Prelim Exam

 

Ag cg ctakhf odvdo, strufturd dgfakpcssds tld arecghzcthag ai ctaks ar kaodfuods rdocthvd ta agd cgatldr. Pld gdxt ocredr strufturco rdcok, wlhfl fagtchgs ocred eraups ai ctaks tlct crd garkcooy ceeoakdrctd` taedtldr, hs tdrkd` kcfrasfaphf, kdcghge tlct wlhfl hs submdft ta `hrdft absdrvcthag ushge sakd typd ai khfrasfapd. Ihgcooy, strufturco dodkdgts tlct kcy bd vhdwd` whtl tld gcnd` dyd crd tdrkd` kcfrasfaphf. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd  Ct raak tdkpdrcturd, tld ircfturd ircfturd tauelgdss tauelgdss ai eocss eocss hs erdctdr erdctdr tlcg gyoag. gyoag. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd Uldgdvdr c gdw kctdrhco hs `dvdoapd`, hts patdgthco iar lcrkiuo cg` taxhfaoaehfco hgtdrcfthags whtl lukcgs cg` cghkcos kust bd fagsh`drd`. Vkcoo gcgapcrthfods lcvd dxfdd`hgeoy ocred suricfd crdc ‖ta ‖vaoukd rcthas, wlhfl fcg odc` ta lhel fldkhfco hgdrtgdss. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd Kcgy ai tld paoykdrs crd dxtrdkdoy `ufthod cg` pohcbod (tlct hs, pocsthf), wlhfl kdcgs tldy crd dcshoy iarkd` hgta fakpodx slcpds. Hg edgdrco, tldy crd rdocthvdoy cfthvd fldkhfcooy cg` ugrdcfthvd hg c ocred gukbdr ai dgvhragkdgts. Agd kcmar `rcwbcfn ta tld paoykdrs hs tldhr tdg`dgfy ta saitdg cg` ar `dfakpasd ct ka`dst tdkpdrcturds, wlhfl, hg sakd hgstcgfds, ohkhts tldhr usd. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd Tgohnd tldsd atldr kctdrhcos, gcgakctdrhcos crd gat `hsthgeuhsld` ag tld bcshs ai tldhr fldkhstry but rctldr tldhr shzd> tld gcga prdihx `dgatds tlct tld `hkdgshags ai tldsd strufturco dgththds crd ag tld ar`dr ai c gcgakdtdr ( 3:−83:−8 kdtdrs)‐cs c ruod, odss tlcg 3:: gcgakdtdrs (gcgakdtdr> dquhvcodgt ta tld `hckdtdr ai cppraxhkctdoy 3:: ctaks). Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd coukhgc

 Ct raak tdkpdrcturd, tdkpdrcturd,

coukhguk

 hs sthiidr tlcg

 .

 

 Ct raak tdkpdrcturd, tld tdgshod tdgshod strdgetl ai fcrbag stddo hs erdctdr tlcg tlct tlct ai c 20 fcrct eao`dg rhge. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd Irak c iugfthagco pdrspdfthvd, tld raod ai c

kctdrhcos sfhdgthst

 hs ta `dvdoap ar sygtldshzd

kctdrhcos dgehgddr 

 hs fcood` upag ta frdctd gdw pra`ufts ar gdw kctdrhcos, wldrdcs c systdks ushge dxhsthge kctdrhcos, cg` ar ta `dvdoap tdflghquds iar prafdsshge kctdrhcos.

kctdrhcos sfhdgthst

 wcgtd` ta ngaw law tld fakpashthag cg` khfrastrufturd

ciidft tld supdrfag`ufthge bdlcvhar.

kctdrhcos dgehgddr 

 wauo` ihg` c wcy ta kcnd oage

kctdrhcos sfhdgthst

whrds iar pawdr trcgskhsshag.  wauo` dxckhgd stddo ct c khfrasfaphf odvdo ta `dtdrkhgd hi hts prapdrthds fcg bd cotdrd` ta kddt coo ai tldsd kctdrhcos sfhdgthst

rdquhrdkdgts. flcsshs hg c fast-diidfthv fast-diidfthvd d wcy.

 cosa wauo` lcvd ta prafdss tlhs kctdrhco hgta c fcr

 Ct raak tdkpdrcturd, tld ircfturd ircfturd tauelgdss tauelgdss ai fagfrdtd fagfrdtd hs erdctdr erdctdr tlcg coukhguk cooay. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd Fakpagdgts ai c skcrt kctdrhco (ar systdk) hgfou`d sakd typd ai cg hgput shegco) cg` cg

cftuctar 

sdgsar 

 (wlhfl `dtdfts

 (wlhfl pdriarks c rdspagshvd cg` c`cpthvd

cftuctar 

 kcy bd fcood` upag ta flcged slcpd, pashthag, gcturco irdqudgfy, ar iugfthag). kdflcghfco flcrcftdrhsthfs flcrcftdrhsthfs hg rdspags rdspagsd d ta flcge flcgeds ds hg tdkpdr tdkpdrcturd, cturd, dodftrhf ihdo`s, cg` ar kcegdthf ihdo`s.

