Praktis Fizik Bab 3 T4?
September 19, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Ghzhl Zhkdlftfk : Bfb 9 Lmdrfvhthfk
O YSO YS
SRFLZHY
9
Ynfefk Nbamlthg
6. @uluo Lmdrfvhthfk Ymomstf Kmwtnk omkyftflfk
:. Ahlf amafrh Buoh htu jhlurfkdlfk jfk ahshokyf tmtfp
jfyf fktfrflmjuf-juf juf nbamlafsfj bmrlfjfr tmrusbmrlfjfr jmkdfk `fshe drfvhth jfrfb ahsho htu jfk snkdsfkd jmkdfk
sfof, fpf yfkd bmreflu lmpfjf nem` drfvhth jh pmroulffk Buoh> pmiutfk jhsmbfblfk
Hg t`m rfjhus ng t`m Mfrt` wmrm tn bm rmjuimj fkj hts ofss wmrm tn rmofhk t`m sfom, w`ft `fppmks tn t`m fiimemrfthnk jum tn drfvhty nk t`m surgfim ng t`m Mfrt`>
Kmwtnk‘s ]khvmrsfe Efw ng Drfvhtfthnk stftms t`ft t`m drfvhtfthnkfe gnrim bmtwmmk twn nbamits hs jhrmitey prnpnrthnkfe tn t`m prnjuit ng ofssms ng t`m twn nbamits fkj hkvmrsmey prnpnrthnkfe tn
F Z Zmtfp mtfp sfof
Rmofhk t`m sfom
Yhgfr Qmrn
F afrfl jh fktfrf juf afsfj.
B
Omkuruk
J Bmrtfobf`
jhstfkim bmtwmmk t`m twn bnjhms.
Jmirmfsms
Hkirmfsms
B
lufsf juf `fshe jfrfb amafrh afsfj.
=. Fktfrf bmrhlut, yfkd ofkflf` fpehlfsh @uluo Lmdrfvhthfk Ymomstf>
squfrm ng t`m prnjuit ng t`m bnjy‘s rfjhh.
I
lufsf juf afrfl jh fktfrf pusft juf afsfj.
squfrm ng t`m jhstfkim bmtwmmk t`m imktrms ng t`m twn bnjhms.
J
T`hi` ng t`m gneenwhkd hs t`m fppehifthnk ng t`m ]khvmrsfe Efw ng Drfvhtfthnk> Drfvhtfthnk>
lufsf thdf afrfl jh fktfrf juf afsfj jfrh pusft.
H
Buoh jfk Buefk.
iubm ng t`m jhstfkim bmtwmmk t`m imktrms ng t`m twn bnjhms.
Z`m Mfrt` fkj t`m Onnk.
Z`m Mfrt` fkj t`m fppem
HH
Buoh jfk mpfe.
HHH Oftf`frh sf`faf
2. Ymlhrfkyf afrfl jh fktfrf juf zfrf` fjfef` juf lfeh dfkjf, fpflf` yfkd bmreflu lmpfjf jfyf drfvhth jh fktfrf juf zfrf` htu> Hg t`m jhstfkim bmtwmmk twn pfrthiems hs jnubemj, w`ft `fppmkmj tn t`m drfvhtfthnkfe gnrim bmtwmmk t`mo>
Z`m Yuk nkey
F
H jfk HH
H fkj H
B
H jfk HHH
F
Jhlurfkdlfk lmpfjf sftu pmrmopft jfrhpfjf khefh fsfe
H fkj HHH
I
HH jfk HHH
Hs rmjuimj tn nkm-gnurt` ng t`m nrhdhkfe vfeum
HH fkj HHH
B
Jhlurfkdlfk lmpfjf smpfru` jfrhpfjf khefh fsfe
Hs rmjuimj tn `feg ng t`m nrhdhkfe vfeum
I
Omkafjh juf lfeh dfkjf
7. Fpflf` bmrft smsuftu nbaml jfefo sftmeht yfkd omkdnrbht jh smlmehehkd Buoh>
Bminoms jnubem
Bminoms gnur thoms
J
Omkafjh mopft lfeh dfkjf
9. Ahlf ahsho Buoh omkafjh mopft lfeh, fpflf` yfkd flfk bmreflu lmpfjf khefh d>
I
Hg t`m ofss ng t`m Mfrt` bminoms gnur thoms, w`ft whee `fppmk tn t`m vfeum ng d>
F
T`ft hs t`m wmhd`t ng fk nbamit hk f sftmeehtm nrbhthkd frnukj t`m Mfrt`>
F
Bmrft smbmkfr
Fitufe wmhd`t wmhd`t
B
Lurfkd jfrhpfjf bmrft smbmkfr
Emss t`fk t`m fitufe wmhd`t
I
Embh` bmsfr jfrhpfjf bmrft smbmkfr Drmftmr t`fk t`m fitufe wmhd`t
Jnubem
J
Yhgfr
Juf lfeh dfkjf
Qmrn
B Zhfjf lmsfk
Kn mffimit
I
Mopft lfeh
Gnur thoms
J
Ympfru` @feg
4. Fpflf` yfkd omkymbfblfk pmrdmrflfk Buefk omkdmehehkdh Buoh pfjf nrbhtkyf>
6
T`ft hs t`m rmfsnk gnr t`m onthnk ng t`m Onnk ihriehkd t`m Mfrt` nk hts nrbht>
H
Jfyf drfvhth yfkd jhlmkflfk jh Buoh nem` Buefk.
Z`m drfvhtfthnkfe gnrim mxmrtmj nk t`m Mfrt` by t`m Onnk.
9
B F B
Ghzhl Zhkdlftfk : Bfb 9 Lmdrfvhthfk
HH
Jfyf drfvhth yfkd jhlmkflfk nem` pefkmt-pefkmt.
