U^CLCDCMTC\ _ LKM\TOTSLOÜM DC HF U\OLKHKJÉF LKIK LOCMLOF. HF U\OLKHKJÉF CRUC^OICMTFH. Hf psolkhkjéf, fmtcs dc lkmstotuorsc durfmtc hf scjumdf iotfd dch sojhk ROR cm c m umf doslophomf locmtégolf futümkif, bfnéf rclkrrodk yf um hfrjk lfiomk cm ch scmk dc hf gohkskgéf. Guc ch ciphck dch iïtkdk cxpcroicmtfh y hks omtcmtks dc gkriuhfr tckréfs iftciætolfs quc docrfm lucmtf dc hks gcmüicmks pséquolks hk quc hhcvfréf hh cvfréf f hf psolkhkjéf f lkmstotuorsc lkik locmlof. locmlof. Dc Dc ikdk quc cs icdofmtc um oipuhsk dc ciuhfloüm dch dcsfrrkhhk y lkmskhodfloüm dc hf gésolf y hf iftciætolf ikdcrmfs lkik surjoræm hfs ikdcrmfs y lkmtcipkræmcfs lkmlcplokmcs dc hf psolkhkjé psolkhkjéff Cm ch s. RWOOO Zkhgg y @fmt yf utohozfm hks tïriomks dc 8psolkhkjéf rflokmfh= y 8psolkhkjéf cipérolf=. Iæs tfrdc, cm ch s. ROR, ch tïriomk 8psolkhkjéf= pfsfræ f scr usufh jrflofs fh gohüskgk Ifom dc Norfm. Ch fskloflokmosik nrotæmolk prklcdcmtc dc hf gohkskgéf ciporostf omjhcsf scræ gumdficmtfh pfrf ch dcsfrrkhhk dc hf psolkhkjéf lkik locmlof y cxtcmdcræ su omghuak o mghuak bfstf mucstrks défs. \o nocm, skm lkmlrctficmtc, Gclbmcr, Bchibkhtz y Zumdt, quocmcs tocmcm oipkrtfmlof proikrdofh cm ch cstfnhcloiocmtk dc hf psolkhkjéf cxpcroicmtfh, cstfnhcloiocmtk cxpcroicmtfh, pkr hk quc skm lkmsodcrfdks lkik hks pfdrcs dc hf psolkhkjéf locmtégolf. Hfs dostomtfs lkmlcplokmcs dc hf psolkhkjéf lkik locmlof sc frtoluhfm cm dovcrsfs csluchfs y cm dogcrcmtcs æinotks dc fpholfnohodfd, quc vocmcm dctcriomfdks pkr omghucmlofs rcléprklfs. Dcsdc ch ikicmtk dc su mfloiocmtk lkik doslophomf locmtégolf hf Usolkhkjéf bf cstfdk ifrlfdf pkr umf dovcrsodfd dc csluchfs y fpholflokmcs, dc hfs quc vcrciks fqué hfs iæs oipkrtfmtcs. U^OMLOUFHC\ LKMLCULOKMC\ DC HF U\OLKHKJÉF LOCMTOGOLF. LK^^OCMTC\ CM TK^MK F HF LKM\TOTSLOÜM DC HF U\OLKHKJÉF LKIK LOCMLOF. 6) CH F\KLOFLOKMO\IK. F\KLOFLOKMO\IK. Ch fskloflokmosik cs umf lkmlcploüm gohksügolf surjodf cm hf fmtojøcdfd, dcsfrrkhhfdf pkr ch ciporosik ikdcrmk y quc hhcjfræ f lkmvcrtorsc cm umf lkrrocmtc psolkhüjolf psolkhüjolf nocm dcgomodf cm hf crf lkmtcipkræmcf. Cstf dkltromf rfdolf cm skstcmcr quc tkdk bclbk icmtfh lkiphcak cstæ lkmstotuodk pkr iñhtophcs chcicmtks orrcdultonhcs dc krojcm scmskrofh, lkinomfdks cmtrc sé cm vortud dc 8hcycs fskloftovfs=0 ch mñicrk y hf mfturfhczf dc ïstfs sc dcgomcm dc gkrif dogcrcmtc cm hfs dovcrsfs krocmtflokmcs fskloflokmostfs. Cm hf luhturf kllodcmtfh ch fskloflokmosik fskloflokmosik tocmc umf hfrjf bostkrof. Guc Uhftüm ch proicrk quc cm um pfsfac dch "Gcdüm" ohustrü lkm caciphks dks hcycs fskloftovfs1 hfs dc lkmtojøodfd y scicafmzf cmtrc hfs odcfs. Frostütchcs knscrvf quc umf odcf tocmdc f cvklfr ktrf cm hf icmtc, y cmumlof c mumlof hfs quc durfmtc iulbk tocipk scræm hfs trcs hcycs gumdficmtfhcs dc hf fsklofloüm1 scicafmzf, lkmtrfstc y prkxoiodfd k lkmtojøodfd cm ch cspflok y cm ch tocipk. Dcspuïs dc iulbks sojhks ch fskloflokmos fskloflokmosik ik fdquocrc umf oipkrtfmlof lfpotfh cm hf gohkskgéf ciporostf omjhcsf1 Tb.Bknncs y A.Hkl`c fgorifm quc tkdks hks lkmkloiocmtks dcrovfm dc oiprcsokmcs scmsonhcs soiphc soiphcs, s, vomluhfdfs cmtrctfinoïm sé pkr ch hf prklcsk fskloftovk0 J.Ncr`chcyicdofmtc fpholf ch ch promlopok fskloftovk f hf pcrlcploüm vosufh0 D.Buic cxpholf pcrlcploüm dc hf lfusfhodfd promlopok dc hf lkmtojøodfd tcipkrfh, tcipkrfh, y D.Bfrthcy, cm sus "Knscrvflokmcs sknrc ch bkinrc" (6:4?), sostciftoz sostciftozff hf dkltromf fskloflokmost fskloflokmostff ifmtcmocmdk lkik ñmolf hcy hf dc lkmtojøodfd, f hf vcz quc cxtocmdc su vfhodcz iæs fhhæ dch ææinotk inotk trfdolokmfh trfdolokmfh dc hfs scmsflokmcs y dc hfs odcfs bfstf ch æinotk dc hks ikvoiocmt ikvoiocmtks ks dch lucrpk, hf oifjomfloüm, hf cikloüm, hf fltovodfd vkhumtfrof y hks sucöks. Cm hks föks sulcsovks, A.\. Iohh hhcvf fh cxtrcik ch 8chcicmtfhosik= k ikhcluhfrosik oiphélotk cm ch fskloflokmosik c omtcrprctf hks prklcsks fskloftovks cm tïriomks iclfmolostfs, fsojmfmdk f hf icmtc umf pksoloüm dc fnskhutf pfsovodfd grcmtc f su dcsfrrkhhk. Cm dcsfrrkhhk. Cm lkmtrf dc cstc iclfmolosik A.\. Iohh fgorif ch pfpch fltovk dc hf icmtc cm hfs trfmsgkriflokmcs dc hfs cxpcrocmlofs chcicmtfhcs cm cxpcrocmlofs lkiphcafs, c omtrkdulc ch lkmlcptk dc umf 8quéiolf icmtfh= cm hf quc ch prkdultk gomfh cs lufhotftovficmtc lufhotftovficmtc dogcrcmtc dc lfdf umk dc hks lkipkmcmtcs omtcrfltufmtcs. omtcrfltufmtcs. Ukr hk dciæs, f pfrtor dc @fmt, luyf lkmlcploüm dc hf icmtc lkik krjfmozfdkrf icdofmtc hf 8sémtcsos f prokro= rcprcscmtf umf rcgutfloüm grkmtfh dch fskloflokmosik, ïstc fnfmdkmf ch tcrrcmk gohksügolk y sc dcsphfzf lfdf vcz iæs bflof ch lfipk dc hf mflocmtc psolkhkjéf locmtégolf. Cm cstc prklcsk dc flcrlfiocmtk bfy quc rclkrdfr hfs fpkrtflokmcs dc F.Nfom, quocm pkr vcz proicrf fsoiohf ch lkmlcptk dc fsklofloüm fh dc fprcmdozfac, dc B.Tfomc, quc dogumdc ch fskloflokmosik cm hks pféscs grfmlügkmks, y dc B.\pcmlcr, ch tcürolk pkr fmtkmkifsof dch cvkhulokmosik, quocm cmumlof ch promlopok dc quc hfs fskloflokmcs quc iæs sc rcpotcm tocmdcm f lkmvcrtorsc cm bcrcdotfrofs, dc ikdk quc hfs cxpcrocmlofs fprcmdodfs pkr umf jcmcrfloüm pucdcm bflcrsc omstomtovfs cm hf jcmcrfloüm sojuocmtc. Cm hf knrf dc Z.Zumdt sc ciphcfræ ch lrotcrok fskloflokmostf pfrf cxpholfr hks mcxks cmtrc hfs scmsflokmcs chcicmtfhcs.
Ucrk cs sknrc tkdk jrflofs f hks cxpcroicmtks hhcvfdks hhcvfdks f lfnk pkr B.Cnnomjbfus, J.C.Iøhhcr, O.U.Ufvhkv, W.I.Nclbtcrcv y C.H.Tbkrmdo`c, cmtrc 6223 y 6?65, quc ch fskloflokmosik sc lkmvocrtc cm umf tckréf locmtégolf. Cnnomjbfus usf lrotcroks fskloflokmostfs pfrf ch cstudok cxpcroicmtfh dc hf icikrof, quc cs lkik dclor cm ch cstudok dc um prklcsk icmtfh supcrokr pkr proicrf vcz cm hf bostkrof dc hf psolkhkjéf locmtégolf. Ufrf icdor, cm lkmlrctk, ch jrfdk dc fprcmdozfac imïiolk fdkptf Cnnomjbfus ch promlopok dc hf grclucmlof dc hfs fskloflokmcs, k scf quc lfhluhf ch mñicrk dc hfs rcpctolokmcs mclcsfrofs pfrf icikrozfr hostfs dc séhfnfs som scmtodk. scmtodk. Hfs Hfs omvcstojflokmcs dc Cnnomjbfus gucrkm lkmtomufdfs pkr Iøhhcr, quocm omtcjrfmdk hf cxpcroicmtfloüm knactovf lkm hks omgkrics omtrkspcltovks dc hks suactks pkmc dc ifmogocstk hf pfrtolopfloüm pfrtolopfloü m fltovf dc cstks ñhtoiks cm hf gkrifloüm dc fskloflokmcs y cm ch prklcsk dc fprcmdozfac, icdofmtc hfs quc ch hhfif 8fltotudcs lkmslocmtcs=, y dcslunrc cm pfrtoluhfr quc hf icmtc tocmdc f krjfmozfr y f lkmgcror um sojmogolfdk omlhusk f hfs séhfnfs som scmtodk, f gom dc icikrozfrhfs. Ch rusk Ufvhkv, quc dcslunroü ch lkmdolokmfiocmtk, lkmdolokmfi ocmtk, fdkptf ch promlopok dc fsklofloüm pkr grclucmlof, pcrk hk trfmsgocrc pkr cmtcrk dcsdc ch æinotk sunactovk dc hfs scmsflokmcs, hfs odcfs y hf icikrof fh mucvk æinotk knactovk y cxpcroicmtfh dc hfs sclrclokmcs jhfmduhfrcs cxtcrmfs. Lkik Ufvhkv, tfinoïm ch cstfdkumodcmsc cstfdkumodcmsc Tbkrmdo`c rcfhozf cxpcroicmtks dc topk fskloflokmostf sknrc ch fprcmdozfac dc hks fmoifhcs. \us fmoifhcs. \us omvcstojflokmcs luhiomfm lkm hf punholfloüm dch yf lhæsolk "Hf omtchojcmloff fmoifh1 cstudok cxpcroicmtfh dc hks prklcsks fskloftovks cm hks fmoifhcs" (62?2). Hucjk, pkr um lfiomk omtchojcmlo dogcrcmtc dch dc Ufvhkv, cxtocmdc hks lrotcroks fskloflokmostfs fh cstudok dch moök y dch fdkhcslcmtc y chfnkrf umf tckréf fskloflokmostf jcmcrfh sknrc umf nfsc cxpcroicmtfh, dcmkiomfdf pkr ïh 8lkmcxokmosik= 8lkmcxokmosik= pfrf dogcrcmlofrhf dch fskloflokmosik dc hf trfdoloüm gohksügolf. Cm tfmtk quc pkstuhf quc fprcmdcr sojmogolf lkmcltfr y quc hf icmtc mk cs iæs quc um sostcif dc lkmcxokmcs pcrgcltésoif pcrgcltésoificmtc icmtc frtoluhfdk, y cm tfmtk quc scöfhf lkik knactovk dch psolühkjk psolühkj k cxpcroicmtfh ch dcslunroio dcslunroiocmtk cmtk dc hfs lkmcxokmcs cspclégolfs dc omtcmsodfd vfrofnhc quc sc dfm cmtrc hks cstéiuhks finocmtfhcs finocmtfhcs y hfs rcspucstfs pftcmtcs dch krjfmosik, hf tckréf dc Tbkrmdo`c cs hf prclurskrf iæs dorcltf dc hfs fltufhcs tckréfs dch fprcmdozfac cstfdkumodcmscs, lcmtrfdfs pkr cmtcrk cm hf gkrifloüm, dcsfrrkhhk y doskhuloüm dc hks mcxks fskloftovks. Fdciæs, fh lkmsodcrfr omsftosgfltkrofs hfs hcycs dc fsklofloüm pkr lkmtojøodfd lkmtojøodfd y grclucmlof, Tbkrmdo`c cmumlof cm 6?53 hf gfiksf 8hcy dch cgcltk=, scjñm hf lufh 88tkdk fltk quc, cm umf sotufloüm dctcriomfdf, dctcriomfdf, prkdulc sftosgflloüm, sftosgflloüm, flfnf socmdk fsklofdk f csf sotufloüm0 y, cm lkmsclucmlof, lufmdk ïstf vuchvc f prcscmtfrsc, ch fltk lkrrchftovk tocmc ifykrcs prknfnohodfdcs dc rcpctorsc rcspcltk dch pfsfdk. Ukr ch lkmtrfrok, tkdk fltk quc, cm umf sotufloüm dctcriomfdf, prkdulc omsftosgflloüm, flfnf pkr dosklofrsc dc tfh sotufloüm0 y, cm lkmsclucmlof, lufmdk ïstf vuchvc f prcscmtfrsc, ch fltk lkrrchftovk tocmc icmkrcs prknfnohodfdcs prknfnohodfdcs dc rcpctorsc lkm rcspcltk fh pfsfdk==. F gomfhcs dch s. ROR y lkiocmzks dch RR hks 8psolühkjks 8psolühkjks gumlokmfhostfs= fdkptfm cm pfrtc hks lrotcroks fskloflokmostfs, pcrk, f dogcrcmlof dch fskloflokmosik prkpoficmtc dolbk, mk bflcm dch fprcmdozfac ch ñmolk knactk fskloflokmostfs, dc cstudok. Ch fskloflokmosik vojcmtc cm Fustrof y cm Fhcifmof f gomfhcs dch s. ROR lkmstotuoræ, iftozfdk, umf dc hfs iftrolcs lkmlcptufhcs dch psolkfmæhosos grcudofmk.
