Premisas Diseño Marte
July 9, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW ‖[WEI@^B^ AEF A@^EÒL E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
BWRU@QENQÞD@NL’
[WE^EDQBAL [LW IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL Mubdbnud`
CWU[L B
[ â c ` d[buf b 2 | 73 Bdcef Zbpbdb
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
UD@XEW^@ABA DBN@LDBF AEF BFQ@[FBDL „ [UDL HBNUFQBA AE @DCED@EWÉB N@X@F P BWRU@QENQUWB E^NUEFB [WLHE^@LDBF AE BWRU@QENQUWB P UWGBD@^IL
@DHLWIE ‖[WEI@^B^ - ZE[MPW@B HFUNQU^’ CWU[L B ALNEDQE:
Brq. ^EWC@L JBX@EW NB^B[@B LNMLB ÂWEB AE @DXE^Q@CBN@ÞD:
IEQLALFLCÉB AEF A@^EÒL BWRU@QENQÞD@NL [udl [erú 7;72 @@ IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 7 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
@DA@NE 2
@DQWLAUNN@LD .................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ............................ ........ 8
7
LGJEQ@XL^ ................... ....................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ...................................... .................. 3
>
@DHLWIBN@ÞD [WEF@I@DBW ................... ....................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ .......................... ...... 3
1
>.2
@NE MLU^E / Nfluas BL + ^EBrnm .................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ................................ ............ 3
>.7
@DHFBQBGFE ILAUFBW MBG@QBQ / Qebi CBIIB ................... ....................................... ...................................... .................. =
>.>
IBW^ ^N@EDNE N@QP / G@C + Nedtrl Espbn`bf Ilmbiiea g`d Wbsm`a ................... ................................. .............. =
>.1
IBW^MB / B@ ^pbne Hbntlry ................... ....................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ....................... ... 0
>.5
DÖSB / BG@GLL ^tua`l ................. ..................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ............................... ........... 0
[WEI@^B^ AEF A@^EÒL BWRU@QENQÞD@NL .................... ........................................ ........................................ .................................... ................ 2; 1.2
Q`tufl................... ....................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ .................... 2;
1.7
Ug`nbn`þd .................. ...................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ .................................. .............. 2;
1.7.2
Bspentls hés`nls ae Zepmyr`b Hfuntus................... ....................................... ........................................ ........................................ ....................... ... 2;
1.>
F`i`tes ................... ....................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ..................................... ................. 27
1.1
Bnnes`g`f`aba.................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................... ....... 27
1.5
Ilabf`abaes .................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ............................ ........ 21
1.8
Equ`pbi`edtl ex`stedte ................. ..................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ .................................. .............. 21
1.8.2
Ibrs Expflrbt`ld Wlvers .................. ...................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................ 21
1.8.7 Nur`ls`ty.................. ...................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ............................ ........ 21 1.3 B^[ENQL [LGFBN@LDBF................. ..................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ......................... ..... 25 1.=
B^[ENQL E^[BN@BF................ .................................... ........................................ ....................................... ....................................... .................................... ................ 23
1.0
B^[ENQL HLWIBF .................... ....................................... ....................................... ........................................ ........................................ .................................. .............. 2=
1.2;
B^[ENQL HUDN@LDBF............... ................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ................................ ............ 20
1.22
NLDA@N@LDE^ G@LNF@IÂQ@NB^ ....................................... ................... ........................................ ........................................ .............................. .......... 20
1.22.2
Nf`ib .................. ...................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ................................. ............. 20
1.22.7
[ren`p`tbn`ldes .................. ...................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ...................................... .................. 7;
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b > | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
1.22.>
Bslfebi`edtl .................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ...................................... .................. 72
1.22.1
X`edtls ................. ..................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ............................... ........... 72
1.27
ABQL^ NLI[BWBQ@XL^ NLD [UDL .................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ...................... 77
1.2>
Celflcéb ae ibrte ................... ....................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ .................... 7>
1.21
HFLWB P HBUDB .................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ..................................... ................. 71
5
NLDNFU^@LDE^ .................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ .......................... ...... 71
8
G@GF@LCWBHÉB .................. ...................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ....................................... .............................. ........... 78
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 1 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
@DA@NE AE H@CUWB^ H`curb 2. [rlyentl ‖@NE MLU^E / Nfluas BL + ^EBrnm’ ........................................................................ 3 ................ ........................ = H`curb 7. [rlyentl "@DHFBQBGFE ILAUFBW MBG@QBQ / Qebi CBIIB" ....................................
H`curb >. [rlyentl "IBW^ ^N@EDNE N@QP / G@C + Nedtrl Espbn`bf Ilmbiiea g`d Wbsm`a" .............. = H`curb 1. [rlyentl ‖IBW^MB / B@ ^pbne Hbntlry’ ................................................................................... 0 H`curb 5. [rlyentl "DÖSB / BG@GLL ^tua`l" ......................................................................................... 0 H`curb 8. Ug`nbn`þd Ibrte ......................................................................................................................... 2; H`curb 3. A`heredn`b ae bft`tuaes ed Ibrte ................... ....................................... ........................................ ........................................ ...................................... .................. 22 H`curb =. a`bcrbib ae fb tlplcrbhéb ae ibrte ............................................................................................ 22 H`curb 0. Fls nrâteres iâs crbdaes ae fb zldb ........................................................................................... 22 ....................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................ 27 H`curb 2;. Féi`tes ae Zepmyr`b Hfuntus ...................
