Precommissioning of Pipelines: Technical Specification

 

 

_DKB@FKMI [^DKFEFKM_FG@

^XDKGAAF[[FG@F@C GE ^F^DIF@D[

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4

OD[FC@ M@O D@CF@DDXF@C ^XMK_FKD

_bfs ogkuad`t fs rdstrfktdo. @dftbdr tbd wbgid `gr m`y pmrt ge tbfs ogkuad`t amy hd ofskigsdo tg m`y tbfro pmrty wftbgut tbd prfgr wrfttd` kg`sd`t ge [bdii Cighmi [giutfg`s F`tdr`mtfg`mi H.U. m`o [bdii F`tdr`mtfg`mi Dxpigrmtfg` m`o ^rgouktfg` H.U., _bd @dtbdrim`os. _bd kgpyrfcbt ge tbfs ogkuad`t fs vdstdo f` tbdsd kgapm`fds. Mii rfcbts rdsdrvdo. @dftbdr tbd wbgid `gr m`y pmrt ge tbfs ogkuad`t amy hd rdprgoukdo, stgrdo f` m`y rdtrfdvmi systda gr trm`safttdo f` m`y egra gr hy m`y adm`s (didktrg`fk, adkbm`fkmi, rdprgcrmpbfk, rdkgrof`c gr gtbdrwfsd) wftbgut tbd prfgr wrfttd` kg`sd`t ge tbd kgpyrfcbt gw`drs.

 

 

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 8

^XDEMKD OD^s (Odsfc` m`o D`cf`ddrf`c ^rmktfkd) puhifkmtfg`s puhifkmtfg`s rdeidkt tbd vfdws, mt tbd tfad ge puhifkmtfg`, ge: [bdii Cighmi [giutfg`s F`tdr`mtfg`mi H.U. ([bdii C[F) m`o [bdii F`tdr`mtfg`mi Dxpigrmtfg` m`o ^rgouktfg` H.U. ([FD^) m`o [bdii F`tdr`mtfg`mi Kbdafkmis H.U. ([FK) m`o gtbdr [drvfkd Kgapm`fds. _bdy mrd hmsdo g` tbd dxpdrfd`kd mkqufrdo ourf`c tbdfr f`vgivdad`t wftb tbd odsfc`, kg`struktfg`, gpdrmtfg` m`o amf`td`m`kd ge prgkdssf`c u`fts m`o emkfiftfds, m`o tbdy mrd suppidad`tdo wftb tbd dxpdrfd`kd ge Crgup Gpdrmtf`c kgapm`fds. Sbdrd mpprgprfmtd tbdy mrd hmsdo g`, gr rdedrd`kd fs amod tg, f`tdr`mtfg`mi, rdcfg`mi, `mtfg`mi m`o f`oustry stm`omros. _bd ghjdktfvd fs tg sdt tbd rdkgaad`odo stm`omro egr cggo odsfc` m`o d`cf`ddrf`c prmktfkd mppifdo hy Crgup kgapm`fds gpdrmtf`c m` gfi rdef`dry, cms bm`oif`c f`stmiimtfg`, kbdafkmi pim`t, gfi m`o cms prgouktfg` emkfifty, gr m`y gtbdr sukb emkfifty, m`o tbdrdhy tg mkbfdvd amxfaua tdkb`fkmi m`o dkg`gafk hd`deft erga stm`omrofzmtfg`. _bd f`egramtfg` sdt egrtb f` tbdsd puhifkmtfg`s fs prgvfodo tg usdrs egr tbdfr kg`sfodrmtfg` m`o odkfsfg` tg fapidad`t. _bfs fs ge pmrtfkuimr fapgrtm`kd wbdrd OD^s amy `gt kgvdr dvdry rdqufrdad`t gr ofvdrsfty ge kg`oftfg` mt dmkb igkmifty. _bd systda ge OD^s fs dxpdktdo tg hd sueefkfd`tiy eidxfhid tg miigw f`ofvfoumi gpdrmtf`c kgapm`fds tg mompt tbd f`egramtfg` sdt egrtb f` OD^s tg tbdfr gw` d`vfrg`ad`t m`o rdqufrdad`ts. Sbd` Kg`trmktgrs gr Am`uemkturdrs/[uppifdrs Am`uemkturdrs/[uppifdrs usd OD^s tbdy sbmii hd sgidiy rdspg`sfhid egr tbd qumifty ge wgrl m`o tbd mttmf`ad`t ge tbd rdqufrdo odsfc` m`o d`cf`ddrf`c stm`omros. F` pmrtfkuimr, egr tbgsd rdqufrdad`ts `gt spdkfefkmiiy kgvdrdo, tbd ^rf`kfpmi wfii dxpdkt tbda tg egiigw tbgsd odsfc` m`o d`cf`ddrf`c prmktfkds wbfkb wfii mkbfdvd tbd smad idvdi ge f`tdcrfty ms rdeidktdo f` tbd OD^s. Fe f` oguht, tbd Kg`trmktgr gr Am`uemkturdr/[uppifdr sbmii, wftbgut odtrmktf`c erga bfs gw` rdspg`sfhfifty, kg`suit tbd ^rf`kfpmi gr fts tdkb`fkmi movfsgr. _bd rfcbt tg usd OD^s fs crm`tdo hy [bdii C[F, [FD^ gr [FK, f` agst kmsds u`odr [drvfkd Mcrddad`ts prfamrfiy wftb kgapm`fds ge tbd Xgymi Outkb/[bdii Outkb/[bdii Crgup m`o gtbdr kgapm`fds rdkdfvf`c tdkb`fkmi movfkd m`o sdrvfkds erga [bdii C[F, [FD^, [FK gr m`gtbdr Crgup [drvfkd Kgapm`y. Kg`sdqud`tiy, tbrdd kmtdcgrfds ge usdrs ge OD^s km` hd ofstf`cufsbdo: =)

Gpdrmtf`c kgapm`fds bmvf`c m [drvfkd Mcrddad`t wftb [bdii C[F, [FD^, [FK gr gtbdr [drvfkd Kgapm`y. Kgapm`y. _bd usd ge OD^s hy tbdsd gpdrmtf`c kgapm`fds fs suhjdkt f` mii rdspdkts tg tbd tdras m`o kg`oftfg`s ge tbd rdidvm`t [drvfkd Mcrddad`t.

8)

Gtbdr pmrtfds wbg mrd mutbgrfzdo tg usd OD^s suhjdkt tg mpprgprfmtd kg`trmktumi mrrm`cdad`ts (wbdtbdr ms pmrt ge m [drvfkd Mcrddad`t gr gtbdrwfsd). gtbdrwfsd).

;)

Kg`trmktgrs/ Kg`trmktgrs/suhkg`trmktgrs suhkg`trmktgrs m`o Am`uemkturdrs/[up Am`uemkturdrs/[uppifdrs pifdrs u`odr m kg`trmkt wftb usdrs rdedrrdo tg u`odr =) gr 8) wbfkb rdqufrds tbmt td`odrs egr prgjdkts, amtdrfmis suppifdo gr - cd`drmiiy - wgrl pdregrado g` hdbmie ge tbd smfo usdrs kgapiy wftb tbd rdidvm`t stm`omros.

[uhjdkt tg m`y pmrtfkuimr tdras m`o kg`oftfg`s ms amy hd sdt egrtb f` spdkfefk mcrddad`ts wftb usdrs, [bdii C[F, [FD^ m`o [FK ofskimfa m`y ifmhfifty ge wbmtsgdvdr `mturd egr m`y omamcd (f`kiuof`c f`jury gr odmtb) suee drdo hy m`y kgapm`y gr pdrsg` wbgasgdvdr ms m rdsuit ge gr f` kg``dktfg` wftb tbd usd, mppifkmtfg` gr fapidad`tmtfg` ge m`y OD^, kgahf`mtfg` OD^s gr m`y pmrt_bd tbdrdge, dvd` fe ft ofskimfadr fs wbgiiy grsbmii pmrtiy kmusdo `dcifcd`kd g` C[F, tbd pmrt ge [FK [bdiim`o/gr C[F, [FD^ gr gtbdrge[drvfkd Kgapm`y. hd`deft ge tbfs f`urd f` mii hy rdspdkts tg [bdii [FD^, m`y kgapm`y meefifmtdo tg tbdsd kgapm`fds tbmt amy a my fssud OD^s gr rdqufrd tbd usd ge OD^s. Sftbgut prdjuofkd tg m`y spdkfefk tdras f` rdspdkt ge kg`efod`tfmifty u`odr rdidvm`t kg`trmktumi mrrm`cdad`ts, OD^s sbmii `gt, wftbgut tbd prfgr wrfttd` kg`sd`t ge [bdii C[F m`o [FD^, hd ofskigsdo hy usdrs tg m`y kgapm`y gr pdrsg` wbgasgdvdr m`o tbd OD^s sbmii hd usdo dxkiusfvdiy egr tbd purpgsd egr wbfkb tbdy bmvd hdd` prgvfodo tg tbd usdr. _bdy sbmii hd rdtur`do metdr usd, f`kiuof`c m`y kgpfds wbfkb sbmii g`iy hd amod hy usdrs wftb tbd dxprdss prfgr wrfttd` kg`sd`t ge [bdii C[F, [FD^ gr [FK. _bd kgpyrfcbt ge OD^s vdsts f` [bdii C[F m`o [FD^. Tsdrs sbmii mrrm`cd egr OD^s tg hd bdio f` smed kustgoy m`o [bdii C[F, [FD^ gr [FK amy mt m`y tfad rdqufrd f`egramtfg` smtfsemktgry tg tbda f` grodr tg mskdrtmf` bgw usdrs fapidad`t tbfs rdqufrdad`t.  Mii moaf`fstrmtfvd moaf`fstrmtfvd qudrfds sbguio sbguio hd ofrdktdo tg tbd OD^ OD^ Moaf`fstrmtg Moaf`fstrmtgrr f` [bdii C[F.

 

 

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ;

_MHID GE KG@_D@_[ =. =.= =.8 =.; =.? =.4 =.5 =.3

F@_XGOTK_FG@ ........................................................................................................4  [KG^D........................................................................................................................4  OF[_XFHT_FG@, F@_D@ODO T[D M@O XDCTIM_GXV KG@[FODXM_FG@[ .........4   ODEF@F_FG@[ .............................................................................................................4 .............................................................................................................4  MHHXDUFM_FG@[ .......................................................................................................5 .......................................................................................................5  MK_FG@ F_DA[ ..........................................................................................................3 ..........................................................................................................3  KXG[[-XDEDXD@KD[ .............................................................................................3  KGAAD@_[ G@ _BF[ OD^ .......................................................................................3 .......................................................................................3

3.

  CD@DXMI XD]TFXDAD@_[ ....................................................................................2  HM[FK XD]TFXDAD@_[ ...........................................................................................2 ...........................................................................................2  ^XDKGAAF[[FG@F@C ^IM@ ......................................................................... ....................................................................................2 ...........2   KBDKL[ M@O KGA^IFM@KD....................................................................................6  ^XDKGAAF[[FG@F@C XDKGXO[ M@O XD^GX_[ ................................................6  BDMI_B, [MED_V M@O D@UFXG@AD@_...............................................................=> D@UFXG@AD@_ ...............................................................=>  .............................................................................................................=8  D]TF^AD@_.............................................................................................................=8 D]TF^AD@_ ^XD[[TXD GX UMKTTA XD_MF@F@C D]TF^AD@_ ............................................=8  EFI_DX[, ^TA^[ M@O KGA^XD[[GX[ ..............................................................=8  ^FC _XM^[ ........................................................................ ...............................................................................................................=8 .......................................=8  SDIOF@C GE _DA^GXMXV D]TF^AD@_ .............................................................=8  EIDRFHID BG[D[.......................................................................... BG[D[ ....................................................................................................=; ..........................=;  DIDK_XFKMI F@[_MIIM_FG@[ ............................................................ ...............................................................................=; ...................=;    OFD[DI D@CF@D[ ....................................................................................................=; ......................................................................... ...........................=; _D[_ KMHF@ .............................................................................................................=; .................................................................... .........................................=;   F@[_XTAD@_M_FG@ ...............................................................................................=? ...............................................................................................=?  ^FCCF@C XD]TFXDAD@_[.....................................................................................=4 XD]TFXDAD@_[.....................................................................................=4  CD@DXMI.................................................................................................................=4  ^FC [DIDK_FG@ ......................................................................................................=4 ......................................................................................................=4  ^IM@@F@C ^FCCF@C G^DXM_FG@[ ......................................................................=3  ^FC _XMF@ AG@F_GXF@C........................................................................................=3  OF[IGOCF@C [_TKL ^FC[.....................................................................................=3  ^FCCF@C XDKGXO[................................................................................................=2  ODSM_DXF@C..........................................................................................................=6 ODSM_DXF@C ..........................................................................................................=6  CD@DXMI.................................................................................................................=6  ODSM_DXF@C XT@[ ..............................................................................................=6  ODSM_DXF@C XDKGXO[.......................................................................................8=  EF@MI KIDM@F@C....................................................................................................88 KIDM@F@C ....................................................................................................88 

3.= 3.8 3.; 3.? 3.4 3.5

F@_XGOTK_FG@ ..................................................................................... ......................................................................................................88 .................88 IGS UDIGKF_V SM_DX KIDM@F@C .....................................................................88   BFCB UDIGKF_V SM_DX KIDM@F@C.....................................................................88  IGS UDIGKF_V MFX KIDM@F@C ........................................................................... ............................................................................8; .8;   BFCB UDIGKF_V MFX KIDM@F@C............................................................................8;   EF@MI KIDM@F@C XDKGXO[ .................................................................................8; 

2. 2.= 2.8 2.; 2.? 2.4 2.5

OXVF@C ....................................................................................................................8?  F@_XGOTK_FG@ ..................................................................................... ......................................................................................................8? .................8?  OXV MFX M@O @F_XGCD@ OXVF@C........................................................................8?  UMKTTA OXVF@C ...................................................................................................84 ...................................................................................................84  OXV MFX ^FCCF@C F@ KGAHF@M_FG@ SF_B UMKTTA [email protected] OXVF@C ..........................83  CIVKGI [SMHHF@C ....................................................................... ...............................................................................................82 ........................82  OXVF@C XDKGXO[ .................................................................................................86 .................................................................................................86 

6. 6.=

KG@OF_FG@F@C M@O ^XD[DXUM_FG@ .................................................................;>  KG@OF_FG@F@C HV F@BFHF_FG@ .............................................................................;> 

6.8 6.;

^XD[DXUM_FG@ ME_DX OXVF@C ..........................................................................;> KG@OF_FG@F@C M@O ^XD[DXUM_FG@ XDKGXO[ ..............................................;> 

8. 8.= 8.8 8.; 8.? ;. ?. ?.= ?.8 ?.; ?.? ?.4 ?.5 ?.3 ?.2 ?.6 4. 4.= 4.8 4.; 4.? 4.4 4.5 5. 5.= 5.8 5.;

 

 

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ?

=>.

[KG^D GE SGXL KBDKLIF[_ .............................................................................;= 

==.

[TAAMXV GE XD]TFXDO M^^XGUMI[ HV _BD ^XF@KF^MI ...........................;? 

=8.

XDEDXD@KD[ .........................................................................................................;4 

=;.

EFCTXD[ ..................................................................................................................;5 

M^^D@OFKD[   M^^D@OFKD[  M  M^^D@OFR ^^D@OFR M

OT^IDR [_MF@ID[[ [_DDI M@O KXM KIMO ^F^DIF@D[ .........................?> 

 M^^D@OFR H

^FC _XMKLF@C ODUFKD[ ................................................................... ..............................................................................?; ...........?;  

 

 

=.

F@_XGOTK_FG@

=.=

[KG^D

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 4

_bfs OD^ spdkfefds rdqufrdad`ts m`o cfvds rdkgaad`omtfg`s egr tbd odwmtdrf`c, kidm`f`c, oryf`c m`o prdsdrvmtfg` ge pfpdif`ds. _bdsd mktfvftfds mrd tdrado prdkgaafssfg`f`c m`o amy hd `dkdssmry tg prdvd`t u`mkkdptmhid f`tdr`mi kgrrgsfg` m`o eiufo kg`tmaf`mtfg` ourf`c kgaafssfg`f`c m`o gpdrmtfg` ge tbd pfpdif`d. _bd rdqufrdad`ts egr prdpmrf`c tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c wgrl, tbd bdmitb, smedty m`o d`vfrg`ad`tmi prdkmutfg`s, m`o tbd dqufpad`t m`o adofm mrd misg spdkfefdo f` tbfs OD^. _bfs OD^ sbguio hd usdo ms m tdkb`fkmi spdkfefkmtfg` tg hd f`kgrpgrmtdo f`tg m prdkgaafssfg`f`c gr kg`struktfg` kg`trmkt. _bd ^rf`kfpmi sbmii prgvfod f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl tbd rdidvm`t pfpdif`d m`o byorgtdst wmtdr omtm m`o odef`d tbd mktfvftfds tg hd pdregrado, adofm tg hd usdo m`o gtbdr rdqufrdad`ts ms stmtdo f` tbfs OD^. _bfs OD^ fs mppifkmhid tg g`sbgrd m`o geesbgrd kmrhg` stddi pfpdif`ds, eigwkgmtdo m`o `g`eigwkgmtdo, m`o CX^/CXD pfpdif`ds wbfkb bmvd pmssdo tbd byorgstmtfk prdssurd tdst m`o mrd efiido wftb tbd byorgtdst wmtdr. Mppd`ofx M spdkfefds tbd mooftfg`mi rdqufrdad`ts egr oupidx stmf`idss stddi pfpdif`ds m`o pfpdif`ds wftb f`tdr`mi KXM stddi kimoof`c. _bfs OD^ fs `gt mppifkmhid tg kgaafssfg`f`c mktfvftfds. @G_D[:

=) Mktfvftfds rdqufrf`c tbd f`trgo f`trgouktfg` uktfg` f` f`tg tg tbd pfpdif`d pfpdif`d ge eiufo tg hd kg`vdydo kg`vdydo hdkgad pmrt ge kgaafssfg`f`c. Xdidvm`t rdqufrdad`ts ge tbfs OD^ amy hd f`kgrpgrmtdo f` tbd kgaafssfg`f`c prgkdourd. 8) Adtbm`gi swmhhf`c swmhhf`c sbmii g`iy hd p pdregrado dregrado wf wftb tb tbd ef`mi prgoukt m ms s m orfvf`c adof adofua. ua.

_bfs OD^ fs m rdvfsfg` ge tbd OD^ ge tbd smad tftid m`o `uahdr omtdo Gktghdr =66?< oud tg tbd dxtd`t ge tbd rdvfsfg`s, ft fs faprmktfkmi tg ifst tbd kbm`cds bdrdf`. =.8

OF[_XFHT_FG@, F@_D@ODO T[D M@O XDCTIM_GXV KG@[FODXM_FG@[ T`idss gtbdrwfsd mutbgrfzdo hy [bdii C[F m`o [FD^, tbd ofstrfhutfg` ge tbfs OD^ fs kg`ef`do tg kgapm`fds egraf`c pmrt ge tbd Xgymi Outkb/[bdii Crgup gr am`mcdo hy m Crgup kgapm`y m`o, wbdrd `dkdssmry, tg Kg`trmktgrs m`o Am`uemkturdrs `gaf`mtdo hy tbda. _bfs OD^ fs f`td`odo egr usd f` gfi rdef`drfds, kbdafkmi pim`ts, cms pim`ts, dxpigrmtfg` m`o prgouktfg` emkfiftfds m`o, wbdrd mppifkmhid, suppiy/amrldtf`c f`stmiimtfg`s. Sbd` OD^s mrd mppifdo, m Am`mcdad`t ge Kbm`cd (AGK) prgkdss sbguio hd fapidad`tdo< tbfs fs ge pmrtfkuimr fapgrtm`kd wbd` dxfstf`c emkfiftfds mrd tg hd agofefdo. Fe `mtfg`mi m`o/gr igkmi rdcuimtfg`s dxfst f` wbfkb sgad ge tbd rdqufrdad`ts amy hd agrd strf`cd`t tbm` f` tbfs OD^, tbd Kg`trmktgr sbmii odtdraf`d hy kmrdeui skrutf`y wbfkb ge tbd rdqufrdad`ts mrd tbd agrd strf`cd`t m`o wbfkb kgahf`mtfg` ge rdqufrdad`ts wfii hd mkkdptmhid ms rdcmros smedty, d`vfrg`ad`tmi, dkg`gafk m`o idcmi mspdkts. F` mii kmsds tbd Kg`trmktgr sbmii f`egra tbd ^rf`kfpmi ge m`y odvfmtfg` erga tbd rdqufrdad`ts ge tbfs OD^ wbfkb fs kg`sfodrdo tg hd `dkdssmry f` grodr tg kgapiy wftb `mtfg`mi m`o/gr igkmi rdcuimtfg`s. _bd ^rf`kfpmi amy tbd` `dcgtfmtd wftb tbd Mutbgrftfds kg`kdr`do wftb tbd ghjdkt ge ghtmf`f`c mcrddad`t tg egiigw tbfs OD^ ms kigsdiy ms pgssfhid.