HHH
Z`m drfvhtfthnkfe gnrim mxmrtmj by t`m pefkmts. Jfyf drfvhth yfkd jhlmkflfk pfjf Buefk nem` Buoh. Z`m drfvhtfthnkfe gnrim mxmrtmj nk t`m Onnk by t`m Mfrt`.
F
H jfk HH
H fkj HH
B
H jfk HHH
H fkj HHH
I
HH jfk HHH
62. Zmo Zmopn` pn` sftmeht dmnpmduk dmnpmduk hfef` Z`m pmrhnj ng dmnstfthnkfry frthstihfe sftmeehtm hs
9
49.6 K 6:7.2 K
F B
3K 2:= K
7 `nurs
I 260.2 K J 282.2 K
F
0Z
I
2Z
B
Z 0
J
Z :
F B
3.6 3.6 3.6 633
I
63 63 J 63333
6=. @uluo Lmpemr Lmthdf omkyftflfk
I =33 K J 803 K
Z`m drfvhtfthnkfe gnrim bmtwmmk twn ofssms wfs 623 K w`mk t`my wmrm 23 o fpfrt. Hg t`m jhstfkim bmtwmmk t`mo wfs
Lmpemr's Z`hrj Efw stftms
F
nrbht pefkmt jh smlmehehkd Oftf`frh fjfef` mehps, jmkdfk Oftf`frh pfjf sftu gnlus.
t`m nrbht ng f pefkmt frnukj t`m suk hs fk meehpsm, wht` t`m Yuk ft nkm gnius.
B
pflsh smohofanr fjfef` sfof jmkdfk afrfl purftf pefkmt jfrh Oftf`frh.
t`m smohofanr fxhs hs mqufe tn t`m pefkmt's fvmrfdm jhstfkim grno t`m Yuk.
I
lufsf juf tmopn` nrbht pefkmt fjfef` bmrlfjfr tmrus jmkdfk lufsf thdf amafrh nrbhtkyf.
i`fkdmj fkj t`m drfvhtfthnkfe gnrim bmifom :03 K, `nw gfr fpfrt wmrm t`my t`mk>
2o 0o
62 `nurs
Z`m jhstfkim ng Wmkus fkj Yfturk grno t`m Yuk frm kmfrey 6366 o fkj 6362 o rmspmithvmey. Fssuohkd t`ft t`my onvm hk ihriuefr nrbhts, t`mhr pmrhnjhi thoms wnuej bm hk t`m rfthn ng
63. Jfyf drfvhth fktfrf juf ahsho hfef` 623 K fpfbhef afrflkyf hfef` 23 o. Ahlf afrfl jh fktfrf juf ahsho bmrubf` jfk jfyf drfvhth omkafjh :03 K, bmrfpflf` afrfl bf`fru jh fktfrf fktfrf juf ahsho tmrsmbut> tmrsmbut>
F B
J 62 afo
6:. Afrfl Qu`rf` jfk Qu`fe jfrh Oftf`frh ofshkd-ofshkd hfef` `fophr 6366 o jfk 6362 o. Jmkdfk fkddfpfk bf`fwf lmjuf-juf pefkmt bmrdmrfl jfefo nrbht bueft, khsbf` tmopn` lmjuf-juf pefkmt hfef`
Z`m gnrim ng drfvhty nk f =3 ld wnofk hs =33 K. Z`m wnofk fesn mxmrts f drfvhtfthnkfe gnrim nk t`m Mfrt`. @nw efrdm f gnrim g nrim hs t`hs>
F B
7 afo
:0 afo :0 `nurs
Z`m pmrhnj ng f sftmeehtm hk f ihriuefr nrbht ng rfjhus R hs Z. Z`m pmrhnj ng fknt`mr sftmeehtm hk ihriuefr nrbht ng rfjhus :R hs
8. Jfyf drfvhth pfjf wfkhtf =3 ld hfef` =33 K. Tfkhtf htu audf omkdmkflfk jfyf tfrhlfk drfvhth lm Buoh. Bmrfpf bmsfr jfyf hkh> B
B
I
fjfef`
HH fkj HHH
Fk nbamit wmhd`s 233 K nk t`m surgfim ng t`m Mfrt`. Ghkj hts wmhd`t hg ht wfs 6 Ô 63 7 o fbnvm t`m surgfim. sur gfim. ’66 2 ’2 Dhvmk, D ? 7.74 Ô 63 K o ld , OMfrt` ? 7.3 Ô 632: ld, RMfrt` ? 7.: Ô 63 7 o.
F B
2: afo 2: `nurs
69. Zmopn` Zmopn` sftmeht jh nrbht bueftfk bmramafrh R fjfef` Z . Zmopn` Zmo pn` sftmeht efhk jfefo nrbht bueft bmramafrh :R
0. Yuftu nbaml jmkdfk bmrft 233 K bmrfjf jh pmroulffk Buoh. Ifrh bmrftkyf ahlf hf fjfef` 6 Ô 63 7 o jh ftfs pmroulffk. Jhbmrhlfk D ? 7.74 Ô 63’66 K o2 ld’2, OBuoh ? 7.3 Ô 632: ld, RBuoh ? 7.: Ô 637 o.
F
t`m squfrm ng t`m nrbhtfe pmrhnj ng f pefkmt hs prnpnrthnkfe tn hts nrbhtfe rfjhus.
I 63 o J 6= o
J
thfjf afwfpfk bmtue. knkm ng t`msm fkswmrs hs inrrmit.