>) HF U\OLKGÉ\OLF. Hf psolkgésolf lkmstotuyc umf cspclofhozfloüm dc hf psolkhkjéf locmtégolf quc tocmc pkr knactk hf scmsfloüm, k iæs cxfltficmtc hf cxpholfloüm dc hfs hcycs quc rcjuhfm hfs rchflokmcs cmtrc hks fspcltks gésolks y, pkr tfmtk, icmsurfnhcs dch cstéiuhk, y hks lkmtcmodks dc lkmlocmlof scmskrofhcs lkrrcspkmdocmtcs f ïh. \urjodf cm 6235 dch pcmsfiocmtk dc Tb.J.Gclbmcr (klupfdk cm nuslfr umf dcgomoloüm cipérolf dc hf rchfloüm lucrpk-icmtc) y cxprcsfdf omolofhicmtc cm hf gfiksf hcy dc Zcncr-Gclbmcr, hf psolkgésolf lkmstotuyü ch lfnfhh lfn fhhk k dc nft nftfhh fhhff dc hf mflocm mflocmtc tc psolk psolkhkj hkjéf éf locmté locmtégol golff y lki lkik k tfh rcprcs rcprcscmt cmtü, ü, bfl bflof of 62:5, 62:5, um lkipk lkipkmcm mcmtc tc gumdficmtfh dch sostcif wumdtofmk. Hf odcf gumdficmtfh dc hf psolkgésolf lkmsostc cm hf dcikstrfloüm dc quc sc df umf rchfloüm iftciætolf cmtrc hk pséquolk y hk gésolk, dc ifmcrf quc hks bclbks pséquolks skm suslcptonhcs dc icdoloüm. Dc cstc ikdk cstudofræ hf rchfloüm quc sc prkdulc cmtrc hks cstoiuhks gésolks y hks prklcsks scmskrofhcs. J.Tb.Gclbmcr (6256-622:), gésolk y iïdolk fhciæm, dc Bcrnfrt bfnéf rclkjodk hf odcf dc quc hf ps psolk olkhkj hkjéf éf dcncréf dcncréf scr umf umf loc locml mlof, of, dc quc crf pksonh pksonhc c hf icdolo icdoloüm üm icmtfh icmtfh -hf fpholf fpholfloü loüm m dc hfs iftciætolfs fh cstudok dc hf icmtc-, y hf odcf dc um fmæhosos icmtfh bflocmdk usk dch lkmlcptk dc 8uinr 8uinrfh= fh=00 pcr pcrk k cstfnf cstfnf dcl dclodod ododk k f lkrrcj lkrrcjor or ch phf phfmt mtcfi cfiocm ocmtk tk ictfgé ictfgésol solk k dc Bcrnfr Bcrnfrtt fpholf fpholfmd mdk k hf icdoloü icd oloüm m cxpcro cxpcroicm icmtfh tfh fh cst cstud udok ok dc hf icm icmtc. tc. Dcsdc Dcsdc su gkr gkrifl ifloüm oüm gés gésolk olk-if -iftci tciæto ætolf lf cm su suss lkmlcplokmcs sc bfréf clk dc hks cstudoks dc Ncrmkuhho, Hfphflc y Jfuss, cm hf chfnkrfloüm dc iïtkdks cstfdéstolks. Cm 6275 punholü ch honrk "Chcicmtcm dcr Usylbkpbyso`", dkmdc sc prcscmtfnf hf tckréf psolkgésolf lkik hf locmlof cxfltf dc hfs rchflokmcs gumlokmfhcs k hfs rchflokmcs dc dcpcmdcmlof cmtrc ch lucrpk y hf icmtc. Ch iosik promlopok bfnéf sodk gkriuhfdk pkr Zcncr y Gclbmcr sc klupü dc dfr f csf rchfloüm cipérolf umf gkrif iftciætolf, dcmkiomæmdkhf -Hcy dc Zcncr- (\9@ hkj ^0 dkmdc \9scmsfloüm, @9lkmstfmtc y ^9cstéiuhk). Cstfnhclocmdk hks uinrfhcs dc scmsfloüm pkdéf scr icdodk ch omlrcicmtk iémoik dc cstoiuhfloüm mclcsfrok pfrf fuicmtfrhf k ch
dcsomlrcicmtk mclcsfrok pfrf dosiomuorhf, lufmtogolæmdksc dcsomlrcicmtk lufmtogolæmdksc dc csc ikdk hf umodfd iémoif dc cstoiuhfloüm mclcsfrof pfrf um lfinok dc scmsfloüm. Gclbmcr omghuoréf cm hf odcf dc um 8pfrfhchosik psolkgésolk= pkr hf scmlohhf rfzüm dc quc hf icmtc y ch lucrpk, hfs scmsflokmcs y hks cstéiuhks, tocmcm quc vcrsc lkik cmtodfdcs scpfrfdfs pfrf quc lfdf umf pucdf scr icdodf y pfrf quc sc pucdf cstfnhclcr umf rchfloüm cmtrc finfs. Urktktopk dc tkdfs hfs lkmlcplokmcs psolkhüjolfs lufmtogolflokmostfs pkstcrokrcs, hf psolkgésolf, supusk grcmtc f hf psolkhkjéf lufhotftovf fmtcrokr f 6235 umf rcvkhuloüm lkipfrfnhc, f cslfhf rcdulodf, lkm hf rcvkhuloüm jfhohcfmf grcmtc f hf gésolf lufhotftovf frostktïholf, y rcsuionhc cm hf omtrkdulloüm dc hf icdoloüm cm um æinotk, ch pséquolk, trfdolokmfhicmtc lkmsodcrfdk 8omiftcrofh=. 8omiftcrofh=. \om cinfrjk, f dogcrcmlof dc hk quc klurroü lkm ch lfsk dc hf gésolf jfhohcfmf, hf psolkgésolf trkpczü lkm iulbfs rcsostcmlofs y kpksolokmcs, lkik hf dch omtuolokmosik dc B. Ncrjskm. Ucsc f hfs lrétolfs, hf psolkgésolf mk bf dcafdk dc dcsfrrkhhfrsc, sknrc tkdk dcspuïs dc hf knrf dc \.\.\tcvcms, f pfrtor dc hf scjumdf iotfd dc hf dïlfdf dc 6?6-62?4), gésolk y gosékhkjk fhciæm, oipuhsfréf hks cstudoks omolofdks pkr hf -psolkgésolf- cm tkrmk f hf rchfloüm cmtrc hf icmtc y hf gosokhkjéf. Doü f lkmklcr ch rcsuhtfdk dc sus proicrfs omvcstojflokmcs, dcsfrrkhhfdfs f hf huz dch dcnftc sknrc ch votfh votfhosi osik, k, cm su ic icikr ikrof of "\k "\knrc nrc hf lkm lkmscr scrvfl vfloüm oüm dc hf cmc cmcrjé rjéf" f" (62:4) (62:4),, lkmtro lkmtronul nuloü oüm m fh mfloio mfloiocmt cmtk k dc hf tcrikdomæ tcri kdomæiolf iolf,, dkmdc dkmdc cxpu cxpusk sk ch prkj prkjrfif rfif iclfmolo iclfmolostf stf dc rcdu rcdulloüm lloüm dc tkdks tkdks hks gcmüicmks gcmüicmks mfturfhcs mfturfhcs f ikvoiocmtks dc iftcrofs dktfdfs dc cmcrjéf y, cm pfrtoluhfr, hf cquovfhcmlof cmtrc ch lfhkr y ch trfnfak iclæmolk. Ukr tfmtk, hks prklcsks ictfnüholks tépolks dch scr vovk dcncm lkmlcnorsc lkik trfmsgkriflokmcs skictodfs fh promlopok dc lkmscrvfloüm dc hf cmcrjéf. \c omtcrcsfnf pkr hf lkmdulloüm mcrvoksf dc hfs scmsflokmcs y dcdolü jrfm pfrtc dc su vodf f dcsfrrkhhfr su odcf dc hf umodfd dc hks gcmüicmks mfturfhcs. Fmfhozæmdk dovcrsks prklcsks y gcmüicmks gosokhüjolks lkm hks omstruicmtks dc hf gésolf hhcjü f umf cspcloc dc vcrsoüm iftcrofhostf dch `fmtosik, scjñm hf lufh hfs scmsflokmcs mk rcprkdulcm hfs lksfs somk quc dcpcmdcm, cscmlofhicmtc, dc hfs dogcrcmtcs gonrfs mcrvoksfs cstoiuhfdfs y dc sus dogcrcmtcs lkmcxokmcs lcmtrfhcs1 sühk hf rchfloüm cmtrc scmsflokmcs, cm su rcjuhfrodfd, rcghcafm hf rcjuhfrodfd knactovf dc hks gcmüicmks. Cm hf umovcrsodfd dc @÷mojsncrj, Bchibkhtz sc dcdolü f hf icdoloüm dc hf vchklodfd dc lkmdulloüm dc um oipuhsk mcrvoksk. \us odcfs crfm fgomcs fh ciporosik psolkhüjolk nrotæmolk cm lkmtrf dc hf trfdoloüm ommftostf lkmtomcmtfh. Cm lufmtk f hf pcrlcploüm, frjuicmtfnf quc dcnc dc lkmtcmcr iulbks dftks dc hf cxpcrocmlof quc mk cstæm rcprcscmtfdks dc gkrif omicdoftf cmcxpcrocmlofs ch cstéiuhk y pfsfdfs. quc dolbksGcmüicmks dftks skm, cm locrtk fdolokmcs quc sc hc bflcm f hf pcrlcploüm dc flucrdk lkm f hks qucscmtodk, dcmkiomü 8omgcrcmlofs omlkmslocmtcs=, omlkmslocmtcs =, pucs cm ñhtoif omstfmlof hks lkmsodcrfnf gkrifdks pkr fmfhkjéf lkm hfs omgcrcmlofs lkmslocmtcs y dc cstc ikdk, dcrovfdks dc um prklcsk omdultovk.
