Predavanje Br. 10, II Deo Kombinovani transport
July 3, 2019 | Author: dejansaobracaj | Category: N/A
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Tehnologija kombinovanog transporta - prof. Vladeta Gajic...
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PREDAV PREDAVANJE BR. 10 DEO IV, IV, V
3.
1.
7.7.2012
OPTIMIZACIJA SLAGANJA ROBE U TOVARNE JEDINICE INTEGRALNOG TRANSPORTA I TRANSPORTNA SREDSTVA
TEHNOLOGIJE “VOZILO - VOZILO”
Fakultet tehničkih nauka
1
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2.3. Uloga elektronskih računara i savremenih komunikacionih sistema u optimizaciji transportnih lanaca
P od optimizacijom transportnih lanaca se podrazumeva:
optimizacija svih logističkih aktivnosti u okviru transportnog procesa, koordinacija i kooperacija učesnika u transportnom lancu, primena savremenih informacionih i upravljačkih sistema i sistema za elektronsku
obradu podataka (EOP). Pri ovom je neophodno poštovanje osnovnog optimizacija svih karika transportnog lanca.
logističkog principa : jednovremena
Najvaţnije je realizovati što uspešniju kooperaciju tehnike i tehnologije svih učesnika u realizaciji transportnog lanca. Primena računara (odnosno EOP) na području logistike i upravljanja omogućava realizaciju informacionih lanaca i na taj način obezbeĎuje blagovremeno i neometano odvijanje fizičkih procesa i realizaciju fizičkog logističkog lanca. MeĎutim, primena
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Slika br. 1- Protok informacija u transportnom lancu
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(EOP), kao što su sniţenje administrativnih troškova putem smanjenja obima manuelnih delatnosti i ukidanja izvora grešaka, dopunjeni su kvalitativnim ciljevima, koji sve više dobijaju na svom značenju: realizacija vrednosti na području konkurencije; povećanje kvaliteta usluga poboljšanjem stanja u oblasti informacija; poboljšanje argumenata na području akvizicije; proširenje ponude usluga. Integracija elektronske obrade podataka na području transportnog lanca zahteva sve veće meĎusobno povezivanje centralnih elektronskih računara i personalnih računara i inicira nove razvojne tendencije na ovom području rada. Personalni računari se koriste za: prikupljanje i obradu porudţbine,
Prvobitni ciljevi primene elektronske obrade podataka
izdavanje transportnih zadataka, popunjavanje tovarnih listova,
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Funkcionisanje integralne mreţe za obradu i prenos informacija i
podataka realizuje se primenom: savramenih komunikacionih sistema i
savramenih tehničkih sredstava.
mogućnost uključivanja velikog broja korisnika u integraciju podataka i jednu novu
Novi komunikacioni sistem video-tekst obezbeĎuje
dimenziju za obradu, prenos, opoziv i pripremanje informacija. Personalni računar prilagoĎen za video -tekst koji pretvara svaku
prijemnu jedinicu u spoljni elektronski računar prikazan je na slici 2.
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Slika br. 2 Elementi sistema video-teksta
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3. OPTIMIZACIJA SLAGANJA ROBE U TOV TOVARNE ARNE JEDINICE INTEGRALNOG TRANSPORTA I TRANSPORTNA SREDSTVA
Osnovni zadatak pri formiranju tovarnih jedinica integralnog transporta
jeste pitanje pitanje izbora izbora optimalnog optimalnog načina načina slaganja slaganja jedinica jedinica rukovanja rukovanja (paketa, (paketa, sanduka) na palete i u kontenere. Sa druge strane, postupak optimizacije
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Ovi modeli optimizacije omogućavaju: 1. definisanje optimalnog modela pakovanja proizvoda za primenu različitih
tovarnih jedinica integralnog transporta (paleta, kontenera) i prevoznih
sredstava drumskog i ţelezničkog saobraćaja; 2. definisanje potrebnih modifikacija nosivosti i dimenzija prostora na prevoznim sredstvima, i to u pogledu: modifikacija u procesu proizvodnje prevoznih sredstava i
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Ovi modeli optimizacije mogu se predstaviti grafički i tabelarno, kao što je prikazano na sledećim primerima:
Primer 1 : Optimizacija slaganja paketa na paletu. Primer 2 : Optimizacija slaganja paleta u kontener od 20 stopa.
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PRIMER BR. 1 : Optimizacija slaganja paketa na palete
800mm
maksimalna visina slaganja 800 mm
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1000mm
1200mm
maksimalna visina slaganja 1000 mm
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PRIMER BR. 2 : Optimizacija slaganja paleta u kontener od 20 stopa
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PRIMER BR. 3 : Optimizacija slaganja paketa u kontener od 20 stopa
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PRIMER BR. 4 : Optimi Optimizacija zacija slaganja paketa u vozilo TAM-5500. TAM-5500.
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1.2. Prednosti i nedostaci hucke-pack transporta sa stanovišta ţeleznice Osnovne prednosti
Najvaţnije prednosti hucke -pack transporta za ţeleznicu proizilaze iz povećanja obima prevoza. Povećanje obima transporta ţelezničkim saobraćajem,
primenom ove tehnologije, ostvaruje se :
vraćanjem obima ţelezničkog prevoza koji je ţeleznici ranije oduzeo drumski teretni saobraćaj, i pridobijanjem dopunskog prevoza za ţeleznički transport roba, koje se sada prevoze transportnim sredstvima drumskog saobraćaja, posebno na duţim
rastojanjima.