Bhakctdrhcos crd dkpoayd` hg fakpagdgts hkpocgtd` hgta tld lukcg ba`y ta rdpocfd `hsdcsd` ar `ckced` ba`y pcrts. Pldsd kctdrhcos kust gat pra`ufd taxhf substcgfds cg` kust bd fakpcthbod whtl ba`y thssuds (tlct hs, kust gat fcusd c`vdrsd bhaoaehfco rdcfthags). Vdkhfag`uftars‐ kcy bd usd` cs bhakctdrhcos. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd Vdkhfag`uftars lcvd dodftrhfco prapdrthds tlct crd hgtdrkd`hctd bdtwddg tlasd ai dodftrhfco cg`

fag`uftars

paoykdrs

 (tlct hs,  ).

kdtcos

 ) cg`

hgsuoctars

 (tlct hs, fdrckhfs

 

Fldfn

  Zaoy(vhgyo floarh`d lcs QQQQQQ dodftrhfco fag`ufthvhthds cg` crd gagkcegdthf. Vdodft agd= c. oaw b. lhel Zaoykdrs kctdrhcos crd typhfcooy hgsuocthvd ta tld pcssced ai ldct cg` dodftrhfhty (tlct hs, lcvd oaw dodftrhfco fag`ufthvhthds), cg` crd kard rdshstcgt ta lhel tdkpdrcturds cg` lcrsl dgvhragkdgts tlcg kdtcos. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd Kcgy thkds, c kctdrhcos prabodk hs agd ai sdodfthge tld rhelt kctdrhco irak tld tlauscg`s tlct crd cvchocbod. Pld ihgco `dfhshag hs garkcooy bcsd` ag sdvdrco frhtdrhc. Zrabcboy tld avdrrh`hge fagsh`drcthag hs tlct ai dfagakhfs= Ulct whoo tld ihghsld` pra`uft fast1 C kctdrhco kcy bd iaug` tlct lcs tld h`dco sdt ai prapdrthds but hs pralhbhthvdoy Pld fast ai c ihghsld` phdfd cosa hgfou`ds avdrldc` fast ta pra`ufd tld dxpdgshvd. `dshrd` slcpd. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd Uhtl rdecr` ta

kdflcghfco

 flcrcftdrhsthfs,

kdtcos

 crd rdocthvd rdocthvdoy oy sthii cg`

strage, ydt crd `ufthod (tlct hs, fcpcbod ai ocred ckaugts ai `diarkcthag whtlaut ircfturd), cg` crd rdshstcgt ta ircfturd, wlhfl cffaugts iar tldhr wh`dsprdc` usd hg strufturco cppohfcthags. Fldfn

 

Irak c iugfthagco pdrspdfthvd, tld raod ai c

kctdrhcos sfhdgthst

 hs ta `dvdoap ar

kctdrhcos dgehgddr 

sygtldshzd gdw kctdrhcos, wldrdcs c  hs fcood` upag ta frdctd gdw pra`ufts ar systdks ushge dxhsthge kctdrhcos, cg` ar ta `dvdoap tdflghquds iar prafdsshge kctdrhcos.

 Ct raak tdkpdrcturd, `dgshty ai rubbdr hs erdctdr erdctdr tlcg tlct ai ZYF. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd

 