OMT^K\UCLLOKMO\IK IK.. :), mk rclkmkloü vfhkr fh gfltkr sunactovk dc hf vkhumtfd y fsuioü hf gkrif dc um sostcif lkmlcptufh lkiphctficmtc mfturfhostf. Tolbcmcr dcgomoü ch trfnfak dc su ifcstrk lkik 8cstrulturfhosik= y hk doü f lkmklcr cm hks Cstfdks Smodks. \cjñm Tolbcmcr, ch gom dc hf omvcstojfloüm psolkhüjolf cs dcslronor hks lkmtcmodks -chcicmtfhcs- dc hf lkmlocmlof y dcslunror hfs hcycs quc dctcriomfm hf ifmcrf cm quc ïstks sc sulcdcm y sc lkinomfm. Cm lufmtk f hf cxpholfloüm dc hks lkmtcmodks lkmslocmtcs, lkmslocmtcs, ïstf cs lkmgofdf f hf gosokhkjéf y f hf nokhkjéf jcmcrfh, cs dclor, quc mk sc hf lkmsodcrf um gém cspclégolk dc hf locmlof psolkhüjolf. Hf dcslroploüm chcicmtfhostf dc hks lkmtcmodks lkmslocmtcs, su dcslkipksoloüm cm chcicmtks soiphcs c orrcdultonhcs, vocmc prcslrotf pkr ch ikdchk dch prklcdcr fmfhétolk dc hf quéiolf (cm pfrtoluhfr dc hf quéiolf dch s. ROR), y lkmstotuyc ch iæs oipkrtfmtc gumdficm gumdficmtk tk cpostcikhüjolk dch omtrkspcll omtrkspcllokmosik, okmosik, lkmtrf ch quc sc fhzfræm hks psolühkjks psolühkj ks bkhostfs dc hks föks vcomtc y trcomtf, cspclofhicmtc ch jcstfhtosik. Cm ch hcmjufac tolbcmcrofmk hf 8cstrulturf icmtfh= cs ch rcsuhtfdk dc hf suif dc iñhtophcs chcicmtks soiphcs, lkik cm umf cspcloc dc lkipholfdésoik iksfolk. Ch fmæhosos locmtégolk dch psolühkjk tocmc pkr knactk -scjñm TolbcmcrTolb cmcr- hks chci chcicmtks cmtks soiphc soiphcss dc hfs pcrlcplo pcrlcplokmcs, kmcs, lkmsto lkmstotuod tuodks ks pkr hfs 8scmsflok 8scmsflokmcs= mcs=00 hks dc hfs odcfs, odcfs, lkmstotuodks pkr hfs 8oifjcmcs icmtfhcs=0 hks dc hfs ciklokmcs k scmtoiocmtks, lkmstotuodks pkr hks 8cstfdks fgcltovks=. Dc hks trcs chcicmtks ch iæs oipkrtfmtc y rclurrcmtc cs ch dc hf scmsfloüm (vosufh, fudotovf, khgftovf, justftovf, tfltoh y lomcstïsolf), som hf lufh mk sc dfm mo oifjcmcs icmtfhcs mo cstfdks fgcltovks. Cm hf cxpcrocmlof lktodofmf, cstks chcicmtks gumdficmtfhcs dc hf lkmlocmlof sc lkinomfm cmtrc sé, dfmdk hujfr f sotuflokmcs pséquolfs fpfrcmtcicmtc umotfrofs1 ch bfinrc, pkr caciphk, mk cs iæs quc ch lkiphcak rcsuhtfdk dc hf suif dc scmsflokmcs y cstfdks fgcltovks omolofhicmtc bctcrkjïmcks cmtrc sé. Hks chcicmtks dc hf lkmlocmlof tocmcm pucs ftronutks. Cm ch lfsk dc hf scmsfloüm y dc hf oifjcm icmtfh cstks skm1 hf 8lufhodfd= (p.ca. sfhfdk, rkak, lfhocmtc), hf omtcmsodfd (p.ca.um ruodk -cmskrdclcdkr-), hf durfloüm (p.ca. um -hfrjk- lfipfmohhfzk), y hf lhfrodfd (p.ca. um iuriuhhk -iæs k icmks fudonhc-). Hks cstfdks fgcltovks mk pksccm cm lfinok ch ftronutk dc hf lhfrodfd, pkrquc hf cikloüm sc dosopf fpcmfs ch knscrvfdkr trftf dc dcgomorhf y dc flhfrfrhf. Ch ñm ñmolk olk iïtkdk iïtkdk dc omd omdfjf fjfloü loüm m dc hf psolkh psolkhkj kjéf éf tol tolbc bcmcr mcrofm ofmf f cst cstæ æ rcp rcprcs rcscmt cmtfdk fdk pkr hf 8omtrkspclloüm sostciætolf=, rcfhozfdf pkr knscrvfdkrcs cspclofhozfdks. Fh prfltolfrhf, hks quc pfrtolopfm cm hf omvcstojfloüm dcncm ciphcfr f gkmdk ch lrotcrok chcicmtostf dc dcslkipksoloüm cm chcicmtks soiphcs c orrcdultonhcs. \ojuocmdk tfh lrotcrok, ch psolühkjk kntocmc omgkrics omtrkspcltovks quc lkmtocmcm umf sclucmlof dc pfhfnrfs (grék, dcsfjrfdfnhc, omdostomtk, vévodk, ctl), lfdf umf dc hfs lufhcs dcsojmf umévklficmtc um skhk chcicmtk dc hf cxpcrocmlof lkmslocmtc tktfh. Jrflofs f um hfrjk fdocstrfiocmtk, ch suactk omtrkspcltkr fprcmdc f dostomjuor fquchhk quc cgcltovficmtc cxpcroicmtf (y qucfhcs hk ñmolk quc lucmtf) dcïhfquchhk quc -sfncrcspcltk fh knactk dc hf prkpof cxpcrocmlof0 pkr caciphk, grcmtc knactk-cstéiuhk 8honrk=, mk dolc 88Wck umlkm honrk==, lkik bfréf ch kns knscrvfd crvfdkr kr prkgfmk, prkgfmk, somk quc icml icmlokmf okmf umf scroc dc scms scmsflokm flokmcs cs soiphcs soiphcs rcléprkl rcléprklficmt ficmtcc dostomtfs dostomtfs,, lkik lkik 88Cxpcroicmtk 88Cxpcroicm tk um lkhkr rkak, umf huiomksodf huiomksodfd d dc icdofmf omtcmsodfd, um pcqucök cspcskr, ctl==. \ojuocmdk ch iïtkdk dc Tolbcmcr mk sc pkdéf dclor, pkr caciphk, 88vck umf ikmcdf==, pkrquc tfh knscrvfloüm mk scréf rcfhicmtc dcslroptovf, somk omtcrprctftovf, fh mk dovodor ch knactk cm sus dogcrcmtcs chcicmtks lkmstotutovks -fmtc umf ikmcdf cxpcroicmtk quc cs fhjk1 durk, pcqucök, rcdkmdk, phfmk, dc lkhkr dc lknrc, ictæholk, ctl-. Cmtrc hks föks 6?63 y 6?>3, ch omtrkspcllokmosik totlbcmcrofmk dcsfpfrcloü lfso lkiphctficmtc dc hf cslcmf dc hf psolkhkjéf omtcrmflokmfh, lkm ch fdvcmoiocmtk dch jcstfhtosik, dch gumlokmfhosik y dch lkmdultosi lkmdultosik. k.
^S\F. (Ch lkmdolokmfiocmtk pfvhkvofmk k lkmdolokmfiocmtk lhæsolk). 4) HF ^CGHCRKHKJÉF ^S\F. (Ch 8Lkmdolokmfiocmtk lhæsolk= cs ch mkinrc lkm ch quc sc lkmklc f hfs omvcstojflokmcs rcfhozfdfs pcrtcmclocmtc f hf csluchf dc gosokhkjéf cxpcroicmtfh rusf, cm tkrmk f hks rcghcaks lkmdolokmfdks. Uævhkv v (624?-6?. \ojuocmdk f Dfrwom ^kifmcs bfnéf fluöfdk ch tïriomk 8psolkhkjéf lkipfrfdf= pfrf oipuhsfr ch cstudok dc hf icmtc cm cvkhuloüm, hf knscrvfloüm y lkipfrfloüm dc gcmüicmks icmtfhcs cm dostomtks movchcs dc hf acrfrquéf fmoifh. Hhkyd Ikrjfm bfnéf cstfnhclodk ch tïriomk. \om cinfrjk cs dudksk quc bfyf bfnodk ktrk psolühkjk quc flcptfrf dc ifmcrf tfm dcgomotovf sus oipholflokmcs, lkik hk bozk ch mkrtcficrolfmk ^kncrt I._cr`cs (62:7-6?37). Cm rcfhodfd, ïh cs f quocm pucdc lkmsodcrfrsch lkmsodcrfrschcc lkik ch hodcr dch ikvoiocmtk dc hf psolkhkjéf lkipfrfdf, socmdk cm Cstfdks Smodks dkmdc ch ikvoiocmtk tkifréf phcmf lkmlocmlof dc sé iosik fh fdfptfrsc fh lkmdultosik y fh gumlokmfhosik. _cr`cs, præltolficmtc, fslcmdoü cm hémcf rcltf pkr hf cslfhf cvkhutovf cm sus omvcstojflokmcs, dcsdc hks fmoifhcs iæs soiphcs bfstf hks iæs lkiphcaks, gomfhozfmdk cm ch cstudok dc hks ikmks fmtrkpkodcs y dch bkinrc. Guc ch proi proicrk, crk, f pfrt pfrtor or dc 6?56, cm utoh utohozfr ozfr sostciæ sostciætolfi tolficmtc cmtc hks fmoifhcs fmoifhcs cm omvc omvcstoj stojflokm flokmcs cs psolkhüj psolkhüjolfs olfs cxpcroicmtfhcs. Tbkrmdo`c, @÷bhcr, ch prkpok _cr`cs, Z.\.Bumtcr, Bfiohtkm y ktrks cstudofrkm hf 8oiotfloüm= dc umks fmoifhcs f ktrks, hfs 8rcspucstfs rctfrdfdfs= k rclucrdk dc cxpcrocmlofs pfsfdfs, hfs 8chcllokmcs iñhtophcs= k lfpflodfd dc doslroiomfloüm, hf 8fhtcrmfloüm= k rcpctoloüm dc lkmdultfs, ch 8doslcrmoiocmtk= k pcrlcploüm dc rchflokmcs, cstk cs, hfs lfpflodfdcs dc hf icmtc fmoifh, hhcjfmdk f hf lkmlhusoüm dc quc mk cxostc momjumf doslkmtomu doslkmtomuodfd odfd cmtrc hfs kpcrflokmcs icmtfhcs dc hks fmoifhcs y chcspclocs bkinrc,dcmtrk somk tfm umfs dogcrcmlofs dc jrfdk k lufmtotftovfs, quc fuicmtfm cm rfzüm dc hf dostfmlof cmtrc hfs dch sühk dcsfrrkhhk cvkhutovk. Fumquc bf omghuodk cm muicrksfs csluchfs psolkhüjolfs, hks cstudoks dc psolkhkjéf fmoifh scræm rclkjodks y prkscjuodks, sknrc tkdk, pkr ch gumlokmfhosik.
U^OMLOUFHC\ LKMLCULOKMC\ DC HF U\OLKHKJÉF LOCMTÉGOLF. LK^^OCMTC\ LKMTCIUK^ÆMCF\.
6) HF U\OLKHKJÉF LKMDSLTO\TF (NCBFWOK^O\IK) K U\OLKHKJÉF DCH LKIUK^TFIOCMTK. LKIUK^TFIOCMTK. Ch lkmdultosik cs umf lkrrocmtc dc hf psolkhkjéf ikdcrmf, hhfifdf tfinoïm 8ncbfvokrosik=, scjñm hf lufh ch ñmolk knactk pksonhc dc hf psolkhkjéf locmtégolf cs hf lkmdultf ifmogocstf, cs dclor ch lkmaumtk dc hfs rcfl rcfllo lokm kmcs cs dc dchh krjf krjfmo mosi sik k fm fmoi oifh fh k bu buif ifmk mk knsc knscrv rvfn fnhc hcss dcsd dcsdcc gu gucr crff dc dchh kr krjf jfmo mosi sik k y vc vcro rogo golf lfnh nhcs cs omtcrsunactovficmtc0 omtcrsunacto vficmtc0 trftf pkr tfmtk, cxlhusovficmtc, lkm bclbks knscrvfnhcs. Ch lkmdult lkmdultosik osik mfloü kgolofhi kgolofhicmtc cmtc cm 6?6 6?6< < lkm um frtéluhk frtéluhk ifmogocstk ifmogocstk dc Akbm.N.Zf Akbm.N.Zftskm tskm,, "Usylbkhkjy fs tbc Ncbfvokrost Wocws ot" (Hf psolkhkjéf dcsdc ch pumtk dc vostf lkmdultostf), y cm hks
föks sulcsovks fdquoroü jrfdufh oipkrtfmlof bfstf dkiomfr lfso som rovfhcs hf cslcmf dc hf psolkhkjéf cxpcroicmtfh cstfdkumodcmsc durfmtc ch pcrékdk 6?) HF U\OLKHKJÉF LKJMOTOWF K LKM\T^SLTOWO\IK. Lkjmotovosik cs ch tïriomk lkm ch quc sc omdolf ch quc bf hhcjfdk f scr umk dc hks ikvoiocmtks iæs oipkrtfmtcs dc hf psolkhkjéf cxpcroicmtfh lkmtcipkræmcf, scjñm ch lufh, hf icmtc gumlokmf lkik umf chfnkrfdkrf fltovf dc hfs omgkriflokmcs quc hc hhcjfm f trfvïs dc hks ürjfmks scmskrofhcs, cm fmfhkjéf lkm hks scrvkiclfmosiks dc topk loncrmïtolk. F dogcrcmlof dc ktrfs lkrrocmtcs psolkhüjolfs (dch gumlokmfhosik f hf Jcstfhtpsylbkhkjoc Jcstfhtpsylbkhkjoc y fh nfbfvokrosik), nfbfvokrosik), ch lkjmotovosik mk lkmstotuyc um sostcif tcürolk fhtficmtc krjfmozfdk c omtcrmficmtc lkbcrcmtc0 hf proicrf gkriuhfloüm tcürolf (S.Mcosscr, "Usolkhkjéf lkjmotovostf", 6?7:) sc punholü umks docz föks dcspuïs dc hks proicrks cxpcroicmtks psolkhüjolks lftfhkjfnhcs lkik lkjmotovostfs. Dc bclbk ch lkjmotovosik qucdf cmifrlfdk dcmtrk dch lkmdultosik, lkik um dcsfrrkhhk y umf lkrrclloüm lkmtémuf dc dolbf lkrrocmtc, dcsdc hks föks :5, tfmtk cm Curkpf lkik cm hks CC.SS. Guc omghuodk pkr hf 8psolkhkjéf 8psolkhkjéf dch fltk= dch s. ROR, scjñm hf lufh, cm kpksoloüm f hfs lkrrocmtcs ciporostfs y fskloflokmostfs, hfs gumlokmcs pcrlcptovfs y hf icikrof skm lkmstrullokmcs fltovfs quc, scjñm hf klfsoüm, bflcm ifykr k icmkr usk dc hf omgkrifloüm scmskrof scmskrofh. h. Iæs rclocmtcicmtc rclonoræ ch omghuak dc hf tckréf dc hf omgkrifloüm y dc hf omtchojcmlof frtogolofh quc, lkm su hcmjufac, omïdotk cm hf trfdoloüm psolkhüjolf, (poïmscsc, p.ca., cm hks tïriomks 8omput= (cmtrfdf) y 8kutput= (sfhodf), quc sustotuycm f 8cstéiuhk= y 8rcspucstf=, rcspcltovficmtc), bfm prkpkrlokmfdk f hf psolkhkjéf lkjmotovostf um ikdchk dch krjfmosik buifmk lkik sostcif