H`curb 22. Bnnes`g`f`aba b Zepmyr`b Hfuntus ............................................................................................. 2> H`curb 27. Bnnesl plr fb zldb Efys`ui [fbd`t`b ................. ..................................... ........................................ ........................................ ............................... ........... 2> H`curb 2>. Ibrs Expflrbt`ld Wlvers................... ....................................... ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................... ....... 21 H`curb 21. Nur`ls`ty ................................................................................................................................... 25 H`curb 25. Qlriedtbs ae bredb ed Ibrte ................................................................................................... 72 H`curb 28. Bslfebi`edtl ............................................................................................................................ 72 H`curb 23. Q`pls ae superh`n`es ed Ibrte................................................................................................... Ibrte ................................................................................................... 7>
@DA@NE AE QBGFB^ Qbgfb 2. [lgfbn`þd pbrb fbs v`v`edabs ed ibrte .......................................................................................... 25 Qbgfb 7. Big`edtes denesbr`ls pbrb fbs v`v`edabs ed Ibrte .................. ...................................... ........................................ ................................. ............. 2=
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 5 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
2 @DQWLAUNN@LD Ed ef presedte trbgbjl se pretedae rebf`zbr udb prei`sb ae a`seòl que estb huerb ae fb zldb ae nldhlrt, mbner v`ab iâs bffâ ae duestrl pfbdetb, es ud aesbhél pfbdtebal plr a`versls nlrplrbt`vls nbab vez iâs nernbdl b fb bpf`nbn`þd. Ed fls úft`ils bòls, mb mbg`al ud nbig`l ed ef pbrba`cib ed ef edhlque y nldtextl iuft`a`sn`pf`dbr ed fb bstrlg`lflcé iuft`a`sn`pf`dbr bstrlg`lflcéb. b. Ed ud pr`dn`p`l fb pr`lr`aba se nedtrbgb ed `aedt`h`nbr lrcbd`sils y ed bdbf`zbr duevls big`edtes, perl, ed fb bntubf`aba, tbig`àd se nldteipfb ef lr`ced, fb evlfun`þd y ef huturl ae fb v`ab muibdb ed ef ud`versl. Mbstb bmlrb, ef úd`nl lr`ced ae v`ab que nldlneils es ef duestrl. Dl lgstbdte, fb n`edn`b mb bvbdzbal extrblra`dbr`biedte ed plnl t`eipl ae hlrib que ed fls úft`ils bòls se mb pfbdtebal nlil pls`gfe ef aesbrrlffl ae fb v`ab muibdb ed ltrls pfbdetbs. Ibrte es ef pr`ierl ae effls, ed ef que se nldteipfb estb nuest`þd plr fbs s`i`f`tuaes que presedtb ed fb t`errb, baeiâs, su prlx`i`aba hbvlrene fb pls`g`f`aba ae tlib ae abtls, `dvest`cbn`ldes y i`s`ldes que se estâd ffevbdal b nbgl ed fb bntubf`aba (I`cuef Cldzbfes, 7;20) ^ecúd (Bfhldsl H, 7;23) `da`nb que:’ B iea`ab que buiedtb duestrl nldln`i`edtl ae fb m`stlr`b celfþc`nb ae Ibrte, fls ilaefls ae mbg`tbg`f`aba se mbned iâs nlipfetls, rlgustls y aetbffbals’. Es plr effl, que yb se eip`ezb b mbgfbr ae fb nlfld`zbn`þd ae este pfbdetb ven`dl ed ud huturl dl iuy fejbdl. Ef huturl ae fb v`ab muibdb ed Ibrte estâ a`rentbiedte refbn`ldbal nld fb brqu`tenturb yb que, crbn`bs b estb, se plarâd superbr fbs a`versbs a`h`nuftbaes que nldffevb fb v`ab ed ltrl pfbdetb nld nlda`n`ldes iuy a`st`dtbs b fb t`errb. Nlil `da`nb (Gjb & Gjbroe, 7;23), Brqu`tentl hudabalr ae G@C ‖Fb brqu`tenturb es `dvedtbr nlil mbner ef pfbdetb iâs mbg`tbgfe pbrb fb v`ab muibdb’. Ed fls úft`ils bòls se mbd prlpuestl a`versls nldnursls ae brqu`tenturb b d`vef iuda`bf ednbi`dbals b bdbf`zbr prlpuestbs pbrb abr slfun`þd b fb `aeb ae nlfld`zbr Ibrte. Ed fb ibylréb ae fls nbsls `dterv`dl fb bcedn`b espbn`bf estbalud`aedse, fb Bai`d`strbn`þd Dbn`ldbf ae fb Berldâut`nb y aef Espbn`l (Dbsb). Nldnursls nlil ">A [r`dtea Mbg`tbt Nmbffedce" puestl ed ibrnmb plr fb DB^B y "M[ Ibrs Mlie [fbdet" nldvlnbal plr M[ y fb DB^B? mbd lr`c`dbal iuft`tua ae `aebs y a`seòls brqu`tentþd`nls brqu`tentþd`nls lr`c`dbfes pbrb mbner rebf`aba fb v`ab ed Ibrte. Ed eeste ste úft`il nldnursl, plr ejeipfl, fb prlpuestb cbdbalrb ae eeste ste bòl mb s`al fb aef brqu`tentl espbòlf Ibduef Âfvbrez - Ildteseréd nld ud prlyentl iuy btrbnt`vl ae n`uaba hutur`stb. Nld estls bdteneaedtes, y trbs udb expflrbn`þd exmbust`vb ae fbs a`heredtes prlpuestbs brqu`tentþd`nbs ex`stedtes mbstb fb henmb, ex`sted tres prlyentls `iplrtbdtes: ‖IBW^ prljent, Gjbroe @dcefs, JJbolg bolg Fbdce, Bdarebs Oflo [eaersed bda G@C, 7;23’, ‖BFC@, Ibduef Ildteseréd judtl nld ef @EA @ddlvbt`ld Fbg, 7;2=’, ‖IBW^MB, B@. ^pbneHbntlry (Duevb Plro), 7;2=’.
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 8 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
7 LGJEQ@XL^ Flcrbr lgteder fb `dhlribn`þd denesbr`b pbrb plaer mbner ef a`seòl brqu`tentþd`nl ae v`v`edabs ed
l
Ibrte. ^ecu`r nbab pbsl que nlipredae udb prei`sb ae a`seòl brqu`tentþd`nl.
l
> @DHLWIBN@ÞD [WEF@I@DBW Hegrerl aef 7;72 mb s`al ud ies m`stþr`nl pbrb fb expflrbn`þd ae Ibrte. ^` g`ed fls bnernbi`edtls bf pfbdetb yb ffevbd iâ iâss ae 5; bòls ed nursl, eedtrbdal dtrbdal fb pr`ierb dbve ed þrg`tb ed 2032 y bterr`zbdal ef pr`ier rlver ed fb superh`n`e ed 2003, es estb tb es fb pr`ierb vez que `dcresbd bbff pfbdet pfbdetbb tres sldabs ae a` a`heredtes heredtes pbéses ed ud i`sil ies (Nm`db, Estbals U Ud`als d`als y Ei`rbtls  Ârbges rbges Ud`a Ud`als). ls). ^` g`ed tla tlabs bs fbs expea`n`ldes t`eded sus lgjet`vls pbrt`nufbres, dutr`râd fb `dhlribn`þd mbstb bmlrb a`spld`gfe slgre ef pfbdetb iea`bdte bdâf`s`s prlhudals aef terredl, renlp`fbn`þd ae iuestrbs y estua`ls a`versls. Baeiâs ae enmbr fuz slgre dln`ldes que bud aesnldlneils ae fb m`stlr`b ae Ibrte, estbs i`s`ldes pretedaed cederbr ud bvbdne sustbdn`bf que peri`tb, ed dl iunml t`eipl, edv`br dbves tr`pufbabs b fb superh`n`e aef pfbdetb, ud pfbd que Efld Iuso v`subf`zb pbrb ef 7;77. B nldt`dubn`þd, se aesnr`g`râ bfcudls prlyentls prlpuestls mbstb fb henmb lraedbabs nrldlfþc`nbiedte:
>.2 @NE MLU^E / Nfluas BL + ^EBrnm Bòl ae presedtbn`þd: 7;25 Ef prlyentl @NE Mluse se aeh`d`þ nlil ef cbdbalr aef nldnursl ‖>A [r`dtea Mbg`tbt Nmbffedce’ pbtrln`dbal plr fb DB^B. Bqué, ut`f`zbdal ibter`bfes butþntldls y tànd`nbs ae `ipres`þd >A, ^EBrnm y Nfluas BL ut`f`zbd ef bcub nldcefbab nlil ud efeiedtl nrun`bf pbrb prltecer b fls m`pltàt`nls mbg`tbdtes ae fb rba`bn`þd.
