

0

2

1440

1

655

PAGE 3

Russia

182.8

18.6

35

26865

7

5904

25

27755

23

22800

Saudi Arabia

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

16

17000

Slovakia

14.1

55.9

4

1816

2

942

0

0

1

1200

Slovenia

5.4

38.0

1

696

0

0

0

0

1

1000

South Africa

11.0

4.7

2

1830

0

0

0

0

8

9600

Spain

54.8

20.3

7

7121

0

0

0

0

0

0

Sweden

54.5

34.3

9

8849

0

0

0

0

0

0

Switzerla nd

22.2

33.5

5

3333

0

0

0

0

3

4000

Thailand

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

5

5000

Turkey

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

4800

4

4500

Ukraine

82.4

56.5

15

13107

0

0

2

1900

11

12000

UAE

0

0

0

0

4

5600

0

0

10

14400

United Kingdom

63.9

18.9

15

8883

0

0

4

6100

9

11800

USA

798.0

19.5

99

99535

4

5000

18

8312

24

26000

Vietnam

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

4800

6

6700

391,9 42

59

63,420

16 4

170,8 44

35 0

395,3 00

WORLD* 2,441 *

c 11.5 44 7

Source: Reactor data: World Nuclear Association to 1/3/17 (excluding nine shutdown German units).International Atomic Energy Agency Power Reactor Information System – for nuclear electricity production & percentage of electricity (% e).World Nuclear Association, The Nuclear Fuel Report (September 2015, updated August 2016, reference scenario) – for U (63,404 t U = 74,772 t U3O8.)

From this table 1, we can clearly see the number of working nuclear power plant at different countries at present .We can also learn how much electricity is generated through those power plants and their efficiency .

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Energy production As electricity energy is the best energy which can be transported and used easily. Here, a chart is given below showing electricity production of the world in 2012 from coal , gas . water, nuclear. solar, wind and other ways.

Here is another chart given below which shows electricity consumption of the world by energy source in 2015.

Source : Energy Information Administration

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In the USA , the energy consumption by energy source 2015 chart is also given below.

We can easily notice that energy generation is done mostly with burning coil in the world (less burnt in USA). But emission of carbon-di-oxide is increasing day by day. This process is accelerated by burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, petroleum etc. So, more carbon-dioxide is produced day by day. As a result, the green-house effect will affect more and there will be highly temperature rising resulting many disadvantages and natural disasters. Nuclear power plants provide over 15% (considering present time) of the world's electricity as continuous, reliable base-load power, without carbon dioxide emissions. So, we can say that energy gained from nuclear power plants has a very significant role in contributing energy.

Source: US Energy Information Administration.

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Another chart is given below showing production of energy from nuclear power plants of the world during 1970-2015.

From the above charts, we notice that USA and France on the chart North America and European economic area) have massive amount of energy production from nuclear power plants comparing to others. Sixteen countries depend on nuclear power for at least a quarter of their electricity. France gets around three-quarters of its power from nuclear energy, while Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Slovenia and Ukraine get one-third or more. South Korea and Bulgaria normally get more than 30% of their power from nuclear energy, while in the USA, UK, Spain, Romania and Russia almost one-fifth is from nuclear. Japan is used to relying on nuclear power for more than one-quarter of its electricity and is expected to return to that level. Among countries which do not host nuclear power plants, Italy and Denmark get almost 10% of their power from nuclear. In electricity demand, the need for low-cost continuous, reliable supply can be distinguished from peak demand occurring over few hours daily and able to command higher prices. Supply needs to match demand instantly and reliably over time. There are number of characteristics of nuclear power which make it particularly valuable apart from its actual generation cost per unit – MWh or kWh. Fuel is a low proportion of power cost, giving power price stability, and is stored onsite (not depending on continuous delivery). The power from nuclear plants is dispatch-able on demand, it can be fairly quickly ramped-up, it contributes to clean air and low-CO2 objectives, it gives good voltage support for grid stability. Reactors can be made to loadfollow. These attributes are mostly not monetized in merchant markets, but have great value which is increasingly recognized where dependence on relatively unpredictable intermittent sources has grown. As our country is building its own nuclear power plants with 2400 MW, PAGE 7

those power plants will have positive effort on industrial and economic system of our country.