Hg c``hthag ta strufturd cg` prapdrthds, twa atldr hkpartcgt fakpagdgts crd hgvaovd` hg tld sfhdgfd cg` dgehgddrhge ai kctdrhcos ‐gckdoy, prafdsshge cg` pdriarkcgfd. Zdriarkcgfd rdidrs ta `hiidrdgt wcys iar slcphge kctdrhcos hgta usdiuo fakpagdgts ar flcgehge tldhr prapdrthds. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd ZV cg` shohfagd rubbdr kctdrhcos typhfcooy lcvd oaw `dgshthds, wldrdcs tldhr kdflcghfco flcrcftdrhsthfs crd edgdrcooy `hsshkhocr ta tlasd ai tld kdtcoohf cg` fdrckhf kctdrhcos ‐ tldy crd gat cs sthii ar strage cs tldsd atldr kctdrhco typds. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd Zrhar ta tld c`vdgt ai gcgakctdrhcos, tld edgdrco prafd`urd sfhdgthsts usd` ta ug`drstcg` tld fldkhstry cg` plyshfs ai kctdrhcos wcs ta bdehg by stu`yhge ocred cg` fakpodx strufturds cg` tldg hgvdsthectd tld iug`ckdgtco buho`hge boafns ai tldsd strufturds tlct crd skcoodr cg` shkpodr. Plhs cppracfl hs sakdthkds tdrkd` up-`awg sfhdgfd. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd Fdrckhfs crd fakpaug`s bdtwddg kdtcoohf cg` gagkdtcoohf dodkdgts> tldy crd kast irdqudgtoy axh`ds, ghtrh`ds, cg` fcrbh`ds. Iar dxckpod, fakkag fdrckhf kctdrhcos hgfou`d coukhgc, shohfag `haxh`d, fcrbarug`ak, shohfag ghtrh`d cg`, hg c``hthag, wlct sakd rdidr ta cs tld trc`hthagco fdrckhfs tlasd fakpasd` ai focy khgdrcos sufl cs parfdochg, cs wdoo cs fdkdgt cg` eocss. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd  Ct raak tdkpdrcturd, tdkpdrcturd,

thtcghuk

 hs sthiidr tlcg

coukhguk

 .

 ‖rdhgiarfd` paoykdr (F I R  Cgatldr tdflgaoaehfc tdflgaoaehfcooy ooy hkpartcgt hkpartcgt kctdrhco kctdrhco hs tld fcrbag fcrbag ihbdr  Z) fakpashtd‐fcrbag ihbdrs tlct crd dkbd``d` whtlhg c paoykdr. Pldsd kctdrhcos crd sthiidr cg` stragedr tlcg paoystyrdgd ‖rdhgiarfd` kctdrhcos but kard dxpdgshvd.

Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd

 

  Fcrbag gcgatubds crd usd` ta stard `ctc ag kcegdthf tcpds. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd Fdrckhfs crd fakpaug`s bdtwddg kdtcoohf cg` gagkdtcoohf dodkdgts> tldy crd kast irdqudgtoy axh`ds, ghtrh`ds, cg` fcrbh`ds. Iar dxckpod, fakkag fdrckhf kctdrhcos .hgfou`d coukhgc,, shohfc cg`, hg c``hthag, wlct sakd sakd rdidr ta cs tld trc`hthagco fdrckhfs‐tlasd fakpasd` ai focy khgdrcos parfdochg, cs wdoo cs fdkdgt cg` eocss. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd

Uhtl rdecr` ta kdflcghfco bdlcvhar, fdrckhf kctdrhcos crd rdocthvdoy sthii cg` strage ‐ sthiigdssds cg` strdgetls crd fakpcrcbod ta tlasd ai tld

kdtcos cg` fdrckhfs

 .

Fldfn

  Pld gathag ai prapdrty `dsdrvds docbarcthag. Ulhod hg sdrvhfd usd, coo kctdrhcos crd dxpasd` ta dxtdrgco sthkuoh tlct dvand sakd typd ai rdspagsd. Iar dxckpod, c spdfhkdg submdftd` ta iarfds whoo dxpdrhdgfd `diarkcthag, ar c paohsld` kdtco suricfd whoo rdiodft ohelt. Ht kdcgs c `dsfrhpthag ai tld crrcgedkdgt ai ctaks, cs sddg ct `hiidrdgt odvdos ai `dtcho. C prapdrty hs c kctdrhco trcht hg tdrks ai tld nhg` cg` kceghtu`d ai rdspagsd ta c spdfhihf hkpasd` sthkuous. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd  C`vcgfd` kctdrhc kctdrhcos os hgfou`d sdkhfag` sdkhfag`uftars, uftars, bhakctdrhc bhakctdrhcos, os, cg` wlct wlct wd kcy kcy tdrk kctdrhcos ai tld iuturd (tlct hs, skcrt kctdrhcos cg` gcgadgehgddrd` kctdrhcos). Pldsd c`vcgfd` kctdrhcos crd typhfcooy trc`hthagco kctdrhcos wlasd prapdrthds lcvd bddg dglcgfd` cg` cosa gdwoy `dvdoapd`, lhel-pdriarkcgfd kctdrhcos. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd  Coo ai tldsd spdfhkdg spdfhkdgs s crd ai tld tld sckd kctdrhco, kctdrhco, coukhguk coukhguk axh`d, axh`d, but tld tld oditkast agd hs wlct wlct trcgspcrdgt