H`curb 2. [rlyentl ‖@NE MLU^E / Nfluas BL + ^EBrnm’
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 3 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
>.7 @DHFBQBGFE ILAUFBW MBG@QBQ / Qebi CBIIB Bòl ae presedtbn`þd: 7;25 Ef prlyentl ae Qebi Cbiib hue cbfbraldbal nld ef secudal prei`l aedtrl aef nldnursl ‖>A [r`dtea Mbg`tbt Nmbffedce’. Ed àf se ut`f`zbréb ud s`steib sei`butþdlil ae hbgr`nbn`þd ba`t`vb ae reclf`tl (WBI) pbrb nrebr ud esnual prltentlr `d s`tu bfreaealr ae udb estrunturb ilaufbr `dhfbgfe. Fb prlpuestb expflrb fbs a`str`gun`ldes hudn`ldbfes nld udb f`gertba ae aespf`ecue que peri`te resuftbals aesnldln`als
H`curb 7. [rlyentl "@DHFBQBGFE ILAUFBW MBG@QBQ / Qebi Qeb i CBIIB"
>.> IBW^ ^N@EDNE N@QP / G@C + Nedtrl Espbn`bf Ilmbiiea g`d Wbsm`a Bòl ae presedtbn`þd: 7;23 A`seòbal plr ud equ`pl ae `dced`erls, n`edtéh`nls y a`seòbalres aef Nedtrl Espbn`bf Ilmbiiea g`d Wbsm`a ed bsln`bn`þd nld fb lh`n`db lh `n`db G@C, este prlyentl gusnb nrebr nr ebr udb n`uaba que s`iufbrâ fbs nlda`n`ldes ae mbg`tbg`f`aba ae Ibrte ed fb Q`errb. Ae estb ibderb se `dvest`cbrâd y prlgbrâd estrbtec`bs nldstrunt`vbs pbrb v`v`r gbjl fbs nlda`n`ldes ae rrba`bn`þd ba`bn`þd y nbflr ae Ibrte. Fb n`uaba, ffbibab Ibrs ^n`edne N`ty, se nldstru`râ b trbvàs ae tànd`nbs ae `ipres`þd >A que ut`f`zbrâd bredb aef aes`ertl ei`rbté.
H`curb >. [rlyentl "IBW^ ^N@EDNE N@QP / G@C + Nedtrl Espbn`bf Ilmbiiea g`d Wbsm`a" Wb sm`a"
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b = | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
>.1 IBW^MB / B@ ^pbne Hbntlry 7;2= Bòl ae presedtbn`þd: 7;2= Ef prltlt`pl Ibrsmb, ae fb bcedn`b B@ ^pbneHbntlry, es fb secudab prlpuestb cbdbalrb aef Aesbhél ‖>A [r`dtea Mbg`tbt’ ae fb DB^B. Nldstru`al b pbrt`r ae tànd`nbs ae `ipres`þd >A y rlgþt`nb, ef prlyentl `dnurs`ldb ed bspentls ibter`bfes ut`f`zbdal udb dlvealsb nlig`dbn`þd ae h`grb h `grb ae gbsbftl, que se extrberéb ae fbs prlp`bs rlnbs ae Ibrte y g`lpfâst`nl ae lr`ced vecetbf. Ibrsmb aesbhéb fb `ibced ae fb brqu`tenturb ae fb erb espbn`bf, nldnedtrâdalse ed fb nrebn`þd ae espbn`ls bftbiedte mbg`tbgfes, pedsbals ed refbn`þd bf mligre.
H`curb 1. [rlyentl ‖IBW^MB / B@ ^pbne Hbntlry’
>.5 DÖSB / BG@GLL ^tua`l Bòl ae presedtbn`þd: 7;7; Ef prlyentl Döwb ae BG@GLL ^tua`l hlrib pbrte ae ud exmbust`vl trbgbjl n`edtéh`nl pbrb udb nldvlnbtlr`b ae Qme Ibrs ^ln`ety rebf`zbal plr fb rea ^LDet. Ef a`seòl nlds`ste ed s`steibs ilaufbres esnbfbgfes que se mbd s`tubal aedtrl ae fb fbaerb ae ud bnbdt`fbal pbrb nldh`curbr udb n`uaba vert`nbf butlsuh`n`edte y slsted`gfe. Fb i`sib se ednuedtrb prltec`ab dbturbfiedte ae fb btiþsherb ibrn`bdb y peri`te bfljbr b ud i`ffþd ae ae seres muibdls.
H`curb 5. [rlyentl "DÖSB / BG@GLL ^tua`l"
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 0 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
1 [WEI@^B^ AEF A@^EÒL BWRU@QENQÞD@NL 1.2 Q`tufl X`v`edabs ed Ibrte
1.7 Ug`nbn`þd Udl ae fls requ`s`tls iâs `iplrtbdtes b fb mlrb ae rebf`zbr ud prlyentl es fb Ug`nbn`þd. Bf `cubf que lnurre ed fb Q`errb, ed Ibrte fb ug`nbn`þd aef prlyentl serâ aeteri`dbdte pbrb fb ibylréb ae fbs aen`s`ldes brqu`tentþd`nbs que se vbd b tlibr. [lr effl, es fl pr`ierl que mby que bdbf`zbr. Ef prlyentl se ednldtrbrâ ed ef fucbr aedli`dbal ‖ZE[MPW@B HFUNQU^’ ed Ibrte ed fb Zldb 58 D nld nllraedbabs 3=2;12.;; 3=2;12.;; i E y 30822.;; i D, tbf nlil se iuestrb ed fb H`curb 2. [fbdetb
: Ibrte
Fucbr
: Zepmyr`b Hfuntus
H`curb 8. Ug`nbn`þd Ibrte
1.7.2 Bspentls hés`nls ae Zepmyr`b Hfuntus Ibrte se ednuedtrb iuy prþx`il y bf dlrte aef enubalr ibrn`bdl, se ednuedtre aedtrl ae fls tres nrâteres iâs crbdaes Bsbu, Sbhrb y Qligbucm. Fb tlplcrbhéb ae Ibrte pueae lgservbrse ed fb h`curb 3, nuybs bfturbs iéd`ibs (bzuf `dtedsl) y iâx`ibs (rljls-gfbdnls) se ednuedtrbd ed ud rbdcl ae 28,;;; o`fþietrls.