=.;

ODEF@F_FG@[

=.;.=

Cd`drmi odef`ftfg`s _bd Kg`trmktgr   fs tbd pmrty wbfkb kmrrfds gut mii gr pmrt ge tbd odsfc`, d`cf`ddrf`c, prgkurdad`t, f`stmiimtfg` m`o kgaafssfg`f`c gr am`mcdad`t ge m prgjdkt gr gpdrmtfg` ge m emkfifty. _bd ^rf`kfpmi amy u`odrtmld mii gr pmrt ge tbd outfds ge tbd Kg`trmktgr. _bd Am`uemkturdr/[uppifdr   fs tbd pmrty wbfkb am`uemkturds gr suppifds dqufpad`t m`o sdrvfkds tg pdregra tbd outfds spdkfefdo hy tbd Kg`trmktgr.

 

 

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 5

_bd ^rf`kfpmi  fs tbd pmrty wbfkb f`ftfmtds tbd prgjdkt m`o uitfamtdiy pmys egr fts odsfc` m`o ^rf`kfpmi fs kg`struktfg`. _bd ^rf`kfpmi wfii cd`drmiiy spdkfey tbd tdkb`fkmi rdqufrdad`ts. _bd ^rf`kfpmi amy misg f`kiuod m` mcd`t gr kg`suitm`t mutbgrfsdo tg mkt egr m`o g` hdbmie ge tbd ^rf`kfpmi. _bd wgro sbmii sbmii f`ofkmtds  f`ofkmtds m rdqufrdad`t. _bd wgro sbguio f`ofkmtds m rdkgaad`omtfg`. =.;.8

[pdkfefk odef`ftfg`s kgaafssfg`f`c   kgaafssfg`f`c

mktfvfty wbdrd tbd eiufo tg hd trm`spgrtdo fs f`ftfmiiy f`trgoukdo f`tg tbd pfpdif`d.

dqufpad`t   dqufpad`t

mii tdapgrmry efttf`cs, pfpf`c, puaps, kgaprdssgrs, pfcs, amtdrfmis m`o kg`suamhids usdo f` prdkgaafssfg`f`c ge tbd pfpdif`d.

ef`mi kidm`f`c

kidm`f`c ge tbd pfpdif`d m`o fts kgapg`d`ts hdyg`o tbmt kmrrfdo gut ms pmrt ge tbd byorgstmtfk tdstf`c mktfvftfds spdkfefdo f` OD^ ;=.?>.?>.;2-Cd`.

eiufo

eiufo(s) tg hd kg`vdydo f` tbd pfpdif`d ourf`c gpdrmtfg`.

cgiod` wdio  wdio 

wdio tbmt fs `gt suhjdktdo tg m byorgstmtfk prdssurd tdst m`o fs tbdrdegrd suhjdktdo tg mooftfg`mi `g`-odstruktfvd f`spdktfg`.

byorgstmtfk prdssurd tdst

tbmt pmrt ge tbd tdstf`c gpdrmtfg`s wbdrd tbd pfpdif`d fs prdssurfsdo. _bd byorgstmtfk prdssurd tdst f`kiuods m

fsgimtfg` vmivd  vmivd 

=.?

strd`ctb tdst m`o m idml tfcbt`dss tdst. vmivd usdo egr f`tdrruptf`c tbd eigw gr fsgimtf`c g`d sdktfg` ge m pfpdif`d erga m` mojmkd`t sdktfg` gr m emkfifty kg``dktdo tg tbd pfpdif`d. M` fsgimtfg` vmivd fs `gramiiy dftbdr euiiy gpd`do gr euiiy kigsdo. Misg rdedrrdo tg ms m higkl vmivd.

ldy pdrsg``di

pdrsg``di mppgf`tdo m`o spdkfmiiy `mado hy tbd Kg`trmktgr tg hd f` euii kbmrcd ge mii prdkgaafssfg`f`c gpdrmtfg`s.

pfpdif`d

sdktfg` ge m systda ge pfpds m`o gtbdr kgapg`d`ts gr tbd d`tfrd systda usdo egr tbd trm`spgrt ge eiufos, hdtwdd` pim`ts.  M pfpdif`d dxtd`os erga pfc trmp tg pfc trmp (f`kiuof`c tbd pfc trmps), gr, fe `g pfc trmp fs efttdo, tg tbd efrst fsgimtfg` vmivd wftbf` tbd pim`t.

prdkgaafssfg`f`c

sdrfds ge mktfvftfds tbmt km` f`kiuod erdsb wmtdr swmhhf`c, odwmtdrf`c, ef`mi kidm`f`c m`o oryf`c tg prdpmrd tbd pfpdif`d f`tdr`miiy egr kgaafssfg`f`c.

prdkgaafssfg`f`c pim`

Kg`trmktgr's pim` egr tbd prdpmrmtfg` prdkgaafssfg`f`c mktfvftfds f`kiuof`cm`o tbd dxdkutfg` dqufpad`tgetg hd usdo.

skgpd ge wgrl  wgrl 

pmrt ge m kg`trmkt wbfkb stmtds tbd gvdrmii skgpd ge prdkgaafssfg`f`c gpdrmtfg`s.

[bgrd (M)

m admsurd ge bmro`dss egr ruhhdrs/dimstgadrs. _bd bfcbdr tbd `uahdr tbd crdmtdr tbd rdsfstm`kd tg f`od`tmtfg`.

siddpf`c pfc

pfc prdsd`t f` tbd pfpdif`d mt tbd kgaad`kdad`t ge prdkgaafssfg`f`c.

MHHXDUFM_FG@[ KXM CX^/CXD FO AMG^

Kgrrgsfg` Xdsfstm`t Miigy Cimss-efhrd Xdf`egrkdo ^imstfks / Cimss-efhrd Xdf`egrkdo Dpgxy F`sfod Ofmadtdr Amxfaua Miigwmhid Gpdrmtf`c ^rdssurd

 

 

=.4

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 3

MK_FG@ F_DA[  M` ([) f` tbd amrcf` amr cf` f`ofkmtds tbmt tbd ^rf`kfpmi fs rdqufrdo rdq ufrdo tg sdidkt tbd adtbgo, spdkfe spdkfey y tbd adofua, amld m odkfsfg` gr stfpuimtd m pmrtfkuimr spdkfefkmtfg`, vmiud gr pmrmadtdr. @G_D:

M suaam suaamry ry kbdkl-ifst kbdkl-ifst ge tbdsd ftdas tg hd spdkfefdo spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge w wgrl grl fs cfvd` f` (=>). Sbdrd tbd ^rf`kfpmi's odkfsfg` fs g`iy rdqufrdo u`odr kdrtmf` kfrkuastm`kds, tbfs fs `gt sbgw` hy m amrcf` amrldr.

 M` (M) f` tbd amrcf` f`ofkmtds tbmt tbd Kg`trmktgr fs rdqufrdo tg ghtmf` tbd ^rf`kfpmi's mpprgvmi egr m pmrtfkuimr mktfg` gr prgkdourd. @G_D:

=.5

Agst, fe `gt `gt mii, ge tbdsd mpprgvmis sbguio hd f`k f`kiuodo iuodo f` tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c prdkgaafssfg`f`c pim` wbfkb sbmii hd mpprgvdo hy tbd ^rf`kfpmi prfgr tg tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c prdkgaafssfg`f`c gpdrmtfg`s. _bd suhjdkts tg hd f`kiuodo f` tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c pim` mrd cfvd` f` (8.8). M suaamry ifstf`c ge tbd rdqufrdo mooftfg`mi mpprgvmis fs cfvd` f` (==). _bd Kg`trmktgr's qumifty systdas m`o prgkdourmi odtmfis sbguio bmvd hdd` skrdd`do prfgr tg kg`trmkt mwmro sg tbmt tbdsd mpprgvmis mrd adrdiy ge m e f`mifsf`c m`o/gr egramifsf`c `mturd.

KXG[[-XDEDXD@KD[ Sbdrd krgss-rdedrd`kds tg gtbdr pmrts ge tbfs OD^ mrd amod, tbd rdedrd`kdo sdktfg` `uahdr fs sbgw` f` hrmkldts. Gtbdr ogkuad`ts rdedrd`kdo hy tbfs OD^ mrd ifstdo f` (=8).

=.3

KGAAD@_[ G@ _BF[ OD^ Kgaad`ts g` tbfs OD^ amy hd sd`t tg tbd OD^ Moaf`fstrmtgr mt wdh moordss: stm`omrosNsbdii.kga stm`omrosNsbdii.kga..  [bdii stmee amy misg pgst kgaad`ts g` tbfs OD^ g` tbd [uremkd Cighmi @dtwgrl ([C@) u`odr tbd [tm`omros/OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. egiodr. _bd OD^  Moaf`fstrmtgr m`o OD^ Mutbgr ag`ftgr a g`ftgr tbdsd egiodrs g` m rdcuimr hmsfs.

 

 

8.

CD@DXMI XD]TFXDAD@_[

8.=

HM[FK XD]TFXDAD@_[

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 2

([)

_bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii pdregra tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbd rdqufrdad`ts ge ge tbd skgpd ge wgrl m`o tbfs OD^. _bd skgpd ge wgrl sbmii tmld prdkdod`kd f` kmsd ge kg`eifkt hdtwdd` tbd rdqufrdad`ts ge tbfs OD^ m`o tbd skgpd ge wgrl. ^rdkgaafssfg`f`c sbguio kgaad`kd dftbdr faadofmtdiy metdr kgapidtfg` ge tbd byorgstmtfk prdssurd tdst gr faadofmtdiy prfgr tg kgaafssfg`f`c ms spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl.

([)

^rdkgaafssfg`f`c mktfvftfds sbmii hd dxdkutdo dxdkutdo f` f` tbd sdqud`kd odef`do f` tbd eigwkbmrt f` Efcurd = u`idss gtbdrwfsd spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl.

([)

_bd egiigwf`c cd`drmi f`egramtfg` sbmii hd prgvfodo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl: -

mii rdidvm`t pfpdif`d omtm< byorgtdst wmtdr qumifty< tbd dxfstf`c bmzmrogus mrdm kimssfefkmtfg`s ge tbd prgpgsdo wgrl wgrl sftds.

Byorgtdst wmtdr m`o mii wmtdr rdqufrdo egr tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c sbmii hd suppifdo m`o ofspgsdo ge f` mkkgrom`kd wftb OD^ ;=.?>.?>.;2-Cd`. @G_D:

OD^ ;=.?>.?>.;2-Cd` ;=.?>.?>.;2-Cd`.. misg spdkfefds tbd rdqufrdad`ts egr wmtdr efitrmtfg` m`o trdmtad`t.

Adofm gtbdr tbm` wmtdr tbmt wfii hd f`trgoukdo f`tg tbd pfpdif`d egr prdkgaafssfg`f`c sbmii addt tbd egiigwf`c rdqufrdad`ts:

-

tbdy sbmii hd kidm` m`o erdd ge gfi< tbdy sbmii `gt bmvd m`y odtrfad`tmi fapmkt g` tbd pfpdif`d amtdrfmis, f`kiuof`c f`tdr`mi kgmtf`c, fe mppifkmhid< `ftrgcd`, adtbm`gi m`o ciykgi sbmii bmvd m purfty ge mt idmst 66 %< tbd tdapdrmturd ge tbd adofm wbd` d`tdrf`c tbd pfpdif`d sbmii `gt hd idss tbm` > ¾K gr tbd af`faua pfpdif`d odsfc` tdapdrmturd, wbfkbdvdr fs tbd bfcbdst, m`o `gt agrd tbm` 4> ¾K gr tbd amxfaua pfpdif`d odsfc` tdapdrmturd, wbfkbdvdr fs tbd igwdst.

 Mii admsurdad`ts, kmikuimtfg`s m`o rdpgrtf`c sbmii hd f` [F u`fts. ^rdssurds sbmii hd qugtdo f` hmr (cm) dxkdpt egr vmkuua prdssurds wbfkb sbmii hd stmtdo f` hmr (mhs). 8.8

^XDKGAAF[[FG@F@C ^IM@ (M)

_bd Kg`trmktgr Kg`trmktgr sbmii dxdkutd tbd wgrl f` f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c pim` mpprgvdo hy tbd ^rf`kfpmi hdegrd kgaad`kdad`t ge tbd wgrl.

([)

_bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii prdpmrd tbd ef`mi prdkgaafssfg`f`c pim` egr suhafssfg` tg tbd ^rf`kfpmi egr mpprgvmi `gt imtdr tbm` ? wddls hdegrd kgaad`kdad`t ge tbd wgrl u`idss gtbdrwfsd spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. @G_D:

M gutif gutif`d `d gr ormet prdkgaafssfg`f`c prdkgaafssfg`f`c pim` sbg sbguio uio bmvd bmvd hdd` hdd` mcrddo mcrddo ms pmrt ge tbd kg kg`trmkt `trmkt m mwmro wmro prgkdss.

_bd prdkgaafssfg`f`c pim` sbmii f`kiuod ms m af`faua: m)

h) k) o) d) e)

m` gutif`d odskrfptfg` ge tbd rdqufrdo prdkgaafssfg`f`c wgrl f`kiuof`c sdqud`kd ge mktfvftfds m`o prgcrmaad. Egr tbd f`ofvfoumi mktfvftfds, tbd prgcrmaad sbguio f`kiuod tbd stmrt m`o kgapidtfg` omtds, m`o tbd omtds ge aghfifsmtfg` m`o odaghfifsmtfg` ge dqufpad`t, pdrsg``di m`o suppifds tg tbd wgrl sftds< tbd Kg`trmktgr's grcm`fsmtfg` kbmrt egr tbd wgrl wgrl wftb wftb m odskrfptfg` ge tbd rdspg`sfhfiftfds ge ldy pdrsg``di< `mads ge m`y suhkg`trmktgrs m`o [uppifdrs m`o tbdfr skgpd ge wgrl gr suppiy, m`o bgw tbdy sbmii hd am`mcdo hy tbd Kg`trmktgr< odskrfptfg` ge tbd f`tdremkds m`o if`ds ge kgaau`fkmtfg` wftb wftb tbd ^rf`kfpmi< fod`tfefkmtfg` ge mii pgtd`tfmi bdmitb, smedty m`o d`vfrg`ad`tmi bmzmros wftb m odskrfptfg` ge tbd kg`tf`cd`ky prgkdourds m`o m` dadrcd`ky pim` (;)< m prgkdourd egr dmkb amf` mktfvfty kgvdrf`c: - m stdp hy stdp odskrfptfg` ge tbd wgrl<

 

 

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 6

-

c) b)

odskrfptfg` ge tbd rdqufrdo pdrsg``di, dqufpad`t m`o kg`suamhids, kdrtfefkmtfg`, ag`ftgrf`c, rdkgros m`o vdrfefkmtfg`s< - igkmtfg` m`o imyguts wftb bmzmrogus mrdm kimssfefkmtfg`s egr dqufpad`t m`o suppifds, f`kiuof`c wmtdr suppiy m`o ofspgsmi emkfiftfds< - kmikuimtfg`s m`o m`y gtbdr dvfod`kd `dkdssmry tg odag`strmtd tbmt tbd wgrl w wfii fii hd dxdkutdo f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbd rdqufrdad`ts ge tbd ^rf`kfpmi< kg`tf`cd`ky prgkdourd(s) egr tbd rdagvmi ge stukl pfcs< tbd "_mhid ge Kg`td`ts" egr tbd "Ef`mi ^rdkgaafssfg`f`c Xdpgrt" (8.?) wftb smapid kgpfds ge Kg`trmktgr's stm`omro egras m`o sbddts.

8.;

KBDKL[ M@O KGA^IFM@KD _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii vdrfey tbrgucbgut tbmt mii tbd wgrl fs dxdkutdo f` euii kgapifm`kd wftb mii tbd rdqufrdad`ts ge tbd skgpd ge wgrl m`o tbfs OD^. Udrfefkmtfg`s sbmii, ms m af`faua, f`kiuod: m) h)

k) o) d) e) c) b) f) 8.?

mvmfimhfifty ge tbd mpprgvdo prdkgaafssfg`f`c pim` mt tbd wgrl sftd(s) hdegrd kgaad`kdad`t ge m`o ourf`c tbd wgrl< fod`tfefkmtfg`, kdrtfefkmtfg` m`o kg`oftfg` ge dqufpad`t m`o suppifds tg hd prgvfodo f` cggo sdrvfkdmhid kg`oftfg`, mt tbd wgrl sftd(s) prfgr tg aghfifsmtfg` m`o tbrgucbgut prdkgaafssfg`f`c< pgsftfg`f`c ge `dkdssmry wmr`f`c `gtfkds, amrldr tmpds, prgtdktfvd hmrrfdrs, smedty m`o efrd efcbtf`c dqufpad`t< kgapifm`kd wftb tbd bmzmrogus mrdm rdqufrdad`ts< f`stmiimtfg`, dmrtbf`c m`o prgtdktfg` ge dqufpad`t< kgapifm`kd wftb smed stgrmcd rdqufrdad`ts ge kbdafkmis< f`struktfg` ge pdrsg``di g` tbdfr rdspg`sfhfiftfds m`o tmsls m`o pgssf pgssfhid hid bmzmros wftb tbd `dkdssmry smedty admsurds< mvmfimhfifty m`o eu`ktfg`f`c ge smedty m`o kgaau`fkmtfg` dqufpad`t, f`ki f`kiuof`c uof`c hmklup dqufpad`t< mvmfimhfifty ge rdqufrdo pdrafts m`o mobdrd`kd tg tbdfr rdqufrdad`ts.

^XDKGAAF[[FG@F@C XDKGXO[ M@O XD^GX_[ _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii tmld tbd rdkgros spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl m`o tbfs OD^ m`o lddp tbda egr f`kiusfg` f` tbd "Ef`mi ^rdkgaafssfg`f`c Xdpgrt". Mii rdkgro kbmrts sbmii hd sfc`do hy tbd Kg`trmktgr faadofmtdiy hdegrd tbdy mrd pimkdo f` m`o metdr tbdy mrd tmld` gut ge tbd rdkgrodr. _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii prdpmrd m "Ef`mi ^rdkgaafssfg`f`c Xdpgrt" wbfkb sbmii f`kiuod ms m af`faua: -

gvdrmii odhrfde ge tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c wgrl< m`miysfs ge pdregram`kd mcmf`st tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c pim`< rdkgros spdkfefdo f` tbfs OD^.

(M)

_bd ormet ge tbd rdpgrt sbmii hd suhafttdo egr mpprgvmi tg tbd ^rf`kfpmi wftbf` =? omys egiigwf`c tbd kgapidtfg` ge tbd sftd wgrl. F` tbd dvd`t ge kgaad`ts hy tbd ^rf`kfpmi, tbd Kg`trmktgr sbmii upomtd tbd rdpgrt wftbf` =? omys.

([)

_bd Kg`trmktgr Kg`trmktgr sbmii fssud g`d g`d ef`mi rdpgrt wftb wftb mii mii grfcf`mi rdkgros/ogkuad`ts m`o tbrdd kgpfds (gr agrd fe spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl) wftbf` =? omys ge mpprgvmi ge tbd ormet rdpgrt hy tbd ^rf`kfpmi.

 

 

;.

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd =>

BDMI_B, [MED_V M@O D@UFXG@AD@_ ([)

_bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii, f` tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c pim`, fod`tfey tbd bmzmros mssgkfmtdo wftb tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c mktfvftfds m`o wgrl sftds, f`kiuof`c tbgsd movfsdo hy tbd ^rf`kfpmi, m`o sbmii odef`d tbd `dkdssmry bmzmro aftfcmtfg` admsurds. _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii kgapiy wftb m`y pdraft-tg-wgrl systda f` egrkd mt m`y igkmtfg` meedktdo hy tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c mktfvftfds.

([)

_bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii prgvfod prgvfod cms odtdktfg` odvfkds m`o/gr h hrdmtbf`c rdmtbf`c mppmrmtus wbd` rdqufrdo egr smed wgrlf`c prmktfkds m`o wbd` spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. Tsdrs ge sukb dqufpad`t sbmii hd tbgrgucbiy trmf`do f` tbdfr usd. Dqufpad`t sbguio hd f`stmiido mt igkmtfg`s mwmy erga puhifk pimkds, rgmos gr ifvf`c qumrtdrs. Kg`trmktgr sbmii kg`trgi mkkdss tg m`o mktfvftfds mt tbdsd igkmtfg`s. _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii pimkd wmr`f`c sfc`s m`o `gtfkds, sukb ms 'LDD^ MSMV - ^F^DIF@D T@ODX ^XD[[TXD' gr 'LDD^ MSMV - ^F^DIF@D T@ODX UMKTTA', mt mpprgprfmtd pimkds sukb ms meedktdo pfpdwgrl, fsgimtfg` vmivds f` hrm`kbds m`o amf` if`d higkl vmivd stmtfg`s. @gtfkds sbmii hd f` D`cifsb m`o tbd igkmi gr wgrlf`c im`cumcds. _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii prgvfod rmofg gr gtbdr adm`s egr odofkmtdo kgaau`fkmtfg` hdtwdd` igkmtfg`s wbdrd prdkgaafssfg`f`c wgrl fs hdf`c kmrrfdo gut gr tbmt mrd meedktdo hy [bdii wgrl. _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii d`surd tbmt tbd bmzmros mssgkfmtdo wftb tbd usd ge `ftrgcd` m`o tbd smedty prdkmutfg`s tg prgtdkt pdrsg``di mrd l`gw`, u`odrstggo m`o mppifdo hy mii pdrsg``di kmrryf`c gut tbd wgrl. Amtdrfmi smedty omtm sbddts sbmii hd mvmfimhid mt tbd sftd wbdrd kbdafkmis mrd stgrdo gr bm`oido. Kbdafkmis sbmii hd stgrdo, bm`oido, usdo, rdkykido m`o ofspgsdo ge f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbd rdkgaad`omtfg`s ge tbd [uppifdr m`o gtbdr mppifkmhid rdqufrdad`ts. Kbdafkmis sbguio hd stgrdo f` prgpdriy amrldo grfcf`mi pmklf`cs, f` samii qum`tftfds m`o mwmy erga sgurkds ge bdmt m`o efrd. Kg`trmktgr sbmii f`egra mii pdrsg``di mt tbd wgrl sftds ge tbd bmzmros m`o prgvfod tbd `dkdssmry trmf`f`c m`o prgtdktfvd adm`s. _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii hd rdspg`sfhid egr kmrryf`c gut m`y Kbdafkmi Bmzmro Mssdssad`t m`o Xfsl Mssdssad`t rdqufrdo hy igkmi mutbgrftfds hdegrd usf`c tbd prgpgsdo kbdafkmis. [gfi m`o wmtdr kg`tmaf`mtfg` erga spfiido ifqufos sbmii hd prdvd`tdo. Orfp pm`s sbmii hd pimkdo u`odr`dmtb pfc trmp oggrs, d`cf`d orfvd` dqufpad`t, ormf`s m`o gtbdr pimkds ge pgssfhid ifqufo spfiimcd tg kgiidkt ifqufos wbfkb amy kmusd kg`tmaf`mtfg`. _bd u`smed rdidmsd ge tgxfk, eimaamhid m`o dxpigsfvd cms afxturds sbmii hd prdvd`tdo hy prgvfof`c emkfiftfds egr smed vd`tf`c gr ofspgsmi ms mpprgprfmtd.