Recent trend of nuclear power around the world

Source : IAEA. As the technology is improving and there is need for continuous carbon free energy many more countries are building nuclear reactors over time to time,

Table 2: Reactors number and capacity over time Year

Number of Operated Reactors

Total Net Electrical Capacity [GW]

Year-end Operational Reactors

Year-end Total Net Electrical Capacity [GW]

1996

440

348.58

438

347.28

1997

441

351.26

434

347.88

1998

438

351.17

430

344.9

1999

434

348.00

432

347.35

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2000

438

351.38

435

349.98

2001

438

352.72

438

352.72

2002

444

358.55

439

357.48

2003

443

360.81

437

359.83

2004

443

366.05

438

364.67

2005

443

369.06

441

368.12

2006

443

371.82

435

369.58

2007

439

371.71

439

371.71

2008

439

371.96

438

371.56

2009

440

373.20

437

370.70

2010

442

375.41

441

375.28

2011

448

380.28

435

368.92

2012

440

374.60

437

373.26

2013

441

377.64

434

371.79

2014

439

376.95

438

376.34

2015

448

386.72

441

382.86

•

Operated reactors are those reactors that were in operation at least for a short time in the year – this includes also reactors that were shutdown (permanently or into longterm shutdown) during the year.

•

Year-end operational reactors are those reactors that had a status ‘in operation’ at the end of the year.

Above data are from the PRIS (IAEA) database. Last update on 2017-03-30 From table 1, above graph and table 2 , we can clearly see that there have been many reactors which were in operation and produced energy. Bangladesh adopted a national Nuclear Power Action Plan. On 24 June 2007, Bangladesh's government announced plans to build a nuclear power plant to meet electricity shortages. In May 2010, Bangladesh entered into a civilian nuclear agreement with the Russian Federation. It also has framework agreements for peaceful nuclear energy applications with the US, France and China. In February 2011, Bangladesh reached an agreement with Russia to build the 2,000 megawatt (MW) Ruppur Nuclear Power Plant with two reactors, each of which will generate 1,200 MW of power.It plans to have two large Russian nuclear power reactors in operation, the first from 2023. Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant is a planned 2.4 GWe nuclear

PAGE 9

power plant of the country. It will be the country's first nuclear power plant. It is to be built by the Russian Rosatom State Atomic Energy Corporation. in 2001. . The nuclear power industry in Western nations has a history of construction delays, cost overruns, plant cancellations, and nuclear safety issues despite significant government subsidies and support. In December 2013, Forbes magazine reported that, in developed countries, "reactors are not a viable source of new power". Even in developed nations where they make economic sense, they are not feasible because nuclear’ s “enormous costs, political and popular opposition, and regulatory uncertainty”. This view echoes the statement of former Exelon CEO John Rowe, who said in 2012 that new nuclear plants “don’t make any sense right now” and won’t be economically viable in the foreseeable future. John Quiggin, economics professor, also says the main problem with the nuclear option is that it is not economically-viable. Quiggin says that we need more efficient energy use and more renewable energy commercialization. Former NRC member Peter Bradford and Professor Ian Lowe have recently made similar statements. However, some "nuclear cheerleaders" and lobbyists in the West continue to champion reactors, often with proposed new but largely untested designs, as a source of new power.

Significant new build activity is occurring in developing countries like South Korea, India and China. China has 25 reactors under construction, However, according to a government research unit, China must not build "too many nuclear power reactors too quickly", in order to avoid a shortfall of fuel, equipment and qualified plant workers.

The 1.6 GWe EPR reactor is being built in Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant, Finland. A joint effort of French AREVA and German Siemens AG, it will be the largest pressurized water reactor (PWR) in the world. The Olkiluoto project has been claimed to have benefited from various forms of government support and subsidies, including liability limitations, preferential financing rates, and export credit agency subsidies, but the European Commission's investigation didn't find anything illegal in the proceedings. However, as of August 2009, the project is "more than three years behind schedule and at least 55% over budget, reaching a total cost estimate of €5 billion ($7 billion) or close to €3,100 ($4,400) per kilowatt". Finnish electricity consumers interest group ElFi OY evaluated in 2007 the effect of Olkiluoto-3 to be slightly over 6%, or €3/MWh, to the average market price of electricity within Nord Pool Spot. The delay is therefore costing the Nordic countries over 1.3 billion euros per year as the reactor would replace more expensive methods of production and lower the price of electricity.