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 2; | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
H`curb 3. A`heredn`b ae bft`tuaes ed Ibrte
H`curb =. a`bcrbib ae fb tlplcrbhéb ae ibrte
H`curb 0. Fls nrâteres iâs crbdaes ae fb zldb
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 22 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
1.> F`i`tes Zepmyr`b Hfuntus t`ede nlil féi`tes: f éi`tes: [lr ef dlrte: Efys`ui [fbd`t`bd
l
[lr ef sur: Nrâter Bsbu
l
[lr ef este: Nrâter Qligbucm [lr ef leste: Nrâter Sbhrb l l
Efys`ui [fbd`t`bd
Nrâter Sbhrb
Nrâter Qligbucm
Nrâter Bsbu
H`curb 2;. Féi`tes ae Zepmyr`b Hfuntus
1.1 Bnnes`g`f`aba Fb prlpuestb ae este prlyentl se ednuedtrb e dnuedtrb ed udb zldb aldae dl presedtb peda`edte, es ffbdb ed tlab su exteds`þd, plr fl que se aeaune que fb zldb es bnnes`gfe, bnn es`gfe, perl pbrb este prlyentl se nlds`aerbrb udb zldb ae bnnesl plr fb pbrte ae ‖Efys`ui [fbd`t`b’, yb que estb zldb hue aetentbab plr ef rlglt Wlver nlil udb zldb ae bnnesl b tlab esb âreb.
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 27 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
H`curb 22. Bnnes`g`f`aba b Zepmyr`b Hfuntus
Zldb ‖Efys`ui [fbd`t`b’
H`curb 27. Bnnesl plr fb zldb Efys`ui [fbd`t`b
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 2> | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
1.5 Ilabf`abaes Este terredl se ut`f`zbrâ nld h`des ae mbg`tbg`f`aba ed ef pfbdetb Wljl (X`v`edabs ed Ibrte), pbrb plaer rebf`zbr `dvest`cbn`ldes ed ud huturl dl iuy fejbdl pbrb que ef ser muibdl pueab babptbrse y teder fbs nlila`abaes denesbr`bs pbrb plaer nlfld`zbr a`nml pfbdetb.
1.8 Equ`pbi`edtl ex`stedte 1.8.2 Ibrs Expflrbt`ld Wlvers ^u pr`dn`pbf ietb n`edtéh`nb, es fb gúsqueab y bdâf`s`s ae rlnbs y suefls que pueabd nldteder pruegbs ae fb presedn`b ae bcub ed nubfqu`er estbal ed fb superh`n`e Ibrn`bdb. Ef Ibrs Expflrbt`ld Wlver es pbrte aef prlcrbib ae fb DB^B pbrb fb expflrbn`þd ae Ibrte, que mb flcrbal tres bterr`zbjes ex`tlsls: fbs als sldabs X`o`dc ed 2038 y fb sldab [btmh`daer ed 2003.
H`curb 2>. Ibrs Expflrbt`ld Wlvers
1.8.7 Nur`ls`ty Fb Ibrs ^n`edne Fbglrbtlry (bgrev`bab I^F), nldln`ab nlil Nur`ls`ty, es udb i`s`þd espbn`bf que `dnfuye ud bstrliþv`f ae expflrbn`þd ibrn`bdb a`r`c`ab plr fb DB^B. [rlcrbibab ed ud pr`dn`p`l pbrb ser fbdzbab ef = ae lntugre ae 7;;0 y ehentubr ud aesnedsl ae pren`s`þd slgre fb superh`n`e aef pfbdetb ed 7;2; edtre fls ieses ae juf`l y sept`eigre, hue h`dbfiedte fbdzbab ef 78 ae dlv`eigre ae 7;22 b fbs 2;:;7 b. i. E^Q, y bterr`zþ ed Ibrte ex`tlsbiedte ed ef nrâter Cbfe ef 8 ae bclstl ae 7;27, bprlx`ibabiedte b fbs ;5:>2. Fb i`s`þd se nedtrb ed s`tubr slgre fb superh`n`e ibrn`bdb ud veménufl expflrbalr (t`pl rlver). Este veménufl es tres venes iâs pesbal y als venes iâs crbdae que fls veménufls ut`f`zbals ed fb i`s`þd Ibrs Expflrbt`ld Wlver, que bterr`zbrld ed ef bòl 7;;1. Este veménufl ffevb `dstruiedtls n`edtéh`nls iâs
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 21 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
bvbdzbals que fls ae fbs ltrbs i`s`ldes bdter`lres a`r`c`abs b Ibrte, bfcudls ae effls prlplrn`ldbals plr fb nliud`aba `dterdbn`ldbf. Ef veménufl se fbdzþ iea`bdte ud nlmete Btfbs X 512. Udb vez ed ef pfbdetb, ef rlver tliþ hltls pbrb ilstrbr que bterr`zþ nld àx`tl. Ed ef trbdsnursl ae su i`s`þd tlibrâ alnedbs ae iuestrbs ae suefl y plfvl rlnlsl ibrn`bdl pbrb su bdâf`s`s.
H`curb 21. Nur`ls`ty
1.3 B^[ENQL [LGFBN@LDBF [brb este nbsl nlil ef prlyentl es purbiedte ae `dvest`cbn`þd ae fbs nlda`n`ldes que lhrene ibrte, fb plgfbn`þd ed ud `d`n`l serâ nlipuestl plr prlhes`ldbfes ed a`st`dtbs ibter`bs pbrb que pueabd rebf`zbr estua`ls aef fucbr y bsé ae esb ibderb plaer ed ud fbrcl pfbzl plaer cbrbdt`zbr fb v`ab ed Ibrte y prepbrbr b fls tr`pufbdtes pbrb fbs nlda`n`ldes extreibs que lhrene ef pfbdetb rljl. Ae bnueral b ud bdâf`s`s ae denes`abaes `d`n`bfes se lptl plr nldtbr nld 8 tr`pufbdtes ed nbab mbg`tânufl nld fbs s`cu`edtes prlhes`ldes requer`abs: Qbgfb 2. [lgfbn`þd pbrb fbs v`v`edabs ed ibrte ib rte
[LGFBN@ÞD [FBDEQB Ibrte
FUCBW
@DA@NBALW
7;77
Qltbf tr`pufbdtes
8
Qr`pufbdtes heied`dls
1
Qr`pufbdtes ibsnuf`dls
7
Zepmyr`b Hfuntus
B nldt`dubn`þd, se ilstrbrâ fbs espen`bf`abaes ae fls 8 tr`pufbdtes que se requ`ered pbrb rebf`zbr `dvest`cbn`ldes ed ef pfbdetb Ibrte.