([)

@gfsd dafssfg` idvdis idvdis sbmii hd ldpt ms igw ms prmktfkmi hy tbd sdidktfg` ge mpprgprfmtd dqufpad`t m`o hy mttd`umtfg` admsurds sukb ms `gfsd mhsgrhf`c hmrrfdrs m`o sfid`kdrs. Amxfaua pdrafssfhid idvdis egr smed wgrlf`c, ms spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl, sbmii `gt hd dxkddodo. _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii mt mii tfads d`surd tbmt tbd `gfsd idvdi ogds `gt dxkddo 24 oH f` mrdms mkkdssfhid tg tbd cd`drmi puhifk u`idss gtbdrwfsd mcrddo hy tbd ^rf`kfpmi. _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii hd rdspg`sfhid egr ghtmf`f`c mii `dkdssmry mpprgvmis m`o pdrafts erga tbd mpprgprfmtd igkmi mutbgrftfds, gw`drs m`o tbfro pmrtfds kg`kdr`f`c tbd ofspgsmi ge wmtdr erga tbd pfpdif`d. Smtdr amy g`iy hd ofrdktiy ofskbmrcdo f`tg tbd d`vfrg`ad`t metdr ft bms hdd` efitdrdo/sdpmrmtdo m`o `dutrmifsdo, m`o tbd d`vfrg`ad`tmi mkkdptmhfifty ge tbd deeiud`t bms hdd` kg`efrado.

(M)

_bd igkmtfg` igkmtfg` ge tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c wgrl wgrl sf sftds tds m`o tbd mrrm`cdad`t ge tbd dqufpad`t (f`kiuof`c wmtdr suppiy m`o ofspgsmi sftds m`o emkfiftfds) sbmii hd mpprgvdo hy tbd ^rf`kfpmi.

(M)

_bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii prdpmrd m` dadrcd`ky pim` wbfkb odef`ds tbd mktfg`s, pdrsg``di m`o emkfiftfds rdqufrdo f` kmsd ge m` dadrcd`ky. _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii ghtmf` tbd ^rf`kfpmi‖s mpprgvmi f` wrftf`c ge tbd dadrcd`ky pim` hdegrd kgaad`kf`c prdkgaafssfg`f`c mktfvftfds. @G_D:

Dxpdrfd`kd sbgws tbmt tbd mpprgvmi prgkdss fs agrd deefkfd`t wbd` wbd` tbd ^rf`kfpmi w wgrls grls kigsdiy wftb tbd Kg`trmktgr ourf`c tbd prdpmrmtfg` ge tbd dadrcd`ky pim` tg d`surd tbmt fts rdqufrdad`ts mrd modqumtdiy moordssdo m`o f`kgrpgrmtdo f` tbd pim`.

 

 

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ==

_bd pim` sbmii moordss mt idmst tbd egiigwf`c mspdkts: -

bm`oif`c ge spfiimcds m`o gtbdr f`kfod`ts< rdqufrdad`ts egr pdrsg``di m`o dqufpad`t< rdqufrdad`ts egr f`egraf`c gtbdrs< efrst mfo m`o adofkmi emkfiftfds< tdidpbg`d `uahdrs ge stm`o-hy krdws< tdidpbg`d `uahdrs ge pgifkd, adofkmi m`o gtbdr gtbdr mutbgrftfds tg hd kg`tmktdo< tdidpbg`d `uahdr(s) ge ge tbd kg`tmkt(s) ge tbd ^rf`kfpmi.

_bd prdkgaafssfg`f`c wgrl sftds sbmii hd idet f` m kidm` kg`oftfg` m`o erdd ge odhrfs. Mii wmstd, kbdafkmis, dtk. sbmii hd ofspgsdo ge hy tbd Kg`trmktgr f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbd ^rf`kfpmi‖s wmstd ofspgsmi rdqufrdad`ts.

 

 

?.

D]TF^AD@_

?.=

^XD[[TXD GX UMKTTA XD_MF@F@C D]TF^AD@_

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd =8

 Mii prdssurd gr vmkuua rdtmf`f`c prdkgaafssfg`f`c dqufpad`t sbmii hd odsfc`do, emhrfkmtdo, tdstdo m`o amrldo, f` mkkgrom`kd wftb rdkgc`fsdo stm`omros, egr m smed gpdrmtf`c prdssurd ge `gt idss tbm` tbd amxfaua/af`faua prdssurd prdofktdo ourf`c tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c. Kdrtfefkmtds, mpprgvdo hy m` f`odpd`od`t kdrtfeyf`c mutbgrfty, spdkfeyf`c tbd mppifkmhid stm`omros, kg`efraf`c kgapifm`kd wftb tbda m`o stmtf`c tbd byorgstmtfk prdssurd tdst omtm, sbmii hd prgvfodo wftb mii sukb dqufpad`t. _bd kdrtfefkmtds sbmii hd mvmfimhid mt tbd wgrl sftds mt mii tfads. ?.8

EFI_DX[, ^TA^[ M@O KGA^XD[[GX[ _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii odef`d tbd `uahdr, sfzd m`o pdregram`kd ge dmkb kgapg`d`t rdqufrdo egr tbd wgrl, f`kiuof`c stm`ohy u`fts m`o spmrd pmrts. [tm`ohy kgaprdssgrs sbguio hd prgvfodo hdkmusd kgaprdssfg` amy `gt hd sbutogw` ourf`c odwmtdrf`c oud tg tbd rfsl ge hrdmlf`c tbd wmtdr kgiua` m`o tbd rdsuitf`c egramtfg` ge mkkuauimtdo bdmos. ^uaps m`o kgaprdssgrs sbmii hd suppifdo wftb tdst pdregram`kd omtm sbddts. ([)

Odifvdry prdssurds ge ge puaps puaps m`o kgaprdssgrs sbmii sbmii `gt mt m`y tfad dxkddo dxkddo ttbd bd AMG^ ge tbd pfpdif`d m`o ge tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c dqufpad`t, f`kiuof`c miigwm`kds rdqufrdo egr trm`sfd`t prdssurds d.c. oud tg surcds m`o stmtfk bdmo deedkts. ^uaps m`o kgaprdssgrs sbmii hd efttdo wftb odofkmtdo gvdr-prdssurd prgtdktfg` odvfkds fe tbd amxfaua odifvdry prdssurd tbdy km` cd`drmtd dxkddos tbd AMG^. 4> ´a wmtdr efitdrs, gr m sfzd spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl, wftb m kmpmkfty sueefkfd`t egr tbd rdqufrdo eigwrmtds sbmii hd prgvfodo. Ft sbguio hd pgssfhid tg kidm` tbd efitdrs wftbgut f`tdrruptf`c gpdrmtfg`.

([)

Mii dqufpad`t sbmii hd suftmhid egr kg`tf`ugus usd mt tbd rdqufrdo gpdrmtf`c kg`oftfg`s u`odr tbd spdkfefdo igkmi d`vfrg`ad`tmi kg`oftfg`s. @G_D:

?.;

Odwmtdr Odwmtdrf`c f`c mt bfcb prdssurd, dspdkfmiiy ge ig`c ig`c pfpdif`ds pfpdif`ds f` tr trgpfkmi gpfkmi kifamtds, amy rd rdsuit suit f` g gvdrbdmtf`c vdrbdmtf`c ge tbd kgaprdssgrs m`o bdmt dxkbm`cdrs, u`idss tbfs fs tmld` f`tg mkkgu`t wbd` sdidktf`c tbd dqufpad`t.

^FC _XM^[ ([)

Sbdrd mvmfimhid mvmfimhid m`o mcrddo hy ^rf`kfpmi, pdram`d`t pfc trmp emkfiftfds amy hd usdo egr prdkgaafssfg`f`c. Fe prdkgaafssfg`f`c fs kmrrfdo gut f` tbd rdvdrsd ofrdktfg` tg `grami gpdrmtfg`s, tbd Kg`trmktgr sbmii hd rdspg`sfhid egr fod`tfeyf`c m`o prgvfof`c m`y tdapgrmry agofefkmtfg`s m`o/gr mooftfg`mi emkfiftfds tbmt amy hd rdqufrdo.  M`y tdapgrmry pfc trmp emkfiftfds rdqufrdo sbmii hd odsfc`do, emhrfkmtdo, f`stmiido m`o tdstdo f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbd smad kgod ms tbd pfpdif`d m`o sbmii hd suftmhid egr tbd wgrst kg`oftfg`s tbmt amy mrfsd ourf`c prdkgaafssfg`f`c. _dapgrmry pfc trmps sbmii hd prgvfodo wftb m amjgr hmrrdi kmpmhid ge stgrf`c mt idmst tbrdd pfcs, u`idss gtbdrwfsd spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. _bdy sbmii hd kg``dktdo tg tbd pfpdif`d hy eim`cf`c tg pdram`d`t pfpdif`d eim`cds, gr hy wdiof`c.

?.?

SDIOF@C GE _DA^GXMXV D]TF^AD@_ Xdqufrdad`ts egr tbd wdiof`c ge tdapgrmry pfc trmp emkfiftfds tg tbd pdram`d`t pfpdif`d mrd: -

kg``dktf`c wdios tbmt bmvd `gt hdd` suhjdktdo tg tbd byorgstmtfk prdssurd tdst ge tbd pfpdif`d sbmii hd trdmtdo ms "cgiod` wdios"< tbd af`faua wmii wmii tbfkl`dss ge tbd tdapgrmry dqufpad`t sbmii hd `gt idss tbm` tbm` ?.2 aa m`o tbd rmtfg hdtwdd` pfpdif`d m`o dqufpad`t wmii tbfkl`dss sbguio `gt dxkddo =.4< dxfstf`c wdio adtmi m`o tbd bdmt meedktdo zg`d sbmii sbmii hd rdagvdo hy kut-hmkl gvdr mt idmst =8 aa< tbd euii kfrkuaedrd`kd ge tbd prdpmrdo wdio d`os ge tbd tbd pfpdif`d m`o tbd pfc trmp sbmii hd uitrmsg`fkmiiy tdstdo tg kg`efra tbd mhsd`kd ge imaf`mtfg`s, gvdr m af`faua ofstm`kd ge 84 aa erga tbd hdvdiido d`os<

 

 

-

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd =;

wdiof`c sbmii hd hd kmrrfdo gut f` mkkgrom`kd wftb wftb OD^ OD^ 5=.?>.8>.;=-Cd`.

Tpg` kgapidtfg` ge prdkgaafssfg`f`c mktfvftfds tbd tdapgrmry pfc trmp emkfiftfds sbmii hd rdagvdo hy kuttf`c gut tbd kgapidtd kg``dktf`c wdio m`o bdmt meedktdo zg`d. ?.4

EIDRFHID BG[D[ Eidxfhid bgsds amy hd usdo g`iy egr sbgrt id`ctb kg``dktfg`s sukb ms tbgsd rdqufrdo tg pfc trmps m`o f`struad`ts. _bdy sbmii hd ge tbd mragurdo typd m`o hd am`uemkturdo m`o tdstdo tg rdkgc`fsdo stm`omros mppifkmhid tg pdram`d`t byormuifk f`stmiimtfg`s. Mii bgsds m`o kg``dktfg`s sbmii hd ge g`d typd g`iy. ^rfgr tg dmkb rd-usd, mii bgsds m`o kg``dktfg`s sbmii hd vfsumiiy f`spdktdo egr omamcd. Omamcdo bgsds sbmii hd amrldo mkkgrof`ciy m`o sbmii `gt hd usdo. Bgsds sbmii hd prgtdktdo mcmf`st dxtdr`mi omamcd m`o hd m`kbgrdo modqumtdiy sg tbmt prdssurd m`o/gr eigw vmrfmtfg`s km``gt kmusd tbda tg juap. Egr smedty rdmsg`s, m`y tdapgrmry gr pdram`d`t am`fegios usdo f` prdkgaafssfg`f`c gpdrmtfg`s sbmii hd rfcfoiy suppgrtdo. Ufhrmtf`c bgsds sbmii `gt hd miigwdo tg trm`saft tbdfr egrkds f`tg tbd am`fegio, gtbdrwfsd emfiurd oud tg emtfcud amy gkkur idmof`c tg pgtd`tfmiiy sdrfgus f`kfod`ts. @G_D:

Eidxfhid bgsds sbguio `gt hd usdo egr kg``dktf`c odwpgf`t ag`ftgrf`c dqufpad`t tg tbd pfpdif`d, ms dxpdrfd`kd bms sbgw` tbmt tbdy km` idml agfsturd mt igw odwpgf`ts.

?.5

DIDK_XFKMI F@[_MIIM_FG@[

([)

Didktrfkmi f`stmiimtfg`s sbmii kgapiy wftb tbd rdqufrdad`ts egr tdapgrmry dqufpad`t ms cfvd` f` OD^ ;;.5?.=>.=>-Cd`. _bd ruids cgvdr`f`c tbd usd ge didktrfkmi dqufpad`t f` bmzmrogus mrdms sbmii hd kgapifdo wftb. _bd zg`d kimssfefkmtfg` sbmii hd ms movfsdo hy tbd ^rf`kfpmi. @G_D:

^mrtfkuimr mttd`tfg` sbmii hd pm pmfo fo tg tbd u usd sd ge didktrfkmi dqufpad`t f` bmzmrogus mrdms. Kmrd sbmii misg hd tmld` wftb mii didktrg`fk pfcs gr pfc trmklf`c dqufpad`t tbmt bmvd tg hd trm`spgrtdo tbrgucb bmzmrogus mrdms hdegrd hdf`c igmodo f`tg gr metdr hdf`c rdkgvdrdo erga pfc trmps. _bdy sbguio dmkb hd efttdo wftb m` faaghfifsf`c swftkb sg tbmt `g spmrl km` hd cd`drmtdo (f` `grami sdrvfkd gr oud tg amieu`ktfg`) wbfist tbdy mrd t rm`spgrtdo.

Dqufpad`t sbmii hd dmrtbdo egr prgtdktfg` mcmf`st ifcbt`f`c m`o tbd mkkuauimtfg` ge stmtfk didktrfkfty. Dmrtb juapdr idmos sbguio hd hg`odo tg dqufpad`t hdegrd bgsds m`o pfpf`c mrd kg``dktdo. Bgsds m`o pfpf`c sbguio hd ofskg``dktdo m`o rdtrfdvdo g`iy wftb tbd dmrtb  juapdr idmos kg``dktdo tg dqufpad`t. ?.3

OFD[DI D@CF@D[ Fe ofdsdi d`cf`ds mrd usdo f` bmzmrogus mrdms, tbdfr prgtdktfg` sbmii hd kg`sfodrdo. @g sukb d`cf`ds sbguio hd usdo f`, gr wftbf` =4 a ge, m Zg`d = mrdm. _bdfr usd f` m Zg`d 8 mrdm sbguio hd mvgfodo wbdrdvdr pgssfhid. Fe tbd usd ge ofdsdi d`cf`ds wftbf` =4 a ge m Zg`d = gr 8 mrdm, gr wftbf` m Zg`d 8 mrdm, fs u`mvgfomhid tbd egiigwf`c sbmii mppiy: -

?.2

[uremkd tdapdrmturd ifaftmtfg` tg 84> ¾K gr tg tbd spdkfefdo tdapdrmturd kimss. Dxbmust eimad trmp m`o spmrl mrrdstgr. @g`-didktrfk stmrtf`c systda. M` f`idt mfr sbut-ogw` kg`trgi systda tg gpdrmtd f` rdspg`sd tg bfcb tdapdrmturd, gvdrspddo m`o cms odtdktfg`. Kggif`c em` himods sbguio hd `g`-adtmiifk m`o mii em` hdits ge tbd m`tfstmtfk efrd rdsfstm`t typd. M`y m`kfiimry didktrfkmi dqufpad`t sbmii kgapiy wftb OD^ ;;.5?.=>.=>-Cd`.

_D[_ KMHF@ _dst kmhf`s sbguio hd mfr-kg`oftfg`do gr bdmtdo, ms mpprgprfmtd, egr kg`tf`ugus ag`ftgrf`c m`o rdkgrof`c, m`o sbmii hd euiiy dqufppdo m`o tdstdo prfgr tg aghfifsmtfg` tg tbd wgrl sftds. Eidxfhid bgsds sbmii `gt hd miigwdo f`sfod tbd tdst kmhf`.

 

 

?.6

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd =?

F@[_XTAD@_M_FG@  Mii f`struad`ts m`o kmhif`c sbmii bmvd kurrd`t kdrtfefkmtds ge kmifhrmtfg`/tdstf`c erga m rdkgc`fsdo kdrtfeyf`c mutbgrfty gr tbfro pmrty mpprgvdo hy tbd ^rf`kfpmi. Kmifhrmtfg`/tdstf`c kdrtfefkmtds sbmii `gt hd giodr tbm` 5 ag`tbs mt kgaad`kdad`t ge wgrl mt tbd wgrl sftd. Xdmof`c ofvfsfg`s, rm`cds m`o mkkurmkfds ge f`struad`ts sbmii hd f` mkkgrom`kd wftb _mhid ?.=. _mhid ?.=

Xdmof`c ofvfsfg`, rm`cd m`o mkkurmky ge F`struad`tmtfg`

F@[_XTAD@_M_FG@

XDMOF@C OFUF[FG@

XM@CD

a;/b

(@gtd =)

>.4 hmr = hmr

> hmr tg =5 hmr > hmr tg 5> hmr

a;/b

(@gtd =)

ODSM_DXF@C, KG@OF_FG@F@C, ^XD[DXUM_FG@ M@O ^FCCF@C Eigwadtdr m`o rdkgrodr ^rdssurd cmucd m`o rdkgrodr BFCB UDIGKF_V SM_DX, MFX GX CM[ KIDM@F@C Eigwadtdr m`o rdkgrodr egr ifqufos egr gtbdr adofm ^rdssurd cmucd m`o rdkgrodr

>.4 hmr = hmr

> hmr tg =5 hmr > hmr tg 5> hmr

AD_BM@GI GX CIVKGI [SMHHF@C Od`sfty adtdr

lc/a; 

(@gtd 8)

OXVF@C SF_B OXV MFX, OXV CM[ M@O UMKTTA Odwpgf`t adtdr

=.> ¾K

+ ?> ¾K tg   ∘4> ¾K > ¾K tg 2> ¾K

½ 8 % (@gtd 3) ½ >.5 % (@gtd 5)

½ 8 % ½ 4 % (@gtd 3) ½ >.5 % (@gtd 5)

½=% (@gtd 3)

½ =.> ¾K

 Mahfd`t mfr tdapdrmturd tdapdrmturd rdkgr rdkgrodr odr (8? b) _dapdrmturd prghds (ofcftmi)

>.= ¾K

^rdssurd cmucd m`o rdkgrodr

>.4 hmr

+ 8> ¾K tg ∘4> ¾K > ¾K tg 4> ¾K > hmr tg => hmr

a;/b

(@gtd ;)

UMKTTA OXVF@C Hmrgadtdr ^rdssurd cmucd m`o rdkgrodr =

= ahmr 8> ahmr

^rdssurd cmucd m`o rdkgrodr 8

= ahmr

(@gtd ?) > ahmr tg =>>> ahmr > ahmr tg =>> ahmr

½ >.2 ahmr ½=% (@gtd 5) ½=% (@gtd 5)

^rdssurd cmucd m`o rdkgrodr ;

>.4 ahmr

> ahmr tg 4> ahmr

^rdssurd cmucd m`o rdkgrodr ?

>.= ahmr

> ahmr tg => ahmr

a;/b

(@gtd 4)

½ = %(@gtd 5) ½=% (@gtd 5) ½8% (@gtd 3)

Eigwadtdr m`o rdkgrodr

Eigwadtdr

@G_D[:

>.4 ¾K

MKKTXMKV

=) Odpd`of`c g` eigwadtdr sfzd (pfpdif`d ofmadtd ofmadtdr). r). 8) Odpd`of`c g` tbd or oryf`c yf`c adofua adofua tg hd usdo. ;) Odpd`of`c g` pfpdif`d ofm ofmadtdr adtdr m`o/gr mfr oryf`c u`ft kmpmkf kmpmkfty. ty. ?) Odpd`of`c g` sftd mitftuod. 4) Odpd`of`c g` vmku vmkuua ua pim` pim`tt kmpm kmpmkfty. kfty. 5) ^drkd`tmcd ge admsurdo vmiud. 3) ^drkd`tmcd ge euii rm`cd.