Russia has begun building the world's first floating nuclear power plant. The £100 million vessel, the Akademik Lomonosov, is the first of seven plants (70 MWe per ship) that Moscow says it will bring vital energy resources to remote Russian regions.

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Following the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011, costs are likely to go up for currently operating and new nuclear power plants, due to increased requirements for on-site spent fuel management and elevated design basis threats. After Fukushima, the International Energy Agency halved its estimate of additional nuclear generating capacity built by 2035.

Many license applications filed with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission for proposed new reactors have been suspended or cancelled. As of October 2011, plans for about 30 new reactors in the United States have been reduced to 14. There are currently five new nuclear plants under construction in the United States (Watts Bar 2, Summer 2, Summer 3, Vogtle 3, Vogtle 4). Matthew Wald from the New York Times has reported that "the nuclear renaissance is looking small and slow".

In 2013, four aging, uncompetitive reactors were permanently closed in the US: San Onofre 2 and 3 in California, Crystal River 3 in Florida, and Kewaunee in Wisconsin. The state of Vermont is trying to close Vermont Yankee, in Vernon. New York State is seeking to close Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant, in Buchanan, 30 miles from New York City. The additional cancellation of five large reactor uprates (Prairie Island, 1 reactor, LaSalle, 2 reactors, and Limerick, 2 rectors), four by the largest nuclear company in the U.S., suggest that the nuclear industry faces "a broad range of operational and economic problems".

As of July 2013, economist Mark Cooper has identified some US nuclear power plants that face particularly significant challenges to their continued operation due to regulatory challenges by local politicians. These are Palisades, Fort Calhoun, Nine Mile Point, Fitzpatrick, Ginna, Oyster Creek, Vermont Yankee, Millstone, Clinton, Indian Point. Cooper said the lesson here for policy makers and economists is clear: "nuclear reactors are simply not competitive".

The development of nuclear power is today concentrated in a relatively small group of countries. China, Korea, India and Russia account for 40 of the 65 reactors that the IAEA records as under construction in December 2015. The countries that have historically accounted for the majority of nuclear power development are now under-represented in new construction.

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Nuclear power in Asian countries Table 4 : Nuclear reactors in Asia Country Power Reactors operable or in Operation

Power Reactors Under Constructi on

Power Reactors Planned

Australia Bangladesh

Research Reactors

Other Stages of the Fuel Cycle

1

UM

2

1

China

30

24

40

16

UM, C, E, FF

India

21

6

22

4

UM, FF, R, WM

1

3

FF

Indonesia Japan

43

3

9

14

C, E, FF, R, WM

S. Korea

25

3

8

2

C, FF

N.Korea

0

1

C?,FF?,R

Malaysia

0

1

2

1

Philippines

0

1

Thailand

0

1+1

Vietnam

4

1

89

49*

Pakistan

** Total

3

128

2

40

UM, E, FF

Source: WNA Reactor table, WNA country papers OECD/IEA World Energy Outlook

PAGE 12

From the table 4, we can say •

Asia is the main region in the world where electricity generating capacity and specifically nuclear power is growing significantly.

•

In East through to South Asia there are 128 operable nuclear power reactors, 40 under construction and firm plans to build a further 90. Many more are proposed.

•

The greatest growth in nuclear generation is expected in China, Japan, South Korea and India.