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 25 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
Nlibdabdte (@dced`eréb berldâut`nb)
l
[`fltl (@dced`erl ienâd`nl)
l
Bstrlg`þflcl
l
N`edtéh`nl ae ibter`bfes
l
Ruéi`nb y Bstrlhés`nb
l
@dced`eréb ae slhtwbre
l
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 28 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
1.= B^[ENQL E^[BN@BF Fb prlpuestb aegerâ estbr bnlrae bf edtlrdl `diea`btl, y dl rliper nld ef pb`sbje ae fb zldb, nlig`dbdal bspentls ilaerdls nld fls ae su edtlrdl. [lr fl tbdtl, se aegerâ nlds`aerbr fbs nlda`n`ldes ilrhlfþc`nbs aef terredl, ef equ`pbi`edtl que este aegerâ teder ed nuedtb y fbs bnt`v`abaes que se rebf`zbrbd ed nbab udl ae fls espbn`ls ae fbs v`v`edabs ed ibrte aepedaerâ ae fbs hudn`ldes que se denes`tbrb ed nbab espbn`l.
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 23 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
Ed ef nbsl ae fbs nlda`n`ld nlda`n`ldes es ilrhlfþc`nbs se tlibrâ ed nuedtb fls sugespbn`ls que estb zldb plsee, ef nubf se pual lgservbr que fb zldb es pfbdb, nld presedn`b ae nrâteres y huertes râhbcbs ae v`edtl. Ed ef nbsl ae fbs nlda`n`ldes ae equ`pbi`edtl y bnt`v`abaes se tlibrâ ed nuedtb fls abtls que ex`ce fb DB^B pbrb h`des ae `dvest`cbn`þd y superv`vedn superv`vedn`b `b ed ef pfbdetb ibrte. Fb `dhrbestrunturb aldae se `dstbfb fbs v`v`edabs ed Ibrte aege ser ud flnbf ae usl exnfus`vbiedte
l
ae usl `dvest`cbt`vl, prlaunt`vl, exper`iedtbf y pbrte sln`bf. Ef espbn`l aege ser bprlp`bal ed tbibòl pbrb fls tr`pufbdtes. Nbab espbn`l se aeteri`db ed hudn`þd
l
ae fbs ârebs que lnupb ef ilg`f`br`l y fbs respent`vbs ârebs ae hudn`ldbi`edtl y ae n`rnufbn`þd denesbr`bs pbrb nbab tr`pufbdte. Fls big`edtes aeged nldtbr nld fb secur`aba denesbr`b pbrb ev`tbr nldtbntl nld ef exter`lr,
l
nldtbdal nld slfl ud `dcresl ef nubf aege nldtbr nld ef ibter`bf baenubal pbrb res`st`r fbs nlda`n`ldes nf`iât`nbs ae Ibrte. i þaufls aegerâd teder n`ertl crbal ae `fui`dbn`þd y vedt`fbn`þd, yb seb ae ibderb Nbab udl ae fls iþaufls
l
brt`h`n`bf l dbturbf. Fls bpbrbtls sbd`tbr`ls aeged ser babptbals b fbs nlda`n`ldes que se requ`ere ed fls iþaufls. l Qbgfb 7. Big`edtes denesbr`ls pbrb fbs v`v`edabs ed Ibrte BIG BIG@EDQE^ @EDQE^ [BWB FB^ X@X@EDAB^ X@X@EDAB^ ED I BWQE Big`e dte
Dúie rl
Âre b
lgs e rv bn`lde s
Lgservbtlr`l y br Lgservbtlr`l breb eb ae nldtrlf
2
1;
Es ef lgservbtlr`l y ef âreb ae nldtrlf ae fb Estbn`þd Espbn`bf. Nuedtbd nld s`ete vedtbdbs que prlplrn`ldbd udb v`s`þd pbdlrbi`nb pbrb lgservbr y a`r`c`r lperbn`ldes ed ef exter`lr
Fbglrb tlr`l
2
>;
Iþaufl Iþauf l ae `dvest`cbn`þd, `dvest`cbn`þd, ald aldae ae ssee b dbf` dbf`zbrâd zbrâd tlabs fbs iuestrbs.
Iþaufl ae prlaunn`þ prla unn`þd d
2
>;
Ed este espbn`l se pr`lr`zbrâ ef usl ae ud muertl pbrb plaer cederbr cederbr re sursls.
Mbg`tâ nufl
2
>;
Iþaufl aldae se reb Iþaufl rebf` f`zbrâ zbrâ bnt`v`abaes bnt`v`abaes ae sln`bf` sln`bf`zbn`þd, zbn`þd, aesnbdzl, ejern`n`l y prepbrbn`þd ae bf`iedtls
^^.MM.
7
1.5
Nld a`ieds`ldes y equ`pb i`edtl de ne sbr`l
1.0 B^[ENQL HLWIBF h lrib nldnàdtr`nb ed aldae se a`heredn`brâ ae ibderb nfbrb Fb a`str`gun`þd ae fls espbn`ls serâ ed hlrib
l
fb zldb ae lgservbtlr`l y âreb ae nldtrlf, ef nubf serâ ef iþaufl jerârqu`nl. lr cbd`zbn`þd espbn`bf ae v`v`edabs ed Ibrte, aldae sus prlp`ls vlfúiedes cedered ^e prlplde fb lrcbd`zbn`þd
l
espbn`ls nerrbals iuy g`ed nldentbals edtre s`, s`d fb denes`aba ae pfbdtebrse fb `aeb ae ud nernl per`iàtr`nl pbrb nrebr bfcúd bfcúd nerrbi`edtl, ef prlyentl hlrib ppbrte brte aef nldtextl nldtextl iâs dl se `iplde b este.
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 2= | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
lil Fb `dtecrbn`þd aef prlyentl bf nldtextl ae Ibrte se mbrâ plr periebg`f`aba yb que se tlibrâd nnlil
l
gbse fbs nbrbnterést`nbs aef iea`l, nlil nlil bfturb, hlrib, v`stbs, ibter`bfes, etn. etn.
1.2; B^[ENQL HUDN@LDBF ^e trbtb ae aeh`d`r nfbrbiedte fbs a`ieds`ldes y nbf`aba ae fls espbn`ls, edtre effls estâd? fls ejes ae n`rnufbn`þd, ae tlals fls espbn`ls, pbrb mbner aef prlyentl espbn`ls eh`n`edtes securls pbrb fb v`ab ed Ibrte. Jerbrqu`zbn`þd ae fls bnnesls ae bnueral b fb nbteclr`zbn`þd ae zldbs.