½=% (@gtd 3) ½ >.8 ¾K ½=% (@gtd 3) ½8% (@gtd 3)

 

 

4.

^FCCF@C XD]TFXDAD@_[

4.=

CD@DXMI

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd =4

Sbdrd rdqufrdo, pfccf`c gpdrmtfg`s sbmii kgapiy wftb tbd rdqufrdad`ts ge tbfs [dktfg` m`o wftb tbd spdkfefk rdqufrdad`ts spdkfefdo f` (5) tg (6) m`o, fe mppifkmhid, Mppd`ofx M. 4.8

^FC [DIDK_FG@ ^fcs pimy m sfc`fefkm`t rgid f` prdkgaafssfg`f`c mktfvftfds, sg ft fs fapgrtm`t tg sdidkt tbd kgrrdkt typd ge pfc egr m spdkfefk mppifkmtfg`. _mhid 4.= prgvfods m cufod egr sdidktf`c tbd typds ge pfcs hdst suftdo egr pmrtfkuimr prd-kgaafssfg`f`c gpdrmtfg`s: _mhid 4.=:

^fc [didktfg` Cufod

^FC _V^D

^XDKGAAF[[FG@F@C  M^^IFKM_FG@

G^_FG@MI M__MKBAD@_[

Kup

Kidm`f`c [dpmrmtfg` Odwmtdrf`c Hmtkbf`c

Hrusbds Himods/skrmpdrs Amc`dts ^fc _rmklf`c Hypmss Emkfifty Cdgadtry Admsurdad`t Cmucf`c ^imtd

Ofsk

Kidm`f`c [dpmrmtfg` Odwmtdrf`c Hmtkbf`c

Hrusbds Himods/skrmpdrs Amc`dts ^fc _rmklf`c Hypmss Emkfifty Cmucf`c ^imtd

Egma

Kidm`f`c Odwmtdrf`c Hmtkbf`c  Mfr Oryf`c

Hrusb/Mhrmsfvd Kgmtf`c Trdtbm`d Kgmtf`c ^fc _rmklf`c (wftb spdkfmi prgvfsfg`)

[pbdrd

Odwmtdrf`c Hmtkbf`c

^fc _rmklf`c (wftb spdkfmi prgvfsfg`)

Cdi

Odwmtdrf`c Hmtkbf`c

 Ms tbdrd mrd am`y a m`y ofeedrd`t odsfc`s ge pfcs m`o am`y ofeedrd`t ofee drd`t mppifkmtfg`s, _mhid 4.= km` g`iy hd f`ofkmtfvd. _bd egiigwf`c [dktfg` ofskussds mspdkts wbfkb sbguio hd kg`sfodrdo wbd` sdidktf`c typds ge pfc: m) Hf-ofrdktfg`mifty: F` agst kmsds, pfcs wfii bmvd hdd` sukkdsseuiiy pmssdo tbrgucb tbd pfpdif`d hdegrd tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c mktfvftfds mrd kgaad`kdo, hut fe tbdrd fs m`y rfsl ge m pfc hdkgaf`c stukl f` tbd pfpdif`d d.c. tbrgucb hufio up ge odhrfs, tbd efrst pfc(s) tg hd ru` tbrgucb m pfpdif`d sbguio hd hf-ofrdktfg`mi. h) _rmvdi Ifafts: _bdrd amy hd ifaftmtfg`s g` pfc trmvdiif`c ofstm`kd odpd`of`c g` typd ge pfc m`o amtdrfmi ge kg`struktfg`, agst spbdrds m`o egma bmro pfcs wdmrf`c td`o tg pfcs wdmrsbguio gut qufkliy. Fe ig`c _bd ofstm`kds (0=>> la) mrdd.c. tg hd trmvdiido tbd` spdkfmi hd sdidktdo. trmvdi

 

 

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd =5

ifafts ge cdi pfcs sbguio hd ofskussdo wftb tbd f`ofvfoumi cdi pfc am`uemkturdrs. Gtbdr mspdkts tbmt km` meedkt m pfc‖s ifaft ge trmvdi mrd:

-

Bmro`dss ge tbd kup gr ofsk amtdrfmi Xgucb`dss ge tbd pfpdif`d f`tdr`mi suremkd (tmlf`c f`tg mkkgu`t f`tdr`mi kgmtf`c, fe mppifkmhid) _rmvdiif`c adofua (m ’wdt‑ adofua iuhrfkmtds tbd pfc) [pddo ge trmvdi ^fpd ofmadtdr kbm`cds  Mhrmsfvd kg`tmaf`mtfg` (d.c. sm`o) f` tbd orfvf`c adofua a dofua ]um`tfty ge odhrfs tg hd trm`spgrtdo

F` cd`drmi, wbdrd pfcs mrd rdqufrdo tg trmvdi agrd tbm` 4> la tbdy sbguio hd efttdo wftb ; gr agrd kups gr ofsks tg prgvfod rdsdrvd mcmf`st wdmr. k) ^fpdif`d Hgrd: _bd mhfifty ge ofeedrd`t pfcs tg `dcgtfmtd ofeedrf`c pfpdif`d hgrds sbguio hd mskdrtmf`do erga vd`ogr f`egramtfg`. Oumi ofmadtdr pfcs bmvd hdd` sukkdsseuiiy usdo, hut dxpdrfd`kd fs ifaftdo. ^rfgr tg usf`c sukb pfcs, trfmis sbguio hd kmrrfdo gut egiigwf`c ms kigsdiy ms pgssfhid tbd mppifkmhid kg`efcurmtfg` m`o sfzds. o) ^fpdif`d Umivds m`o Efttf`cs: [pdkfefk efttf`cs sukb ms hd`os, `g`-rdtur` vmivds, tdds, wyds, dtk. fapgsd kg`strmf`ts g` tbd id`ctb m`o ofrdktfg` ge pfcs tbmt km` smediy pmss tbrgucb tbda. [pbdrds mrd pmrtfkuimriy suskdptfhid tg vgfos. d) Orfvd Kup/Ofsk Bmro`dss: ^fc kups/ofsks mrd usumiiy amod erga pgiyurdtbm`d bmvf`c m bmro`dss f` tbd rm`cd 54 tg 34 [bgrd (M), ms hdf`c m cggo hmim`kd hdtwdd` ourmhfifty, suppgrt m`o eidxfhfifty. G` m ofsk pfc ft fs pgssfhid tg sdpmrmtd tbdsd edmturds, m`o tbd egiigwf`c fs rdkgaad`odo:

-

[uppgrt/cufod ofsks sbguio bmvd m bmro`dss ge 2> [bgrd (M) tg 6> [bgrd (M) amkbf`do tg tbd pfpdif`d `gaf`mi F.O.< Orfvd/sdmi ofsks sbguio bmvd m bmro`dss ge 54 [bgrd (M) tg 34 [bgrd (M) m`o hd sifcbtiy gvdrsfzdo.

Kidm`f`c pfcs wftb stddi hrusbds gr hrusb kgmtdo egma pfcs sbguio hd usdo f` u`kgmtdo kmrhg` stddi pfpdif`ds. G`iy pgiyurdtbm`d pimtds, ofsk pfcs, spfrmi wgu`o gr krfss-krgss pgiyurdtbm`d kgmtdo egma pfcs sbmii hd usdo egr kidm`f`c CX^/CXD pfpdif`ds gr f`tdr`miiy eigwkgmtdo pfpdif`ds. ([)

^fcs sbmii hd mhid tg pmss tbrgucb pfpdif`ds wftb af`faua hgrd m`o af`faua hd`o rmofus m`o tbrgucb pfpdif`d vmivds m`o efttf`cs ms spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. Egma pfcs sbmii hd gvdrsfzdo ms rdqufrdo egr tbdfr outy. @G_D[:

=) Hmrd egma pfc pfcs s usdo egr oryf`c bmvd m typfkm typfkmii gv gvdrsfzd drsfzd ge => % ge ge tbd `gaf`mi if`d FO. 8) Hmrd egma pfcs sbguio hd rdpimkdo hy hrusb gr mhr mhrmsfvd msfvd kgmtdo egma pfcs fe f`spdktfg` metdr pfccf`c rdvdmis tbmt tbdsd pfcs bmvd odtdrfgrmtdo tg sukb m` dxtd`t tbmt tbdy amy ofsf`tdcrmtd ourf`c pfccf`c m`o/gr hdkgad f`deedktfvd egr odwmtdrf`c.

_bd usd ge sdmif`c gr sgifo cdis amy hd kg`sfodrdo wbd` pfpdif`ds ig`cdr tbm` ?>> la gr wftb FO vmrfmtfg`s f` dxkdss ge =4  % ge tbd samiidst ofmadtdr mrd tg hd pfccdo gr f` spdkfmi pfpdif`d kg`efcurmtfg`s sukb ms pfpdif`ds wftb suhsdm kg``dktfg`s tg gtbdr pfpdif`ds gr tg rdagtd wdiis. (M)

M`y sdmif`c gr sgifo cdis sbmii hd kgapmtfhid wftb tbd adofm usdo ourf`c prdkgaafssfg`f`c m`o `gt kmusd kg`tmaf`mtfg` ge tbd eiufo gr ogw`strdma emkfiftfds ourf`c gpdrmtfg`s. Kg`trmktgr sbmii spdkfey m`o suhaft mii odtmfis ge tbd cdi, f`kiuof`c kgapgsftfg`, kgapmtfhfifty, qum`tftfds, stmhfifty, af`faua m`o amxfaua pfccf`c spddo m`o fapmkt g` orfvf`c prdssurd tg tbd ^rf`kfpmi egr mpprgvmi prfgr tg tbdfr usd.

 

 

4.;

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd =3

^IM@@F@C ^FCCF@C G^DXM_FG@[ ^fpdif`d didvmtfg`, od`sfty ge eiufo f` tbd pfpdif`d, prdssurd igss mkrgss tbd pfc gr pfc trmf` m`o hmkl-prdssurd mt tbd rdkdfvf`c d`o sbmii hd tmld` f`tg mkkgu`t wbd` kmikuimtf`c tbd rdqufrdo f`idt eigws m`o prdssurds egr tbd orfvf`c adofua. _bd prdssurd igss mkrgss m pfc fs amf`iy odpd`od`t upg` tbd pfc typd m`o if`d ofmadtdr, hut fs misg f`eiud`kdo hy tbd eigwf`c adofua m`o tbd pfpd‖s f`tdr`mi rgucb`dss. Ms m` mpprgxfamtd cufod egr pfpdif`d ofmadtdrs mhgvd ?=> aa m prdssurd igss ge >.4 hmr sbguio hd miigwdo, f`krdmsf`c up tg ; hmr egr samiidr ofmadtdrs< wbdrd tbd mvmfimhid orfvf`c prdssurd kguio hdkgad m krftfkmi emktgr, m agrd dxmkt vmiud sbguio hd ghtmf`do erga tbd pfc am`uemkturdr. Kg`trgi ge tbd pfc trmvdiif`c spddo sbmii hd mssfstdo hy amf`tmf`f`c m hmkl-prdssurd ge = hmr (cm) egr ifqufos m`o ; hmr (cm) egr gtbdr adofm mhgvd tbd mahfd`t prdssurd mt tbd rdkdfvf`c d`o. _bfs prdssurd sbmii hd f`krdmsdo wbdrd `dkdssmry tg kgu`tdrmkt mkkdidrmtfg` ge tbd pfc f` ogw`bfii sdktfg`s. F` ifqufo-efiido pfpdif`ds, tbd prdssurd ge tbd rdkdfvf`c d`o sbmii miwmys hd dqumi tg gr crdmtdr tbm` tbd stmtfk prdssurd tbmt km` gkkur hdbf`o tbd pfc ourf`c pfccf`c gpdrmtfg`. [f`cid pfcs gr pfc trmf`s sbmii hd sdpmrmtdo hy ofstm`kds tbmt prgvfod sueefkfd`t tfad egr rdkdfvdrs tg hd u`igmodo wftbgut rdoukf`c tbd trmvdiif`c spddo ge m`y egiigwf`c pfcs gr pfc trmf`s. ^fc trmf`s sbmii hd spift fe tbdy kg`tmf` agrd pfcs tbm` tbd rdkdfvdr km` bgio hdegrd hdf`c u`igmodo. _bd ofstm`kd hdtwdd` pfcs f` m trmf` sbmii hd mt idmst 8 % ge tbd pfpdif`d id`ctb, wftb m af`faua ofstm`kd ge =4> adtrds wbd` sdpmrmtdo sd pmrmtdo hy ifqufos i fqufos m`o ;>> adtrds wbd` sdpmrmtdo hy gtbdr adofm. ^rfgr tg m`y pfccf`c gpdrmtfg`s tbd Kg`trmktgr sbmii vdrfey tbmt: -

mii vmivds bmvd hdd` kgrrdktiy pgsftfg`do m`o mrd eu`ktfg`mi. Mii amf` if`d vmivds sbmii hd f` tbd euiiy gpd` pgsftfg`< m`o ofskbmrcd m`o/gr stgrmcd emkfiftfds bmvd hdd` kg``dktdo m`o mrd f` cggo wgrlf`c wgrlf`c grodr.

^fcs sbguio hd rdagvdo erga tbd pfc rdkdfvdr faadofmtdiy upg` mrrfvmi, m`o tbd` f`spdktdo. 4.?

^FC _XMF@ AG@F_GXF@C Ourf`c mii pfccf`c gpdrmtfg`s tbd igkmtfg` ge tbd pfc trmf`s sbguio hd prdofktdo hy kmikuimtfg`s m`o admsurdad`t ge tbd vgiuad ge tbd orfvf`c adofua. Imu`kbf`c m`o mrrfvmi ge pfcs mt pfc trmps sbguio hd ag`ftgrdo hy pfc sfc`miidrs efttdo tg tbd pfc trmps gr hy admsurf`c sfc`mis erga pfc igkmtfg` odvfkds efttdo tg tbd imst pfc ge tbd pfc trmf`. Sbd` ciykgi gr gtbdr kbdafkmis mrd pmrt ge tbd pfc trmf` gr usdo ms tbd orfvf`c adofua, tbd igkmtfg` ge pfc trmf`s sbguio hd ag`ftgrdo ourf`c tbd pfccf`c gpdrmtfg`s. Igkmtfg` ag`ftgrf`c sbguio hd pdregrado hy ag`ftgrf`c tbd sfc`mis erga pfc igkmtfg` odvfkds gr hy prdofktfg`s hmsdo g` tbd vgiuads ge tbd ofskbmrcdo eiufos admsurdo f` tbd ofskbmrcd pfpd wgrl. ^fc igkmtfg` odvfkds sbguio hd ge tbd amc`dtfk, rmofg gr uitrmsg`fk typds< egr ifqufo efiido geesbgrd pfpdif`ds tbd mkgustfk pf`cdr typd amy misg hd kg`sfodrdo. [gad f`egramtfg` g` tbd vmrfgus typds ge pfc igkmtfg` odvfkds fs cfvd` f` Mppd`ofx H.

4.4

OF[IGOCF@C [_TKL ^FC[  Mttdapts tg ofsigocd pfcs sbmii hd mhgrtdo hdegrd tbd mppifdo prdssurd prdssur d dxkddos dftbdr: m) AMG^ ge tbd pfpdif`d/prdkgaafssfg`f`c dqufpad`t< gr h) tbd prdofktdo pfccf`c gpdrmtfg` prdssurd hy: -

4> % egr if`ds efiido kgapidtdiy wftb ifqufos< gr 4 hmr (cm) egr mii gtbdr adofm.

 

 

(M)

4.5

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd =2

_bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii movfsd tbd ^rf`kfpmi wbd` wbd` bfcbdr prdssurds mrd rdqufrdo tg ofsigocd pfcs m`o sbmii prgkddo f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbd kg`tf`cd`ky prgkdourds g`iy metdr mpprgvmi hy tbd ^rf`kfpmi. ^FCCF@C XDKGXO[  Mii pfccf`c gpdrmtfg`s sbmii hd rdkgrodo f` m pfc omtm rdcfstdr wftb tbd egiigwf`c omtm ms m af`faua: -

fod`tfefkmtfg` `uahdr m`o omtd ge tbd pfc ru`< `uahdr m`o typd(s) ge pfc< vgiuads m`o prdssurds ge tbd orfvf`c adofm< tfad ge imu`kbf`c m`o rdkdfvf`c< kg`oftfg` ge pfcs hdegrd imu`kbf`c m`o upg` mrrfvmi< m`o vgiuads m`o `mturds ge amtdrfmi m m`o `o suhstm`kds mrrfvf`c f` erg`t ge tbd pfc mt tbd rdkdfvf`c d`o.

 

 

5.

ODSM_DXF@C

5.=

CD@DXMI

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd =6

Gfi pfpdif`ds og `gt rdqufrd mii wmtdr tg hd rdagvdo hdegrd gfi fs f`trgoukdo prgvfodo tbmt tbd egiigwf`c kg`oftfg`s mrd adt:

-

_bd eiufo wfii `gt egra byormtds u`odr odsfc`do gpdrmtf`c m`o stmrt-up kg`oftfg`s< _bd eiufo fs `gt kgrrgsfvd tg tbd pfpd wbd` f` kg`tmkt wftb wmtdr<

-

_bd ogw`strdma emkfiftfds km` mkkgaagomtd m vgiuad ge gfi m`o wmtdr afx.

@G_D[:

=) Ft fs u`usumi egr m` gfi prgo prgoukt ukt tg egra byormtds byormtds g` kg`tmkt w wftb ftb wmtdr, u`idss tbdrd fs cms kgaf`cido f` tbd eigw. Fe m sfc`fefkm`t vgiuad ge cms ‛ pmrtfkuimriy adtbm`d ‛ fs prdsd`t, gr wfii gkkur ourf`c gpdrmtfg`s, tbd` odwmtdrf`c m`o oryf`c gpdrmtfg`s amy hd rdqufrdo. 8)

Sbfist tbd usd ge g`d gr agrd pfcs hdtwdd` hdtwdd` tbd w wmtdr mtdr m`o g gfifi km` bdip tg sdpmrmtd tbd twg eiufos, m kdrtmf` magu`t ge afxf`c sbguio hd m`tfkfpmtdo.

;)

Odtdraf`f`c tbd kgrrgsfv kgrrgsfvfty fty ge byorgkmrhg` byorgkmrhg` eiufos, f` pm pmrtfkuimr rtfkuimr ifqufo byor byorgkmrhg`s gkmrhg`s fs kgapifkmtdo.  M Kgrrgsfg` D`cf`ddr D`cf`ddr sbguio hd kg`suitdo tg kg`efr kg`efra a m`y mssuado im imkl kl ge kgrrgsfvfty. kgrrgsfvfty.

Dvd` wbdrd ft fs `gt rdqufrdo, odwmtdrf`c ge m` gfi pfpdif`d egiigwdo hy m igw prdssurd `ftrgcd` purcd bms tbd egiigwf`c movm`tmcds tbmt kguio hd hd`defkfmi f` sgad sftumtfg`s:

-

Ft miigws tbd pfpdif`d tg hd idet f` m` 'f`drt' kg`oftfg`, wftb `g gxycd` prdsd`t, wbfkb km` rdoukd tbd pgssfhfifty ge kgrrgsfg`< Ft miigws tbd pfpdif`d tg hd smediy kgaafssfg`do, hy prdvd`tf`c m`y bmzmrogus gxycd`/byorgkmrhg` afxf`c.

Cms pfpdif`ds cd`drmiiy rdqufrd tbd rdagvmi gr f`bfhftfg` ge mii wmtdr tg prdvd`t byormtd egramtfg` m`o pfpdif`d kgrrgsfg`, odpd`of`c g` cms kgapgsftfg` m`o pfpdif`d kg`oftfg`s. ([)

Sbd` spdkfefdo hy ^rf`kfpmi f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl, Kg`trmktgr sbmii odwmtdr tbd pfpdif`d pfpdif`d usf`c tbd spdkfefdo adofua. Ef`mi wmtdr kidm`f`c amy hd kgahf`do wftb tbd efrst odwmtdrf`c ru`. _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii pdregra ef`mi wmtdr kidm`f`c, sdd (3.8) gr (3.;), hdegrd gr f` kgahf`mtfg` wftb tbd efrst odwmtdrf`c ru` fe rdqufrdo.

([)

G`iy bfcb bfcb sdmif`c ofsk pfcs wftb mt idmst twg cufof`c m`o egur sdmif`c ofsks sbguio hd usdo u`idss gtbdrwfsd spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl.

([)   ([)

[iddpf`c pfcs sbmii hd rdkgvdrdo hy tbd Kg`trmktgr. _bdsd pfcs sbmii hd usdo egr odwmtdrf`c g`iy fe spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii ormf` rdamf`f`c erdd wmtdr erga vmivd hgoy kmvftfds m`o odmo d`os ge pfpf`c m`o fe mppifkmhid higw tbrgucb wftb kgaprdssdo mfr. Sbdrd oryf`c fs spdkfefdo, emfiurd tg pdregra tbfs mktfvfty wfii prgig`c oryf`c gpdrmtfg`s m`o kguio misg rdsuit f` igkmifsdo fkf`c up fe vmkuua oryf`c fs mppifdo. _bd adtbgo m`o tfaf`c ge ormf`f`c sbmii hd spdkfefdo f` tbd odwmtdrf`c prgkdourd ge tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c pim`. Odwmtdrf`c ge tbd pfpdif`d hy crmvfty mig`d fs `gt pdrafttdo, ms tbfs km` rdsuit f` m hrgld` wmtdr kgiua` wbfkb km` sdrfgusiy meedkt tbd prdssurd `ddodo tg prgpdi pfcs oud tg tbd mkkuauimtfg` ge auitfpid stmtfk bdmos.