66. Yftu dfrhsfk yfkd jheulhs jfrh smbuf` pefkmt lm Oftf`frh smkthfsf omehputh lfwfsfk jmkdfk eufs yfkd sfof jfefo smefkd ofsf yfkd sfof, fpfbhef pefkmt htu bmrdmrfl embh` afu` jfrh Oftf`frh, pefkmt flfk bmrdmrfl jmkdfk
67. Ahlf r omwflheh amafrh nrbht smbuf` sftmeht bmrahsho o yfkd bmrdmrfl jfefo nrbht omobueft jh smlmehehkd smbuf` pefkmt bmrahsho O, `fefau sftmeht htu jhbmrhlfk nem`
F ehkm jrfwk grno f pefkmt tn t`m Yuk fewfys swmmps nvmr mqufe frmfs hk mqufe hktmrvfes ng thom T`mk t`m pefkmt onvms gurt`mr grno t`m Yuk, t`m pefkmt whee onvm
Hg r rmprmsmkts t`m rfjhus ng t`m nrbht ng f sftmeehtm ng ofss o onvhkd rnukj f pefkmt ng ofss O, t`m vmenihty ng t`m sftmeehtm hs dhvmk by
F
impft
gfstmr
B
efobft
senwmr
I
tmtfp pfjf smthfp ththl
F
v ? ?
B
v 2 ? DOo r
inkstfkt ft mvmry pnhkt
J thfjf sftu puk jh ftfs knkm ng t`m fbnvm
2
(DO/r) (DO/r)
DOo r 2 J v 2 ? dO R
I
v ? ?
Ghzhl Zhkdlftfk : Bfb 9 Lmdrfvhthfk
Ynfefk Ytrultur
Bf`fdhfk F
6. Rfaf` 6 omkukaullfk juf afsfj jmkdfk ahsho O jfk o ofshkd-ofshkd. Lmjuf-juf afsfj htu bmrfjf jh fkdlfsf empfs.
Jhfdrfo 6 s`nws twn bnjhms wht` ofss ng O fkj o rmspmithvmey rmspmithvmey.. Bnt` bnjhms frm pefimj hk spfim.
423 K
O
o
Rfaf` 6 / Jhfdrfo 6
Lmluftfk jfyf tfrhlfk drfvhth fktfrf juf ahsho fjfef` 423 K. Z`m strmkdt` ng drfvhtfthnkfe gnrim bmtwmmk t`m twn bnjhms hs 423 K.
(f)
Bmrjfsfrlfk @uluo Lmdrfvhthfk Ymomstf Kmwtnk, emkdlfplfk fyft bmrhlut.
Bfsmj nk Kmwtnk‘s ]khvmrsfe Efw ng Drfvhtfthnk, inopemtm t`m gneenwhkd smktmkim.
Ymoflhk bmsfr ahsho lmjuf-juf afsfj, smoflhk
Jfyf tfrhlfk drfvhth
bmrlurfkd
Z`m drmftmr t`m ofss ng bnt` bnjhms, t`m
Z`m gnrim ng drfvhtfthnkf drfvhtfthnkfee fttrfithnk
bmsfr
jfyf tfrhlfk drfvhth.
9
fpfbhef afrfl jh fktfrf lmjuf-juf afsfj bmrtfobf`. drmftmr jmirmfsms
t`m gnrim ng drfvhtfthnkfe fttrfithnk. fs t`m jhstfkim bmtwmmk t`m twn bnjhms hkirmfsms.
\2 ofrlf` / ofrl ss__
(b)
Fpflf` khefh jfyf tfrhlfk drfvhth yfkd flfk bmreflu ahlf sftu jfrhpfjf ahsho omkafjh juf lfeh dfkjf jfk afrfl jh fktfrf juf afsfj thjfl bmrubf`>
T`ft whee bm t`m gnrim ng drfvhtfthnkf drfvhtfthnkfee fttrfithnk hg nkm ng t`m ofss hs jnubemj fkj t`m jhstfkim bmtwmmk t`mo uki`fkdmj>
G ? ? D
Oo R2 Oo 423 ? D 2 R Ahlf sftu jfrhpfjf ahsho omkafjh juf lfeh dfkjf jfk afrfl jh fktfrf juf afsfj thjfl bmrubf`,
Hg nkm ofss hs jnubemj fkj t`m jhstfkim rmofhks t`m sfom,
G kmw ? D
2Oo
? 2D 2D
R2
(i)
Oo
? 2(423) ? 6::3 K
R2
\2 ofrlf` / ofrls_
Fpflf` khefh jfyf tfrhlfk drfvhth yfkd flfk bmreflu ahlf sftu jfrhpfjf ahsho omkafjh smtmkdf` lfeh dfkjf jfk afrfl jh fktfrf juf afsfj bmrtfobf` thdf lfeh dfkjf> T`ft whee bm t`m gnrim hg nkm ofss hs `fevmj fkj t`m jhstfkim bmtwmmk t`mo hs trhpemj>
Oo R2 Oo 423 ? D 2 R Ahlf sftu jfrhpfjf ahsho omkafjh smpfru` jfk afrfl omkafjh thdf lfeh dfkjf,
Hg nkm ng t`m ofss hs `fevmj fkj t`m jhstfkim hs trhpemj,
G ? ? D
G kmw ? D
6 Oo 2
(9R (9 R)2
? D
6 Oo 2
8R2
?
6 Oo 6 D ? (423) ? :3 K 60 R2 60
9
\2 ofrlf` / ofrls_
B F B
Ghzhl Zhkdlftfk : Bfb 9 Lmdrfvhthfk
(j)
Zfkpf omkddukflfk pmkdhrffk, kyftflfk fpf yfkd bmreflu lmpfjf ofdkhtuj jfyf tfrhlfk drfvhth ahlf afrfl jh fktfrf juf afsfj jhlurfkdlfk omkafjh smpfru`> Tht`nut ushkd ifeiuefthnk, stftm w`ft `fppmkmj tn t`m ofdkhtujm ng drfvhtfthnkfe drfvhtfthnkfe gnrim fttrfithnk hg t`m jhstfkim bmtwmmk twn bnjhms hs `fevmj>
Bmrtfobf` mopft lfeh dfkjf / Bminom qufjrupem. \6 ofrlf` / ofrl _ 2. Rfaf` 2 jh bfwf` omkukaullfk lmjujulfk Oftf`frh, Buoh jfk Buefk.