lkiphcak lfpfz dc chfnkrfr omgkriflokmcs, dc schcllokmfr cmtrc hks chcicmtks dc 8cmtrfdf=, dc pkmcr cm gumlokmfiocmtk jrflofs f dftks schcllokmfdks, umf scroc dc trfmsgkriflokmcs y um fhiflcmfiocmtk ræpodk y cgolfz, dc fhlfmzfr dclosokmcs dcpcmdocmtcs dc hks rcsuhtfdks dc hf chfnkrfloüm rcfhozfdf y mk prcdctcriomfdk prcdctcriomfdkss dcsdc su omolok (lkik cm ch ikdchk lkmdultostf) lkmdultost f) pkr hks cstéiuhks finocmtfhcs cm cmtrfdf. Guc cm Omjhftcrrf, durfmtc hf scjumdf jucrrf iumdofh, lkm ch knactk dc cstfnhclcr ch rcmdoiocmtk üptoik cm sotuflok sotuflokmcs mcs dc strc strcss, ss, lkik lkik hfs fllo fllokmcs kmcs ncholk-tclmk ncholk-tclmkhüjo hüjolfs, lfs, dkmdc sc lkmskhod lkmskhodfrkm frkm omol omolofhic ofhicmtc mtc hfs tcsos tcsos lkjmotovostfs, y sknrc tkdk, hks cxpcroicmtks quc, luiphodks scjñm hfs rcjhfs trfdolokmfhcs dc hf cxpcroicmtfloüm psolkhüjolf dc hfnkrftkrok, lkmtronuycrkm cm jrfm icdodf f su flcptfloüm pkr pfrtc dc psolühkjks dc dostomtfs krocmtflokmcs,, cspclofhicmt krocmtflokmcs cspclofhicmtcc hks lkmdultostfs, lkik ch psolkhomjøéstf J.F.Iohhcr. Cm Lfinrodjc, cm pfrtoluhfr @.Lrfo`, cmtrc hks föks 45-43, cgcltuü umf scroc dc cxpcroicmtks hhcjfmdk f hf lkmlhusoüm dc quc hf icmtc buifmf fltñf lkik um scrvkiclfmosik lfpfz dc futklkrrcllokmcs cm omtcrvfhks suificmtc tfrdc, tfinoïm cmdch Lfinrodjc, cmumloü lkmklodf dc hfs tcsos lkjmotovostfs nrcvcs, rchftovfsyfiæs hf ftcmloüm, hf 8tckrof gohtrk=, qucD.C.Nrkfdncmt, sunrfyf hf lfpflodfd dchfhf iæs icmtc pfrf schcllokmfr dc gkrif iuy prclosf hfs omgkriflokmcs quc hc hhcjfm. Cm 6? 6?75 75,, ch yf lot lotfdk fdk Iohhcr Iohhcr,, ch psolü psolühkj hkjk k y ift iftciæ ciætol tolk k C. C.Jfhf Jfhfmt mtcr cr y ch mcurkp mcurkpsol solühk ühkjk jk @.Uronrfi punholfrkm @.Uronrfi punholfrkm um vkhñicm vkhñicm dclosovk dclosovk pfrf hf bost bostkrof krof dch ikvoi ikvoiocmtk ocmtk lkjmotov lkjmotovostf, ostf, "Uhfmks y cstrulturf dch lkipkrtfiocmtk", cm lkipkrtfiocmtk", cm ch lufh sc prcscmtü pkr proicrf vcz cm prkgumdodfd hf fmfhkjéf cxostcmtc cmtrcc ch gumlokmfiocm cmtr gumlokmfiocmtk tk dc hf icmtc buifmf y ch krdcmfdkr, krdcmfdkr, sustotuy sustotuycmdk cmdk hf yf lhæsolf umodfd dc icdo icdodf df psolkhüjolf, rcprcscmtfdf pkr ch rcghcak, k scf hf lkkrdomfloüm chcicmtfh cmtrc ch cstéiuhk y hf rcspucstf, pkr umf mucvf umodfd jhknfh hhfifdf TKTC (pkr hfs omolofhcs dc hks tïriomks omjhcscs 8tcst-kpcrftc-tcst-cxot= k 8phfmk dc lkmdultf=, quc pfrtc dc hf prciosf scjñm hf lufh ch suactk lkjmkslcmtc omtcrfltñf lkm ch icdok y mk sc hoiotf f rclonor pfsovficmtc hks cstéiuhks (lkik cm hf pcrspcltovf lkmdultostf), somk quc vcrogolf dc lkmtomuk hf lkmjrucmlof cmtrc su prkpok prkycltk lkmdultufh y hfs lkmdolokmcs knactovfs cxostcmtcs. Cm hks föks pkstcrokrcs pkstcrokrcs lkic lkicmzfrk mzfrkm m f dogcr dogcrcmlo cmlofrsc frsc hfs promlopf promlopfhcs hcs krocmtfl krocmtflokmcs okmcs dc hf omvcstoj omvcstojfloüm floüm lkjmotovostf, quc sc lcmtrfm cm hf pcrlcploüm, hf icikrof, hf ftcmloüm, hf vojohfmlof, ch rfzkmfiocmtk (ch hhfifdk -prknhci skhvomj-) y, sknrc tkdk, ch hcmjufac, f tfh pumtk quc sc pucdc dclor quc hf psolkhomjøéstolf lkmtcip lkmtcipkræmcf kræmcf cs pkr lkiphctk dc omsporfloüm lkjmotovostf0 pcrk mk gfhtfm lfipks dc omvcstojfloüm quc cslfpfm f hks csqucifs trfdolokmfhcs dc hf omvcstojfloüm psolkhüjolf cxpcroicmtfh, lkik cs ch lfsk dc hf omtcrprctfloüm omtcrprctfloüm lkjmotovostf dfdf pkr Z.B.Ncrhymc f hfs lkmdultfs 8cpostïiolfs=, cs dclor, cxphkrftkrofs y lrcftovfs, dc hks fmoifhcs.
Cm ch Lkmjrcsk Omtcrmflokmfh dc Usolkhkjéf dc Ikslñ (6?77), hks psolühkjks dc tkdk ch iumdk rclkmklocrkm rclkmkloc rkm hf oipkrtfml oipkrtfmlof of dc hf lkrr lkrrocmtc ocmtc lkjmotovostf lkjmotovostf,, cmtr cmtrc c ktrfs rfzkmcs pkrquc su lfrfl lfrfltcr tcr purficmt purf icmtc c krocmtftovk krocmtftovk y mk dc sostcif sostcif lcrrfdk lcrrfdk y dkjiætolk dkjiætolk pcriotc umf jrfm dogcrcmloflo dogcrcmlofloüm üm dc tcmdcmlofs omtcrmfs. Cm ch phfmk cpostcikhüjolk y ictkdkhüjolk, cm proicr hujfr, hks lkjmotovostfs mk trftfm dc austogolfr sus tcsos icdofmtc hfs lkmlcptufhozflokmcs kgrclodfs pkr hf gohkskgéf dc hf locmlof, fh rcvïs dc hks lkmdultostfs y, sknrc tkdk, dc hks mcklkmdultostfs, mcklkmdultostfs, quc nuslfnfm sostciætolficmtc cm ch mckpksoto mckpksotovosik vosik umf lkmgorifloüm cpostcikhüjolf cpostcikhüjolf dc su fmtosunactovosik. fmtosunactovosik. Cm scjumdk hujfr, hks lkjmotovostfs rclkmklcm ch iïtkdk dc hf omtrkspclloüm, so nocm rcvosfdk y lkrrcjodk rcsp rcspcl cltk tk fh us usk k quc quc hc df dfnf nfm m hks hks omtr omtrks kspc pcll llok okmo most stfs fs lkik lkik C. C.N. N.To Tolb lbcm cmcr cr,, y, iæs iæs fñ fñm, m, sc fu futk tkdc dcgo gomc mcm m prkvklftovficmtc prkvklftovfi cmtc lkik 8icmtfhostfs=, dcspuïs dc quc durfmtc fh icmks lufrcmtf föks hks lkmdultostfs dclhfrfm quc ch 8icmtfhosik= crf hf quomtfcscmlof dc hf mk locmtogolodfd cm psolkhkjéf. Aumtk f hf omtrkspclloüm, hks lkjmotovostfs bfm rcomtrkdulodk hf icdodf dc hks tocipks dc rcflloüm lkik omdolfdkrcs dc hks prklcsks icmtfhcs sunyflcmtcs -dcspuïs dc quc dolbf cstrftcjof gucrf fnfmdkmfdf yf f gomfhcs dch sojhk pfsfdk, cm tocipks dc Z.Zumdt-. Cm tcrlcr hujfr, sknrc tkdk dcspuïs dc quc cm 6?3? ch homjøéstf M.Lbkis`y lrotolfrf hf knrf dc \`ommcr totuhfdf "Lkipkrtfiocmtk vcrnfh", cm hf lufh sc prctcmdéf dfr umf omtcrprctfloüm lkmdultostf dch fprcmdozfac dch hcmjufac, hks lkjmotovostfs bfm rcfllokmfdk lkmtrf ch finocmtfhosik trfdolokmfh dc hf psolkhkjéf fmjhksfakmf y bfm dcikstrfdk scr prklhovcs f hfs skhulokmcs dc lfræltcr ommftostf. Hf homjø homjøést éstolf olf jcmcrf jcmcrftovk tovk-trf -trfms msgkr gkrifl iflokm okmfh fh dc Lbkis Lbkis`y `y bf omghuo omghuodk dk fiphofi fiphoficmt cmtc c cm hf psolkhomjøéstolf lkjmotovostf, dcsphfzfmdk ch omtcrïs dc hks omvcstojfdkrcs, dch icmsfac homjøéstolk fh usufrok dch icmsfac. Ukr ñhtoik, f dogcrcmlof dc hf ifykr pfrtc dc hks psolühkj psolühkjks ks quc hks bfm prclcdodk, hks lkjmotovostfs lkjmotovostfs rclbfzfm hfs tckréfs dc lfræltcr jcmcrfh, prcgorocmdk hksiulbks -ikdchkscm hf omtcrprctfloüm fspcltks fhtficmtc lorlumslrotks dch gumlokmfiocmtk icmtfh. Cm pfrtoluhfr, psolühkjks lkjmotovostfs dc utohozfm sostciætolficmtc 8prkjrfifs pfrf krdcmfdkrcs= lkik ikdchks lfpflcs dc soiuhfr hks prklcsks icmtfhcs supcrokrcs, pcsc f scr lkmslocmtcs dc hks héiotcs oiphélotks oiphélotks cm ïstf soiuhfloüm (hf fmfhkjéf f mfhkjéf cmtrc ch krdcmfdkr y hf icmtc buifmf tocmc scmtodk sühk cm fhjumks fspcltks, tfmtk pkrquc ch gumlokmfiocmtk dc hf scjumdf cs cmkricicmtc iæs lkiphcak quc ch gumlokmfiocmtk dch proicrk, lkik pkrquc, f dogcrcmlof dch krdcmfdkr, hf icmtc cs lfpfz dc rcskhvcr prknhcifs fñm lufmdk hfs omgkriflokmcs dc quc dospkmc scfm omlkiphctfs k crrümcfs). -6?6?), J.\.Bfhh,
[email protected] y sknrc tkdk A.Dcwcy, A.^.Fmjchh, B.Lfrr y ^.Zkkdwkrtb. F dogcrcmlof dch omtrkspcllokmosik, vomluhfdk lkm hf trfdoloüm dc Zumdt, ch gumlokmfhosik rcprcscmtf umf cxprcsoüm lfrfltcréstolf dc hf luhturf cstfdkumodcmsc dc gomfhcs dch s. ROR, dcscksf dc cifmlopfrsc lkm rfpodcz dc sus kréjcmcs curkpcks. curkpcks. Ch omsporfd omsporfdkr kr dch ikvoioc ikvoiocmtk mtk gumlokm gumlokmfhost fhostff guc Z.Afics, quocm cm hks "Uromlopoks "Uromlopoks dc psolkhkjéf" psolkhkj éf" (6225), sc rcgocrc cxphélotficmtc cxphélotficmtc f hf fpholfnohodfd cm psolkhkjéf dc hfs tckréfs cvkhulokmostfs dc Dfrwom. Cstfs tckréfs, lcmtrfdfs cm hfs rchflokmcs cmtrc ch krjfmosik y icdok finocmtc, tuvocrkm umf gfvkrfnhc flkjodf cm hf rcfhodfd sklofh y luhturfh dc hks CC.SS dc fquchhf ïpklf. \om cinfrjk, bfy quc föfdor, quc cm ch mfloiocmtk dch gumlokmfhosik omtcrvomocrkm, fdciæs dch cvkhulokmosik, dks omghuaks, fumquc icmks flusfdks1 pkr um hfdk, ch prfjiftosik dc Icfd y Ikkrc, tfinoïm dc hf Smovcrsodfd dc Lbolfjk0 y pkr ktrk hfdk, hf 8psolkhkjéf dch fltk= dc G.Nrcmtfmk, lkmklodf lkik 8csluchf fustroflf= y phfmtcfdf f pfrtor dc 62:5 cm fnocrtf pkhïiolf lkm ch cxpcroicmtfhosik cxpcroicmtfho sik y lkm ch chcicmtfhosik, quc skm lfrfltcréstolks dc hf krocmtfloüm wumdtofmf. Hks psolühkjks gumlokmfhostfs vcm cm ch krjfmosik buifmk hf ñhtoif gfsc dch prklcsk cvkhutovk, tfmtk dcsdc ch pumtk dc vostf gésolk lkik dcsdc ch pséquolk. Dc flucrdk lkm cstc cmgkquc, sc rcotcrf dc umf ifmcrf sostciftozfdf hfs tcsos dfrwomofmfs gkriuhfdfs cm 62:>. Hks prklcsks icmtfhcs -yf scfm chcicmtfhcs k lkiphcaksskm lkmsodcrfdks lkik cstrftcjofs dc hfs quc sc sorvc ch krjfmosik pfrf sknrcvovor, lkik omstruicmtks iæs k icmks rcgomfdks quc hc pcriotcm mk suluinor fmtc um finocmtc gésolk y nokhüjolk bkstoh cm hf ifykréf dc hks lfsks. Ufrf hf psolkhkjéf gumlokmfhostf ch promlopfh prknhcif yf mk lkmsostc cm sfncr 8quï skm hks prklcsks icmtfhcs= (lkik klurrc cm hf psolkhkjéf omtrkspcllokmostf), somk cm dctcriomfr 8pfrf quï sorvcm jhknfhicmtc y lüik lü ik gumlok gumlokmfm mfm hks prk prklcs lcsks ks ic icmtf mtfhcs hcs=. =. Ch trf trfdol dolok okmfh mfh dufhos dufhosik ik 8icmt 8icmtc-l c-lucr ucrpk pk=, =, quc Zumdt Zumdt y hk hkss omtrkspcllokmostfs lkhklfm lkik loiocmtk dc hf psolkhkjéf, dæmdkhc ch mkinrc dc 8pfrfhchosik psolkgésolk=, yf mk tocmc rfzüm dc scr pkrquc -cm rchfloüm lkm ch icdok finocmtc- hf icmtc y ch lucrpk sc lkipkrtfm dch iosik ikdk y lkmstotuycm dc bclbk umf umodfd oipksonhc dc scpfrfr. Iæs fhhæ dc sus dogcrcmlofs fpfrcmtcicmtc iuy flusfdfs, pkr ca. hf pcrlcploüm y hf rcsporfloüm, k nocm hf icikrof y hf lorluhfloüm dc hf sfmjrc, dcscipcöf umf odïmtolf gumloüm dc prktclloüm dch krjfmosik fmtc ch icdok finocmtc.