l
^e aege teder udb n`rnufbn`þd sedn`ffb prlvlnbdal fb nldt`dubn`þd aef renlrr`al plr pbrte aef
l
usubr`l. Nbab udl ae fls iþaufls ae fb v`v`edab ed Ibrte nuipf`râd hudn`ldes yb estbgfen`abs, estls
l
tedarâd udb hlrib ae núpufb, yb que se qu`ere cederbr que fls tr`pufbdtes se aesedvuefvbd ae ibderb þpt`ib y aesbrrlffed fbs `dvest`cbn`ldes denesbr`bs pbrb fb babptbn`þd aef ser muibdl ed Ibrte. Fb bfturb aef iþaufl pr`dn`pbf (Lgservbtlr`l y âreb ae nldtrlf) tedarâ udb bfturb ae >i slgre ef
l
d`vef aef p`sl teri`dbal, y fls aeiâs big`edtes tedarâd udb bfturb ae 7.5;i slgre ef d`vef aef p`sl teri`dbal. Fb `fui`dbn`þd aegerâ ser brt`h`n`bf ed su ibylr plrnedtbje, yb que fbs nlda`n`ldes dl dls peri`ted
l
plaer estbr expuestls b fb rba`bn`þd slfbr. ^e pr`lr`zbrâ `fui`dbn`þd dbturbf plr nlrtl t`eipl, nldtbdal nld tendlflcéb ilv`gfe. Fbs bnt`v`abaes que se aesbrrlffbrâd ed ef prlyentl serâd ae nubtrl t`pls: `dvest`cbn`þd. d. Bnt`v`abaes ae `dvest`cbn`þ
l
Bnt`v`abaes ae prlaunn`þd. Bnt`v`abaes nlipfeiedtbr`bs (nliealr, alri`tlr`ls, zldb ae ejern`n`l). e jern`n`l). l l
Bnt`v`abaes exper`iedtbfes.
l
1.22 NLDA@N@LDE^ G@LNF@IÂQ@NB^ 1.22.2 Nf`ib Bntubfiedte fbs nlda`n`ldes ae fb superh`n`e ibrn`bdb dl peri`ted ef aesbrrlffl ae fb v`ab ed superh`n`e. Bf estbr iâs bfejbal aef ^lf, ef nf`ib ed Zepmyr`b Hfuntus - Ibrte, I brte, aeg`al b su ug`nbn`þd nernb bf dlrte aef Enubalr ibrn`bdl, aurbdte ef aéb presedtb rba`bn`þd extreib y ed dlnmes presedtb ud nf`ib
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 20 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
extreibabiedte hr`l, presedtb teiperbturbs iea`bs ae -55ºN b +25ºN, teiperbturb iâx`ib ae +73ºN, teiperbturb iéd`ib ae -2>>ºN. Ed nubdtl b fb btiþsherb, fb ae ae Ibrte es nbs` 2;; venes iedls aedsb qque ue fb ae fb Q`errb aeg`al b que fb ibsb y crbveaba aef pfbdetb dl sld nbpbnes ae reteder r eteder udb btiþsherb aedsb. Fb ibsb ae Ibrte es bfreaealr ae udb aàn`ib pbrte ae fb ibsb terrestre y su crbveaba bprlx`ibabiedte ud tern`l que fb ae fb Q`errb. Fb nlipls`n`þd ae a`nmb btiþsherb t`ede ud pbpef hudabiedtbf pbrb ef aesbrrlffl ae fb v`ab. I`edtrbs que ed fb Q`errb tedeils ud 72% ae lxécedl y ud ;,;1% ae a`þx`al ae nbrgldl, Ibrte estâ nlipuestl nbs` ed su tltbf`aba plr este secudal cbs nld ud 08% y úd`nbiedte ud ;,2% ae lxécedl. Baeiâs, fb pres`þd btilshàr`nb es iuy gbjb estbdal edtre -8 b 2; i`f`gbres nubdal fb Q`errb presedtb udb iea`b ae 2.;2> i`f`gbres. Ltrl ae fls pr`dn`pbfes pr`dn`pbfes prlgfeibs es fb rba`bn`þd slfbr. Fb nbpb ae lzldl terrestre prltece fb v`ab ed fb Q`errb yb que bgslrge crbd pbrte ae fls rbyls uftrbv`lfetbs que `dn`aed ed fb btiþsherb. [lr ef nldtrbr`l, Ibrte presedtb udb pequeòb nbpb ae lzldl que dl nlds`cue reteder a`nmls rbyls uftrbv`lfetbs, aejbdal ffecbr fb rba`bn`þd b fb superh`n`e aef pfbdetb. Estl tedarâ udb crbd `iplrtbdn`b ed ef a`seòl ae fls ea`h`n`ls nld fuz dbturbf yb que denesbr`biedte tedarâd que teder h`ftrls ae prltenn`þd b fb rba`bn`þd. (Bfhldsl H, 7;23)
1.22.7 [ren`p`tbn`ldes Ibrte presedtb iunmls ae fls hedþiedls ietelrlfþc`nls que se prlauned ed fb Q`errb nlil fb n`rnufbn`þd btilshàr`nb ier`a`ldbf (MBGEWFE, 200=) estbn`ldes bsln`babs b fb lgf`nu`aba pfbdetbr`b, perturgbn`ldes gbrlnféd`nbs y hredtes ed superh`n`e (QPFEW, GBWDE^, MBGEWFE, & XB^BXBAB, 7;27), duges ae nldaedsbn`þd ae vbplr ae bcub y a`þx`al ae nbrgldl, n`rnufbn`ldes a`urdbs nbtbgât`nbs y bdbgât`nbs, tlriedtbs ae plfvl y reilf`dls ae plfvl nldln`als nlil aust aev`fs. ^`d eigbrcl, fbs a`heredn`bs nld fb Q`errb, nlil fb iedlr `rrba`bn`þd slfbr, fb gbjb aeds`aba btilshàr`nb, fb nlipfejb tlplcrbhéb y fb bftb vbr`bg`f`aba ed fb nbdt`aba ae berlslfes (nlipuestls pr`dn`pbfiedte plr plfvl rba`bnt`vbiedte bnt`vl), aeged tederse ed nuedtb b fb mlrb ae ilaefbr duiàr`nbiedte fb btiþsherb ae Ibrte. Ae tlals fls pfbdetbs aef ^`steib ^lfbr, Ibrte es ef que presedtb udb ibylr s`i`f`tua nld fbs nlda`n`ldes big`edtbfes terrestres, yb que estâ nlipuestl plr rlnb y ietbfes ae bftb aeds`aba, baeiâs ae rltbr bprlx`ibabiedte bf i`sil r`til y ed ef i`sil sedt`al que fb Q`errb. Ud aéb ibrn`bdl, aedli`dbal ‖slf’, aurb 71 mlrbs y 7; i`dutls, y su bòl se prlfldcb aurbdte 88=,50 slfes (als bòls terrestres), ilt`vl plr ef nubf fbs estbn`ldes ed Ibrte t`eded bprlx`ibabiedte ef algfe algfe ae aurbn`þd que fbs terrestres. terrestres. Feve hlribn`þd ae duges gfbdnbs iuy aefcbabs menmbs ae nr`stbfes ae m`efl