In contrast with North America and most of Western Europe where growth in electricity generating capacity and particularly nuclear power levelled out for many years, a number of countries in East and South Asia are planning and building new nuclear power reactors to meet their increasing demands for electricity. Through to 2010 projected new generating capacity in this region involved the addition of some 38 GWe per year, and from 2014 to 2025 it is expected to be 1400 GWe, over 120 GWe per year, very little of this being to replace retired plants. This is about 46% of the world's new capacity in that period – under construction and planned (current world capacity is about 6200 GWe, of which 380 GWe is nuclear). Much of this growth will be in China, Japan, India and Korea. The nuclear share of this to 2020 is expected to be considerable in three of those countries, especially if environmental constraints limit fossil fuel expansion. Looking more narrowly at Southeast Asia (excluding the above four countries), a 2013 World Energy Outlook Special Report from the OECD/IEA said: “Nuclear power has a limited role in Southeast Asia over the Outlook period. This reflects the complexities of developing a nuclear power programme and the slow progress to date of most countries that have included nuclear in their long-term plans. Vietnam is the most active and is currently undertaking site preparation, work force training and the creation of a legal framework. Moreover, Vietnam has signed a co-operative agreement (that includes financing) with Russia to build its first nuclear power plant, with construction expected to begin in late 2014 and nuclear to enter the power mix before 2025. Thailand includes nuclear power in its Power Development Plan from 2026. While these plans could face public opposition, the country has very limited indigenous energy resources, which is expected to be a key driver behind its development. We project Thailand to start producing electricity from nuclear power plants before 2030.” There are currently 123 nuclear power reactors operable in five of those countries of the region plus Taiwan – total of more than 109 GWe, 41 units under construction (with several more due to start construction in 2010), firm plans in place to build 92 more, and serious proposals for many more.

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In addition, there are about 56 research reactors in fourteen countries of the region. The only major Pacific Rim countries without any kind of research reactor are Singapore and New Zealand. Japan 43 units (40 GWe) operable (though many of these shut down temporarily), 3 under construction, 9 planned (total 13 GWe), also 14 research reactors.

Japan was generating up to 30% of its electricity from nuclear power up to 2011. By 2017, nuclear contribution was expected to increase to 41%, and longer-term plans were to double nuclear capacity (to 90 GWe) and nuclear share by 2050. However, following the Fukushima accident in March 2011, these plans are scaled back, to nuclear providing 20-22% of electricity. The new reactors most recently started up include third generation advanced reactors, with improved safety systems. The first of these was connected to the grid in 1996. Japan is committed to reprocessing its used fuel to recover uranium and plutonium for re-use in electricity production, both as mixed-oxide fuel in conventional reactors, and also in fast neutron reactors. Japan has a high temperature test reactor which has reached 950°C, high enough to enable thermochemical production of hydrogen. It expects to use some 20 GW of nuclear heat for hydrogen production by 2050, with the first commercial plant coming on line in 2025.

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China

30 units in operation (26.9 GWe), 24 under construction (26.9 GWe), 40 planned (46.4 GWe), many more proposed; also 16 research reactors. China is moving ahead rapidly in building new nuclear power plants, many of them conspicuously on time and on budget. Some under construction are leading new-generation western designs.Chinese electricity demand has been growing at more than 8% per year. The electricity demand is strongest in the Guangdong province adjacent to Hong Kong. National plans call for some 58 GWe nuclear by 2021, requiring an average of 9700 MWe per year to be added. The Chinese industry projects 150 GWe nuclear by 2030.China has built a small advanced high-temperature gas-cooled demonstration reactor (HTR) with pebble bed fuel, which started up in 2000. A commercial prototype HTR based on it is under construction, the most advanced HTR project in the world. China also leads research on molten salt reactors.

Table 4: Nuclear reactors under construction and planned Plant

Fuqing unit 4

Sanmen units 1&2 Haiyang units 1&2

Province

MWe gross

Reactor model

Project control

Construct ion start

Fujian

1080

CPR1000 (M310+)

11/12

Zhejiang

2x125 0 2x125 0

AP1000

CNNC & Huadia n CNNC

AP1000

SPI

Shandon g

3/09,12/0 9 9/09, 6/10

Operati on, grid connect 3/2017

2017, 2018 2017, 2018

PAGE 15

Taishan units 1&2

Guangdo ng

2x175 0

EPR

CGN

12/09,4/1 0

Shandong Shidaowan Tianwan units 3&4

Shandon g Jiangsu

210

HTR-PM

12/12

2x106 0

Yangjiang units 5&6 Hongyanhe units 5&6

Guangdo ng Liaoning

2x108 7 2x108 0?