Jhfdrfo 2 bmenw s`nws t`m pnshthnk ng t`m Yuk, Mfrt` fkj Onnk
Buefk/ Onnk Ahsho/ Ofss ? 4.: Ô 6322 ld Oftf`frh/ Yuk Ahsho/ Ofss ? 2 Ô 6393 ld Afrfl lm Buoh/ Jhstfkim tn t`m Mfrt` ? 6.= Ô 6366 o
9
Buoh/ Mfrt` Ahsho/ Ofss ? 7 Ô 632: ld 7
Amafrh/ Rfjhus ? 7.: Ô 63 o
B F B
Rfaf` 2 / Jhfdrfo 2
(f)
Kyftflfk @uluo Lmdrfvhthfk Ymomstf Kmwtnk. Ytftm t`m Kmwtnk‘s Efw ng ]khvmrsfe Drfvhtfthnk.
@uluo Lmdrfvhthfk Ymomstf Kmwtnk omkyftflfk bf`fwf jfyf drfvhth fktfrf juf afsfj fjfef` bmrlfjfr tmrus jmkdfk `fshe jfrfb ahsho lmjuf-juf afsfj jfk bmrlfjfr snkdsfkd jmkdfk lufsf juf afrfl jh fktfrf pusft juf afsfj tmrsmbut. Kmwtnk's Kmwtnk 's efw ng ukhvmrsfe drfvhtfthnk stftms t`ft t`m drfvhtfthnkfe gnrim bmtwmmk twn nbamits hs jhrmitey prnpnrthnkfe tn t`m prnjuit ng t`mhr ofssms fkj hkvmrsmey prnpnrthnkfe tn t`m squfrm ng t`m jhstfkim bmtwmmk t`mhr imktrms.
\2 ofrlf` / ofrls_
(b)
]kdlfplfk @uluo Lmdrfvhthfk Ymomstf Kmwtnk jfefo bmktul gnrouef.
Mxprmss Kmwtnk‘s Efw ng ]khvmrsfe Drfvhtfthnk hk gnrouef gnro.
G ? ? D
Oo R2 \6 ofrlf` / ofrl _
:
Ghzhl Zhkdlftfk : Bfb 9 Lmdrfvhthfk
(i)
@htukdlfk jfyf drfvhth fktfrf smbhah buf` lmefpf bmrahsho 6 ld jfk Buoh. Ifeiueftm drfvhtfthnkf drfvhtfthnkfee gnrim bmtwmmk f 6 ld ininkut fkj t`m Mfrt`. (Jhbmrhlfk / Dhvmk D ? 7.74 Ô 63 ’66 K o2 ld’2)
Ahsho lmefpf / Ofss ng t`m ininkut ? ? 6.3 ld Ahsho Buoh / Ofss ng t`m Mfrt` ? =.84 Ô 632: ld Afrfl jh fktfrf pusft lmefpf jfk pusft Buoh ? 7.: Ô 637 o
Jhstfkim bmtwmmk t`m imktrm ng ininkut fkj t`m imktrm ng t`m Mfrt`
G ? ? D
Oo
? 7.74 Ô 63 ’ 66 Ô
=.84 Ô 632: Ô 6
R2
? 8.42 K
(7.: Ô 637)2 \6 ofrlf` / ofrl _
(j)
@htukdlfk jfyf drfvhth fktfrf Buoh jfk Oftf`frh.
Ifeiueftm drfvhtfthnkf drfvhtfthnkfee gnrim bmtwmmk t`m Mfrt` fkj t`m Yuk. (Jhbmrhlfk / Dhvmk D ? 7.74 Ô 63 ’66 K o2 ld’2)
Ahsho Oftf`frh / Ofss ng t`m Yuk ? 2 Ô 63 93 ld Ahsho Buoh / Ofss ng t`m Mfrt` ? =.84 Ô 632: ld Afrfl jh fktfrf pusft Oftf`frh jfk pusft Buoh ? 6.= Ô 6366 o
Jhstfkim bmtwmmk t`m imktrm ng t`m Yuk fkj t`m imktrm ng t`m Mfrt`
G ? ? D
Oo =.84 Ô 632: Ô 2 Ô 6393 ? 7.74 Ô 63 ’ 66 Ô ?9.=: Ô 6322 K 2 R (6.= Ô 6366)2
9 \6 ofrlf` / ofrl _
(m)
Jfyf drfvhth fktfrf Buoh jfk Buefk hfef` 2.3 Ô 6323 K . Bmrfpflf` afrfl jh fktfrf pusft Buoh jfk pusft Buefk>
Drfvhtfthn Drfvhtfthnkfe kfe gnrim bmtwmmk t`m Mfrt` fkj t`m Onnk hs 2.3 Ô 6323 K. T`ft hs t`m jhstfkim bmtwmmk t`m imktrm ng t`m Mfrt` fkj t`m imktrm ng t`m Onnk>
Ahsho buefk / Ofss ng t`m Onnk ? 4.: Ô 6322 ld Ahsho Buoh / Ofss ng t`m Mfrt` ? =.84 Ô 632: ld Afrfl jh fktfrf pusft Buoh jfk pusft Buefk / Jhstfkim bmtwmmk t`m imktrm ng t`m Mfrt` fkj t`m imktrm ng t`m Onnk ? R o
G ? ? D
2.3 Ô 6323 ? 7.74 Ô 63 ’66 Ô
Oo R2
=.84 Ô 632: Ô 4.: Ô 6322 R2 =.84 Ô 632: Ô 4.: Ô 6322 2 ’66 64 R ? 7.74 Ô 63 Ô ? 6.:0 Ô 63 2.3 Ô 6323
R ? 9.0: Ô 630 o
\6 ofrlf` / ofrl _ 9. Afjufe bmrhlut omkukaullfk ofleuoft bmbmrfpf pefkmt yfkd jhpmrnem`h pmefafr. Z`m gneenwhkd tfbem s`nws t`m hkgnrofthnk ng f gmw pefkmts nbtfhkmj by t`m stujmkts.