5.8

ODSM_DXF@C XT@[  Mii pfpdif`ds sbguio hd odwmtdrdo hy m pfc trmf` kg`sfstf`c ge mt idmst twg bfcb sdmif`c pfcs. G`d pfc trmf` ru` sbmii hd rdqufrdo (5.8.=) ms m af`faua wbd` tbd orfvf`c adofua fs: -

`ftrgcd`, ciykgi gr adtbm`gi< `ftrgcd` f` kgahf`mtfg` wftb ciykgi swmhhf`c.

_wg pfc trmf` ru`s sbmii hd rdqufrdo, (5.8.=) m`o (5.8.8), ms m af`faua wbd` tbd orfvf`c adofua fs: - mfr<

 

 

-

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 8>

mfr f` kgahf`mtfg` wftb ciykgi swmhhf`c.

Egr ig`c ofstm`kd pfpdif`ds, wbdrd tbd ourmtfg` ge m pfc trmf` ru` wguio amld 8 sdpmrmtd ru`s u`dkg`gafk, f`krdmsf`c tbd `uahdr ge bfcb sdmif`c pfcs wftbf` m sf`cid pfc trmf` amy hd kg`sfodrdo ms m` mitdr`mtfvd tg 8 pfc trmf` ru`s. Sbdrd oryf`c fs tg egiigw odwmtdrf`c, ft fs fapgrtm`t tg admsurd hgtb tbd guteigw ge wmtdr m`o f`eigw ge mfr ourf`c odwmtdrf`c grodr tg pdregra m amss/vgiuad hmim`kd. _bfs d`mhid tbd qum`tfty ge rdsfoumi wmtdr f` f` tbd pfpdif`d tg hd dstfamtdo. _bfs dstfamtfg` amywfii hd usdo ms tbd hmsfs egr oryf`c tfad prdofktfg`s (2.=). @G_D:

5.8.=

Adtbm`gi sbmii `gt hd usdo f` f` odw odwmtdrf`c mtdrf`c gpdrmtfg`s wbdrd mfr oryf`c fs tg egiigw, ms tbf tbfs s km` idmo tg pgtd`tfmiiy dxpigsfvd adtbm`gi/mfr afxturds. Ciykgi amy hd usdo wftb trf-dtbyid`d ciykgi hdf`c prdedrrdo oud tg fts igwdr tgxfkfty idvdi.

Efrst odwmtdrf`c ru` _bd efrst odwmtdrf`c ru` sbmii hd kmrrfdo gut ms egiigws: -

-

tbd trmvdiif`c spddo ge tbd pfc trmf` sbguio hd kg`stm`t m`o wftbf` wftbf` tbd rm`cd ge >.4 tg =.> a/s< tbd f`tdr`mi pfpdif`d prdssurd sbmii hd ldpt mt iidmst dmst = hmr (cm) mhgvd tbd mahfd`t prdssurd mt m`y pgf`t mig`c tbd pfpdif`d hy kg`trgi ge hmkl-prdssurd mt tbd ofskbmrcd d`o< wbd` odwmtdrf`c wftb mfr gr `ftrgcd` g`iy, pfcs sbmii hd sdpmrmtdo ms spdkfefdo f` (4.;)< wbd` odwmtdrf`c wftb adtbm`gi gr ciykgi g`iy, pfcs sbmii hd sdpmrmtdo hy m vgiuad ge tbd orfvf`c adofua tg hd odtdraf`do f` mkkgrom`kd wftb (2.4.=).

@G_D:

_bd rdkgaad`odo pfc trmvdiif`c spddo rm`cd spdkfefdo bdrd, m`o f` gtbdr gtbdr sdktfg`s sdktfg`s ge tbfs O OD^, D^, ffs s hmsdo g` f`oustry dxpdrfd`kd. F` sgad sftumtfg`s ft amy `gt hd prmktfkmi, gr ft amy hd vdry kgstiy, tg mkbfdvd tbd af`faua spddo stmtdo, f` wbfkb kmsd sigwdr spddos amy hd usdo, prgvfof`c tbd  justfefkmtfg` fs mkkdptdo hy tbd ^rf`kfpmi. _bdrd mrd f`stm`kds wbdrd sigwdr pfc trmvdi spddos bmvd hdd` usdo wftbgut odtrfad`tmi deedkt.

 M typfkmi odwmtdrf`c pfc trmf` orfvd` hy mfr fs sbgw` f` Efcurd 8. Erdsb wmtdr swmhhf`c sbmii hd pdregrado fe smit wmtdr wms f`trgoukdo f`tg tbd pfpdif`d egr byorgstmtfk prdssurd tdstf`c gr prdkgaafssfg`f`c m`o ef`mi mfr kidm`f`c gr oryf`c fs rdqufrdo. _bfs fs tg prdvd`t smit odpgsfts egraf`c, dspdkfmiiy ourf`c dvmpgrmtfg`. _bd rdqufrdad`ts egr erdsb wmtdr swmhhf`c mrd: -

erdsb wmtdr, ge mhgut ? % ge tbd pfpdif`d vgiuad, sbmii hd orfvd` tbrgucb tbd pfpdif`d f` hmtkbds kg`tmf`do hy pfcs<

-

tbd vgiuad ge ge erdsb wmtdr wmtdr hdtwdd` twg pfcs sbmii hd odtdraf`do f` mkkgrom`kd wftb (2.4.=)< tbd trmvdiif`c trmvdiif`c spddo m`o f`tdr`mi pfpdif`d prdssurd sbmii hd ms spdkfefdo spdkfefdo mhgvd.

-

 M typfkmi pfc trmf` f` kgahf`mtfg` wftb erdsb wmtdr swmhhf`c orfvd` wftb mfr fs sbgw` f` Efcurd ;. Fe tbd erdsb wmtdr hmtkbds mrd orfvd` hy mfr, swmhhf`c sbmii hd rdpdmtdo u`tfi tbd smit kg`td`t ge m rdkdfvdo hmtkb fs idss tbm` 8>> ac pdr lc ge wmtdr. Fe tbd orfvf`c adofua fs ciykgi gr adtbm`gi, gr fs egiigwdo hy ciykgi swmhhf`c, swmhhf`c sbguio hd stgppdo g`kd tbd spdkfefdo vgiuad ge erdsb wmtdr bms hdd` pfccdo tbrgucb tbd pfpdif`d. 5.8.8

[dkg`o odwmtdrf`c ru`  M pfc trmf` wftb g`d bfcb sdmif`c ofsk pfc, egiigwdo hy mt idmst hy twg egma pfcs wftb m od`sfty ge 2> lc/a;, sbmii hd orfvd` hy mfr tbrgucb tbd pfpdif`d ms egiigws: -

tbd odwpgf`t ge tbd mfr egr pfccf`c sbmii hd mt idmst 4 ¾K hdigw tbd af`faua mahfd`t

-

tdapdrmturd tbdgepfpdif`d admsurdo mt hdtwdd` = hmr (cm)< tbd trmvdiif`cmig`c spddo tbd pfcs sbguio hd >.4 a/s m`o =.> a/s, hut sbmii `gt dxkddo =.4 a/s<

 

 

-

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 8=

pfcs sbmii hd sdpmrmtdo f` mkkgrom`kd wftb (4.;).

^fccf`c wftb egma gr hrusb egma pfcs sbmii kg`tf`ud u`tfi tbdy mrrfvd wftbgut erdd wmtdr f` erg`t. Egma pfcs sbguio `gt hd usdo f` ig`c `g`-f`tdr`miiy kgmtdo pfpdif`ds oud tg tbd qum`tfty ge egma oust rdamf`f`c f` tbd pfpdif`d, ms tbfs bms m odtrfad`tmi deedkt g` tbd suhsdqud`t oryf`c gpdrmtfg`. 5.;

ODSM_DXF@C XDKGXO[ _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii admsurd m`o rdkgro tbd egiigwf`c: -

odtmfis ge tdst wmtdr wmtdr m`o gtbdr adofm rdkdfvdo mt rdkdfvf`c d`o< smit kg`td`t ge tbd imst erdsb wmtdr hmtkb mt tbd rdkdfvf`c d`o, fe mppifkmhid< egr dmkb odwmtdrf`c ru` tbd qum`tftfds, prdssurd m`o eigwrmtd rdkgros ge tbd orfvf`c adofua< egr tbd sdkg`o ru` tbd odwpgf`ts ge tbd mfr.

 

 

3.

EF@MI KIDM@F@C

3.=

F@_XGOTK_FG@ ([)

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 88

_bd Kg`trmktgr Kg`trmktgr sbmii mogpt tbd adtbgo egr ef`mi kidm`f`c ms spdkfefdo hy tbd ^rf`kfpmi f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. Ef`mi wmtdr kidm`f`c sbmii hd kmrrfdo gut hdegrd gr f` kgahf`mtfg` wftb tbd efrst odwmtdrf`c ru`. Igw vdigkfty mfr kidm`f`c sbmii hd kmrrfdo gut f` kgahf`mtfg` wftb ory mfr pfccf`c (2.8.8). Bfcb vdigkfty mfr kidm`f`c sbguio hd kmrrfdo gut g`iy metdr tbd pfpdif`d bms hdd` euiiy orfdo f` mkkgrom`kd wftb (2.8) gr (2.;). _bd ^rf`kfpmi sbmii spdkfey tbd kidm`if`dss krftdrfm tg hd mkbfdvdo kg`sfstd`t wftb tbd sdidktdo kidm`f`c adtbgo m`o tbd f`td`odo pfpdif`d sdrvfkd. @gtd

Odtdraf`f`c tbd id idvdi vdi ge kidm`if`dss ge m pfpdif`d fs getd` ofeefkuit f` pr prmktfkd mktfkd m`o sgad juocdad`t wfii hd `ddodo tg mssdss wbdtbdr eurtbdr kidm`f`c mktfvftfds wfii hd kgst deedktfvd f` mkbfdvf`c m`y sfc`fefkm`t faprgvdad`t. Dxmapids ge kidm`if`dss krftdrfm tbmt amy hd spdkfefdo f`kiuod:

∘

3.8

∘

Sbd` tbd kidm`f`c adtbgo f`vgivds tbd usd ge pfcs, tbd magu`t ge odhrfs rdkdfvdo mt tbd d`o ge dmkb pfc ru` sbmii hd mssdssdo g` m vgiuad m`o amss hmsfs. _bd odhrfs rdkdfvdo sbmii sbgw m rdoukf`c trd`o, f` hgtb vgiuad m`o pmrtfkid sfzd. ^fccf`c sbmii kg`tf`ud u`tfi ft fs odag`strmtdo tbmt eurtbdr pfccf`c wfii `gt rdsuit f` m sfc`fefkm`t rdouktfg` f` tbd odhrfs rdkdfvdo.

∘

Xdcuimr smapids sbmii hd tmld` erga tbd deeiud`t. _bd sgifos kg`td`t sbmii hd admsurdo m`o tbd rdsuits rdkgrodo. Kidm`f`c sbmii hd kg`sfodrdo kgapidtd wbd` tbd qum`tfty ge odhrfs f` tbd smapids ofrdktiy mbdmo ge tbd imst pfc fs idss tbm` g`d pdrkd`t hy vgiuad. _bd pfpdif`d systda sbmii hd kg`sfodrdo kidm` wbd` tbd wmtdr/mfr kgaf`c gut ge tbd pfpdif`d ogds `gt idmvd m`y odhrfs g` m efitdr wftb sfzd 4> ´a (;>> adsb).

IGS UDIGKF_V SM_DX KIDM@F@C Igw vdigkfty wmtdr kidm`f`c sbmii hd kmrrfdo gut hy pfccf`c tbd pfpdif`d wftb pfc trmf`s kg`sfstf`c ge m sdrfds ge hrusb kidm`f`c pfcs egiigwdo hy m bfcb sdmif`c ofsk pfc, ms egiigws: -

kidm` m`o efitdrdo wmtdr wmtdr sbmii hd usdo ms orfvf`c adofua< bfcb sdmif`c ofsk pfcs sbguio hd ru` wftb gpd` hypmss pgrts pgrts ge mpprgxfamtdiy mpprgxfamtdiy 2 % ge tbd pfpdif`d hgrd< tbd pfc trmvdiif`c spddo sbguio hd wftbf` tbd rm`cd >.4 a/s tg =.> a/s.

^fccf`c sbmii kg`tf`ud u`tfi tbd spdkfefdo kidm`if`dss krftdrfm (3.=) bmvd hdd` mkbfdvdo. Ef`mi kidm`f`c ge kmrhg` stddi pfpdif`ds sbmii hd kg`kiuodo hy m ru` wftb m amc`dtfk kidm`f`c pfc. 3.;

BFCB UDIGKF_V SM_DX KIDM@F@C Bfcb vdigkfty wmtdr kidm`f`c sbmii hd kmrrfdo gut hy kg`tf`ugusiy puapf`c wmtdr mt bfcb vdigkftfds tbrgucb tbd pfpdif`d, ms egiigws: -

kidm` m`o efitdrdo wmtdr sbmii hd puapdo kg`tf`ugusiy tbrgucb tbd pfpdif`d m mtt m af`faua vdigkfty ge ; a/s< tbd af`faua vgiuad vgiuad tg hd hd puapdo tbrgucb tbrgucb tbd if`d sbmii hd tbrdd tfads tbd vgiuad ge tbd pfpdif`d.

Kidm`f`c sbmii hd kg`sfodrdo kgapidtd wbd` tbd spdkfefdo kidm`if`dss krftdrfm (3.=) bmvd hdd` mkbfdvdo wbfist rdpimkf`c tbd if`d kg`td`t mt tbd spdkfefdo vdigkfty. @G_D[:

=) _bd amx amxfaua faua mkkdp mkkdptmhid tmhid of ofspgsmi spgsmi rrmtds mtds egr tbd byorgtdst byorgtdst wmtdr wmtdr amy kg`eifkt wftb tbd spdkf spdkfefdo efdo af`faua wmtdr vdigkftfds egr bfcb vdigkfty kidm`f`c. F` sukb kmsds, tbd byorgtdst wmtdr sbmii efrst hd rdpimkdo hy kidm` m`o efitdrdo wmtdr egiigwdo faadofmtdiy hy bfcb vdigkfty wmtdr kidm`f`c. 8) Bfcb vdigkfty wmtdr wmtdr kidm`f`c amy ofktmtd tbd rdqufr rdqufrdo do efitdr kmpmkfty. kmpmkfty. ;) _bd af`faua vdigkfty spd kfefdo fs ofeefkuit mkbfdvd w wftb ftb `grami tdapgrmry dqufp dqufpad`t ad`t m`o tbfs adtbgo fs `gramiiy g`iyspdkfefdo usdo wbdrd dxfstf`ctgbfcb vgiuad/prdssurd vgiuad/prds surd puaps mrd mvmfimhid.

 

 

3.?

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 8;

IGS UDIGKF_V MFX KIDM@F@C Igw vdigkfty mfr kidm`f`c sbmii hd kmrrfdo gut f` kgahf`mtfg` wftb pfccf`c. ^fc trmf`s kg`sfstf`c ge m sdrfds ge hrusb kidm`f`c pfcs gr hrusb kgmtdo egma pfcs egiigwdo hy m bfcb sdmif`c ofsk pfc sbmii hd orfvd` tbrgucb tbd pfpdif`d usf`c ory mfr, ms egiigws: -

bfcb sdmif`c ofsk pfcs sbguio hd ru` wftb gpd` hypmss pgrts pgrts ge mpprgxfamtdiy mpprgxfamtdiy 4 % ge tbd pfpdif`d hgrd< tbd pfc trmvdiif`c spddos sbguio hd wftbf` >.4 a/s tg = =.> .> a/s<

-

tbd odwpgf`t ge ge tbd mfr sbmii hd ms egr oryf`c (2.8.=).

^fccf`c sbmii kg`tf`ud u`tfi tbd spdkfefdo kidm`if`dss krftdrfm (3.=) bmvd hdd` mkbfdvdo. Ef`mi kidm`f`c ge kmrhg` stddi pfpdif`ds sbmii hd kg`kiuodo hy m ru` wftb m amc`dtfk kidm`f`c pfc. 3.4

BFCB UDIGKF_V MFX KIDM@F@C Bfcb vdigkfty mfr kidm`f`c sbmii hd kmrrfdo gut metdr ory mfr gr vmkuua oryf`c. Ory mfr sbmii hd purcdo kg`tf`ugusiy tbrgucb tbd pfpdif`d ms egiigws: -

tbd odwpgf`t ge tbd ory mfr sbmii hd ms spdkfefdo egr tbd ory pfpdif`d< m af`faua mfr vdigkfty ge => a/s sbmii hd amf`tmf`do f` tbd pfpdif`d mt tbd f`idt< tbd qum`tfty ge mfr tg tg hd usdo egr purcf`c sbmii hd sueefkfd`t tg rdpimkd tbd vgiuad ge tbd pfpdif`d tbrdd (;) tfads mt tbd purcf`c prdssurd.

Kidm`f`c sbmii hd kgapidtd wbd` tbd spdkfefdo kidm`if`dss krftdrfm (3.=) bmvd hdd` mkbfdvdo wbfist tbd if`d kg`td`t fs rdpimkdo mt tbd spdkfefdo vdigkfty. @G_D:

3.5

Sbd` usf`c tbfs adtbgo, spdkfmi mttd`tfg` sbmii hd cfvd` cfvd` tg l`gklf`c gut m m`y `y d d`trmf`do `trmf`do odhrfs/oust hdegrd tbd mfr fs dxbmustdo tg tbd mtagspbdrd.

EF@MI KIDM@F@C XDKGXO[ _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii admsurd m`o rdkgro tbd egiigwf`c: -

tgtmi vgiuad, prdssurd m`o eigwrmtd ge kidm`f`c adofua egr dmkb kidm`f`c stdp< qum`tftfds m`o `mturd ge amtdrfmis rdkdfvdo mt tbd d`o ge tbd pfpdif`d< odtmfis ge adofm rdkdfvdo mt tbd rdkdfvf`c d`o< egr mfr kidm`f`c tbd odwpgf`ts ge tbd mfr erga hgtb d`os ge tbd pfpdif`d.

 

 

2.

OXVF@C

2.=

F@_XGOTK_FG@ ([)

_bd Kg`trmktgr Kg`trmktgr sbmii sbmii mogpt tbd oryf`c adtbgo m`o mkbfdvd tbd ory`dss ory`dss ms spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. _bd cd`drmi rdqufrdad`ts egr oryf`c mrd: -

ory mfr, `ftrgcd` gr vmkuua oryf`c sbmii kgaad`kd faadofmtdiy faadofmtdiy metdr kgapidtfg` ge tbd sdkg`o odwmtdrf`c ru`< tbd sdkg`o odwmtdrf`c ru` sbmii hd rdpdmtdo fe oryf`c ge tbd pfpdif`d bms `gt kgaad`kdo wftbf` ?2 b ge kgapidtfg` ge tbd odwmtdrf`c< vmivd hgoy kmvftfds m`o odmo d`os ge pfpf`c sbmii hd orfdo f` kgapifm`kd wftb tbd adtbgo m`o tfaf`c odef`do f` tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c pim`< tbd sfzf`c ge tbd oryf`c dqufpad`t m`o kmikuimtfg`s ge tbd tfad rdqufrdo egr oryf`c sbmii hd hmsdo g` m efia tbfkl`dss ge tbd rdsfoumi wmtdr ge `gt idss tbm` >.= aa egr f`tdr`miiy u`kgmtdo pfpds m`o `gt idss tbm` >.>4 aa egr f`tdr`miiy kgmtdo pfpds. Igwdr vmiuds amy hd mssuado fe tbd Kg`trmktgr km` odag`strmtd, tg tbd ^rf`kfpmi's smtfsemktfg`, tbdfr vmifofty erga adtdrf`c ourf`c odwmtdrf`c (5.=) gr erga prdvfgus dxpdrfd`kd.

@G_D:

Dxpdrfd`kd ge rd rdkd`t kd`t odw odwmtdrf`c mtdrf`c gpdrmtfg`s bms sbgw` tbmt sg sgad ad bf bfcb cb sdmi sdmi auitf-ofsk/kup auitf-ofsk/kup pfcs km` rdoukd tbfs rdsfoumi efia wftb rdsuitm`t smvf`cs f` tfad m`o kgst.

2.8

OXV MFX M@O @F_XGCD@ OXVF@C

2.8.=

Cd`drmi

([)

_bd oryf`c adofua tg hd usdo sbmii hd ms spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. Ory mfr gr `ftrgcd` oryf`c sbmii hd dxdkutdo kg`sdkutfvdiy f` tbd egiigwf`c pbmsds: -

([)

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 8?

pfccf`c< purcf`c egr oryf`c< m`o purcf`c egr mkkdptm`kd tdstf`c.