VVER1000 V428M ACPR10 00 ACPR10 00

Huane ng CNNC

Fujian

2x116 1

Hualong 1

Guangxi

2x115 0 2x108 0

Hualong 1 ACPR10 00

1x60

ACPR50 S CAP140 0

Fuqing units 5&6

Fangchenggang units 3&4 Tianwan units 5&6

Jiangsu

Bohai shipyard

CGN CGN, with SPI CNNC & Huadia n CGN CNNC

end 2017, 2018 2018

12/12,9/1 3

early & late 2018 9/13,12/1 2018, 3 2019 3/15, 7/15 11/2019 , 8/2020 5/15, 12/15

2019, 2020

12/15,12/ 16 12/15, 9/16

2019-20 12/2020 , 10/2021 2020

CGN

11/16 2017

12/2020 , 2021

2017

2020-21

2017

2020-21

Shidaowan/Rongc heng units 1&2

Shandon g

2x140 0

Xudabao/Xudapu units 1&2

Liaoning

2x125 0

AP1000

Haiyang units 3&4 Lufeng (Shanwei) units 1&2 Sanmen units 3&4 Ningde units 5&6

Shandon g Guangdo ng Zhejiang

2x125 0 2x125 0 2x125 0 2x115 0

AP1000

SNPT C& Huane ng CNNC, Datan g SPI

AP1000

CGN

2017

2020-21

AP1000

CNNC

2018

2020-21

Hualong 1

CGN & Datan g

2018

2020-21

Fujian

PAGE 16

Zhangzhou units 1&2

Fujian

2x115 0

Hualong 1

Guangdo ng

2x125 0

Hebei

Hainan

2x125 0 2x115 0 2x125 0 2x100

Fujian

1150?

Taishan units 3&4 Changjiang units 3&4

Guangdo ng Hainan

2x175 0 2x650

Zhangzhou units 3&4

Fujian

2x115 0

Hunan (inland) Jiangxi (inland) Hubei (inland) Fujian?

4x125 0 2x125 0 2x125 0 2x600

21 Under const 33 + 8 Planned

23,08 6 MWe 46,85

Huizhou/Taipingli ng units 1&2 Haixing units 1&2 Fangchenggang units 5&6 Bailong units 1&2 Changjiang SMR units 1&2

Putian 1

Taohuajiang units 1-4 Pengze units 1&2 Xianning (Dafan) units 1&2 no site announced Total: 63

Guangxi Guangxi

2018

AP1000

Guodi an & CNNC CGN

AP1000

CNNC

2017?

Hualong 1 AP1000

CGN

2017?

SPI

2017?

ACP100

CNNC & Guodi an CNNC

2017?

CGN

2017-18 2017-18

AP1000

CNNC & Huane ng Guodi an & CNNC CNNC

2017-18*

AP1000

SPI

2017*

AP1000

CGN

2017*

CFR600

CNNC ?

Dec 2017

Hualong 1? EPR? CNP650 or ACP600 Hualong 1

2018

12/2020

2017?

?

PAGE 17

0 MWe Source: World nuclear association Republic of Korea (South Korea) 25 units in operation (23 GWe), 3 under construction (4.2 GWe), 8 planned (11.6 GWe), also 2 research reactors. South Korea meets 30% of its electricity needs from nuclear power, and this is increasing. The national plan is to expand to 36 nuclear power reactors by 2030, including advanced reactor designs, and achieve about 40% nuclear supply. Demand for electricity in South Korea is increasing about 2.5% per year. In collaboration with US companies, Korea developed the 1000 MWe OPR-1000 nuclear reactor which is 95% locally-made, and may be exported to Indonesia and Vietnam. The newer AP1400 model is based on it, and four are being built in United Arab Emirates in a $20 billion deal, having been sold against strong competition. South Korea has a US$ 1 billion R&D and demonstration program aiming to produce commercial hydrogen using nuclear heat about 2020. North Korea 2 units partially built but subject to political delays, also 1 research reactor. North Korea was moving towards commissioning one small power reactor, but concern focused on attempts to develop illicit weapons capability caused this to be halted. The USA and South Korea offered assistance in substituting two reactors which would not produce weapons-grade plutonium, and agreement for these was signed late in 1995. They are (South) Korean Standard Nuclear Power Plant type and construction of the first was about one third complete when construction was abandoned. India 21 units in operation (5.3 GWe), 6 under construction, 22 planned, 35 proposed; also 4 research reactors. India has achieved independence in its nuclear fuel cycle. Nuclear power currently supplies less than 4% of electricity in India from 21 reactors. There are six units under construction, including a second large Russian reactor, and four PHWRs. A further 22 reactors are planned beyond that, including four more Russian units and two modern French ones. Plans are for 15 GWe by 2020. India is a pioneer in developing the thorium fuel cycle, and has several advanced facilities related to this. A 500 MWe fast reactor is due to start up in 2015.