Dodatno povećanje u hucke -pack prevozu, s aspekta ţeleznice, ogleda se u preuzimanju visokofiltrirajuće robe, što je veoma povoljno za korisnike prevoza,
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Kolski park koji se upotrebljava za hucke-pack sistem prevoza moţe se, u odnosu na kolski park koji se koristi u konvencionalnom teretnom
saobraćaju, intenzivnije eksploatisati. Tako na primer, obrt jednih kola na prosečnom prevoznom putu za prevoz u konvencionalnom teretnom saobraćaju iznosi 5 -6 dana, dok u hucke-pack saobraćaju vreme obrta kola iznos svega 1-2 dana.
Najveći nedostatak ove tehnologije , posmatran s aspekta ţeleznice, predstavlja evropski ţeleznički tovarni profil. Postojeći tovarni profil
uslovljava, sa izuzetkom kod prevoza izmenljivih transportnih sudova, upotrebu specijalnih teretnih kola za hucke-pack saobraćaj. Ova specijalna kola su dva puta skuplja od teretnih kola normalne konstrukcije. Jedan od
daljih nedostataka za ţeleznicu predstavlja mogućnost da se sistem prevoza
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1.3. Prednosti i nedostatci hucke-pack sistema transporta sa stanovišta korisnika prevoza
Značajan faktor za pošiljaoca koji ţeli predati svoju robu na prevoz
profesionalnom transporteru jeste cena koju on treba da plati za ovu transportnu uslugu. Ova je cena ce na redovno jednaka za prevoz koji se u potpunosti obavlja transportnim sredstvima drumskog transporta kao i za prevoz koji se vrši hucke -pack transportnim sredstvima. Sa aspekta korisnika,u pogledu veličine i nosivosti , uglavnom ne postoje prednosti i nedostaci pojedinih tovarnih jedinica hucke-pack sistema. Pojedini specijalni uslovi mogu, meĎutim, dovesti pošiljaoca u situaciju da za prevoz robe zahteva primenu hucke-pack transporta. Ovaj vid transporta obezbeĎuje naročito prednost da se moţe realizovati po svakom vremenu (ne
mogu ga sprečiti ni sneg ni poledica na putevima). Ovaj je interes još izrazitiji u
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2. TEHNIČKA TEHNIČK A BAZA SISTEMA “ VOZILO-VOZILO” 2.1. Osnovne specifičnosti tehničke baze integralnog integral nog drumsko-ţelezničkog transporta
Osnovu tehničke baze integralnog drumsko -ţelezničkog sistema transporta čine:
specijalizovana drumska vozila (ili delovi vozila);
specijalna ţeleznička teretna kola i druga prateća oprema;
terminali integralnog transporta sa postrojenjima i opremom neophodnim za horizontalni ili vertikalni pretovar drumskih vozila. Tovarne jedinice integralnog drumsko-ţelezničkog transporta moraju
ispunjavati sledeće: uslove i zahteve vezane za graĎenje i eksploataciju ţeleznica, uslove i zahteve vezane za graĎenje i eksploataciju drumskih saobraćajnica, kao i uslove i zahteve vezane za registraciju vozila drumskog teretnog saobraćaja.
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Glavni tehnički problem drumsko-ţelezničkog hucke -pack saobraćaja predstavlja ţeleznički svetlosni profil (gabarit), koji odreĎuje tovarni profil transportnih sredstava, a koji predstavlja zakonski propisanu krajnju kr ajnju
(ograničavajuću) osnovnu liniju tereta ţelezničkih teretnih kola. Kada se govori o tehničkim problemima koji usporavaju razvoj ovih tehnologija,, prvenstveno treba imati u vidu: tehnologija
1. različite gabarite (tovarne dimenzije) ţeleznice u pojedinim zemljama, koji su osnovni problem za razvoj opšteevropskog hucke -pack sistema; 2. raznorodne konstrukcije i izvedbe drumskih vozila; 3. neujednačenost hucke -pack transportnih jedinica u pojedinim zemljama Evrope. Gabaritne mere zahtevaju, na jednoj strani, tehnički komplikovane i
specijalne konstrukcije ţelezničkih kola, a na drugoj ograničenje visine
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Slika br. 3Gabarit američkih i evropskih železnica
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Kamioni i sedlaste prikolice koji se primenjuju u Evropi obezbeĎuju, maksimalno dopuštene visine do 4 m. Prikaz maksimalno dopuštenih visina i širina vozila drumskog teretnog saobraćaja u evropskim zemljama daje se u tabeli 21.
Zemlja Belgija SR Nemačka Danska
Visina
Širina
4,0 4,0 3,6
2,5 2,5 2,5
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Kod tovarenja vozila drumskog teretnog saobraćaja na ţeleznička teretna kola normalne konstrukcije dolazi do znatnog prekoračenja ţelezničkog tovarnog profila. MeĎutim, prilagoĎavanje transportnih sudova (sanduka) kamiona zahtevima ţelezničkog tovarnog profila uslovilo bi znatno smanjenje tovarnog prostora kamiona, što se sa
ekonomskog aspekta ne bi moglo opravdati.
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Osim toga u hucke-pack sistemu se primenjuju specijalno konstruisana ţeleznička teretna kola , kod kojih se delovi tovarne
površine, na koju se smeštaju osovinski agregati vozila drumskog teretnog saobraćaja, mogu spustiti ili su ti delovi konstruisani
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