Mfr f`trgoukdo f`tg tbd pfpdif`d ourf`c ory mfr oryf`c sbmii bmvd m odwpgf`t ge mt idmst idmst =4 ¾K hdigw tbd ef`mi odwpgf`t ge tbd pfpdif`d ms spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. @ftrgcd` usdo ourf`c oryf`c sbmii bmvd m af`faua odwpgf`t ge ∘4> ¾K mt mtagspbdrfk prdssurd. _bfs adtbgo fs getd` prgtrmktdo, rdqufrds kg`sfodrmhid dqufpad`t m`o spmkd, fs `gfsy, fs bdmvy g` eudi egr kgaprdssfg` m`o fs u`suftmhid egr pfpdif`ds wftb ’odmo-idcs‑ gr suhsdm tdraf`mtfg`s.

2.8.8

^fccf`c _bd pfpdif`d sbmii hd pfccdo wftb bfcb sdmif`c ofsk pfcs orfvd` hy ory mfr gr `ftrgcd` f` kgahf`mtfg` wftb wmtdr mhsgrhf`c egma pfcs bmvf`c m imrcd wmtdr mhsgrptfg` kmpmkfty (mpprgxfamtdiy 2> % ge tbdfr hgoy amss), bfcb mhrmsfg` rdsfstm`kd m`o m od`sfty hdtwdd` ;> tg 4> lc/a; ms egiigws: -

tbd trmvdiif`c spddo ge tbd egma pfcs sbguio `gt dxkddo =.8 a/s< m hmkl-prdssurd ge mt idmst >.4 hmr (cm) sbmii hd amf`tmf`do mt tbd rdkdfvf`c d`o< m`o pfcs f` m pfc trmf` sbguio hd sdpmrmtdo hy mt idmst ;>> if`dmr pfpdif`d adtrds.

^fccf`c sbmii kg`tf`ud u`tfi tbd odwpgf`t ge tbd oryf`c adofua mt tbd rdkdfvf`c d`o rdamf`s hdigw tbd odwpgf`t spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl m`o ogds `gt eiuktumtd hy agrd tbm` ; ¾K wbfist rdpimkf`c tbd kg`td`t ge tbd if`d hy m pfc. @G_D:

2.8.;

_bd rdqufrdo `uahdrs ge ge egma pfcs mrd typfkmiiy typfkmiiy >.2 pdr la egr eigwkgmtdo pfpdif`ds m`o =.8 pdr la egr pfpdif`ds wftbgut eigwkgmtf`c.

^urcf`c egr oryf`c  Metdr pfccf`c, tbd pfpdif`d sbguio hd purcdo wftb tbd oryf`c adofua wftb m af`faua vdigkfty ge ; a/s f` tbd pfpdif`d mt tbd ofskbmrcd d`o. d `o. ^urcf`c sbmii kg`tf`ud kg`t f`ud u`tfi tbd

 

 

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 84

odwpgf`t mt tbd ofskbmrcd d`o rdamf`s hdigw tbd spdkfefdo odwpgf`t wbfist rdpimkf`c twfkd tbd kg`td`t ge tbd pfpdif`d mt purcf`c prdssurd. 2.8.?

^urcf`c egr mkkdptm`kd tdstf`c _bd ofeefkuity f` odef`f`c tbd mkkdptm`kd krftdrfg` fs tbmt tbd odwpgf`t smapif`c mt dmkb d`o ge tbd pfpdif`d ogds `gt `dkdssmrfiy rdprdsd`t tbd mktumi odwpgf`t kg`oftfg` prdvmfif`c wftbf` tbd wbgid pfpdif`d. _bfs fs hdkmusd tbd ory mfr (gr `ftrgcd`) d`tdrf`c tbd pfpdif`d pdregras oryf`c mt stmrt pfpdif`dtbd m`omfrtbd` Ms tbd prdssurd dxtd`sfvd emiis gee tgwmros tbdtbd d`o ge ge tbdtbd pfpdif`d, (gr hdkgads `ftrgcd`) smturmtdo. fs mcmf` mhid tg mhsgrh agfsturd. _bus tbd sftumtfg` km` mrfsd wbdrd tbd hdcf``f`c m`o tbd d`o ge m pfpdif`d mrd ory hut tbd afooid amy stfii hd wdt, gr mt m bfcbdr odwpgf`t tbm` tbd d`os. Ft km` hd kbdkldo tbmt tbd mkkdptm`kd krftdrfg` bms hdd` adt hy adm`s ge tbd egiigwf`c prgkdourd. Tpg` kgapidtfg` ge purcf`c, tbd pfpdif`d sbmii hd higkldo-f` egr m pdrfgo ge mt idmst =8 b m`o mt m prdssurd ge >.4 hmr (cm) mhgvd tbd mahfd`t prdssurd mt mii pgf`ts mig`c ttbd bd pfpdif`d. Metdr tbfs pdrfgo tbd pfpdif`d kg`td`t sbmii hd rdpimkdo mt tbd igwdst pgssfhid prdssurd m`o tbd odwpgf`t kg`tf`ugusiy admsurdo mt tbd ofskbmrcd d`o. Oryf`c fs kgapidtd wbd` tbd odwpgf`t ourf`c mkkdptm`kd purcf`c rdamf`s hdigw tbd ef`mi odwpgf`t spdkfefdo egr tbd pfpdif`d wbfist rdpimkf`c tbd if`d kg`td`t. ^urcf`c egr oryf`c sbmii rdkgaad`kd m`o tbd mkkdptm`kd tdst sbmii hd rdpdmtdo u`tfi tbfs rdqufrdad`t bms hdd` adt. Tpg` kgapidtfg` ge tbd oryf`c, tbd pfpdif`d sbmii hd higkldo f` mt m prdssurd ge >.4 hmr (cm) mhgvd tbd mahfd`t prdssurd mt m`y pgf`t mig`c tbd pfpdif`d.

2.;

UMKTTA OXVF@C

2.;.=

Cd`drmi

([)

Smtdr vmpgur vmpgur sbmii hd dvmkumtdo erga tbd pfpdif`d hy vmkuua u u`fts `fts mig`d gr f` kgahf`mtfg` wftb ory mfr gr ory `ftrgcd` vmkuua purcf`c ms spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. _bd ef`mi odwpgf`t ge tbd ory pfpdif`d sbmii hd ∘8> ¾K, wbfkb fs dqufvmid`t tg m prdssurd ge = ahmr (mhs), u`idss gtbdrwfsd spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. Umkuua oryf`c sbguio kg`sfst ge tbd egiigwf`c stmcds u`idss gtbdrwfsd mpprgvdo hy tbd ^rf`kfpmi: -

prd-oryf`c kbdkls< g`d gr agrd idml tdsts< puap-ogw`< dvmpgrmtfg`/dvmkumtfg`, f`kiuof`c vmkuua purcf`c<

-

sgml tdst/mkkdptm`kd tdst< efiif`c pbmsd.

 M typfkmi prdssurd tfad pigt ge tbd vmrfgus vmkuua oryf`c pbmsds fs cfvd` f` Efcurd Efcur d 4. _bd sfzd ge tbd vmkuua u`fts sbguio hd sueefkfd`t tg rdoukd tbd prdssurd f` tbd pfpdif`d tg tbd vmpgrfsmtfg` prdssurd ourf`c puap-ogw` wftbf` typfkmiiy =8 b tg ;5 b ge kgaad`kdad`t ge tbd puap-ogw` gpdrmtfg`, odpd`of`c g` tbd id`ctb m`o ofmadtdr ge tbd pfpdif`d. Umkuua u`fts bmvf`c dxkdssfvd kmpmkfty wguio ormw ogw` tbd prdssurd tgg rmpfoiy, wbfkb kguio kmusd igkmifsdo fkd egramtfg`. _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii prdpmrd m tbdgrdtfkmi prdssurd/tfad crmpb egr dmkb ge tbd oryf`c pbmsds, wbfkb sbmii hd f`kiuodo f` tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c pim`. 2.;.8

^rd-oryf`c kbdkls Hdegrd kgaad`kdad`t ge vmkuua oryf`c tbd Kg`trmktgr sbmii vdrfey tbmt: -

tbd pfpdif`d bms hdd` fsgimtdo erga gtbdr pfpdif`ds m`o pfpdwgrl< vmivds mrd odsfc`do egr vmkuua oryf`c m`o bmvd hdd` pimkdo f` tg tbd bmie gpd` pgsftfg`<

 

 

-

vmivd hgoy hiddodr pmrts mrd vmkuua tfcbt< tdapgrmry kg``dktfg`s, pfc trmp vmivds m`o pfc trmp d`o kigsurd sdmis mrd mhid tg wftbstm`o tbd prdvmfif`c vmkuua prdssurd. Fe tbfs fs `gt tbd kmsd, Kg`trmktgr sbmii prgvfod modqumtd sdmis egr tbd vmkuua oryf`c gpdrmtfg` m`o rdpimkd tbdsd sdmis hy tbd pdram`d`t sdmis g`kd tbd vmkuua oryf`c gpdrmtfg` bms hdd` kgapidtdo.

@G_D:

2.;.;

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 85

Fe vmi vmivds vds mrd tg hd suhjdktdo tg vmkuua vmkuua oryf`c oryf`c gpdrmtfg`s, tbdy sbguio sbguio u`odrcg m vmkuua vmkuua prdssurd prdssurd tdst, mt tbd mppifkmhid vmkuua prdssurd, f` tbd emktgry ms pmrt ge tbd emktgry mkkdptm`kd tdst. Umkuua trfmis g` krftfkmi (d.c. suhsdm) vmivds faadrsdo f` wmtdr mt suhsdm prdssurd bmvd prgvdo hd`defkfmi.

Idml tdsts _bd pfpdwgrl kg``dktf`c tbd vmkuua u`ft wftb tbd pfpdif`d, f`kiuof`c pfc trmp(s) m`o vmkuua u`ft(s), sbmii hd fsgimtdo erga tbd pfpdif`d m`o tbd prdssurd f` tbd fsgimtdo pfpdwgrl igwdrdo tg sifcbtiy mhgvd tbd tbdgrdtfkmi dvmpgrmtfg` prdssurd. @G_D:

Egr ory pfpdwgrl m typfkmi idml tdst prdssurd ge 2 ahmr (mhs) tg => ahmr (mhs) sbguio hd mppifdo.

_bd vmkuua u`ft sbmii hd swftkbdo gee m`o tbd fsgimtdo pfpdwgrl kbdkldo egr idmls hy vfsumi/muofg f`spdktfg`. Idmls sbmii hd kurdo hy eim`cd tfcbtd`f`c, tmpf`c eim`cd kfrkuaedrd`kds, tmpf`c crdmsd `fppids m`o mppiyf`c pimstfkf`d gr dqufvmid`t tg vmivd stdas. @G_D:

Sbdrd emkfiftfds kg`tmf`f`c am`y eim`cds mrd tg hd f`kiuodo f` tbd oryf`c gpdrmtfg`, tbd usd ge bd bdifua ifua trmkd idml odtdktfg` dqufpad`t tg mssfst f` igkmtf`c samii idmls sbguio hd kg`sfodrdo. _bfs systda sprmys bdifua mrgu`o eim`cds wbfist ag`ftgrf`c m`y trmkds ge bdifua mt tbd vmkuua pim`t ofskbmrcd.

_bd pfpdif`d sbmii tbd` hd gpd`do tg tbd vmkuua u`ft(s) m`o tbd prdssurd f` tbd d`tfrd systda rdoukdo tg m prdssurd ge 4> ahmr (mhs) tg =>> ahmr (mhs) egr tbd ef`mi idml tdst. _bd prdssurd sbmii hd amf`tmf`do mt tbfs idvdi m`o mii gtbdr pfpf`c, sukb ms mt f`if`d higkl vmivd stmtfg`s m`o tbd pfc trmp systda mt tbd gtbdr d`o ge tbd pfpdif`d fe vmkuua oryf`c fs kmrrfdo gut erga g`d d`o g`iy, sbmii hd kbdkldo egr idmls. Idmls sbmii hd kurdo ms stmtdo mhgvd.  Metdr mii idmls bmvd hdd` kurdo, wbdrd pgssfhid, tbd vmkuua u`ft sbmii hd tur`do gee m`o fsgimtdo erga tbd pfpdif`d m`o tbd prdssurd f` tbd pfpdif`d m`o tbd mssgkfmtdo pfpdwgrl ag`ftgrdo egr mt idmst = b. ^rdssurd f`krdmsds f`kr dmsds sbmii hd rdkgrodo m`o pigttdo p igttdo g` m prdssurd/tfad kbmrt. Erga tbd admsurdo prdssurd f`krdmsd, tbd tgtmi idml rmtd sbmii kmikuimtdo. Kurf`c ge idmls sbmii hd kg`tf`udo u`tfi tbd kmikuimtdo tgtmi idml rmtd fs idss tbm` => % ge dvmkumtfg` kmpmkfty ge tbd vmkuua u`fts mt tbd f`ftfmi idml tdst prdssurd. _bd ef`mi f`-idml rmtd sbmii hd rdkgrodo egr usd wbd` m`miysf`c tbd ef`mi sgml tdst rdsuits (2.;.5) 2.;.?

^uap-ogw` _bd prdssurd f` tbd pfpdif`d sbmii tbd` hd rdoukdo mt m stdmoy rmtd tg tbd idvdi prdofktdo egr tbd dvmpgrmtfg` ge tbd rdsfoumi wmtdr. M sfc`fefkm`tiy sbgrtdr puap ogw` tfad tbm` tbmt tbdgrdtfkmiiy prdofktdo kguio f`ofkmtd erddzf`c m`o sbmii hd dvmiumtdo faadofmtdiy. _bd prdssurd sbmii hd ldpt mt tbfs idvdi, m`o pfc trmps m`o pfpf`c f`spdktdo egr vmkuua tfcbt`dss m`o m`y idmls kurdo.

2.;.4

Dvmpgrmtfg`/dvmkumtfg`  Ms tbd prdssurd f` tbd pfpdif`d mpprgmkbds mp prgmkbds tbd smturmtdo vmpgur prdssurd prdss urd mt tbd pfpdif`d‖s mahfd`t tdapdrmturd, tbd rmtd ge vmpgur dvgiutfg` wfii f`krdmsd, rdsuitf`c f` m rdouktfg` f` tbd rmtd ge prdssurd odkrdmsd. _bd vmpgrfsmtfg` prdssurd sbmii hd amf`tmf`do m`o wmtdr vmpgur dvmkumtdo hy puapf`c u`tfi mii rdsfoumi wmtdr bms dvmpgrmtdo. G`kd mii tbd erdd wmtdr bms dvmpgrmtdo erga tbd pfpdif`d, tbd rmtd ge prdssurd odkrdmsd wfii f`krdmsd. Fkd egramtfg` f` tbd pfpdif`d m`o mssgkfmtdo efttf`cs sbmii hd mvgfodo hy kg`trgi ge tbd dvmkumtfg` rmtd tbrgucb tbd vmkuua u`fts. M vmpgrfsmtfg` prdssurd pimtdmu mt m idvdi amrldoiy igwdr tbm` dxpdktdo gr drrmtfk prdssurd eiuktumtfg`s ourf`c pimtdmu mrd f`ofkmtfg`s ge fkd egramtfg`. @G_D:

_bd td tdapdrmturd apdrmturd ge tbd wm wmtdr tdr vmpgur ormw` erg erga a tbd pfpdif`d pfpdif`d sbguio sbguio rdamf` mhgvd +; +; ¾K mt mtagspbdrfk prdssurd.

Umpgrfsmtfg` m`o dvmkumtfg` hy puapf`c sbmii kg`tf`ud u`tfi tbd vmpgur prdssurd bms rdmkbdo tbd idvdi tbmt fs dqufvmid`t tg tbd odwpgf`t spdkfefdo egr tbd ory pfpdif`d f` (2.;.=).

 

 

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 83

_bfs prdssurd sbmii hd amf`tmf`do egr mt idmst ; b tg kg`efra tbmt m stmhid hmim`kdo vmkuua prdssurd fs dstmhifsbdo tbrgucbgut tbd pfpdif`d. Dvmkumtfg` sbmii tbd` hd stgppdo m`o m sgml tdst kmrrfdo gut f` mkkgrom`kd wftb (2.;.5). Umkuua purcf`c wftb ory or y mfr gr `ftrgcd` m mtt prdssurds f` tbd rm`cd ge ; ahmr (mhs) tg => ahmr (mhs) amy hd mppifdo f` mooftfg` tg dvmkumtfg` hy puapf`c tg rdoukd tbd tfad `ddodo egr kg`vd`tfg`mi dvmpgrmtfg` m`o wmtdr vmpgur dvmkumtfg`. _bd rmtds m`o prdssurds mrd odpd`od`t g` tbd pdregram`kd kurvds ge tbd vmkuua dqufpad`t, ms tbd mfa fs tg f`krdmsd tbd prdssurd tbd pfpdif`d m`odwpgf`t deefkfd`t mt vgiuad trm`sedru`ft idvdi. Fe mppifdo, purcf`c m`o dvmkumtfg` sbmiif` kg`tf`ud u`tfitgtbd tbd vmkuua fs kg`stm`tiy hdigw tbd odwpgf`t egr m ory pfpdif`d ms spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl wbfid rdpimkf`c mt idmst twfkd tbd kg`td`ts ge tbd pfpdif`d. ^urcf`c sbmii tbd` hd stgppdo, m`o tbd prdssurd rdoukdo tg ; ahmr (mhs) m`o amf`tmf`do mt tbfs idvdi egr mt idmst ; b tg mkbfdvd stmhid kg`oftfg`s f` tbd pfpdif`d. M sgml tdst f` mkkgrom`kd wftb (2.;.5) sbmii tbd` hd pdregrado. @G_D:

2.;.5

_bfs adtbgo ogds `gt rdqufrd m eurtbdr rdouktfg` ge tbd vmkuua prdssurd.

[gml tdst/mkkdptm`kd tdst _bd pfpdif`d sbmii hd higkldo f` m`o fsgimtdo erga mii dqufpad`t gtbdr tbm` tbmt rdqufrdo egr prdssurd ag`ftgrf`c egr m pdrfgo ge mt idmst 8? b, mt m prdssurd ge: -

= ahmr (mhs) fe vmpgur fs fs hdf`c dvmkumtdo hy puapf`c g`iy< ; ahmr (mhs) fe vmpgur fs fs hdf`c dvmkumtdo hy puapf`c m`o purcf`c<

gr ms spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl, sdd (2.;.=). ^rdssurd ag`ftgrf`c sbmii hd kmrrfdo gut hy adm`s ge prdssurd cmucds m`o rdkgrodrs wftb rm`cd > ahmr tg => ahmr, m rdmof`c ofvfsfg` ge >.= ahmr m`o m` mkkurmky ge ½ = % ge tbd admsurdo vmiud. F`ftfmiiy tbd prdssurd wfii rfsd ms tbd bfcbdr prdssurd f` tbd kd`trd ge tbd pfpdif`d (gr mt tbd gppgsftd d`o fe m sf`cid vmkuua pim`t fs f` gpdrmtfg`) hmim`kds wftb tbmt `dmrdst tg tbd vmkuua pim`t. Metdr tbfs f`ftfmi stmhfifsmtfg`, wbfkb sbguio gkkur wdii hdigw tbd dvmpgrmtfg` pimtdmu, ft sbmii hd odag`strmtdo tbmt m`y eurtbdr ghsdrvdo prdssurd f`krdmsds mrd mttrfhutmhid tg tbd idmls admsurdo ourf`c tbd pfpdif`d idml tdst (2.;.;). Fe tbfs fs `gt tbd kmsd, tbd ghsdrvdo prdssurd f`krdmsds aust hd oud tg eurtbdr eimsbf`c-gee ge agfsturd vmpgur, f`ofkmtf`c tbmt mooftfg`mi oryf`c fs rdqufrdo. 2.;.3 ([)

Efiif`c pbmsd Metdr tbd sgml tdst bms hdd` sukkdsseuiiy kgapidtdo, tbd Kg`trmktgr sbmii efii tbd pfpdif`d wftb dftbdr ory mfr gr ory `ftrgcd` ms spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl, tg: -

4> ahmr (mhs), egr `ftrgcd` wbd` cms efiif`c fs tg faadofmtdiy egiigw oryf`c. 4>> ahmr (cm) mhgvd tbd mahfd`t prdssurd mt m`y pgf`t mig`c tbd pfpdif`d, egr `ftrgcd` (fe tbdrd wfii hd m odimy hdtwdd` oryf`c m`o cms efiif`c) gr egr ory mfr.

@G_D:

[dktfg` (6.8) spdkfefds tbd rdqufrdad`ts egr prdsdrvmtfg`.

Smr`f`c sfc`s, f` D`cifsb m`o tbd igkmi gr wgrlf`c im`cumcds, sukb ms "^F^DIF@D T@ODX UMKTTA" gr "^F^DIF@D EFIIDO SF_B OXV MFX" sbmii hd pimkdo mt mii meedktdo pfpdwgrl, f`kiuof`c higkl vmivd stmtfg`s m`o pfc trmp systdas. 2.?

OXV MFX ^FCCF@C F@ KGAHF@M_FG@ SF_B UMKTTA OXVF@C Ory mfr pfccf`c egiigwdo hy vmkuua oryf`c sbmii hd kmrrfdo gut metdr kgapidtfg` ge tbd sdkg`o odwmtdrf`c pbmsd, ms egiigws: ([)

-

tbd odwpgf`t ge tbd ory mfr sbmii hd ∘?> ¾K u`idss gtbdrwfsd spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. ory mfr pfccf`c sbmii hd pdregrado f` mkkgrom`kd wftb (2.8.8), m`o sbmii hd kg`tf`udo u`tfiidvdi tbd odwpgf`t tbdkg`td`t mfr rdkdfvdo fs ∘=4hy¾Km mt prdssurd m`o rdamf`s mt tbfs wbfist tbdgeif`d fs rdpimkdo orymtagspbdrfk mfr orfvd` pfc<

 

 

-

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 82

metdr kgapidtfg` ge ge ory mf mfrr pfccf`c, vmkuua oryf`c f` kgahf`mtfg` wftb ory mfr vmkuua purcf`c f` kgapifm`kd wftb (2.;) sbmii egiigw.