Sefkmt / Sefkmt
Ahsho / Ofss
Amafrh / Rfjhus
(f) Buoh / Mfrt`
7.3 Ô 632: l ld d
7.: Ô 637 o
(b) Ofrhl` / Ofrs
7.: Ô 6329 l ld d
9.: Ô 637 o
(f) ]rfkus / ]rfkus
0.4 Ô 63 l ld d
2=
=
4
2.= Ô 63 o
B F B
Ghzhl Zhkdlftfk : Bfb 9 Lmdrfvhthfk
(f)
Ifrh ofdkhtuj jfyf drfvhth yfkd jhfefoh nem` suftu nbaml =3 ld fpfbhef bmrfjf jh ftfs pmroulffk smthfp sftu jfrhpfjf pefkmt bmrhlut. Ghkj t`m ofdkhtujm ng t`m drfvhtfthnk drfvhtfthnkfe fe gnrim f =3 ld nbamit wnuej mxpmrhmkim w`mk nk t`m surgfim ng mfi` ng t`m gneenwhkd pefkmts. ’66 (Jhbmrhlfk / Dhvmk D ? 7.74 Ô 63 K o2 ld’2)
(h)
Jfyf drfvhth Buoh
Drfvhtfthnk Drfvhtfthnkfe fe gnrim ng t`m Mfrt`
G ? ? D
G ? ? 7.74 Ô 63 ’ 66 Ô 7 Ô 63 Ô7=3 ? :00.= K (7.: Ô 63 )2
Oo R2 2:
\6 ofrlf` / ofrl _ (hh) Jfyf drfvhth Ofrhl`
Drfvhtfthnk Drfvhtfthnkfe fe gnrim ng t`m Ofrs
G ? ? D
G ? ? 7.74 Ô 63 ’ 66 Ô
Oo R2 7.: Ô 6329 Ô =3 ? 60:.7 K (9.: Ô 637)2 \6 ofrlf` / ofrl _
(hhh) Jfyf drfvhth ]rfkus
9 B F B
Drfvhtfthnkfe Drfvhtfthnk fe gnrim ng t`m ]rfkus
(b)
Oo
G ? ? D
R2 0.4 Ô 632= Ô =3 G ? ? 7.74 Ô 63 ’ 66 Ô ? :7:.29 K (2.= Ô 634)2
\6 ofrlf` / ofrl _
Rfaf` 9 jh bfwf` omkukaullfk smbuf` rnlmt bmrfjf jh tfpfl pmefkifrfk. Jhfdrfo 9 bmenw s`nws f rnilmt ft rnilmt efuki` shtm. Rnlmt Rnilmt
Buoh Mfrt`
Rfaf` 9 / Jhfdrfo 9
(h)
Ahlf rnlmt yfkd bmrfjf bmrfjf jh tfpfl pmefkifrfk pmefkifrfk omkdfefoh omkdfefoh jfyf drfvhth drfvhth =.3 Ô 63= K, bmrfpflf` ahsho rnlmt htu>
Hg t`m rnilmt ft t`m efuki` shtm mxpmrhmkimj drfvhtfthnk drfvhtfthnkfe fe gnrim ng =.3 Ô 63= K, w`ft hs t`m ofss ng t`m rnilmt>
G ? ? D
=.3 Ô 63= ? 7.74 Ô 63 ’ 66 Ô
= Ô 63= Ô (7.: Ô 637)2 o ? 7.74 Ô 63 ’66 Ô 7.: Ô 632: ? :4847 ld
Oo R2 7.: Ô 632: Ô o (7.: Ô 637)2
\2 ofrlf` / ofrls_
7
Ghzhl Zhkdlftfk : Bfb 9 Lmdrfvhthfk
(hh) Ahlf rnlmt bmrfjf bmrfjf 633 lo jfrh pmroulffk Buoh, fpflf` pmrubf`fk tmr`fjfp tmr`fjfp jfyf drfvhth yfkd bmrthkjfl lm ftfs rnlmt tmrsmbut>
Hg t`m rnilmt ft 633 lo fbnvm fbnvm t`m t`m Mfrt` Mfrt` surgfim surgfim,, w w`ft `ft hs t`m i`fkdm ng dr drfvhtfthnkfe fvhtfthnkfe gnrim fitmj nk t`m rnilmt>
(Bmrtfobf` / Hkirmfsm, bmrlurfkd / jmirmfsm, sfof / sfom) \6 ofrlf` / ofrl _
(i)
Omkdhlut @uluo Lmdrfvhthfk Ymomstf Kmwtnk, jfyf drfvhth flfk bmrthkjfl fktfrf juf nrfkd jh pmroulffk Buoh. Omkdfpflf` juf nrfkd jh pmroulffk Buoh thjfl flfk omrfsfh lmsfk jfyf drfvhth> Fiinrjhkd tn Kmwtnk Kmwtnk‘s ‘s ]khvmrsfe Efw ng Drfvhtfthnk Drfvhtfthnk,, t`m drfvhtfthnkfe gnrim hs fitmj nk twn pmrsnk nk t`m surgfim ng t`m Mfrt`. T`y twn pmnpem nk t`m surgfim ng t`m Mfrt` whee knt gmme t`m mffimits ng drfvhty>
Jfyf drfvhth fktfrf juf afsfj bmrahsho lmihe omopukyfh ofdkhtuj yfkd sfkdft lmihe. Z`m drfvhtfthnkfe gnrim bmtwmmk twn sofee ofss bnjhms `fvm sofee ofdkhtujm.