Dc cstf ifmcrf, hks gumlokmfhostfs sc fhcafm dch phfmk dcslroptovk y sc lkhklf f movch cxpholftovk, omolofmdk umf lkrrocmtc dc tcmdcmlof mk pksotovostf cm hf quc sc fpkyfræ lfso tkdf hf psolkhkjéf lkmtcipkræmcf, lkm hf oipkrtfmtc cxlcploüm dch lkmdultosi lkmdultosik k wftskmofmk. Lkm rcspcltk f hf trfdoloüm omtrkspcll omtrkspcllokmostf, okmostf, hks gumlokmfhostfs dcgomcm cm tïriomks fnskhutficmtc mucvks hks prklcsks icmtfhcs lkmslocmtcs1 cm vcz dc lkmlcnorhks lkik flkmtcloiocmtks pséquolks purks y mk rchflokmfdks lkm ch rcstk dch krjfmosik mo lkm ch icdok finocmtc, hks omtcrprctfm lkik hf iæxoif cxprcsoüm dc hf fdfptfloüm nokhüjolf. Hf lkml lkmloc ocml mlof of fp fpfr frcl clcc lfdf lfdf vcz vcz qu qucc ch lkip lkipkr krtf tfio iocm cmtk tk fu futk tkiæ iæto tolk lk sc vc kn knst stfl fluh uhoz ozfd fdk k pkr pkr flkmtcloiocmtks mucvks c oiprcvostks flkmtcloiocmtks oiprcvostks,, quc phfmtcfm prknhcifs luyf skhuloüm mk cstæ lkmtcmodf cm ch rcpcrtkrok dc hf lkmdultf futkiætolf (omstomtovf), somk quc cs omdospcmsfnhc pfrf hf supcrvovcmlof dch krjfmosik nok-pséquolk, f lkrtk k f hfrjk phfzk. Lufmdk bf hhcvfdk f lfnk su gumloüm fdfptftovf, hf lkmlocmlof sc clhopsf, dcafmdk cm su hujfr hks mucvks futkiftosiks quc bf omstfurfdk. Cm ch phfmk cpostcikhüjolk ch gumlokmfhosik sc phfmtcf lkik hf fmtétcsos dch chcicmtfhosik omtrkspcllokmostf, y dcmtrk dc cstf rcovomdolfloüm dc hf prokrodfd dch 8tkdk= rcspcltk dc hfs 8pfrtcs= k 8chcicmtks= lkmstotuyc um prclcdcmtc dch jcstfhtosik. Dcwcy, dcgocmdc hf tcsos gumlokmfhostf gumdficmtfh, scjñm hf lufh ch fltk rcghcak rcprcscmtf um cshfnüm umotfrok dcmtrk dc umf lfdcmf dc fltks rcghcaks quc sühk pkdræ dcslkipkmcrsc dc ifmcrf frtogolofh. Dc cstc ikdk sc fnfmdkmf hf tcsos chcicmtfhostf ikhcluhfrostf trfdolokmfh, quc dcslkipkméf ch fltk rcghcak cm dks umodfdcs (cstéiuhk-rcspucstf) (cstéiuhk-rcs pucstf) rcléprklficmtc omdcpcmdocmt omdcpcmdocmtcs. cs. Ukr tfmtk, tkdfs hfs lkmdultfs dch krjfmosik vovocmtc lkmstotuycm um prklcsk jhknfh, luyk sojmogolfdk ñhtoik mk bfy quc nuslfr cm hks chcicmtks quc hk lkipkmcm, somk cm su rchfloüm fdfptftovf lkm ch icdok finocmtc. Nfak ïstfs prciosfs hks gumlokmfhostfs skm hks proicrks psolühkjks ikdcrmks quc sc cmgrcmtfm dc ifmcrf lkmlrctf f hks tcifs rchftovks fh pcmsfiocmtk y f hf omtchojcmlof buifmf, so nocm sc hoiotfm f sunrfyfr cm chhks hks fspcltks fdfptftovks c omstruicmtfhcs, iocmtrfs quc pkstcrokricmtc ch lkjmotovosik skstcmdræ quc cs pksonhc fgrkmtfr tfh cstudok dcsdc umf pcrspcltovf iæs fiphof. Ufrf hks psolühkjks gumlokmfhostfs, umf odcf, um rfzkmfiocmtk, k umf cxpcltftovf lkjmkslotovf pucdcm tcmcr ch iosik vfhkr fdfptftovk quc hfs gumlokmcs pcrogïrolfs lkik hf scmsfloüm, hf pcrlcploüm y ch fprcmdozfac. Cm ch phfmk phfmk ict ictkd kdkhü khüjol jolk k fnroræm fnroræm hf pso psolkh lkhkjé kjéf f f hfs fpholf fpholflok lokmcs mcs skl sklofhi ofhicmt cmtc c ñto ñtohcs hcs,, y lkmtronuoræm fh 8ikvoiocmtk dc hks tcst= quc sc lkmskhodf cm CC.SS cm hf ïpklf dc hf proicrf jucrrf iumdofh. Lkm fmtcrokrodfd fh lkmdultosik, ch gumlokmfhosik dcdolf dc um ikdk provohcjofdk su ftcmloüm f hf lkmdultf fmoifh y sknrc tkdk buifmf, pkmocmdk dc rchocvc ch lfræltcr domæiolk dc krocmtfnohodfd y dc fdfptfnohodfd fh icdok finocmtc quc tocmcm dolbfs lkmdultfs. Guc ch proicr ikvoiocmtk ikvoiocmtk psolkhüjolk oipkrtfdk dcsdc hks CC.SS f Curkpf. Lkm pk pkstc stcrok rokrod rodfd fd fh proicr proicr dcl dclcmo cmok k dc dchh s. RR, y lko lkomlo mlodo docmd cmdk k lkm ch fujc fujc dch lkmdu lkmdulto ltosi sik, k, ch gumlokmfhosik lkiocmzf f dclfcr, so nocm hks lrotcroks quc hc sorvcm dc omsporfloüm bfm pfsfdk f gkrifr pfrtc dc hf psolkhkjéf psolkhkj éf lkmtcipkræmcf cm su lkmaumtk. 4) HF U\OLKHKJÉF DC HF JC\TFHT (Jcstfhtpsylbkhkjoc (Jcstfhtpsylbkhkj oc k psolkhkjéf dc hf gkrif). Ch jcstfhtosik k psolkhkjéf dc hf gkrif, lkmstotuyc umf csluchf gohksügolf lkmtcipkræmcf, scjñm hf lufh, hf vodf pséquolf -y cm pfrtoluhfr hf cxpcrocmlof pcrlcptovf- cstæ lkmstotuodf pkr prklcsks domæiolks krjfmozfdks scjñm promlopoks cstrulturfhcs futümkiks. Hf futümkiks. Hf 8Jcstfht= cs umf lkmgojurfloüm cm hf quc hf gumloüm dc hfs pfrtcs cstæ dctcriomfdf pkr hf krjfmozfloüm dch tkdk k, cm ktrfs pfhfnrfs, lkmstotuyc um tkdk oipksonhcc dc rcdulor f hf icrf suif dc sus chcicmtks lkmstotutovks. oipksonh Ch jcstfhtosik mfloü cm Fhcifmof bflof 6?6>, lfso fh iosik tocipk quc ch lkmdultosik cm CC.SS, dch lufh -dcsdc iulbks pumtks dc vostf- rcprcscmtf umf lkiphctf fmtétcsos, fmtcs quc mfdf cm ch phfmk CC.SS, dch cpostcikhüjolk, pkrquc dcgomc su prkpok knactk dc omvcstojfloüm cm ch omtcrokr dc hf sunactovodfd lkmslocmtc y icdofmtc hks lrotcroks quc ïstf ciphcf. Cmtrc sus prclurskrcs, cm scmtodk fiphok, bfy quc icmlokmfr f @fmt, lkmtrfrok fh fskloflokmosik dc hf gohkskgéf ciporostf omjhcsf y dcgcmskr dc hf umodfd dch fltk pcrlcptovk, f G.Nrcmtfmk, fdvcrsfrok dch chcicmtfhosik dc Zumdt Zumdt y dc To Totlb tlbmcr mcr,, f C.B C.Buss usscrh crh,, luy luyk k sostci sostciff gcm gcmkic kicmk mkhüj hüjol olk k oms omspo porü rü cm pfr pfrtc tc f hks gumdfd gumdfdkrc krcss dch jcstfhtosik, dc ifmcrf dorcltf f trfvïs dch psolühkjk L.\tuipg y dc hf csluchf dc Zøznurj gumdfdf pkr K.@uhpc. Tfinoïm pucdc icmlokmfrsc fh gésolk C.Iflb, quc dcsdc 6223 gkriuhü hf tcsos scjñm hf lufh hfs scmsflomcs dc gkrif
cspflofh y dc gkrif tcipkrfh skm omdcpcmdocmtcs dc sus chcicmtks lkmstotutovks (um lérluhk p.ca. pucdc scr mcjrk k rkak, rkak, jrfmd jrfmdcc k pcq pcqucö ucök, k, ctl, ctl, lkm lkmscr scrvfm vfmdk dk fh iosik iosik tocip tocipk k omf omfhtc htcrfd rfdff su prkpo prkpoff lfr lfrflt fltcré crést stolf olf jhk jhknfh nfh dc lorluhfrodfd). Ch iæs oipkrtfmtc prclurskr dc cstf csluchf cs ch psolühkjk fustréflk L.vkm Cbrcmgchs (623?-6?) quocm cm 62?5 punholü um cmsfyk dkmdc pkr proicrf vcz sc cxpusk ch lkmlcptk dc 8lufhodfd-Jcstfht=, ohustræmdkhk icdofmtc rcgcrcmlofs lkmlrctfs1 umf ichkdéf, pkr ca., pkscc umf umodfd omtrémsclf, umf omdovodufhodfd quc vf iæs fhhæ dc hf soiphc sulcsoüm k yuxtfpksoloüm dc skmodks quc hf lkipkmcm, bfstf ch pumtk dc quc pucdc tklfrsc cm ktrk tkmk, pcrk scjuoræ socmdk sociprc hf iosif ichkdéf, fumquc sus chcicmtks-skmodks bfyfm lfinofdk tktfhicmtc. Hf dogcrcmlof cmtrc hfs mktfs (chcicmtks) dc umf ichkdéf y hf ichkdéf cm lkmaumtk (hf gkrif) cs quc hfs proicrfs pucdcm vfrofr lkmaumtficmtc dc tkmk iocmtrfs quc hf scjumdf sc lkmscrvf odïmtolf. Dc fqué sc dcdulc quc hf pcrlcploüm mkiucstrfm cs um lkmaumtk dclkmaumtk. scmsflokmcs k umf scroc lkmtomufdf dc chhfs (fskloflokmosik) somk quc iftcrof y gkrif sc mks dc ikdk Hf psolkhkjéf dc hf Jcstfht mflc cm scmtodk cstroltk lkm hf knrf dc I.Zcrtbcoicr y dc sus doslépuhkss iæs oipkrtfmtcs doslépuhk oipkrtfmtcs @÷bhcr @÷bhcr y @kgg @kgg`f, `f, quoc quocmcs mcs gumdfm gumdfm cm 6?>6 6?>6 hf rcvostf rcvostf 8Usylbk 8Usylbkhkjos hkjoslbc lbc Gkrsl Gkr slbum bumj= j=,, punh punholfl olfloüm oüm kgol kgolofh ofh dch ikv ikvoioc oiocmtk mtk jcst jcstfhto fhtostf stf curk curkpck, pck, quc df lfnodf lfnodf f iulbfs iulbfs oip oipkrtfm krtfmtcs tcs fpkrtflokmcs cxpcroicmtfhcs cxpcroicmtfhcs y tcürolfs, bfstf quc guc rcdulodf fh sohcmlok cm 6?), dkmdc dciucstrf quc cm umf pcrlcploüm dc ikvoiocmtk, ïstc cs lfptfdk lkik tktfhodfd cm su gkrif fpfrcmtc 8ikvoiocmtk pbo= y cxostc lkik rcfhodfd jhknfh dcsdc ch pumtk dc vostf psolkhüjolk (cs dclor, cm hf cxpcrocmlof dch suactk), socmdk oipksonhc rcdulor dolbf pcrlcploüm f hks chcicmtks quc hf lkipkmcm gésolficmt gésolficmtc. c. Ch jcstfhtosik sc cmifrlf cm hf jrfm rcflloüm fmtoiclfmolostf y fmtochcicmtfhostf quc tocmc hujfr cm Curkpf, y sknrc tkdk cm Fhcifmof, f promlopoks dch s. RR. Cstk sc dcnc cm pfrtc f hf prkgumdf lrosos dch pksotovosik, y cm pfrtc, f hks mucvks fvfmlcs locmtégolks, ch proicrk dc chhks ch dcslunroiocmtk rcfhozfdk pkr ch gésolk A.L.Ifxwchh cm ch æinotk dch chcltrkifjmctosik1 hks lfipks ifjmïtolks skm tktfhodfdcs oipksonhcs dc cslomdor, dostomtfs dc hf suif dc hks cgcltks quc prkdulcm tkdfs sus pfrtéluhfs pkr scpfrfdk. Ch jcstfhtosik omtkdulc hfs mucvfs omstfmlofs jhknfhostfs cm ch lkmtcxtk dc umf omvcstojfloüm rojurksficmtc dctcriomostf y cxpcroicmtfhostf. ^cdcgomc tfinoïm, cm cstkss tïriomks cstk tïriomks,, ch iït iïtkdk kdk gcmk gcmkicmk icmkhüjo hüjolk, lk, cmtcmdodk cmtcmdodk pkr Buss Busscrh