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 7; | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
H`curb 25. Qlriedtbs ae bredb ed Ibrte
1.22.> Bslfebi`edtl Ef renlrr`al aef ^lf es ae Este b Leste Wen`ge ‖slfl ud 1>% ae fb fuz slfbr que ren`ge’ ef pfbdetb Q`errb ([fb Cbrnéb Wbho`d, 7;28 p 2>2)
H`curb 28. Bslfebi`edtl
1.22.1 X`edtls [reali`dbd fls v`edtls aef este Xefln`aba I`d 1 oi/m (tlriedtbs ae plfvl 22; oi/m)
l
Ibx 25 oi/m (tlriedtbs ae plfvl 25; oi/m)
l
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 72 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
1.27 ABQL^ NLI[BWBQ@XL^ NLD [UDL [WE^@ÞD IBWQE
l
;.8O[b (2;; venes iedlr) [UDL
l
2;2.2 O[b
NF@IB IBWQE:
l
Iéd`ib: -2>>ºN Iea`bs: -55ºN b +25ºN Iâx`ib: +73ºN [UDL:
l
Iéd`ib: -5ºN Iea`bs: -2.>ºN b +28.=ºN Iâx`ib: +23ºN
CWBXEABA IBWQE
l
>.07>i/s7 [UDL
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0.337>i/s7
WBA@BN@ÞD [rltenn`þd: algfe nbpbrbzþd. IBWQE:
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(7.1i^v/bòl) x3;; [UDL:
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11>1Sm/s7
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 77 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
1.2> Celflcéb ae ibrte Ibrte estâ nldst`tu`al hudabiedtbfiedte plr rlnbs écdebs. Fls pr`ierls resuftbals b esnbfb cflgbf slgre fb nlipls`n`þd ae fls ibter`bfes ae su superh`n`e se lgtuv`erld iea`bdte fb sldab Ibrs Cflgbf ^urveylr. Este lrg`tbalr a`spldéb ae ud espentrþietrl ae ei`s`þd tàri`nb que bdbf`zþ fb rba`bn`þd `dhrbrrljb que ei`tébd fbs rlnbs y peri`t`þ a`heredn`br als crbdaes ud`abaes ae dbturbfezb vlfnâd`nb. (Gbdahefa J, 7;;;) Fbs aedli`dbabs superh`n`es ae t`pl 2 (ver H`curb 5) sld rec`ldes ed fbs que preali`dbd ibter`bfes ae nlipls`n`þd gbsâft`nb? ed effbs bgudabd i`derbfes nlil pfbc`lnfbsbs y nf`dlp`rlxedls. Lnupbd fbs t`errbs bftbs aef mei`sher`l sur, nlil n lil Qerrb N`ier`b l Dlbnm`s Qerrb, zldbs iuy nrbter`zbabs hlribabs ed fbs àplnbs iâs bdt`cubs ae fb m`stlr`b ae Ibrte, fbs erbs Dle`nb (mbne 15;;->5;; i`ffldes ae bòls, i.b.) y Mespàr`nb (>5;;-2=;; i.b.). Fbs superh`n`es ae t`pl 7 estâd nldhlribabs plr rlnbs nld ud ibylr nldted`al ae séf`ne y ae v`ar`l vlfnâd`nl. ^e `aedt`h`nbrld nlil bdaes`tbs l bdaes`tbs gbsâft`nbs y prlvedébd ae fbvbs nld i`derbfes nlil pfbc`lnfbsbs y p`rlx p`rlxedls. edls. ^ ^ee ednldtrbgbd ed fbs t`errbs gbjbs que nldhl nldhlribd ribd ef mei`sher`l dlrte, eedd rec`lde rec`ldess nlil Bn`abf`b [fbd`t`b y Xbst`tbs Glrebf`s. Estls ibter`bfes pbrened mbger s`al ali`dbdtes ed fb àplnb iâs ren`edte ae fb m`stlr`b ae Ibrte, fb erb Bibzþd`nb (2=;; i.b. - presedte).
H`curb 23. Q`pls ae superh`n`es ed Ibrte
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 7> | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
1.21 HFLWB P HBUDB Ef pfbdetb Ibrte bud dl presedtb `da`n`ls ae v`ab, plr fl nubf plr iea`l ae este prlyentl ae v`v`edabs ed Ibrte se pretedae b ud fbrcl pfbzl plaer cederbr renursls nlil bf`iedtls, plr iea`l ae muertls plaer cederbr a`versls prlauntls pbrb flcrbr que ef pfbdetb ibrte seb mbg`tbgfe.
H`curb 2=. Muertls `dstbfbals ed Ibrte
5 WERUEW@I@EDQL^ 5.2 Cederbn`þd ae lxécedl, m`arþcedl y bcub Ae fbs bcubs sbfbabs aef sugsuefl ibrn`bdl: iea`bdte ‖Efentrþfls`s’ nld ef ‖[`rlnflrl ae rutedbtl
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ae pflil’, este t`ede prlp`eabaes pbrb flcrbr udb efentrþf`s`s b iuy gbjb teiperbturb y iunmb nldnedtrbn`þd sbf`db Qendlflcéb IL]@E (Ibrs Lxyced @d ^`tu Weslurne Ut`f`zbt`ld Exper`iedt) [brb extrber lxécedl
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aef a`þx`al ae nbrgldl ibrn`bdl ^e lgt`ede bprlx 8 cr ae lxécedl plr secudal.
H`curb 20. Qendlflcéb IL]@E
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 71 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
5.7 Cederbn`þd ae efentr`n`aba ` ipufsbr (y fuecl `ipufsbr) fb expflrbn`þd aef Fb DB^B estb trbgbjbdal ed ud rebntlr dunfebr pbrb `ipufsbr
l
espbn`l prlhudal, nlil i`s`ldes muibdbs b fb Fudb y Ibrte. O`flplwer es ud a`seòl ae 2 b 2; o`flvbt`ls que, ed telréb, plaréb bf`iedtbr ud mlcbr ed fls EE.
l
UU. Aurbdte n`edtl ae bòls. ef r`escl que presedtb fb duevb tendlflcéb plaréb ser iunml iedlr que ef ae nubfqu`er ltrl rebntlr l ed usl ed fb bntubf`aba.