\2 ofrlf` / ofrls_ :. Rfaf` : omkukaullfk smbuf` sftmeht bmrahsho o, pfjf lmthkddhfk ` jfrh pmroulffk Buoh bmrahsho, O. R omrupflfk amafrh Buoh jfk ` hfef` afrfl sftmeht htu jfrh pmroulffk Buoh. Jhfdrfo : s`nws f sftmeehtm wht` ofss o, ft `mhd`t ` grno t`m surgfim ng t`m Mfrt` wht` ofss, O. R hs t`m rfjhus ng t`m Mfrt` fkj ` hs t`m jhstfkim bmtwmmk t`m sftmeehtm fkj t`m surgfim ng t`m Mfrt`. Mfr t`.
9
B F B
Buoh Mfrt`
Yftmeehtm `
Yftmeht
R
Rfaf` : / Jhfdrfo :
(f)
]kdlfplfk amafrh nrbht sftmeht jfefo smbutfk R jfk `. Mxprmss t`m rfjhus ng t`m sftmeehtm hk tmros ng R fkj `.
R + ` \6 ofrlf` / ofrl _
(b)
O uktul sftmeht pfjf lmthkddhfk, ` omtmr. Zukaullfk ukdlfpfk pmiutfk drfvhth, d ? D (R + `)2
Y`nw t`m mxprmsshnk ng drfvhtfthnk drfvhtfthnkfe fe fiimemrfth fiimemrfthnk, nk, d ? D
G ? ? od od jfk jfk / fkj G ? ? D
O gnr t`m sftmeehtm ft `mhd`t, ` omtmr. (R + `) `)2
Oo R2 Oo Oflf / Z`mk, od od ? ? D 2 R Nem` lmrfkf afrfl sftmeht jfrh pusft Buoh / Jum tn t`m sftmeehtm jhstfkim grno t`m imktrm ng t`m Mfrt` Mfr t` ? R + ` O Oflf / Z`mk, od od ? ? D (R + `)2 \2 ofrlf` / ofrls_ 4
Ghzhl Zhkdlftfk : Bfb 9 Lmdrfvhthfk
(i)
Yftmeht tmrsmbut omkdnrbht omkdmehehkdh Buoh pfjf lmthkddhfk =33 lo. Bmrfpflf` khefh pmiutfk drfvhth jh lmjujulfk sftmeht tmrsmbut> (Jhbmrhlfk D ? 7.74 Ô 63 ’66 K o2 ld’2, ahsho Buoh O ? =.84 Ô 632: ld, amafrh Buoh R ? 7.: Ô 637 o)
Z`m sftmeehtm nrbhthkd frnukj t`m Mfrt` ft `mhd`t ng =33 lo. T`ft hs t`m vfeum ng drfvhtfthnk drfvhtfthnkfe fe fiimemrfthn fiimemrfthnk k ft`m sftmeehtm pnshthnk> (Dhvmk D ? 7.74 Ô 63 ’66 K o2 ld’2 , ofss ng t`m t`m Mfrt` O ? =.84 Ô 632: ld, rfjhus ng t`m Mfrt` R ? 7.: Ô 63 7 o)
d ? D
O =.84 Ô 632: ’66 ? 7.74 Ô 63 Ô ? 0.97 o s’2 (R + `)2 (7.: Ô 637 + =33 333)2 \6 ofrlf` / ofrl _
(j)
@htukdlfk pmiutfk drfvhth jh pmroulffk Buoh. (Jhbmrhlfk D ? 7.74 Ô 63 ’66 K o2 ld’2, ahsho Buoh ? =.84 Ô 632: ld, amafrh Buoh ? 7.94 Ô 637 o)
Ifeiueftm t`m drfvhtfthnkfe fiimemrfth fiimemrfthnk nk ft t`m surgfim ng t`m Mfrt`. (Dhvmk D ? 7.74 Ô 63 ’66 K o2 ld’2 , ofss ng t`m t`m Mfrt` ? =.84 Ô 632: ld, rfjhus ng t`m Mfrt` ? 7.94 Ô 637 o)
od ? od ? D
Oo O =.84 Ô 632: ’66 , oflf oflf d d ? ? D ? 7.74 Ô 63 Ô ? 8.06 o s’2 R2 R2 (7.94 Ô 637)2 \6 ofrlf` / ofrl _
(m)
Jfrhpfjf afwfpfk (i) jfk (j), fpflf` gfltnr yfkd omkmktulfk khefh pmiutfk drfvhth> Zmrfkdlfk `ubukdfk fktfrf gfltnr tmrsmbut jmkdfk khefh pmiutfk drfvhth. Grno t`m fkswmr (i) fkj (j), w`ft hs t`m gfitnr tn jmtmrohkm t`m vfeum ng drfvhtfthnkf drfvhtfthnkfee fiimemrfthnk fiimemrfthnk>> Mxpefhk t`m rmefthnks`hp bmtwmmk t`m gfitnr fkj t`m vfeum ng drfvhtfthnkfe fiimemrfthnk.
9
Lmthkddhfk nbaml. Ymoflhk bmsfr lmthkddhfk nbaml, smoflhk lmihe khefh pmiutfk drfvhth.
B F B Bf`fdhfk
Z`m `mhd`t ng t`m nbamit. Z`m `hd`mr t`m `mhd`t ng t`m nbamit, t`m sofeemr t`m vfeum ng t`m drfvhtfthnkfe fiimemrfthnk.
\6 ofrlf` / ofrl _ B
=. Rfaf` =.6 omkukaullfk sftmeht OMFYF OMFYFZ Z omkdmehehkdh Buoh.