crh dcsdc dcsdc umf pcrspclt pcrspcltovf ovf dclhfrfdf dclhfrfdficmt icmtcc fmtopsolkhüjolf. Ch iïtkdk gcmkicmkhüjolk dc hks jcstfhtostfs lkmsostc cm skictcr f vcrogolfloüm cxpcroicmtfh hks dftks tktfhicmtc omjcmuks c omicdoftks dc hf cxpcrocmlof lkmslocmtc (p.ca. dc hf pcrlcploüm), y mk -lkik klurréf cm hf psolkhkjéf dch s. RWOOO- hfs cxpcltftovfs hüjolfs rchftovfs f hks dftks y krojomfdfs pkr ch lkmkloiocmtk dc hf mfturfhczf gésolf dc hks cstéiuhks quc hf dctcriomfm. Ukr caciphk, ch tïriomk trfdolokmfh 8ohusoüm pcrlcptovf= mk tocmc scmtodk dcsdc um pumtk dc vostf jcstfhtostf, pkrquc hk quc 8fpfrclc= cs psolkhüjolficmtc fquchhk quc 8cs= y fquchhk quc rcquocrc scr cxpholfdk, lkm lkiphctf omdcpcmdcmlof dch crrkr cm tïriomks gésolks dch dftk pcrlonodk. Cstrclbficmtc vomluhfdk lkm hks lrotcroks jhknfhostfs y gcmkicmkhüjolk, ch lrotcrok dch 8domfiolosik= lkmstotuyc ktrk fspcltk lfrfltcréstolk dc hf Jcstfht. \cjñm cstc lrotcrok, quc hks jcstfhtostfs ohustrfm f trfvïs dc iñhtophcs dc hf mfturfhczf y krjæmolf, hfs gucrzfs sc futk-krjfmozfm flucrdk lkm omstfmlofscaciphks domæiolfscxtrfodks quc skm omtcrmfs f chhfs, yomkrjæmolf quc cxlhuycm hf prcscmlof dc lkmstrollokmcs cxtcrmfsdc vosonhcs vosonhcs. . Fsé, hf ürnotf dc hks phfmctfs cstæ dctcriomfdf cstroltficmtc pkr ch lfipk jrfvotflokmfh omvosonhc quc kpcrf cmtrc ch \kh y chhks0 dc ifmcrf fmæhkjf, hks prklcsks pséquolks sc réjcm pkr hf futkdostronu futkdostronuloüm loüm dc hfs gucrzfs quc hks dctcriomfm. Fdciæs, hfs gucrzfs futkrrcjuhfdfs sociprc tocmdcm f fsuior hf cstrulturf iæs cquohonrfdf, iæs rcjuhfr y iæs soiïtrolf, sojuocmdk ch promlopok dc hf 8nucmf gkrif= cxpucstk pkr Zcrtbcoicr. Ukr caciphk, umf jktf dc flcotc quc lfc cm um héquodk lkm ch lufh mk pucdf iczlhfrsc tocmdc f fsuior umf gkrif csgïrolf pcrgcltf, pkrquc cmtrc tkdfs hfs gkrifs pksonhcs hf gkrif csgïrolf cs hf iæs scmlohhf y rcjuhfr, y hf quc pkscc hf supcrgoloc iæs pcqucöf, f ojufhdfd dc vkhuicm. Hfs cstrulturfs pséquolfs sc lkipkrtfm dc um ikdk soiohfr y, dcsdc hf pcrspcltovf jcstfhtostf, skm lkiphctficmtc bkikjcmcfs lkm hfs cstrulturfs dch iumdk gésolk y nokhüjolk nokhüjolk (oskikrgosik). Cmtrc hfs iulbfs fpkrtflokmcs tcürolfs y cxpcroicmtfhcs quc ch jcstfhtosik bf cgcltufdk bfstf ch prcscmtc, cs mclcsfrok rclkrdfr pkr hk icmks fquchhfs quc bflcm rcgcrcmlof fh 8oskikrgosik=, fh 8omsojbt= y f hf 8psolkhkjéf dch lfipk= hcwomofmf. Ch 8oskikrgosik= guc chfnkrfdk pkr @÷bhcr, y lkmsostc cm hf tcsos scjñm hf lufh ch krdcm pcrlonodk cm ch cspflok finocmtfh cs sociprc cstrulturfhicmtc odïmtolk fh krdcm gumlokmfh quc lfrfltcrozf hf dostronuloüm domæiolf dc hks prklcsks lcrcnrfhcs sunyflcmtcs cm ch fltk pcrlcptovk. Ukr caciphk, lufmdk pcrlonoiks vosufhicmtc hf jcstfht 8lérluhk=, lkrrcspkmdc cm mucstrk lcrcnrk f um lfipk nokchïltrolk nocm dcgomodk, quc tocmc sus iosifs prkpocdfdcs cstrulturfhcs. Cm tïriomks iæs jcmcrfhcs, hks jcstfhtostfs -grcmtc ch fskloflokmosik mcurkgosokhüjolklkmsodcrf lkms odcrfm m quc mucstrk mucstrk lcrcnrk, lcrcnrk, cm vcz dc rcfll rcfllokmf okmfrr fmtc cstéiuhk cstéiuhkss rcléprklfi rcléprklficmtc cmtc omdcpcmdocmtc omdcpcmdocmtcss y sühk vomluhfdks cmtrc sé dc umf ifmcrf sulcsovf f trfvïs dc hks iclfmosiks fskloftovks, gumlokmfm dcsdc ch proicr ikicmtk lkik sostcif tktfh y domæiolk.
Ch 8omsojbt= (cm cspfökh sc lkmscrvf ch tïriomk omjhïs quc cs hf trfdulloüm dch fhciæm 8Comsolbt=) lkmsostc lkmso stc cm hf ohu ohuiom iomflo floüm üm omi omicdo cdoftf ftf qu qucc pcr pcrio iotc tc rcskhv rcskhvcr cr um prk prknh nhcif cif præ prælt ltolk olk k tcürol tcürolk k som rclurr rclurror or fh prklcdoiocmtk prklcdoioc mtk dc 8cmsfyk y crrkr=, y quc cstæ dctcriomfdf pkr hf rccstrulturfloüm dch lfipk pcrlcptovk k icmtfh. Ch lkmlcptk dc 8omsojbt= guc utohozfdk pkr @÷bhcr, cm ch pcrékdk dc cmtrcjucrrfs, pfrf omtcrprctfr hf lkmdultf omtchojcmtcc dc hks soioks fmtrkpkodcs, y sc sotñf cm hfs fmtépkdfs dch lkmlcptk dc lkmdolokmfiocmtk. Flusfdk pkr hks omtchojcmt lkmdultostfs dc lkmstotuor um dosgrfz dch 8omtuolokmosik=, dolbf mkloüm sc cmlucmtrf cm ch mñlhck dc um rccxæicm pkr pfrtc dc hks prkpoks jcstfhtostfs jcstfhtostfs y dc hks lkjmotovos lkjmotovostfs tfs fgomcs f hf trfdoloüm dc hf Jcstfht. Hf 8psolkhkjéf dch lfipk= guc chfnkrfdf pkr @.Hcwom cmtrc 6? y 6?4:, cm ch æinotk dch Lcmtrk dc omvcstojflokmcs sknrc hf domæiolf dc jrupks dch Ifssflbusctts Omstotutc kg Tclbmkhkjy. \cjñm Hcwom, hfs lkmdultfs tocmcm hujfr dcmtrk dc um 8lfipk psolkhüjolk= k 8cspflok votfh=, scicafmtc fh lfipk gésolk ifxwchhofmk, dch qucUfrf gkrifm pfrtc tkdks hks flkmtcloiocmtks pséquolks pfsfdks y prcscmtcs quc pucdfmy dctcriomfr hfs lkmdultfs. rcprcscmtfr dc ifmcrf somtïtolf y cgolfz hf flloüm soiuhtæmcf dc hks muicrksks lkmtrfpucstks gfltkrcs dch lfipk, Hcwom fpchf fh hcmjufac jrægolk dc hf jckictréf tkpkhüjolf, quc ohustrf hfs rchflokmcs lufhotftovfs quc sc prkdulcm cmtrc hks dovcrsks scltkrcs dc um ñmolk cspflok. Cm ch omtcrokr dc cstf rcprcscmtfloüm -quc sc cmlucmtrf cm ch kréjcm dc hf dcmkiomfloüm dc 8psolkhkjéf dc pozfrrf= quc sc utohozf pfrf dcsojmfr ch cmgkquc hcwomofmk- sc fsojmf umf vfhcmlof pksotovf f hks flkmtcloiocmtks quc lkrrcspkmdcm f hfs cxpcltftovfs iktovflokmfhcs dch omdovoduk, y cm lfinok, f hks flkmtcloiocmtks quc hk ficmfzfm k hk grustrfm sc hcs fsojmf umf vfhcmlof mcjftovf. 3) CH U\OLKFMÆHO\O\ DC G^CSD. Ch tïriomk psolkfmæhosos fpfrclc pkr proicrf vcz cm hks cslrotks grcudofmks dc 62?7, y sustotuyc f hks tïriomks 8fmæhosos pséquolk= y 8fmæhosos psolkhüjolk=, psolkhüjolk=, ciphcfdks fmtcrokricmtc. Ch mfloiocmtk dch psolkfmæhosos, quc bfy quc ftronuor pkr cmtcrk fh jcmok ommkvfdkr dc Grcud, cstæ cm pfrtc vomluhfdk fh cmlucmtrk dofhïltolk -ifjostrfhicmtc dcsfrrkhhfdk y somtctozfdk pkr ch iosik Grcud- cmtrc dks trfdolokmcs omtchcltufhcs curkpcfs dogcrcmtcs1 pkr um hfdk ch pksotovosik dc hf scjumdf iotfd dch s. ROR, bcrcdcrk iæs rcgomfdk dch iftcrofhosik dch s. RWOOO, quc icdofmtc hfs gkrifs cspclégolfs dch cvkhulokmosik dfrwomofmk y hf gosokhkjéf gosolfhostf dc hf csluchf dc Ncrhém (vkm Bchibkhtz) bfnéf oipucstk ch lkmlcptkvovf, dc 8cmcrjéf= cxpholftovk dc hfscmlfrmfdf trfmsgkriflokmcs tfmtk dcföks hf iftcrof omcrtc dc dc hf iftcrof y, pkr ktrklkik hfdk, lrotcrok hf trfdoloüm psolkhüjolf cm hks proicrks dch s. ROR pkrlkik hf knrf Bcrnfrt, y rctkifdf pkstcrokricmtc, cmtrc ktrks, pkr ch psoquoftrf T.Icymcrt, umk dc hks prkgcskrcs dch akvcm Grcud1 scjñm cstf trfdoloüm hf omtcrokrodfd buifmf cs orrcdultonhc f umf cxpholfloüm cxlhusovficmtc lcmtrfdf cm hks gcmüicmks dc hf lkmlocmlof y sc prcscmtf lfrjfdf dc prkdullokmcs c omstfmlofs omlkmslocmtcs. Fumquc Grcud mumlf kpusk cxphélotficmtc su pcmsfiocmtk fh dc hf psoquoftréf trfdolokmfh, iæs nocm hk prcscmtfnf lkik umf fiphofloüm y umf lkiphcicmtfloüm, hk locrtk cs quc ch psolkfmæhosos rcprcscmtü hf mcjfloüm dc fhjumks dc hks promlopfhcs lrotcroks omtcrprctftovks dc hf psoquoftréf iosif lkm cxlcploüm dc hf omsporfloüm lkiñm pksotovostf pksotovos tf y rflokmfhostf. Cm proicr hujfr vciks quc ch psolkfmæhosos dclhfrf quc hks prklcsks pséquolks skm cm sé iosiks omlkmslocmtcs, y quc hks prklcsks lkmslocmtcs mk skm somk fltks foshfdks k grfllokmcs dc hf vodf fméiolf tktfh. Cstf fscvcrfloüm lbklf grkmtfhicmtc1 grkmtfhicmtc1 6) lkm hf trfdolokmfh odcmtogolfloüm odcmtogolfloüm dc hk pséquolk lkm hk lkmslocmtc y pkr tfmtk >) lkm hf lkmlocmlof lkmsodcrfdf lkik hf lfrfltcréstolf dcgomolokmfh dc hk pséquolk y ) ch iïtkdk lftærtolk dc Nrcucr, (dcstomfdks f bflcr vkhvcr f hks lfiomks mkrifhcs hks fgcltks cxtrfvofdks), pkr föks)0 >) ch cstfdk fmfh proifrok y sclumdfrok (> f < föks)0 föks). Tkdfs hfs cmgcricdfdcs scræm lkmlcnodfs cm rchfloüm lkm um rctkrmk f umk dc hks cstfdoks dc hf cvkhuloüm honodomfh (rcjrcsoüm). Ch 8Lkiphcak dc Cdopk=, lkmgholtk cscmlofh cm ch prklcsk dc dcsfrrkhhk psolk-gésolk, psolk-gésolk, sc sotñf proifroficmtc cm ch cstfdk gæholk y sclumdfroficmtc cm ch jcmotfh. Dc fbé quc hf scxufhodfd buifmf scf nogæsolf1 um proicr dcspcrtfr, cm hf omgfmlof, y um scjumdk dcgomotovk, cm hks föks dc puncrtfd, flkipföfdk dc hf ifdurcz dc hfs jhæmduhfs jcmotfhcs y fh dcsfrrkhhk lkrpkrfh. Cstc 8lkiphcak dc Cdopk=, pkstuhfdk pkr Grcud, cs lcmtrfh cm hf lkmgkrifloüm dch psoquosik y prclcdc dorcltficmtc fh surjoiocmt surjoiocmtk k dch supcr-yk k lkmlocmlof ikrfh.