2.4

CIVKGI [SMHHF@C

2.4.=

Cd`drmi _bfs adtbgo sbmii g`iy hd usdo wbdrd tbdrd fs `g `ddo tg mktumiiy ory m pfpdif`d, f.d. wbd` tbd eiufo wfii hd wmtdr wdt m`o tbd prfadgepurpgsd fs tg fs prgtdkt mcmf`stciykgi byormtd ourf`c if`d efiif`c. _bd amf` ofsmovm`tmcd tbfs adtbgo tbmt rdsfoumi m`oegramtfg` wmtdr fs mrd idet g` tbd pfpd wmii m`o ft ogds `gt tbdrdegrd mkbfdvd sukb cggo rdsuits ms trud oryf`c adtbgos. _bfs adtbgo ogds bgwdvdr miigw odwmtdrf`c m`o oryf`c tg hd kgahf`do rdsuitf`c f` sbgrtdr ourmtfg`s m`o igwdr prdkgaafssfg`f`c kgsts. Bgwdvdr tbfs movm`tmcd afcbt hd geesdt hy tbd kgsts ge tbd getd` imrcd qum`tftfds ge ciykgi rdqufrdo m`o tbd spdkfmi rdqufrdad`ts rdimtdo tg bm`oif`c, trm`spgrtmtfg` m`o ofspgsmi ge tbd ciykgi. @G_D:

Ciykgi fs prdedrrdo tg adtbm`gi egr bm`oif`c, smedty m`o d`vfrg`ad`tm d`vfrg`ad`tmii rdmsg`s. rdmsg`s. Adtbm`gi fs tgxfk, bms m igw eimsb pgf`t m`o km` egra dxpigsfvd afxturd wbd` afxdo wftb mfr. _rfdtbyid`d ciykgi (_DC) bms tbd igwdst tgxfkfty idvdi ge tbd ciykgis hut km` stfii hd bmraeui tg pdrsg``di.

_bd orfvf`c adofua egr ciykgi swmhhf`c sbmii hd dftbdr ory mfr gr `ftrgcd`, ms spdkfefdo egr odwmtdrf`c f` (5.=). _bd ciykgi sbmii hd pfccdo f` hmtkbds tbrgucb tbd pfpdif`d. _bd vgiuad ge dmkb hmtkb kg`tmf`do hdtwdd` twg pfcs sbmii hd kmikuimtdo erga tbd dqumtfg`: Ugiuad wbdrd:

O I e

1

exOxI

(a;)

1 1 1

F`tdr`mi ofmadtdr ge tbd pfpdif`d Id`ctb ge tbd pfpdif`d Emktgr egr pfccf`c (egr f`tdr`miiy u`kgmtdo pfpdif`ds (egr f`tdr`miiy kgmtdo pfpdif`ds

(a) (la) (a8/la) e 1 >.3) e 1 >.4)

_bd kmikuimtdo hmtkb vgiuad sbmii hd f`krdmsdo fe `dkdssmry tg mkbfdvd m af`faua hmtkb id`ctb ge 84 if`dmr pfpdif`d adtrds. 2.4.8

Ciykgi swmhhf`c wftb ory `ftrgcd` Ciykgi swmhhf`c wftb ory `ftrgcd` sbguio hd kgahf`do wftb tbd efrst odwmtdrf`c ru` (5.8.=). _brdd pfcs kg`tmf`f`c twg ciykgi hmtkbds ge m vgiuad odtdraf`do f` mkkgrom`kd wftb (2.4.=) sbguio hd usdo.

2.4.;

Ciykgi swmhhf`c wftb ory mfr Ciykgi swmhhf`c wftb ory mfr sbmii hd kmrrfdo gut metdr kgapidtfg` ge tbd efrst odwmtdrf`c ru`, ms egiigws: -

-

tbrdd pfcs kg`tmf`f`c twg ciykgi ciykgi hmtkbds ge m vgiuad odtdraf`do f` mkkgrom`kd wftb (2.4.=) sbguio hd usdo< tbd mfr sbmii hd sdpmrmtdo erga tbd ciy ciykgi kgi hy m bfcb sdmif`c ofsk pfc m` m`o o m vgiuad g gee `ftrgcd` mt mtagspbdrfk prdssurd wftb m id`ctb ge mt idmst 8 % ge tbd pfpdif`d id`ctb hut `gt idss tbm` 5>> if`dmr pfpdif`d adtrds< tbd spddo ge tbd swmhhf`c trmf` sbguio hd hdtwdd` >.4 a/s m`o >.2 a/s m`o sbmii `gt dxkddo =.4 a/s< ciykgi smapids sbmii hd tmld` erga tbd ofskbmrcd d`o m`o m`miysdo egr wmtdr kg`td`t. M ofrdkt-od`sfty adtdrf`c systda sbmii misg hd usdo tg admsurd tbd spdkfefk crmvfty ge tbd smapids m`o odtdraf`d tbd kg`td`t ge wmtdr. _bd wmtdr kg`td`t m`o spdkfefk crmvfty omtm sbmii hd mvmfimhid wftbf` =8 b ge tbd swmhhf`c trmf` mrrfvf`c mt tbd ofskbmrcd d`o.

 M typfkmi ciykgi swmhhf`c trmf` orfvd` hy mfr fs sbgw` f` Efcurd ?.

 

 

2.4.? ([)

2.5

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd 86

Mkkdptm`kd Krftdrfm egr ciykgi swmhhf`c [wmhhf`c sbmii kg`tf`ud kg`tf`ud u`tfi tbd wmtdr wmtdr kg`td`t ge tbd ciykgi fs idss idss tbm` tbd vmiud spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl, gr 8> % fe `gt spdkfefdo. [wmhhf`c sbmii hd rdpdmtdo u`tfi u`t fi tbd amxfaua miigwmhid wmtdr kg`td`t bms hdd` mkbfdvdo. OXVF@C XDKGXO[ Egr dmkb ifstdo mktfvfty, tbd Kg`trmktgr sbmii prgvfod rdkgros ge tbd egiigwf`c pmrmadtdrs: Mktfvfty   Mktfvfty ^mrmadtdr tg hd rdkgrodo  rdkgrodo  -

pfccf`c wftb ory mfr gr `ftrgcd` (2.8.8)

-

purcf`c egr oryf`c (2.8.;) purcf`c egr mkkdptm`kd tdstf`c (2.8.?) idml tdst (2.;.;)

-

puap-ogw` pbmsd (2.;.?)

-

dvmkumtfg` pbmsd (2.;.4)

-

purcf`c pbmsd (2.;.4)

-

sgml sgm l tdst (2.;.5) efiif`c pbmsd (2.;.3)

-

ory mfr pfccf`c m`o vmkuua oryf`c (2.?) ciykgi swmhhf`c (2.4)

-

odwpgf`t, tdapdrmturd, prdssurd mt f`idt m`o gutidt ge tbd pfpdif`d, pius eigwrmtd m`o tgtmi vgiuad ge oryf`c adofua< ms spdkfefdo egr (2.8.8)< ms spdkfefdo egr (2.8.8), pius `ftrgcd` prgoukt kdrtfefkmtd, fe mppifkmhid< tdapdrmturd, prdssurd gvdr tfad kbmrt, pius mkkdptm`kd kmikuimtfg`s< tdapdrmturd, eigwrmtd, tgtmi vgiuad dvmkumtdo, pius prdssurd gvdr tfad kbmrt< tdapdrmturd, eigwrmtd, tgtmi vgiuad dvmkumtdo, pius prdssurd gvdr tfad kbmrt< ms spdkfefdo egr (2.;.4), pius odwpgf`t mt tbd f`idt m`o gutidts ge tbd pfpdif`d< prdssurd gvdr tfad kbmrt, pius mkkdptm`kd kmikuimtfg`s< tdapdrmturd, prdssurd, tdapdrmturd m`o odwpgf`t ge tbd adofua mt f`idt ge tbd pfpdif`d, pius ef`mi pfpdif`d prdssurd m`o `ftrgcd` prgoukt kdrtfefkmtd, fe mppifkmhid< ms spdkfefdo f` (2.8.8) m`o (2.;.8) tg (2.;.3)< vgiuad ge ciykgi f`trgoukdo m`o rdkdfvdo, wmtdr kg`td`t ge tbd ciykgi rdkdfvdo erga tbd pfpdif`d, pius ciykgi prgoukt kdrtfefkmtd.

 

 

6.

KG@OF_FG@F@C M@O ^XD[DXUM_FG@

6.=

KG@OF_FG@F@C HV F@BFHF_FG@

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ;>

([)

_bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii kg`oftfg` tbd pfpdif`d hy swmhhf`c siucs siucs ge f`bfhftgr ifqufos kg`tmf`do hdtwdd` pfcs tbrgucb tbd if`d, fe spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl.

([)

_bd siuc kgapgsftfg`, rdqufrdo tbfkl`dss ge tbd ifqufo efia efia g` tbd ff`tdr`mi `tdr`mi pfpdwmii m`o orfvf`c adofua sbmii hd ms spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. _bd rdqufrdad`ts egr kg`oftfg`f`c wftb ifqufo siucs mrd ms egiigws: -

6.8

tbd Kg`trmktgr sbmii kmikuimtd tbd vgiuad ge ifqufo rdqufrdo tg mkbfdvd tbd spdkfefdo efia tbfkl`dss. _bd kmikuimtfg` sbmii mkkgu`t egr tbd oy`mafk sdmif`c pdregram`kd ge tbd pfcs m`o tbd pdregram`kd kbm`cds oud tg pfc wdmr< tbd ifqufo sbmii hd spift f`tg tbrdd hmtkbds sdpmrmtdo hy egur bfcb sdmif`c ofsk pfcs. tbd af`faua id`ctb ge dmkb hmtkb hmtkb sbmii hd 84 if`dmr pfpdif`d adtrds.

^XD[DXUM_FG@ ME_DX OXVF@C ([)

_bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii f`krdmsd tbd prdssurd f` tbd pfpdif`d wftb wftb tbd smad adofua ms spdkfefdo f` (2.;.3). _bd rdqufrdad`ts egr prdsdrvmtfg` mrd ms egiigws: -

-

-

6.;

tbd ef`mi pfpdif`d prdssurd tg hd mkbfdvdo mt tbd d`o ge tbd tbd efiif`c gpdrmtfg` sbmii hd >.4 hmr (cm) mhgvd tbd mahfd`t prdssurd mt m`y pgf`t mig`c tbd pfpdif`d, pius m amrcf` miigwf`c egr tbd amxfaua prdkgaafssfg`f`c pdrfgo< pgssfhid mahfd`t tdapdrmturd eiuktumtfg` ourf`c tbd pgsttbd odwpgf`t, prdssurd m`o tdapdrmturd ge tbd adofua f`trgoukdo f`tg tbd pfpdif`d sbmii hd admsurdo m`o rdkgrodo kg`stm`tiy mt tbd f`idt ge tbd pfpdif`d tbrgucbgut tbd efiif`c gpdrmtfg`< Smr`f`c sfc`s, f` D`cifsb m`o tbd igkmi gr wgrlf`c wgrlf`c im`cumcds, sukb ms "^F^DIF@D EFIIDO SF_B @F_XGCD@" gr "^F^DIF@D EFIIDO SF_B OXV MFX" sbmii hd prgvfodo m`o pimkdo mt higkl vmivd stmtfg`s m`o pfc trmp systdas.

KG@OF_FG@F@C M@O ^XD[DXUM_FG@ XDKGXO[ _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii prgvfod prgoukt kdrtfefkmtds ge tbd adofm f`trgoukdo f`tg tbd pfpdif`d pius tbd egiigwf`c pmrmadtdrs ms m af`faua: -

qum`tftfds f`trgoukdo f`tg m`o rdkdfvdo erga tbd pfpdif`d< hmtkb vgiuad m`o pfccf`c rdkgros f` mkkgrom`kd wftb (4.5), fe mppifkmhid< odwpgf`t, tdapdrmturd, prdssurd m`o eigwrmtds ge tbd adofua hdf`c usdo.

 

 

=>.

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ;=

[KG^D GE SGXL KBDKLIF[_ _bd skgpd ge wgrl sbmii spdkfey tbd pfpdif`d prdkgaafssfg`f`c omtm m`o mktfvftfds. M` mipbm`uadrfk prdefx rdedrd`kds m sdktfg` ge Mppd`ofx M. [dktfg` 8.=

8.=

8.=/ 4.8

Odskrfptfg` Kgaad`kdad`t ge prdkgaafssfg`f`c Faadofmtdiy metdr byorgstmtfk prdssurd tdstf`c7 gr faadofmtdiy prfgr tg kgaafssfg`f`c7 [pdkfey tbd omtd:  omtd:  [dqud`kd ge prdkgaafssfg`f`c _g hd f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbfs OD^7 Fe `g, stmtd tbd rdqufrdo sdqud`kd: ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. .................................................................................   ................................................................................. ^fpdif`d omtm [tmtd tbd rdidvm`t pfpdif`d omtm: Gutsfod ofmadtdr: @gaf`mi wmii tbfkl`dss: Af`faua hd`o rmofus: Af`faua hgrd: Id`ctb:

Xdqufrdad`t / vmiud Vds

\Q

@g \ Q

Vds \ Q @g \ Q ......................... Vds

\Q

@g \ Q

............................ ............................ ............................ ............................

........... ..... ............ .......... .... aa ................. ........... .......... .... aa ........... ..... ............ .......... .... aa ........... ..... ............ .......... .... aa .........................a ;

8.=

8.=/ ;

8.8

F`tdr`mi AMG^: vgiuad: Amxfaua / Af`faua Odsfc` prdssurd: Amxfaua / Af`faua Odsfc` tdapdrmturd: If`dpfpd amtdrfmi: Eigwkgmtf`c: ^fc trmps: Higkl vmivd stmtfg`s: Fe yds, stmtd `uahdr: @g`-rdtur` vmivds m`o/gr spdkfmi efttf`cs Fe yds, stmtd typd m`o `uahdr   Byorgtdst wmtdr omtm ^gtmhid Smtdr usdo egr if`d-efii wmtdr [dmwmtdr usdo egr if`d-efii wmtdr    Mrd kbdafkmis gr m oyd moodo tg tbd if`d-efii wmtdr7 Fe yds, stmtd odtmfis: ................................................................................. ................................................................................. .................................................................................   ................................................................................. Bmzmrogus mrdm kimssfefkmtfg` Og bmzmrogus mrdms dxfst mt prdkgaafssfg`f`c wgrl sftds7 Fe yds, stmtd tbd mrdm kimssfefkmtfg`: ................................................................................. ................................................................................. .................................................................................   ................................................................................. _faf`c ge tbd suhafssfg` ge tbd  tbd  prdkgaafssfg`f`c pim` _g hd f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbfs OD^7 Fe `g, spdkfey tbd suhafssfg` tfad ge tbd pim` f` movm`kd ge tbd pim``do omtd ge tbd efrst mktfvfty mt tbd wgrl sftd:

.......................a ...............hmr (cm)  ....../........hmr (cm) ……../ ...... ........... .......¾K ..¾K .......................... Vds \ Q @g \ Q Vds \ Q @g \ Q Vds \ Q @g \ Q .......................... Vds \ Q @g \ Q …………………… Vds \ Q @g \ Q Vds \ Q @g \ Q Vds \ Q @g \ Q ............................ ............................ ............................

Vds

\Q

@g \ Q

Zg`d ........... ................. ........ .. Zg`d ........... ................. ........ .. Zg`d ........... ................. ........ ..

Vds

\Q

@g \ Q

....................omys   ....................omys

 

 

8.?

;.

;.  ;. 

?.8   ?.8

?.;

 M?.?

5.=   5.=

5.=

5.=

 M5.=

 M5.=

3.=   3.=

2.=/  M2.=

^rdkgaafssfg`f`c rdkgros m`o rdpgrts  Mrd agrd tbm` tbrdd kgpfds ge tbd ef`mi rdpgrt rdqufrdo7 Fe Vds, stmtd tbd `uahdr ge kgpfds: Fs tbd suhafssfg` omtd f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbfs OD^7 Fe `g, stmtd wgrlf`c omys:  omys:  Cms odtdktfg` odvfkds & hrdmtbf`c mppmrmtus  Mrd cms odtdktfg` odvfkds rdqufrdo7 Fe yds, stmtd tbd `uahdr: Fs hrdmtbf`c mppmrmtus rdqufrdo7 Fe yds, stmtd tbd `uahdr: Amxfaua miigwmhid `gfsd idvdi  Ms spdkfefdo f` tbfs OD^7  OD^7  Fe `g, spdkfey tbd amxfaua miigwmhid `gfsd idvdi:  idvdi:  Efitdrs, puaps m`o kgaprdssgrs  Mrd efitdrs ge 94> afkrgadtrds rdqufrdo7 Fe yds, spdkfey sfzd rdqufrdo _dapgrmry pfc trmps  Mrd tdapgrmry pfc trmps rdqufrdo7 Fe yds, stmtd `uahdr ge pfcs tg hd stgrdo m`o id`ctb:  id`ctb:  Sdiof`c ge tdapgrmry dqufpad`t  Ms spdkfefdo f` tbfs OD^7 Fe `g, stmtd wdiof`c spdkfefkmtfg` tg hd usdo. Orfvf`c adofua ge odwmtdrf`c gpdrmtfg`s Fs kgaprdssdo mfr tbd orfvf`c adofua7 Fe `g, spdkfey tbd adofua: ................................................................................ .................................................................................. .................................................................................   ................................................................................. Odwmtdrf`c pfcs  Ms spdkfefdo f` tbfs OD^7 Fe `g, stmtd typd:  typd:  Odwmtdrf`c wftb siddpf`c pfcs  Mrd siddpf`c pfcs f` tbd pfpdif`d7 Fe yds, stmtd typd m`o tbd `uahdr ge pfcs  pfcs   ^urfty ge tbd eiufo Fs kg`tmaf`mtfg` ge tbd eiufo wftb kbigrfods mkkdptmhid7   mkkdptmhid7 Ourmtfg` ge tbd pgst odwmtdrf`c pdrfgo _g hd f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbfs OD^7 Fe `g, spdkfey tbd ourmtfg`:  ourmtfg`:  Ef`mi kidm`f`c Fs ef`mi kidm`f`c rdqufrdo7 Fe yds, stmtd sdidktdo kidm`f`c prgkdss m`o adtbgo: Fe wmtdr kidm`f`c, stmtd vdigkfty: Fe mfr kidm`f`c, stmtd vdigkfty:  vdigkfty:  Oryf`c Fs oryf`c rdqufrdo7 Fe yds, stmtd tbd oryf`c prgkdss: Ory mfr gr `ftrgcd` oryf`c7 Umkuua oryf`c7 Kgahf`mtfg` ge oryf`c adtbgos7 Adtbm`gi gr ciykgi swmhhf`c7  swmhhf`c7 

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ;8

Vds \ Q @g \ Q ................. kgpfds Vds \ Q @g \ Q ....................omys Vds \ Q @g \ Q ......................... Vds \ Q @g \ Q ......................... Vds \ Q @g \ Q ........... ..... ............ ...... oH (M) (M)   Vds \ Q @g \ Q ……………afkrgadtrds   ……………afkrgadtrds Vds \ Q @g \ Q ....................pfcs .......................a Vds \ Q @g \ Q ………………… Vds

\Q

@g \ Q

............................ ............................ Vds \ Q @g \ Q ........................ Vds \ Q @g \ Q .........................

Vds

\Q

@g \ Q

Vds \ Q @g \ Q ....................omys Vds \ Q @g \ Q ............................ ............................ Bfcb \ Q Igw \ Q Bfcb \ Q Igw \ Q  Vds

\Q

@g \ Q

Vds Vds Vds Vds

\Q \Q \Q \Q

@g @g @g @g

\Q \Q \Q \ Q 

 

 

2.8   2.8

2.; 2.;.=

2.;.3

2.?