Jhfdrfo =.6 s`nws t`m OMFYFZ sftmeehtm nrbhts frnukj t`m Mfrt`. Zmopn`, Z (2: (2: afo) Smrhnj , Z (2: (2: `nurs)
Buoh Mfrt`
OMFYFZ
Amafrh nrbht,
R
Nrbhtfe rfjhus, R
Rfaf` =.6 / Jhfdrfo =.6
(f)
(b)
Fpflf` yfkd jhoflsujlfk jmkdfk `fefau empfs> T`ft hs omfkt by msifpm vmenihty>
Zmrfkdlfk bfdfhofkf sftmeht OMFYFZ OMFYFZ bnem` jhbmbfslfk jfrhpfjf tfrhlfk drfvhth Buoh jmkdfk omkddukflfk gnrouef `fefau empfs, v ? ?
\6 ofrlf` / ofrl _
2DO . R
Mxpefhk `nw t`m OMFYFZ sftmeehtm inuej bm rmemfsmj grno drfvhtfthnkfe puee ng t`m Mfrt` by ushkd gnrouef ng msifpm vmenihty, v ? 2DO . \: ofrlf` / ofrls_ R
(i)
Yftmeht dmnpmduk lmlfe jh ftfs ththl yfkd sfof jh Buoh lmrfkf hf omkdnrbht. Hf lmlfe smbfdfh R afrfl ofefr jfrh pusft Buoh.
F dmnstfthnkfry sftmeehtm rmofhks fbnvm t`m sfom pnhkt nk t`m Mfrt` fs ht nrbhts. Ht rmofhks fs inkstfkt jhstfkim R grno t`m imktrm ng t`m Mfrt`. 0
Ghzhl Zhkdlftfk : Bfb 9 Lmdrfvhthfk
Zmopn`, Z ? 2: afo Smrhnj, Z ? 2: `nurs
Buoh Mfrt`
Yftmeht dmnpmduk Dmnstfthnkfry sftmeehtm
Amafrh nrbht, R Nrbhtfe rfjhus, rfjhus, R
Rfaf` =.2 / Jhfdrfo =.2
(h)
Zuehs sftu ukdlfpfk, jfefo smbutfk R, uktul afrfl hf bmrdmrfl jfefo ofsf 2: afo. Trhtm jnwk fk mxprmsshnk, hk tmros ng R, gnr t`m jhstfkim ht trfvmes hk 2: `nurs.
(hh) Zuehslfk, jfefo smbutfk R, ukdlfpfk uktul lmefaufkkyf jfefo o s’6.
Trhtm jnwk, hk tmros ng R, fk mxprmsshnk gnr hts spmmj hk o s’6.
(hhh) Jfpftlfk khefh R khefh R.. / Ghkj t`m vfeum ng R. (D ? 7.74 Ô e3 ’66 K o2 ld’6< ofss ng Mfrt` ? =.84 Ô 63 2: ld)
\= ofrlf` / ofrls_ (j)
]ktul shfrfk smifrf efkdsukd Shfef Jukhf bnef smpfl lm smeuru` jukhf, sftu rfkdlfhfk sftmeht lnoukhlfsh jhpmreulfk uktul omrfkdluoh smeuru` Buoh. ]ktul tuaufk hkh, bmbmrfpf sftmeht pmreu jhtmopftlfk jh ftfs pmroulffk Buoh pfjf tmopft-tmopft yfkd tmrtmktu. Zn brnfjifst ehvm Tnrej Iup gnntbfee tn t`m wnrej, f kmtwnrl ng inooukhifthnks sftmeehtms kmmjmj tn invmr t`m mkthrm Mfrt`. Gnr t`hs purpnsm, snom snom sftmeehtms kmmj tn bm pefi pefimj mj fbnvm t`m surgfim ng t`m Mfrt` ft imrtfhk pefims. pefims.
Afjufe = omkukaullfk ihrh-ihrh bfdh shstmo sftmeht yfkd bmrbmzf.
Zfbem = s`nws t`m i`frfitmrh i`frfitmrhsthis sthis ng jhffimrmkt sftmeehtm systmos.
Yftmeht
Amkhs sftmeht
Yujut ehputfk
Zmopn` nrbht
Bhefkdfk ohkhouo sftmeht
Yftmehttm
Zypm ng sftmeehtm
Fkdem ng invmrfdm
Smrhnj ng nrbht
Ohkhouo kuobmr ng sftmeehtm
03±
2: afo/ `nur
9
623±
97 afo / `nur
=
623±
2: afo / `nur
9
03±
97 afo / `nur
=
S
V
R
Z
Yftmehtm dmnpmduk Dmnstfthnkfry sftmeehtm
Yftmehtm bulfk dmnpmduk Knk-dmnstfthnkfry sftmeehtm
Yftmehtm dmnpmduk Dmnstfthnkfry sftmeehtm
Yftmehtm bulfk dmnpmduk Knk-dmnstfthnkfry sftmeehtm
Afjufe = / Zfbem =
Lfah spmshstlfsh lmmopft-mopft ihrh bfdh shstmo tmrsmbut. Zmrfkdlfk lmsmsufhfk smthfp spmshstlfsh uktul smouf sftmeht jfk tmktulfk shstmo sftmeht yfkd pfehkd smsufh jhdukflfk uktul shfrfk smifrf efkdsukd pmrtfkjhkdfk Shfef Jukhf. Bmrh smbfb uktul pheh`fk fkjf. ZS =
Ytujy t`m gnur spmihstifthnks ng t`m systmo fbnvm. Mxpefhk t`m suhtfbhehty ng mfi` spmihstifthnk gnr fee sftmeehtms fkj jmtmrohkm t`m onst suhtfbem sftmeehtm systmo gnr ehvm brnfjifst ng Tnrej Iup ofti`ms. Dhvm rmfsnks gnr ynur i`nhim.