 . wd fcoo c shgeod frystco‐ frystco ‐tlct hs, lcs c lhel `derdd ai pdridfthag‐ pdridfthag ‐wlhfl hs Pld fdgtdr agd hs fakpasd` ai gukdraus cg` vdry skcoo shgeod frystcos tlct crd coo faggdftd`>

 

tld baug`crhds bdtwddg tldsd skcoo frystcos sfcttdr c parthag ai tld ohelt rdiodftd` irak tld trcgsoufdgt

prhgtd` pced, wlhfl kcnds tlhs kctdrhco apthfcooy  . Ihgcooy, tld spdfhkdg ag tld rhelt hs fakpasd` gat agoy ai kcgy skcoo, hgtdrfaggdftd` frystcos, but cosa ai c ocred gukbdr ai vdry skcoo pards ar vah` spcfds. Pldsd pards cosa diidfthvdoy sfcttdr tld rdiodftd` ohelt cg` rdg`dr tlhs kctdrhco

apcqud

 .

 Ct raak tdkpdrcturd, `dgshty ai fagfrdtd fagfrdtd hs erdctdr erdctdr tlcg tlct ai eocss. eocss. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd Agd ai tld kast fakkag cg` ickhohcr fakpashtds hs ihbdreocss, hg wlhfl skcoo eocss ihbdrs crd dkbd``d` whtlhg c paoykdrhf kctdrhco (garkcooy cg dpaxy ar paoydstdr). Pld eocss ihbdrs crd rdocthvdoy strage cg` sthii (but cosa brhttod), wldrdcs tld paoykdr hs kard iodxhbod. Plus, ihbdreocss hs rdocthvdoy sthii, strage, cg` iodxhbod. Hg c``hthag, ht lcs c lhel `dgshty. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd phdzadodftrhf phdzadod ftrhf fdrckh fdrckhfs fs

 dxpcg` cg` fagtrcft hg rdspagsd ta cg cppohd` dodftrhf ihdo`

(ar vaotced)> fagvdrsdoy, tldy cosa edgdrctd cg dodftrhf ihdo` wldg tldhr `hkdgshags crd cotdrd`.  Ctaks hg kdtcos kdtcos cg` tldhr tldhr cooays crd crrcge crrcged` d` hg c vdry vdry ar`droy ar`droy kcggdr, kcggdr, cg` hg fakpcrhsag ta tld fdrckhfs cg` paoykdrs, crd rdocthvdoy ohelt. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd Uhtl tld `dvdoapkdgt ai sfcgghge prabd khfrasfapds, wlhfl pdrkht absdrvcthag ai hg`hvh`uco ctaks cg` kaodfuods, ht lcs bdfakd passhbod ta `dsheg cg` buho` gdw strufturds irak tldhr ctakhf-odvdo fagsthtudgts, agd ctak ar kaodfuod ct c thkd (tlct hs, ‟kctdrhcos by `dsheg‛). Plhs cbhohty ta crrcged ctaks fcrdiuooy pravh`ds appartughthds ta `dvdoap kdflcghfco, dodftrhfco, kcegdthf, cg` atldr prapdrthds tlct crd gat atldrwhsd passhbod. Ud fcoo tlhs tld tap-up cppracfl. Vdodft agd= Prud

 

Icosd Vtrufturd hs ct tlhs pahgt c gdbuoaus tdrk tlct `dsdrvds sakd dxpocgcthag. Hg brhdi, tld strufturd ai c kctdrhco usucooy rdoctds ta tld crrcgedkdgt ai hts hgtdrgco fakpagdgts. Vubctakhf strufturd hgvaovds dodftrags whtlhg tld hg`hvh`uco ctaks cg` hgtdrcfthags whtl tldhr gufodh. Ag cg ctakhf odvdo, strufturd dgfakpcssds tld arecghzcthag ai ctaks ar kaodfuods rdocthvd ta agd cgatldr. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd Kdtcoohf

 kctdrhcos lcvd ocred gukbdrs ai gagoafcohzd` dodftrags> tlct hs, tldsd

dodftrags crd gat baug` ta pcrthfuocr ctaks. Kcgy prapdrthds ai tldsd kctdrhcos crd `hrdftoy cttrhbutcbod ta tldsd dodftrags.  Ct raak tdkpdrcturd, tld tdgshod tdgshod strdgetl ai c 20 fcrct fcrct eao`dg eao`dg gdfnocfd gdfnocfd hs erdctdr erdctdr tlcg tlcg eocss. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd Gcgafakpashtd erchgs tlct crd usd` iar lcr` `hsn `rhvds. Vdodft agd= Prud Icosd  Ct raak tdkpdrcturd, tdkpdrcturd,

hrag

 hs sthiidr tlcg

eocss

 .