2.4   2.4

6.=   6.=

Ory mfr gr `ftrgcd` oryf`c Fe yds, stmtd tbd adofua: Fs tbd adofua ory mfr7 Fs tbd adofua `ftrgcd`7 Fs tbd odwpgf`t f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbfs OD^7 Fe `g, spdkfey odwpgf`t rdqufrdo:  rdqufrdo:  Umkuua oryf`c Cd`drmi Fs tbd dvmpgrmtfg`/dvmkumtfg` pbmsd f` kgahf`mtfg` wftb vmkuua purcf`c7 Fe yds, stmtd tbd adofua: Ory mfr7 Ory `ftrgcd`7  Mrd tbd odwpgf`t(s) f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbfs OD^7 Fe `g, spdkfey tbd vmkuua prdssurd rdqufrdo: Efiif`c pbmsd Fs efiif`c ms spdkfefdo f` tbfs OD^7 Fe `g, spdkfey tbd prdssurd:  prdssurd:  Ory mfr pfccf`c f` kgahf`mtfg` wftb vmkuua oryf`c Fe yds, fs tbd ory mfr odwpgf`t f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbfs OD^7 Fe `g, spdkfey:  spdkfey:  Ciykgi swmhhf`c Fe sdidktdo, stmtd: Fs tbd mkkdptm`kd krftdrfg` f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbfs OD^7 Fe `g, spdkfey wmtdr kg`td`t ge tbd oryf`c adofua:  adofua:   Kg`oftfg`f`c hy F`bfhftfg` Fs f`bfhftfg` rdqufrdo7 Fe yds, stmtd: Efia tbfkl`dss: _ypd ge F`bfhftgr: Ugiuad: _ypd ge kmrrfdr adofua: Ugiuad:   Ugiuad:

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ;;

Vds \ Q @g \ Q Vds \ Q @g \ Q Vds \ Q @g \ Q ........................¾K   ........................¾K Vds \ Q @g \ Q

Vds

\Q

@g \ Q

Vds Vds

\Q \Q

@g \ Q @g \ Q

...............ahmr (mhs) Vds \ Q @g \ Q ...............ahmr (mhs)

Vds

\Q

@g \ Q

.....................¾K   .....................¾K

Vds

\Q

@g \ Q

...............amss % Vds

\Q

@g \ Q

................. ........... .......... .... aa ............................ .......................a ;  ............................ .......................a ; 

 

 

==.

[TAAMXV GE XD]TFXDO M^^XGUMI[ HV _BD ^XF@KF^MI [dktfg`  [dktfg`  8.8 8.? ;.

4.8 4.4

@G_D:

Mktfvfty / ^rgkdourd rdqufrf`c mpprgvmi ^rdkgaafssfg`f`c pim` ^rdkgaafssfg`f`c pim` ^rdkgaafssfg`f`c rdkgros m`o rdpgrts Ef`mi ormet ge tbd "Ef`mi ^rdkgaafssfg`f`c Xdpgrt"  Xdpgrt"   Bdmitb, smedty m`o d`vfrg`ad`t Sgrl sftd igkmtfg` m`o mrrm`cdad`t ge dqufpad`t Smtdr suppiy m`o ofspgsmi igkmtfg`s m`o emkfiftfds Dadrcd`ky pim`  pim`  ^fc sdidktfg` [dmif`c cdi spdkfefkmtfg` m`o pfccf`c prgkdourd  prgkdourd   Ofsigocf`c stukl pfcs Xdagvmi ge stukl pfcs erga tbd pfpdif`d  pfpdif`d  _bdrd amy hd mooftfg`m mooftfg`mii mpprgvmis ifstdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl.

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ;?

 

 

=8.

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ;4

XDEDXD@KD[ F` tbfs OD^, rdedrd`kd fs amod tg tbd egiigwf`c puhifkmtfg`s: @G_D[:

=. T`idss spdkfefkmiiy odsfc`mtdo hy omtd, omtd, tbd im imtdst tdst doftfg` ge dmkb puhifkmtfg` sbmii hd usdo, tgcdtbdr wftb m`y mad`oad`ts/suppidad`ts/rdvfsfg`s mad`oad`ts/suppidad`ts/rdvfsfg`s tbdrdtg. 8. _bd OD^s m`o agst agst rdedrd`kdo dx dxtdr`mi tdr`mi stm`omros mr mrd d mvmfimhid tg [bdii usdrs usdrs g` tbd [SS ([bdii ([bdii Sfod Sdh) mt bttp://sww.sbdii.kga/stm`omros. bttp://sww.sbdii.kga/stm`omros.

[BDII [_M@OMXO[ Byorgstmtfk prdssurd tdstf`c ge `dw pfpdif`ds

OD^ ;=.?>.?>.;2-Cd`.

Didktrfkmi d`cf`ddrf`c cufodif`ds

OD^ ;;.5?.=>.=>-Cd`.

Sdiof`c ge pfpdif`ds m`o rdimtdo emkfiftfds

OD^ 5=.?>.8>.;>-Cd`.

Efdio wdiof`c ge oupidx m`o supdr oupidx stmf`idss stddi pfpdif`ds

OD^ 5=.?>.8>.;=-Cd`.

 

 

=;.

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ;5

EFCTXD[ EFCTXD =

EIGS KBMX_ EGX ^XDKGAAF[[FG@F@C MK_FUF_FD[

 

 

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ;3

 

 

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ;2

EFCTXD 8

_V^FKMI EFX[_ ODSM_DXF@C XT@ OXFUD@ HV MFX

EFCTXD ;

_V^FKMI EFX[_ ODSM_DXF@C _XMF@ EGX ^F^DIF@D[ KG@_MF@F@C [DM-SM_DX (Fe oryf`c fs spdkfefdo)

 

 

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ;6

EFCTXD ?

_V^FKMI CIVKGI [SMHHF@C _XMF@ OXFUD@ SF_B MFX F@ M ^F^DIF@D KG@_MF@F@C SM_DX GX SD_ MFX

EFCTXD 4

_V^FKMI ^XD[[TXD _FAD ^IG_ GE UMKTTA OXVF@C ^BM[D[

 

 

M^^D@OFR M

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ?>

OT^IDR [_MF@ID[[ [_DDI M@O KXM KIMO ^F^DIF@D[

M=.

F@_XGOTK_FG@

 M=.=

[KG^D _bfs Mppd`ofx spdkfefds mooftfg`mi rdqufrdad`ts egr tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c ge pfpdif`ds amod ge oupidx gr supdr oupidx stmf`idss stddi gr kmrhg` stddi wftb f`tdr`mi KXM stddi kimoof`c.

 M=.;

ODEF@F_FG@

M=.;.=

Cd`drmi odef`ftfg` _bd `uahdrf`c systda f` tbfs Mppd`ofx fs odsfc`do tg miigw egr dmsy rdedrd`kd hmkl tg tbd rdamf`odr ge tbd OD^ hy usf`c tbd `uahdrf`c systda kg`tmf`do tbdrdf`. G`iy mooftfg`mi rdqufrdad`ts mrd cfvd` f` tbfs Mppd`ofx.

M8.

CD@DXMI XD]TFXDAD@_

 M8.=

HM[FK XD]TFXDAD@_[ _bd Kg`trmktgr sbmii prdvd`t oupidx gr supdr oupidx stmf`idss stddi gr KXM amtdrfmi erga kgaf`c f`tg kg`tmkt wftb mii dqufpad`t amod ge kmrhg` stddi gr gtbdr `g`-kgapmtfhid amtdrfmis, wftb tbd dxkdptfg` ge tbd tdapgrmry pfc imu`kbdr m`o rdkdfvdr ms spdkfefdo f` (M?). Fe tbd adtmi tdapdrmturd ge tbd pfpdif`d dxkddos 4> ¾K, tbd` g`iy kg`od`sdo gr odaf`drmifzdo wmtdr, wftb m kbigrfod kg`td`t ge amxfaua 8 ac/lc, sbmii hd usdo.

M?.

D]TF^AD@_

 M?.?

SDIOF@C GE _DA^GXMXV D]TF^AD@_ G`iy pfc trmps gr kgapg`d`ts amod ge kgapmtfhid amtdrfmis sbmii hd ofrdktiy kg``dktdo tg tbd pfpdif`d. Gtbdr pfc trmps gr kgapg`d`ts sbmii hd wdiodo g`iy vfm "pup" pfdkds amod ge kgapmtfhid amtdrfmi m`o sueefkfd`t id`ctbs tg tbd pfpdif`d.

([)

Sdiof`c ge oupidx gr supdr supdr oupidx stmf`idss stddi stddi sbmii hd kmrrfdo gut f` mkkgrom`kd w wftb ftb OD^ 5=.?>.8>.;=-Cd`. gr tbd pfpdif`d kg`struktfg` spdkfefkmtfg`, u`idss gtbdrwfsd spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. KXM kimo amtdrfmi sbmii hd wdiodo f` mkkgrom`kd wftb tbd pfpdif`d kg`struktfg` spdkfefkmtfg`, u`idss gtbdrwfsd spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl.

M4.

^FCCF@C

 M4.=

^FC [DIDK_FG@ G`iy bfcb sdmif`c ofsk pfcs sbguio hd usdo egr pfccf`c gpdrmtfg`s.

M5.

ODSM_DXF@C

 M5.=

CD@DXMI _bd odwmtdrf`c pfcs sbmii hd orfvd` hy `ftrgcd` gr tbd eiufo, wbd`dvdr prmktfkmhid.  Mfr/gxycd` sbmii hd prdvd`tdo erga d`tdrf`c tbd pfpdif`d ourf`c tbd t bd odwmtdrf`c. Fe tbd kbigrfod kg`td`t ge tbd if`defii wmtdr f` tbd pfpdif`d fs crdmtdr tbm` 8>> ac/lc m`o mfr fs hdf`c usdo ms m orfvf`c adofua, tbd egiigwf`c rdqufrdad`ts sbmii mppiy: -

tbd pfpdif`d sbmii hd eiusbdo gr swmhhdo wftb siucs ge pgtmhid pgtmhid wmtdr, kg`od`sdo gr odaf`drmifzdo, f` kgahf`mtfg` wftb tbd efrst odwmtdrf`c ru`<

 

 

-

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ?=

tbd vgiuad ge tbd wmtdr hmtkbds swmhhdo tbrgucb tbd if`d if`d sbmii hd odtdraf`do ms spdkfefdo f` (5.8) egr tbd erdsb wmtdr< eiusbf`c gr swmhhf`c sbmii kg`tf`ud u`f`tdrruptdo u`tfi tbd kbigrfod kg`td`t ge tbd ofspgsdo wmtdr bms hdd` rdoukdo tg hdigw 8>> ac/lc< odwmtdrf`c sbmii tbd` kg`tf`ud ms spdkfefdo hdigw.

Fe tbd kbigrfod kg`kd`trmtfg` ge tbd if`defii wmtdr gr tbd rdsfoumi wmtdr f` tbd pfpdif`d fs idss tbm` 8>> ac pdr lc ge wmtdr m`o mfr m fr fs hdf`c usdo ms m orfvf`c adofua, adofua , tbd egiigwf`c rdqufrdad`ts sbmii mppiy: -

([)

tbd pfpdif`d sbmii dftbdr hd odwmtdrdo f` mkkgrom`kd wftb (5.8) m`o (5.;), ms mppifkmhid, m`o faadofmtdiy orfdo f` mkkgrom`kd wftb (M2), gr tbd pfpdif`d sbmii hd eiusbdo gr swmhhdo wftb wftb siucs ge kg`od`sdo gr odaf`drmifzdo wmtdr, wftb m kbigrfod kg`td`t ge amxfaua a mxfaua 8 ac pdr lc ge wmtdr, u`tfi tbd kbigrfod kg`td`t ge tbd ofspgsdo wmtdr m`o tbd f`trgoukdo wmtdr fs dqumi< odwmtdrf`c sbmii kg`tf`ud wftb m sdkg`o odwmtdrf`c ru` ms ms spdkfefdo f` (5.;).

_bd pfpdif`d sbmii `gt hd idet odwmtdrdo wftb wftb mfr egr agrd tbm` 8 w wddls ddls u`idss gtbdrwfsd pdrafttdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. Fe `g dxtd`sfg` fs pdrafttdo, ^rf`kfpmi amy spdkfey tbmt tbd pfpdif`d sbmii hd rd-efiido wftb trdmtdo wmtdr. @G_D:

_bd rrdqufrdo dqufrdo purfty g gee tbd eiufo amy ofktmtd eurtbdr eiusbf`c gr swmhhf`c swmhhf`c w wftb ftb kg`od`sdo kg`od`sdo gr odaf`drmifzdo wmtdr bmvf`c m kbigrfod kg`td`t ge amxfaua 8 ac/lc. a c/lc.

M3.

KIDM@F@C

 M3.=

F@_XGOTK_FG@ Bfcb sdmif`c ofsk pfcs f`stdmo ge wfrd hrusb typd kidm`f`c pfcs, spdkfefdo f` (3.8.) m`o (3.?.), sbguio hd usdo. Fe hrusb typd kidm`f`c pfcs bmvd tg hd usdo, tbd` g`iy pfcs wftb hrusbds amod erga m kgapmtfhid amtdrfmi sbmii hd usdo. T`odr `g kfrkuastm`kds sbmii pfcs bmvf`c kmrhg` stddi hrusbds hd usdo.

M2.

OXVF@C

 M2.=

F@_XGOTK_FG@

([)

_bd Kg`trmktgr Kg`trmktgr sbmii mogpt tbd adtbgo egr oryf`c m`o mkbfdvd tbd ory`dss spdkfefdo f` tbd skgpd ge wgrl. _bd cd`drmi rdqufrdad`ts egr oryf`c mrd: -

oryf`c sbmii egiigw faadofmtdiy metdr metdr odwmtdrf`c m`o sbmii hd kmrrfdo gut f` mkkgrom`kd wftb (M2.8) gr (M2.;)<

-

tbd sdkg`o odwmtdrf`c ru` sbmii hd rdpdmtdo fe oryf`c g gee tbd pfpdif`d bms `gt kgaad`kdo wftbf` ;5 b ge kgapidtfg` ge tbd odwmtdrf`c< vmivd hgoy kmvftfds m`o odmo d`os ge pfpf`c sbmii hd orfdo f` kgapifm`kd wftb tbd adtbgo m`o tfaf`c odef`do f` tbd prdkgaafssfg`f`c pim`< tbd sfzf`c ge tbd oryf`c dqufpad`t m`o kmikuimtfg`s ge tbd tfad rdqufrdo egr oryf`c sbmii hd hmsdo g` m efia tbfkl`dss ge tbd rdsfoumi wmtdr ge `gt idss tbm` >.>4 aa. Igwdr vmiuds amy hd mssuado fe tbd Kg`trmktgr km` odag`strmtd tbdfr vmifofty erga prdvfgus dxpdrfd`kd tg tbd ^rf`kfpmi's smtfsemktfg` < tbd pdrfgo hdtwdd` oryf`c m`o kgaafssfg`f`c sbmii hd ldpt ms sbgrt ms pgssfhid.

-

 M2.8

OXV MFX GX @F_XGCD@ OXVF@C

M2.8.=

Cd`drmi G`iy `ftrgcd` wftb m purfty ge mt idmst 66% sbmii hd usdo ms oryf`c adofua.

 

 

 M2.;

UMKTTA OXVF@C

M2.;.=

Cd`drmi

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ?8

_bd sfzd ge tbd vmkuua u`ft(s) sbguio hd sueefkfd`t tg rdoukd tbd prdssurd f` tbd pfpdif`d tg tbd vmpgrfsmtfg` prdssurd ourf`c puap-ogw` wftbf` 8? b ge kgaad`kdad`t ge tbd puapogw` gpdrmtfg`. Fe vmkuua purcf`c m`o if`d efiif`c fs pdregrado wftb ory mfr, g`iy supdr-ory mfr wftb m odwpgf`t hdigw ∘?> ¾K sbmii hd f`trgoukdo f`tg tbd pfpdif`d.

 

 

M^^D@OFR H H=.

OD^ ;=.?>.4>.;>-Cd`. Jm`umry 8>>4 ^mcd ?;

^FC _XMKLF@C ODUFKD[

AMC@D_FK _XMKLF@C _bfs adtbgo ge trmklf`c rdqufrds amc`dts tg hd f`stmiido g` tbd pfc. [uftmhid odtdktfg` dqufpad`t agu`tdo dxtdr`miiy g` tbd pfpdif`d mt strmtdcfk igkmtfg`s tbd` rdkdfvds m sfc`mi ms tbd pfc pmssds tbd spdkfefk igkmtfg`s. _bus hy kmrdeui tfaf`c m` f`ofkmtfg` ge tbd pfc spddo gvdr m sdt pfpd id`ctb km` hd odtdraf`do m`o tbd pfc mrrfvmi tfad km` hd dstfamtdo. Amc`dtfk trmklf`c fs misg vdry usdeui egr odag`strmtf`c tbmt m pfc bms pmssdo m spdkfefk ghstmkid sukb ms m vmivd, tdd gr wyd.

H8.

XMOFG _XM@[AF__DX[  M rdimtfvdiy rdkd`t odvdigpad`t, odvdigpa d`t, tbfs systda ge pfc trmklf`c utfifsds dxtrda dxtrdadiy diy igw erdqud`ky (DIE) rmofg wmvds. Ft km` odtdkt m agvf`c gr stmtfg`mry pfc up tg ?> a mwmy erga tbd pfpd. Kurrd`tiy g`iy m sf`cid suppifdr geedrs tbfs m`o ft fs vdry dxpd`sfvd.

H;.

MKGT[_FK ^F@CDX[ _bd mkgustfk pf`cdrs mrd f`kgrpgrmtdo f`tg tbd hgoy ge tbd pfc, m`o trm`saft sg`fk puisds tg byorgpbg`ds. _bd byorgpbg`ds mrd usumiiy suspd`odo erga suremkd vdssdis m`o odtdkt tbd igkmtfg` ge tbd pfc erga tbd rdimtfvd strd`ctb ge tbd sfc`mi. _bd mkgustfk pf`cdrs mrd g`iy suftmhid egr usd f` geesbgrd ifqufo efiido pfpdif`ds hdkmusd tbd mkgustfk sfc`mi rdqufrds m ifqufo kgupim`t.

H?.

_XM@[^G@ODX[  M` mkgustfk trm`spg`odr odvfkd od vfkd fs sfafimr tg m` mkgustfk pf`cdr dxkdpt tbmt ft wfii g`i g`iy y daft m sfc`mi wbd` m` f`tdrrgcmtfg` puisd erga m rdagtd sgurkd fs rdkdfvdo, tbus kg`sfodrmhiy prgig`cf`c hmttdry ifed. M trm`spg`odr fs m bfcbiy sgpbfstfkmtdo u`ft wbfkb fs mhid tg ofskrfaf`mtd f`tdrrgcmtfg` sfc`mis erga mkgustfk `gfsd dvd` f` bfcb `gfsd idvdis. Hy tfaf`c tbd mrrfvmi ge rdpiy, tbd sim`t rm`cd tg tbd trm`spg`odr km` hd kmikuimtdo m`o tbus tbd pfc igkmtdo. _bfs systda fs f`td`odo egr usd wftb ifqufo efiido pfpdif`ds, m`o fs mhid tg trmkl sdvdrmi pfcs sfauitm`dgusiy wbfkb mii bmvd ofeedrd`t f`tdrrgcmtfg` puisds. _bd trm`spg`odr systda fs misg vdry mkkurmtd m`o km` usumiiy igkmtd m pfc wftbf` ; a. [fzd fs usumiiy m prghida m`o tbd systda fs g`iy mvmfimhid egr pfpdif`ds bmvf`c m` FO ≤ 8? f`.

H4.

MKGT[_FK / UFHXM_FG@ [V[_DA _bfs systda fs odsfc`do tg rdspg`o tg igw d`drcy puisds g` tbd pfpd wmii m`o mapifey tbd sfc`mi tg prgoukd m usmhid muofg/vfsumi gutput. _bd mkgustfk/vfhrmtfg` puisds mrd cd`drmtdo wbd` tbd kups/ofsks ge m agvf`c pfc d`kgu`tdr f`tdr`mi wdio hdmos g` tbd pfpd m`o efttf`cs. _bd pmssf`c ge tbd pfc bms pmssdo tbrgucb amjgr edmturds sukb ms vmivds, hd`os m`o geetmlds, wfii hd kg`efrado hy tbd eiuktumtfg`s f` rdkdfvdo sfc`mis. _bd deedktfvd rm`cd ge tbfs odvfkd odpd`os g` tbd pfpdif`d ofmadtdr m`o tbd pfpd kg`oftfg`s m`o fs usumiiy ge tbd grodr ge 8> la tg 4> la. [f`kd rdkdfvdrs amy hd pimkdo mt dmkb d`o ge tbd pfpdif`d tbd rm`cd amy hd oguhido. Ms tbfs systda odpd`os g` pfc agvdad`t tg cd`drmtd tbd mkgustfk/vfhrmtfg` puisd, ft fs kidmriy ge `g usd f` igkmtf`c m stukl pfc.

H5.

MKGT[_FK DKBG _bfs systda wgrls hy trm`safttf`c m` mkgustfk sfc`mi wftbf` tbd pfpdif`d m`o odtdktf`c tbd rdtur` dkbg erga m stukl pfc. _bd pdrfgo hdtwdd` trm`safssfg` m`o odtdktfg` d`mhids tbd ofstm`kd tg hd kmikuimtdo. _bfs adtbgo bms m rm`cd ge 8> la tg ;> la. Oud tg mkgustfks hdf`c tbd adtbgo ge gpdrmtfg`, tbfs systda fs g`iy suftmhid egr ifqufo efiido pfpdif`ds. _bfs systda fs agrd suftmhid egr pfc igkmtfg` tbm` pfc trmklf`c.

H3.

XMOFGMK_FUD F[G_G^D[  M rmofgmktfvd sgurkd, `g crdmtdr f` strd`ctb tbm` tbmt miigwdo mt tbd smedty hmrrfdr ge m` `g`-odstruktfvd tdstf`c mktfvfty, fs efttdo g`tg m pfc. Odtdktfg` fs hy adm`s ge m Cdfcdr kgu`tdr efttdo tg tbd pfpdif`d. Egr geesbgrd usd, tbd odtdktgr km` hd amrf`fzdo m`o ofvdr bdio gr efttdo tg tbd pfpdif`d. _bfs systda kidmriy rdqufrds kg`trgiido prgkdourds m`o spdkfmifsdo gpdrmtfvds. Ft fs vdry mkkurmtd, hut tbd pfc aust pmss kigsd tg tbd odtdktgr.

Imst pmcd ge tbfs OD^