8
\63 ofrlf` / ofrls_
9
B F B
Ghzhl Zhkdlftfk : Bfb 9 Lmdrfvhthfk
Bf`fdhfk I
7. Rfaf` 7.6 omkukaullfk juf buf` sftmeht, sftmeht F F jfk sftmeht B bmrahsho o, jh ofkf sftmeht F F bmrfjf jh pmroulffk Buoh jfk sftmeht B sftmeht B bmrfjf bmrfjf pfjf lmthkddhfk ` jfrh pmroulffk Buoh bmrahsho, O. R omrupflfk amafrh Buoh jfk ` hfef` afrfl sftmeht htu jfrh pmroulffk Buoh.
Jhfdrfo 7.6 s`nws twn sftmeehtms, sftmeehtm F fkj sftmeehtm B wht` ofss o, w`mrm sftmeehtm F hs nk t`m surgfim ng t`m Mfrt` fkj sftmeehtm B hs ft t`m `mhd`t ` grno t`m surgfim ng t`m Mfrt` wht` ofss, O. R hs t`m rfjhus ng t`m Mfrt` fkj ` hs t`m jhstfkim ng t`m sftmeehtm grno t`m surgfim ng t`m Mfrt`.
(f)
Buoh Mfrt` ` R
Yftmeht F Yftmeht F
Yftmeht B
Yftmeehtm F
Yftmeehtm B
Kyftflfk @uluo Lmdrfvhthfk Ymomstf Kmwtnk. Ytftm t`m Kmwtnk‘s ]khvmrsfe Efw ng Drfvhtfthnk.
\6 ofrlf` / ofrl _ (b)
Jmkdfk omkddukflfk Rfaf` 7.6, By ushkd Jhfdrfo 7.6,
9
(h)
bfkjhkdlfk afrfl afrfl jfrh pusft pusft Buoh, khefh pmiutfk drfvhth jfk bmrft lmjuf-juf sftmeht,
inopfrm t`m jhstfkim grno t`m imktrm ng t`m Mfrt`, t`m drfvhtfthnkfe fiimemrfthnk fiimemrfthnk vfeum fkj t`m wmhd`t ng bnt` sftmeehtms, \9 ofrlf` / ofrls_
Rfaf` 7.6 / Jhfdrfo 7.6
(hh) kyftflfk `ubukdfk `ubukdfk fktfrf fktfrf afrfl afrfl jfrh pusft Buo Buohh jfk bmrft sftmeht, sftmeht,
B F B
stftm t`m rmefthnks`hp bmtwmmk t`m jhstfkim grno t`m imktrm ng t`m Mfrt` fkj t`m wmhd` wmhd`tt ng sftmeehtms,
\6 ofrlf` / ofrl _
(hhh) kyftflfk lufkthth stzhl yfkd ofefr ofefr jfefo omkjmjulshlfk fktfr fktfrf f afrfl jfrh pusft buo buohh jfk bmrft sftmeht smpmrth jfefo afwfpfk 7(b)(hh).
(i)
stftm t`m p` p`yshife yshife qufkthty t`ft hs inkstfkt inkstfkt tn jmjuim jmjuim t`m rmefthnks`hp bmtwmmk tt`m `m jhst jhstfkim fkim gr grno no t`m t`m imktr imktrmm ng t`m Mfrt` Mfrt` fkj t`m wmhd`t ng t`m sftmeehtm fs hk fkswmr 7(b) (hh). \6 ofrlf` / ofrl _
Ymbuf` sftmeht bmrahsho 233 ld omkdnrbht omkdmehehkdh Buoh pfjf lmthkddhfk =33 lo. Jhbmrhlfk ahsho Buoh hfef` =.84 Ô 632: ld, amafrh Buoh hfef` 7.94 Ô 637 o jfk D ? 7.74 Ô 63 ’66 K o2 ld’2. Bmrfpflf` khefh pmiutfk drfvhth jfk bmrft sftmeht fpfbhef F 233 ld sftmeehtm nrbhthkd t`m Mfrt` ft fk fethtujm ng =33 lo. Dhvmk t`ft t`m ofss ng t`m Mfrt` hs =.84 Ô 632: ld, t`m rfjhus ng t`m Mfrt` hs 7.94 Ô 63 7 o fkj D ? 7.74 Ô 63 ’666 K o2 ld’2. T`ft hs t`m vfeum ng t`m drfvhtfthnkfe fiimemrfth fiimemrfthnk nk fkj t`m wmhd`t ng t`m sftmeehtm w`mk
(h)
bmrfjf jh pmroulffk Buoh> nk t`m surgfim ng t`m Mfrt`>
(hh) bmrfjf pfjf lmthkddhfk =33 lo jfrh pmroulffk Buoh>
ft fk fethtujm ng =33 lo grno t`m surgfim ng t`m Mfrt`>
\: ofrlf` / ofrls_ (j)
KFYF flfk omkddukflfk omkddukflfk rnlmt rnlmt Gfeink Gfeink uktul uktul omefkifrlfk omefkifrlfk sftmeht bmrlnoukhlfsh ifkddh`. KFYF whee usm hts Gfeink rnilmt tn efuki` fk fjvfkimj inooukhifthnk sftmeehtm.
Fkjf jhlm`mkjflh omkifjfkdlfk ihrh-ihrh rnlmt yfkd smsufh yfkd bnem` bmrdmrfl jmkdfk pmiutfk yfkd embh` bmsfr jmkdfk ihrh lmsmefoftfk. Kyftflfk jfk tmrfkdlfk ifjfkdfk fkjf bmrjfsfrlfk ihrh-ihrh bf`fk bhkffk jfk bmktul rnlmt.
Xnu frm rmquhrmj tn suddmst t`m suhtfbem i`frfitmrhsthis i`frfitmrhsthis ng t`m rnilmt t`ft ifk trfvme wht` drmftmr fiimemrfthnk fiimemrfthnk wht` sfgmty gmfturms. Ytftm fkj mxpefhk ynur suddmsthnks bfsmj nk t`m i`frfitmrhsthis ng oftmrhfe fkj s`fpm ng t`m rnilmt. \63 ofrlf` / ofrls_
63
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