Ch moök, proifroficmtc, sc socmtc ftrfodk bflof hf ifdrc y dcsfrrkhhf oipuhsks fjrcsovks bflof ch pfdrc, quc fh iosik tocipk oipholfm um -iocdk fh lfstojk- pftcrmk (rchflokmfdk lkm ch 8tfnñ dch omlcstk=) y um scmtoiocmtk dc luhpfnohodfd, luhpfnohodfd, hf gfsc cdépolf cmlucmtrf su phcmotud cm hf 8finovfhcmlof fgcltovf= (fikr-kd (fikr-kdok) ok) lkm hf quc ch moök cm scjumdk hujfr, cxpcroicmtf su rchfloüm lkm hks prkjcmotkrcs. Gomfhicmtc, ch moök rcmumlof f hf ifdrc lkik knactk crütolk y sc odcmtogolf lkm ch pfdrc, supcrfmdk ch lkmgholtk fmtcrokr. Ch lkiphcak cdépolk cm hf moöf cs iulbk iæs lkiphcak -scjñm Grcud- fumquc sojuc dc fhjumf gkrif ch prklcsk omvcrsk fh dch moök1 Iocdk y luhpfnohodfd -lkiphcak dc lfstrfloüm-, dcsck crütolk dch pfdrc, fjrcsovodfd rcovomdolftovff bflof hf ifdrc, rcmumlof fh pfdrc y odïmtogolfloüm rcovomdolftov odïmtogolfloüm gomfh lkm hf ifdrc. Cm lufmtk f hf icmtc buifmf Grcud chfnkrf su 6ª tüpolf (k cstrulturf dch psoquosik) cm hks ñhtoiks föks dch s. ROR, ftronuycmdk trcs lufhodfdcs f hks prklcsks pséquolks. 6) Urclkmslocmtc1 Wovcmlofs quc rclkrdfiks so mks pkmciks f pcmsfr0 >) Omlkmslocmtc1 Wovcmlofs rcproiodfs f hfs quc mk sc tocmc fllcsk dorcltk y ) Ch _k k lkmlocmlof prkpoficmtc dolbf, omstfmlof lcmtrfh icdofdkrf dch fpfrftk pséquolk, quc tocmdc f rcjorsc pkr ch promlopok dc rcfhodfd, so nocm lkmtocmc umf pfrtc dcgcmsovf omlkmslocmtc y ktrf prclkmslocmtc, y 5 fpfrclc umf scjumdf tckréf dc hfs puhsokmcs quc, som fmuhfr hf proicrf, hf sotñf cm c m um mucvk lkmtcxtk tcürolk. \c trftf dc pkstuhfr dks jrfmdcs pkdcrcs puhsokmfhcs k 8pktcmlofs lchcstcs=. 6) Ch 8Crks= k puhsokmcs dc vodf, quc tocmdcm f lkmstotuor umogolflokm umogolflokmcs cs honodomfhcs lfdf vcz iæs fiphofs y >) Ch 8omstomtk dc iucrtc= k puhsokmcs dc iucrtc, kpucstfs f hfs dc vodf, quc tocmdcm f dcsumor y dosjrcjfr hks cstfdks cstf dks krjfmolks krjfmolks,, futk futkdcst dcstrulto rultovfic vficmtc mtc ioc iocmtrfs mtrfs sc vuchv vuchvcm cm proi proifrofi froficmtc cmtc bflof ch prkpok prkpok suactk suactk y lkik oipuhsks dc fjrcsoüm, dcsphfzfdfs sclumdfroficmtc bflof ch cxtcrokr.
3.6) -U\OLKFMÆHO\O\ MK G^CSDOFMK\ _ MCKG^CSDO\IK. Dcsdc ch lkiocmzk dch psolkfmæhosos y f pfrtor dch prkpok lérluhk dc doslépuhks dc Grcud, sc dchomcfrk dchomc frkm m pksolok pksolokmcs mcs lrétol lrétolfs fs y sc prk prkdua duacrk crkm m dosodc dosodcml mlofs ofs lk lkm m rcspcl rcspcltk tk f hf hémcf hémcf dch gum gumdfd dfdkr, kr, lrcæmdksc csluchfs mk grcudofmfs. Cmtrc hks lkmtcipkræmcks dc Grcud, hfs oipujmflokmcs iæs rfdolfhcs prkvomocrkm dc F.Fdhcr cm 6?66 y dc L.J.Aumj cm 6?65), quocm supusk cm ch 8trfuif dch mfloiocmtk= ch kréjcm dc hf fmjustof, fsé lkik tfinoïm ch dc Z.^colb, quc cm 6?>: omfujurü hf hhfifdf 8ozquocrdf grcudofmf=, odcmtogolfmdk hf scxufhodfd lkm hf jcmotfhodfd, dostomjuocmdk cm hf suprcsoüm (y mk cm hf rcprcsoüm, lkik Grcud) ch iclfmosik rcspkmsfnhc dch surjoiocmtk dc hf mcurüsos y prkpujmfmdk umf rcvkhuloüm scxufh lkmtrf ch krdcm sklofh trfdolokmfh, gumdfdk cm hf gfiohof ikmkjæiolf, pftrofrlfh y futkrotfrof. dccrdfm ïstfsfhju y ktrfs dosodcmlofs icmks rfdolfhcs lkm cst rcspcltk fh pcmsfiocmtk grcudofmk krtkdkxk,, Fpfrtc krtkdkxk sc rclu rclucrdfm fhjumks mks futk futkrcs rcs quciæs bfm kprct prctcmdod cmdodk k ifmtcmcr ifmtcmcr cstc c pcmsfioc pcmsfiocmtk mtk suns sunstfmlo tfmlofhicm fhicmtc tc omfhtcrfd omfh tcrfdk k cm sus gumd gumdficmt ficmtks ks cpos cpostcik tcikhüjo hüjolks lks y ict ictkdkh kdkhüjol üjolks, ks, fumquc fumquc dcsf dcsfrrkh rrkhhæmdk hæmdkhk, hk, cmroquclo cmroqucloïmdkh ïmdkhk k y
ikdogolæmdkhk ikdogolæmd khk nfak fhjumks fspcltks dc lkmtcmodk rchcvfmtcs. rchcvfmtcs. Cmtrc chhks lfnc icmlokmfr cm pfrtoluhfr f I.@hcom y f A.Hflfm, finks gumdfdkrcs dc dks dc hfs csluchfs iæs rcprcscmtftovfs dch pfmkrfif psolkfmfhétolk fltufh. Doslépuhf dc hks grcudofmks Gcrcmlzo y Fnrfbfi, I.@hcom omlkrpkrü fh psolkfmæhosos ch cstudok dch iumdk gfmtfsiætolk dch moök, fpkyæmdksc omtcmsficmtc cm hf tïlmolf dch aucjk pfrf dofjmkstolfr hfs mcurüsos y psolüsos omgfmtohcs. I.@hcom, f dogcrcmlof dc hf ifykr pfrtc dc hks ktrks psolkfmfhostfs, flcptü hfs ñhtoifs tcsos dc Grcud rchftovfs fh omstomtk dc iucrtc. Cmtrc sus doslépuhks sc rclucrdf f \.Osffls, D.Z.Zommolktto y Z.^.Nokm. Cm lufmtk f Hflfm, fnfmdkmü hf \klocdfd Omtcrmflokmfh dc Usolkfmæhosos pfrf gumdfr (6?74) hf Csluchf grcudofmf dc Ufrés, dosuchtf pkr ïh iosik cm 6?25. \u omtcmloüm guc sociprc hf dc rckrocmtfr ch psolkfmæhosos bflof hf doicmsoüm homjøéstolf homjøéstolf dch bkinrc lkik müduhk lcmtrfh dc tkdf omvcstojfloüm.
U^OMLOUFHC\ FUHOLFL OKMC\ DC HF U\OLKHKJÉF LOCMTÉGOLF. LOCM TÉGOLF. U^OMLOUF HC\ FUHOLFLOKMC\ Cm lufmt lufmtk k hf psolk psolkhkj hkjéf éf sc vuc vuchlf hlf sknrc sknrc hf rcf rcfhod hodfd fd lkik lkik doslop doslophom homf f loc locmté mtégol golk-p k-præl ræltol tolf f y fnfmdkmf ch cstroltk phfmk tcürolk, (yf dc suyk lkm omghucmlofs rcléprklfs), hf dovosoüm cmtrc csluchfs k sostcifs sc vuchvc jrfdufhicmtc icmks pkhïiolf y iæs lkiphcicmtfrof (fumquc som pcrdcr hf prkpof krocm krocmtfl tfloüm oüm). ). Dc cst cstff ifm ifmcrf crf,, ch tcrfpc tcrfpcutf utf lk lkino inomfr mfrææ hks iï iïtkd tkdks ks y fmæhos fmæhosos os dc dog dogcrc crcmtc mtcss tcmdcm tcmdcmlof lofs, s, dcpcmdocmdk dch knactk sknrc ch quc rclfojf hf fpholfloüm psolkhüjolf, pfrf kntcmcr hks icakrcs rcsuhtfdks. Dc hfs dostomtfs lkmlcplokmcs lkmlcplokmcs dc hf psolkhkj psolkhkjéf éf lkik locmlof tcürolf, pfsfiks fbkrf, f trftfr hfs dostomtfs lkmlcplokmcs dc hf U\OLKHKJÉF lkik locmlof præltolf.
6) HF U\OLKHKJÉF FUHOLFDF. fpholfdf cmtcmdciks hf utohozfloüm frtoluhfdf dc hfs tckréfs lkik y iïtkdks dc hf psolkhkjéf psolkhkj éfUkr pfrfpsolkhkjéf skhulokmfr hks dostomtks prknhcifs phfmtcfdkssostciætolf pkr hf vodf ylktodofmf, tfmtk omdovodufh lkhcltovf. Iocmtrfs quc hf psolkhkjéf 8jcmcrfh= (k purf k gumdficmtfh) fsporf f dcslronor y cxpholfr hf lkmdultf buifmf y hks prklcsks icmtfhcs quc hf rojcm, hf psolkhkjéf fpholfd fpholfdff fsporf f lkmtrkhfrhf y ikdogolfrhf cm gumloüm dc hfs cxojcmlofs pcrskmfhcs y sklofhcs, pkmocmdk cm præltolf hfs fdquosolokmc fdquosolokmcss dc hf omvcstojfloüm psolkhüjolk-locmtégolf. psolkhüjolk-locmtégolf. Hfs proicrfs fpholflokmcs dc hf psolkhkjéf (lkmtrf hfs quc sc bfnéfm prkmumlofdk vfroks dc hks gumdfdkrcs dc hf ps psolk olkhkj hkjéf éf lk lkik ik loc locmlo mloff fut futümk ümkif, if, cm pfr pfrtol toluhf uhfrr hks cxp cxpkmc kmcmtc mtcss dch omt omtrks rkspcl pcllo lokmo kmosi sik, k, Z.Zumd Z.Zumdtt y C.N.Totlbcmcr, fsé lkik hks dc hf Jcstfhtpsylbkhkjoc) Jcstfhtpsylbkhkjoc) sc rcikmtfm f gomfhcs dch sojhk ROR. Cm 62?:, B.Cnnomjbfus B.Cnnomjbfus,, ch gumdfdkr dc hf omvcstojfloüm cxpcroicmtfh sknrc hf icikrof, rcfhozü cstudoks sknrc hf gftojf dc hks cslkhfrcs, y iulbks fhuimks dorcltks dc Zumdt, sknrc tkdk hks dc mflokmfhodfd cstfdkumodcmsc, cstfdkumodcmsc, cmtrc hks quc dcstflf A.Il@ccm Lfttchh (omvcmtkr dch tïriomk tcst), utohozfrkm lkm gomcs fpholftovks ch iïtkdk dc hks tocipks dc rcflloüm y ktrks prklcdoiocmtks prklcdoioc mtks surjodks cm ch æinotk dc hks hfnkrftkroks. Omolofhicmtc hks psolühkjks fpholfdks sc dcdolfrkm f hf schclloüm dch pcrskmfh iohotfr y dc pcrskmfh omdustrofh, pkr hk quc f hf lrétolf dc hks psolühkjks purks k tcürolks, sc föfdoü hf dc hks pcmsfdkrcs ozquocrdostfs curkpcks, quocmcs hks flusfnfm dc scrvor f hks omtcrcscs lrcfdks y dc scr icrks omstruicmtks dc hf sklocdfd dc prkdulloüm lfpotfhostf, quc hks lkmtrftfréf pfrf ifxoiozfr hf cxphktfloüm iomoiozfmdk sus lkmsclucmlofs. lkmsclucmlofs. Cm hf fltufhodfd, hf psolkhkjéf fpholfdf lunrc umf fiphof vfrocdfd dc scltkrcs y sc sundovodc cm um lkmaumtk dc doslophomfs quc, cm ifykr k icmkr icdodf, rclurrcm f hf psolkictréf, cs dclor, f hks tcst y rcfltovks icmtfhcs. Hfs promlopfhcs gkrifs skm hfs sojuocmtcs1 F) HF U\OLKHKJÉF DOGC^CMLOFH. Ch tïriomk 8dogcrcmlofh= guc fluöfdk pkr Z.\tcrm cm 6?55. Tocmc pkr knactk hf mfturfhczf y hf ifjmotud dc hfs dogcrcmlofs cm hks prklcsks pséquolks cmtrc omdovoduks foshfdks, k cmtrc jrupks, k cmtrc hks dks scxks, k cmtrc lhfscs dc cdfd, lhfscs sklofhcs, luhturfs, ctmofs, ctl. Lrkmkhüjol Lrkm khüjolficm ficmtc tc hf proic proicrf rf cmtr cmtrc c tkdf tkdfss hfs gkrifs dc psol psolkhkjéf khkjéf fpholfd fpholfdf, f, hf psol psolkhkjéf khkjéf dogcrcmlofh mfloü lkik oipholfloüm dc hf tcsos cxpucstf pkr Dfrwom cm su "Krojcm dc hfs cspclocs" (623?), scjñm hf lufh hfs dogcrcmlofs cmtrc hks omdovoduks dc umf iosif cspcloc skm rcspkmsfnhcs dc hf cvkhuloüm dc ïstf ñhtoif. G.Jfhtkm guc ch proicrk cm omtcmtfr trfdulor f hf præltolf hf tcsos dfrwomofmf, trftfmdk dc dcgomor hfs lfrfltcréstolfs dostomtovfs dc hks omdovoduks jcmofhcs lkm rcspcltk f hf pknhfloüm tktfh (cm "Ch jcmok bcr bcrcdo cdotfr tfrok" ok",, dc 627 627?) ?) y gumdfm gumdfmdk dk cm 622 622> > um hfnkrf hfnkrftkr tkrok ok fmtrkp fmtrkpki kiïtr ïtrolk olk cm ch lufh lufh rcjost rcjostrü rü y io iodoü doü,, dogcrcmloæmdkhfs umfs dc fktrfs, um jrfm mñicrk dc tocipks prcstflokmcs omdovodufhcs rchftovfs, cmtrc ktrfs lksfs, f hf fjudczf vosufh y fudotovf, hf gucrzf iusluhfr y f hks dc rcflloüm.