H`curb 7;. @fustrbn`þd ae nubtrl rebntlres O`flplwer ae 2; o`flvlt`ls ed Ibrte
5.> Qendlflcéb nldstrunt`vb 5.>.2 Q`pl ae estrunturb ^u estrunturb se mb aeh`d`al nlil núpufb m`dnmbgfe plr fbs s`cu`edtes rbzldes Ed pr`ier fucbr, fbs nlda`n`ldes aef edtlrdl mbned que su nldstrunn`þd aegb ser fl iâs râp`ab
l
pls`gfe Bf trbtbrse aaee ud pfbdetb aldae fb nlipls`n`þd aef b`re es tbd a`st`dtb, nubfqu`er bnn`þd muibdb huerb ae fb bstrldbve mb ae estbr bplybab plr ud sui`d`strl nldt`dul ae lxécedl Ef buiedtl aef t`eipl ed nlipfetbr fb bnn`þd b nn`þd se trbaun`râ ed ud cbstl ibylr ae renursls. Ed secudal fucbr, `dteresb que fb nldstrunn`þd aef iþaufl seb fl iâs butþibtb pls`gfe Dl slfl
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plr ef menml ae que ef dúierl ae bstrldbutbs bs`cdbals b fb i i`s`þd `s`þd seb f`i`tbal, s`dl tbig`àd fb ibqu`dbréb ae nldstrunn`þd Ef espbn`l ae fb bstrldbve es iuy f`i`tbal. [lr úft`il, ef cbstl ae fb i`s`þd se reaune nlds`aerbgfeiedte Udl ae fls hbntlres iâs f`i`tbdtes
l
ed este t`pl ae i`s`ldes, ed fls que ef v`bje es espen`bfiedte fbrcl, es ef pesl ae fb nbrcb ae fb
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 75 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
bstrldbve Fl que se nlds`cue nld fbs estrunturbs m`dnmbgfes es que, nld ud pesl pbren`al ae ibter`bf, se pueae lgteder iunml iâs vlfuied Nld fl nubf, s` se nlds`cue ffevbr bf [fbdetb Wljl ud iþaufl aef i`sil tbibòl nuyl pesl aef ibter`bf seb iedls, se bgbrbtbrâd fls nlstes ae fb i`s`þd nlds`aerbgfeiedte.
8 NLDNFU^@LDE^ ^e flcrl lgteder fls a`st`dtls abtls que se requ`ered pbrb plaer pfbdtebr ud prlyentl
l
brqu`tentþd`nl, baeiâs nlds`aerbr n`ertls nr`ter`ls que pfbdteb fb Dbsb y aeiâs prlyentls pfbdtebals ed fls nldnursls rebf`zbals que hbn`f`tbd ef nr`ter`l ed fb a`str`gun`þd ae espbn`l y hudn`ldes. ^e mb pla`al `aedt`h`nbr fbs etbpbs denesbr`bs ed udb prei`sb ae a`seòl y bpf`nbrfl ed ud
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prlyentl huerb ae duestrb ae zldb nldhlrt. nldhlrt.
3
G@GF@LCWBHÉB
t`errb. Mbg`tbg`f`aba `aba y v`ab ibs bf bffb fb ae fb Bfhldsl H, A. (7;23). edseòbdzbs ae fb n`ednb ae fb t`errb. Mbg`tbg`f
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t`errb,, Xlf. 75.7. t`errb (7;72). GBDNL NEDQWBF AE Brp` Ru`fnb, F., Nldalr` Herdâdaez, F., & Ru`spe Âfvbrez, E. (7;72). GBDNL
l
WE^EWXB AEF [EWÚ. [EWÚ. [udl: Ceredn`b Nedtrbf ae Bai`d`strbn`þd. Gbdahefa J, F. (7;;;). B cflgbf v`ew lh ibrt`bd surhbne nlipls`t`lds hrli IC^-QE^.
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Nmr`stedsed, [. W., W., 7=3:2878-28 7=3:2878-28>;. >;. GGXB. Lgted`al ae Gbrrbal Dbvbsnuàs, A. (;= ae ^ept`eigre ae 7;21). Lpedi`da GGXB.
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mttps://www.ggvblpedi`da.nli/n`edn`b mttps://www.ggv blpedi`da.nli/n`edn`b/h`s`nb/fb-t`errb-y-ibrte-c /h`s`nb/fb-t`errb-y-ibrte-ceiefls-l-meribdbstrls/ eiefls-l-meribdbstrls/ Gjb, & Gjbroe, @. (72 ae A`n`eigre ae 7;23). Ef huturl es bpbnldbdte. (E. [b`s, Edtrev`stbalr)
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tme. Jlurdbf lh Celpmys`nbf Celpmys`nbf MBGEWFE, W. (200=). Ibrs btilspmer`n aydbi`ns bs s`iufbtea gy tme. Jlurdbf
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Wesebrnm, >;0>->271. Wesebrnm, aef huturl. huturl. Ibar`a, (7;20). Brqu`tenturb aef Ibar`a, Espbòb. I`cuef Cldzbfes, @. (7;20). Brqu`tenturb
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QPFEW, A., GBWDE^, J., MBGEWFE, W., & XB^BXBAB, B. (7;27). Bssessiedt lh
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Edv`rldiedts hlr Ibrs ^n`edne Fbglrbtlry Edtry, Aesnedt, bda ^urhbne Lperbt`lds. ^pbne ^n`edne Wev`ew 23;, 23;, 30>-=>5.
IEQLALFLCÉ
AEF A@^EÒL WRU@QENQÞD@NL
[ â c ` d b 78 | 73
UD@XEW^@A A D N@LD F AEF FQ@[F DL [UDL H NUFQ A AE @DCED@EWÉ N@X@F P WRU@QENQUW E^NUEF [WLHE^@LD F AE WRU@QENQUW P UWG D@^IL
l
mttps://www.ggvblpedi`da.nli/n`edn`b/h`s`nb/fb-t`er mttps://www.ggvblpedi`da.nli/n`ed n`b/h`s`nb/fb-t`errb-y-ibrte-ceiefls-l-meribdbstrl rb-y-ibrte-ceiefls-l-meribdbstrls/ s/
mttps://reasm`ht.butlaeso.es/`ipres`ld->a-espbn`l/
l
70/`ddlvbn`ld/2535;;00=1\ 2535;;00=1\325055 325055 mtif mtif mttps://efpb`s.nli/ret`db/7;20/22/70/`ddlvbn`ld/ mttps://efpb`s.nli/ret`db/7;20/22/
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a-ud-mbg`tbt-s`iufbal-ae iufbal-ae ibrte-pbrb-fb-dbsb/ ibrte-pbrb-fb-dbsb/ mttps://`dilg`f`bre.nli/`nld-`ipr`ie-ed->a-ud-mbg`tbt-s` mttps://`dilg`f`bre.nli/`nld-`ipr`ie-ed->
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mttps://www.iasnn.dbsb.clv/`daex.pmp/7;7;/;3/7>/ 7;7;/;3/7>/8-tendlflc`bs 8-tendlflc`bs que-fb-dbsb-estb-a que-fb-dbsb-estb-aesbrrlffbdalesbrrlffbdal mttps://www.iasnn.dbsb.clv/`daex.pmp/
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pbrb-edv`br-muibdls-b-ibrte/ pbrb-edv`br-muibdls-b-ibrte/ mttps://www.ggn.nli/iudal/dlt`n`bs->07;8=13 mttps://www.ggn.nli/iudal/dlt`n`bs->07;8=13
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mttps://mlri`cldbfa`b.`nm.nf/sibrtnldnrete/mlri`cld-menml-ed-ibrte
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nld-tendlflc`b->a-y-
rlglt`nb-es-pls`gfe/ rlglt`nb-es-pls`gfe/ mttps://www.ylutuge.nli/wbtnm
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