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Pakistan 3 reactors in operation, 2 under construction, 2 planned, also 1 research reactor. Pakistan generates almost 5% of its electricity by nuclear, its third power reactor started up in 2011, and two more – supplied by China – are under construction. Two larger ones are planned near Karachi. The government plans for 8.9 GWe of nuclear capacity at ten sites by 2030. Bangladesh 2 units planned, 1 research reactor In Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission plans to build two 1200 MWe Russian nuclear reactors by 2021, with Russian finance. It has one operating research reactor.

Table 5: Bangladesh Nuclear Power Plant project Capacity

Construction start

Commercial operation

Type Rooppur 1

AES-2006/V392M

1200 MWe

Aug 2017

2023 or 2024

Rooppur 2

AES2006/V392M

1200 MWe

2018

2024 or 2025

Source: World Nuclear Association Indonesia 1 reactor planned, 4 proposed, 3 research reactors. Demand for electricity in Indonesia has been growing rapidly, and this promoted development of several independent power projects. The government focus has changed from building large units for the Java-Bali grid to building an initial small reactor near Jakarta. Vietnam 4 reactors planned, 6 proposed, 1 research reactor. In Vietnam, two Russian reactors total 2000 MWe are planned at Phuoc Dinh in the southern Ninh Thuan province to come into operation from by 2020, followed by another 2000 MWe using Japanese technology at Vinh Hai in the same province. These plants would be followed by a further 6000 MWe by 2030, subsequently increased to having a total of 15,000 MWe by 2030. In January 2015 the AEA announced a further delay, giving construction start about 2019.

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Demand is growing rapidly and is expected to reach about 320 TWh/yr in 2020 – from 123 TWh in 2012. Over one-third of its power comes from hydro, one-third from gas and the rest from coal or imported from China. It has a research reactor at Da Lat, operated with Russian assistance. Thailand 5 reactors proposed, 1 research reactor. Interest by Thailand in nuclear power has revived due to a forecast growth in electricity demand of 7 per cent per year for the next 20 years. About 70% of electricity is from natural gas. Capacity requirements in 2016 are forecast at 48 GWe. In the Thailand Power Development Plan 2010-30, which was approved in 2010, there is 5000 MWe of nuclear capacity envisaged, with 1000 MWe units starting up over 2020-28. The first power plant will be internally financed. Thailand has had an operating research reactor since 1977 and a larger one is under construction but apparently halted. Philippines 1 reactor proposed, 1 research reactor. The Philippines has one power reactor completed in 1984 but it never operated due to concerns about bribery and safety deficiencies. In 2007 the government set up a project to study the development of nuclear energy, in the context of an overall energy plan for the country, to reduce dependence on imported oil and coal. In 2008 an IAEA mission commissioned by the government advised that the nuclear plant could be refurbished and economically and safely be operated for 30 years. As well as this, the government was considering two further 1000 MWe Korean Standard Nuclear Plant units, using equipment from the aborted North Korean KEDO project. Malaysia 2 proposed, 1 research reactor. In 2008 the government announced that it had no option but to commission nuclear power due to high fossil fuel prices, and set 2023 as target date. Early in 2010 the government said it had budgeted $7 billion funds for this, and sites are being investigated. Malaysia wants a proven type of 1000 MWe-class reactor which is already deployed. Plans are to be presented to the government in 2015. In July 2014 the minister responsible for MNPC announced a feasibility study including ‘public acceptance’ on building a nuclear power plant to operate from about 2024, with 3-4 reactors providing 10-15% of electricity by 2030

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In summary, I have given a graphical information on Asian nuclear power below.

In this graphical information , we can know clearly data and information about countries of Asia regarding nuclear power.

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