Cm 62?3 F.Nomct y W.Bcmro punholfrkm um cmsfyk totuhfdk "Hf psolkhkjéf dc hfs dogcrcmlofs omdovodufhcs". Cm hks föks pkstcrokrcs hf psolkhkjéf dogcrcmlofh sojuoü fgorifmdk su prkpof futkmkiéf icdofmtc ch usk lfdf vcz iæs sostciætolk sostciætol k dc hks tcst, cm hf gkrif dch tcstomj dc ifsf (k scf hks tcst fpholfdks f lftcjkréfs cmtcrfs dc omdovoduks). N) HF U\OLKHKJÉF LHÉMOLF. Cs hf iæs dogumdodf cmtrc hfs fpholflokmcs dc hf psolkhkjéf. Lkmsostc cm ch cstudok psolkhüjolk dc lfsks omdovodufhcs dcsdc umf pcrspcltovf jhknfhostf quc lkmsodcrf fh suactk buifmk lkik umf tktfhodfd omdovosonhc. \c sorvc dc hks rcsuhtfdks cxpcroicmtfhcs lkmscjuodks pkr hf psolkhkjéf jcmcrfh, sknrc tkdk cm hks scltkrcs dc hf pcrskmfhodfd y dc hf iktovfloüm, y dc umf ictkdkhkj ictkdkhkjéf éf luyk omstruicmtk promlopfh cs ch 8lkhkquok=, fpkyfdk pkr ch usk dc hks tcst, cm cspclofh hks prkycltovks, lkik ch dc ^krslbflb. Ch omdovoduk knactk dc hf psolkhkjéf lhémolf mk cs mclcsfroficmtc um omdovoduk cmgcrik k pcrturnfdk pséquolficmtc1 cm hf ifykréf dc hks lfsks pucdc trftfrsc dc um omdovoduk quc skhficmtc podc scr fyudfdk y flkmscafdk cm umf sotufloüm dc su vodf. Ch proicr proicrk k cm utohozfr utohozfr hf cxprc cxprcsoüm soüm 8psolkhk 8psolkhkjéf jéf lhémolf= lhémolf= guc ch cstfdkum cstfdkumodcms odcmsc c H.Zot H.Zoticr, icr, gumdfdkr cm 62?7, dc umf Usylbkhkjolfh Lhomol pfrf hf rclupcrfloüm dc moöks sunmkrifhcs. Cm hf fltuf fltufhodfd hodfd ch psol psolühkj ühkjk k lhém lhémolk olk suchc utoh utohozfr ozfr mklokmcs dcrovf dcrovfdfs dfs dch psolkfmæhoso psolkfmæhosos, s, fumquc fumquc um dctcriomfdk mñicrk dc cstks prkgcsokmfhcs, rclbfzfm hf lkmmktfloüm psolkfmfhét psolkfmfhétolf. olf. ^fifs dc hf psolkhkjé psolkhkjéff lhémolf1 n.6) -Usolkprkgohfxo -Usolkprkgohfxos. s. n.>) -Hf psolkhkj psolkhkjéf éf omdustrofh. n.5, sc prkdulc hf vcrdfdcrf cxphksoüm dc hf psolkhkjéf jcmïtolf, f hf quc lkmtronuycm dostomtfs krocmtflokmcs y dovcrsks futkrcs ccurkpcks urkpcks y mkrtcficrolfmks. Lfnc dcstflfr cm Curkpf hf lkmtronuloüm dch suozk A.Uofjct, quc cm 6?>< punholf "Ch hcmjufac dch moök", fh quc sojucm ktrks trfnfaks dc oipkrtfmlof dclosovf pfrf hf psolkhkjéf psolkhkjéf jcmïtolf. jcmïtolf. Cm ch omstotutk jomcnromk A.A.^kusscfu, Uofjct y sus lkhfnkrfdkrcs (lkik F.^cy y N.Ombchdcr), omstfhfm ch proicr lcmtrk iumdofh sknrc ch dcsfrrkhhk pséquolk, quc dcspuïs sc lkmvcrtoréf cm ch Lcmtrk Omtcrmflokmfh dc cpostcikhkjéf cpostcikhkjéf jcmïtolf. Urkmtk surjoræm mucvks lcmtrks lkik ch gumdfdk pkr ch grfmlïs B.Zfhhkm cm 6?>:, quc sc lkmvcrtorf, f icmudk dcsdc umf pksoloüm fmtotïtolf fh pcmsfiocmtk dc Uofjct, cm umk dc hks pumtks dc rcgcrcmlof dc hf psolkhkjéf jcmïtolf lkmtcipkræmcf. Cm hks S\F iulbk iæs quc cm Curkpf, cmlkmtrfrkm um tcrrcmk gfvkrfnhc hfs lkmlcplokmcs jcstfhtofmfs dch dcsfrrkhhk omgfmtoh lkik fhjk omtrémsclficmtc omtrémsclficmtc umotfrok. Iuy oipkrtfmtc guc ch omghuak cacrlodk sknrc hf psolkhkjéf jcmïtolf pkr ch psolkfmæhosos. Hf lkmlcploüm psolkfmfhétolf cm sus iñhtophcs vfrofmtcs lkmstotuyc umk dc hks promlopfhcs lkipkmcmtcs dc hf fltufh psolkhkjéf jcmïtolf, sknrc tkdk cm hk quc sc rcgocrc f hf omtcrprctflo omtcrprctfloüm üm dch dcsfrrkhhk fgcltovk y psolkscxufh. Ukr hk quc rcspcltf, cm lfinok, fh dcsfrrkhhk omgfmtoh cm hfs ktrfs ærcfs (lkjmotovf, homjøéstolf, ctl), hks psolkjcmctostfs mk bfm hhcjfdk f um lkmscmsk dcgomotovk. Fumquc rcvosfdf cm iulbks pumtks, hf tckréf pofjctofmf sojuc socmdk hf iæs flrcdotfdf tfmtk dcsdc ch pumtk dc vostf ictkdkhüjolk lkik cm hk rcgcrcmtc f hf lkmlcploüm dch dcsfrrkhhk icmtfh. Cstc ñhtoik pfsf, scjñm Uofjct, f trfvïs dc umf scroc dc cstfdoks, dcsdc umf gfsc omolofh lfrfltcrozfdf pkr ch 8somlrctosik=, cs dclor, pkr hf jhknfhodfd y hf omdogcrcmlofloüm dc hfs fltovodfdcs pcrlcptovf y lkjmotovf, bfstf hf gfsc fduhtf, lfrfltcrozfdf pkr hf tcmdcmlof fh fmæhosos y f hf dogcrcmlofloüm dc cstfs iosifs fltovodfdcs. Cmtrc hfs tckréfs psolkjcmïtolfs lkmtcipkræmcfs quc sc phfmtcfm lkik fhtcrmftovf pfrlofh fh pcmsfiocmtk pofjctofmk gojurf hf dc B.Zcrmcr, quc dostomjuc mk yf cm hf 8lkmtomuodfd k jrfdufhodfd= somk cm ch 8dcscquohonrok= cmtrc um cstfdk cvkhutovk y ch sojuocmtc, ch gfltkr promlopfh dch dcsfrrkhhk lkjmotovk1 cstc ñhtoik sc prkdulc, pucs, f trfvïs dc lrosos pcroüdolfs quc rccstrulturfm rfdolfh y lufhotftovficmtc lufhotftovficmtc hf krjfmozfloüm icmtfh prcvof dch omdovoduk. Cm ch tfinoïm oipkrtfmtésoik scltkr dc hf psolkhkjéf dc hf fdkhcslcmlof mk cxostc cm hf fltufhodfd mfdf lkipfrfnhc, cm ch phfmk dc hf sostciftol sostciftolodfd odfd f hfs tckréfs cxpucstfs cm ch æinotk dc hf psolkhkjéf dc hf omgfmlof. Trfs hf proicrf lkmtronuloüm dc Bfhh (cm ch vkhñicm "Fdkhcslcmlof" dc 6?54), y prcslomdocmdk prcslomdocmdk dc hfs omtcrprctflokmcs iæs prkpoficmtc rchftovfs fh æinotk dch psolkfmæhosos, hf vodf pséquolf dch fdkhcslcmtc bf sodk sociprc um knactk dc cstudok skhficmtc ifrjomfh pkr pfrtc dc hks psolkjcmctostfs. psolkjcmctostfs. Hfs lkmtronulokmcs lkmtronulokmcs ifykrcs cm cstc scmtodk prkvocmcm, cm lfinok, dc hf fmtrkpkhkjéf luhturfh, cipczfmdk pkm hfs omvcstojflokmcs lkm hfs quc, f gomfhcs dc hf dïlfdf dc 6?>5, Ifrjfrct Icfd pusk cm rchocvc hf rchftovodfd sklokluhturfh dc hf lkmdoloüm dch fdkhcslcmtc y dc su durfloüm. Ktrf fpkrtfloüm omtcrcsfmtc f hf psolkhkjéf dc hf fdkhcslcmlof prkvocmc dc hf psolkhkjéf sklofh.
D) HF U\OLKHKJÉF MCS^KGO\OKHÜJOLF. Cm hf fltufhodfd, hf 8psolkhkjéf mcurkgosokhüjolf=, cs umf rfif tfmtk dc hf psolkhkjéf locmtégolf, lkik dc hf icdolomf, cspclofhozfdf cm ch cstudok dc hfs rchflokmcs dc dcpcmdcmlof y lkmlkiotfmlof cmtrc hks prklcsks pséquolks y hfs gumlokmcs dch sostcif mcrvoksk. Ch proicr oipuhsk bflof ïstf doslophomf prkvomk dch dcslunroiocmtk cm 6276 dc U.Nrklf rchftovk f hf hklfhozfloüm dc hf gumloüm dch bfnhf cm umf zkmf lorlumslrotf dch sostcif mcrvoksk lcmtrfh. Fumquc vocmc omghuodk, tfinoïm, pkr hks cstudoks psolk-gésolks psolk-gésolks dc Gclbmcr y Bchibkhtz, y pkr hf rcghcxkhkjéf rusf dc UUfvhkv. fvhkv. Cm hfs ñhtoifs ñhtoifs dï dïlfd lfdfs, fs, jrflo jrflofs fs f hks prkj prkjrcs rcsks ks dc hfs tï tïlmo lmolfs lfs gosokhü gosokhüjol jolfs fs y f hf fpfrol fpfroloüm oüm dc hf chcltrkcmlcgfhkjrfgéf, hf omvcstojfloüm psolkmcurkgosokhüjolf bf bclbk jrfmdcs prkjrcsks y sc prcscmtf fbkrf lkik umk dc hks scltkrcs iæs locmtégolks dc hf omdfjfloüm flcrlf dc hks prklcsks icmtfhcs. Lkinftodf cm ch pfsfdk rclocmtc pkr hfs lkrrocmtcs lkmdultostfs y jcstfhtostfs, bf rcprcscmtfdk y sojuc rcprcscmtfmdk ch fspcltk lfrfltcréstolk dc hf trfdoloüm psolkhüjolf skvoïtolf, luyk cxpkmcmtc promlopfh cs F.Hurof.
Cm hf fltufhodfd fltufhodfd hf kpks kpksoloü oloüm m cmtrc psolk psolkhkjé hkjéff purf y psol psolkmcur kmcurkhkj khkjéf éf sc bf ftcmufdk ftcmufdk iulbk y hks psolühkjks y hks psolkgosoühkjks suchcm trfnfafr aumtks sknrc prknhcifs cspclégolks rchflokmfdks lkm hf icikrof, hf pcrlcploüm y ch fprcmdozfac. Smf cspclofhozfloüm uhtcrokr bf dfdk hujfr f hf 8psolkquéiolf=, yf quc hks cstudoks dc hf nokquéiolf dch lcrcnrk bfm pcriotodk, cm cgcltk, dostomjuor rchflokmcs nfstfmtc dcgomodfs cmtrc hks cstfdks dc lkmlocmlof y hfs rcfllokmcs quéiolfs dch sostcif mcrvoksk lcmtrfh.
C) HF U\OLKHKJÉF \KLOFH. Doslophomf futümkif (fumquc vomluhfdf f hf psolkhkjéf jcmcrfh) quc tocmcm1 pkr knactksklokluhturfhcs hks fspcltks sklofhcs dch lkipkrtfiocmtk buifmk, rcsuionhcs cm hks sojuocmtcs æinotks dc omvcstojfloü omvcstojfloüm1 gfltkrcs quc prcsodcm hf gkrifloüm dc hf pcrskmfhodfd0 lkipkmcmtcs sklofhcs dc hfs dostomtfs gumlokmcs pséquolfs0 rchflokmcs omtcrpcrskmfhcs00 domæiolf dc hks jrupks pcqucöks (lkmlcnodks lkik tktfhodfdcs cstrulturfdfs)0 psolkhkjéf dc hks omtcrpcrskmfhcs jrfmdcs jrupks buifmks y dc hks icdoks dc lkiumolfloüm dc ifsfs.
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