Practicas Culturales Vinculadas Al Cuidado de La Salud y Percepción.

 

Arikilcn Drjvj TJU RJTZ HJM JVR WCNZM RZDNIGC

RTÃG]IGCW GZN]ZTCNJW UILGZNCMCW UILGZNCMCW CN GZIMCMA MJ NC WCNZM Y RJTGJRGI×L WADTJ NC C]JLGI×L JL JW]CDNJGIHIJL]AW MJ WCNZM JL TJWIMJL]JW MJ GJL]TAW RADNCMAW CN]A-CLMILAW MJ FZCLGCUJNIGC, RJTß Eénix Ucnjlzujnc-Aré3,c, Erclga Tahclè-Tahclè4,d, Djtty H. Haltjzc-Ecgfa3,g, Muinia Eujltjs-Mjnkcma7,m, Jlhc Uingfjz-Duitral=,j, Aswcnma Wcncvjrry-Kcrgèc:,e  TJWZHJL

Ncs mjsikucnmcmjs jl jn cggjsa y nc gcnimcm mj ctjlgi÷l jl scnum pjrsistjl, jspjgicnhjltj jl padncgialjs clmilcs, gaha nc ganjgtivim ganjgtivimcm cm Gfap Gfapggc. ggc. Mjsgridihas Mjsgridihas nc pjrgjpgi pjrgjpgi÷l ÷l sadrj sadrj nc ctjl ctjlgi÷l gi÷l jl jstcd jstcdnjgih njgihijlta ijltass mj scnu scnum m y ncs prãgtigcs vilguncmcs cn guimcma mj nc scnum jl rjsimjltjs mj gjltras padncmas mj nc rjki÷l Fuclgcvjnigc. Tjcnizchas ul jstumia trclsvjrscn hjmicltj gujstialcria jstrugturcma jl ;;: rjsimjltjs mj gjltras padncmas urdclas y rurcnjs mj nas mistritas mj Ycuni y Rcugcrã. 56,;% rjeijrjl uscr sijhprj pncltcs hjmigilcnjs pcrc gurcrsj, 65,;% lulgc rjcniz÷ pcka c nc tijrrc, 63,=% la fc prcgtigcma prcgtigcma jn gagc qcwcy   a scrc qcwcy . 66,:% cgumj cn jstcdnjgihijlta mj scnum guclma jlejrhc. :;,=% rjeijrj quj jn pjrsalcn mj scnum sijhprj drilmc galeiclzc y sjkurimcm, migfc prapargi÷l js hcyar jl zalcs rurcnjs quj urdclcs (5=,5% vjrsus 46,6%). Ncs gahulimcmjs jstumicmcs mjhclmcl nas sjrvigias mj scnum scnu m aerjgima aerjgimass par jn sistj sistjhc hc earhcn. earhcn. Wil jhdcrka, jhdcrka, pjrsistjl pjrsistjl prãgtigcs gunturcnjs gunturcnjs trcm trcmigial igialcnjs, cnjs, sijlma nc hãs ihpartcltj jn usa mj pncltcs hjmigilcnjs.

Rcncdrcs gncvj? Rjrgjpgi÷l0 Galagihijltas0 Cgtitumjs y Rrãgtigc jl Wcnum0 Ctjlgi÷l prihcric mj scnum0 Hjmigilc trcmigialcn0  Clmjs0 Rjrÿ (eujltj? (eujltj? MjGW DITJHJ).

GZN]ZTCN RTCG]IGJW NIL@JM ]A FJCN]F GCTJ CLM RJTGJR]IAL AL ]FJ C]]JL]IAL FJCN]F ECGINI]IJW IL TJWIMJL]W AE FIKF-CLMJCL WJ]]NJHJL]W IL FZCLGCUJNIGC, RJTZ CDW]TCG] Iljqucnitijs il tjrhs ae cggjss clm qucnity ae fjcntfgcrj pjrsist, jspjgicnny chalk Clmjcl papunctials, sugf cs tfj gahhulity ae Gfapggc. Fjrj, wj mjsgridj tfj pjrgjptial ae fjcntfgcrj pravimjm il hjmigcn ecginitijs cs wjnn cs tfj prcgtigjs nil`jm ta fjcntf gcrj il rjsimjlts ae sjttnjhjlts il tfj Fuclgcvjnigc rjkial. [j gcrrijm aut c grass-sjgtialcn stumy dy hjcls ae c strugturjm qujstiallcirj cmhilistjrjm cmhilistjrjm ta ;;: rjsimjlts ae urdcl clm rurcn tawls t awls ae tfj Ycuni clm Rcugcrã mistrigts. 56.;% rjejr  cnwcys usilk hjmigilcn pnclts ta gurj tfjhsjnvjs0 65.;% ljvjr hcmj c „pcyhjlt‘ ta Hatfjr Jcrtf0 63.=% fcs lat prcgtigjm gagc qcwcy  ar scrc qcwcy . 66.:% ae rjspalmjlts visit tfj hjmigcn ecginity wfjl tfjy ecnn inn. :;.=% rjejr tfct tfj fjcntfgcrj stcee cnwcys  trclshits galeimjlgj clm sjgurity, tfis prapartial is fikfjr il rurcn vs. urdcl crjcs (5=.5% vjrsus 46.6%). ]fj gahhulitijs ulmjr stumy mjhclm tfj fjcntfgcrj sjrvigjs aeejrjm dy tfj earhcn systjh0 ljvjrtfjnjss, trcmitialcn gunturcn prcgtigjs pjrsist, djilk tfj hast ihpartclt alj tfj usj ae hjmigilcn pnclts.

@jywarms? Rjrgjptial0 Fjcntf `lawnjmkj0 Cttitumjs0 Rrcgtigj0 Rrihcry fjcntf gcrj0 ]rcmitialcn hjmigilj0 Clmjcl0 Rjru (saurgj? HjWF LNH).

3 4 7 = : c

Gjltra Lc Lcgialcn gialcn mj Wcnum Iltjrgunturcn, Ilstituta Lcgialcn Lcgialcn mj Wcnum. Nihc, Rjrÿ. Aeigilc Kjljrcn mj IIlvjstikcgi÷l lvjstikcgi÷l y ]rclsejrjlgic ]rclsejrjlgic ]jglan÷kigc, ]jglan÷kigc, Ilstituta L Lcgialcn cgialcn mj Wcnum. Nihc, Nihc, Rjrÿ. Mirjggi÷l mj Kjs Kjsti÷l ti÷l mj Ilvjstikcgi÷l Ilvjstikcgi÷l j Ilearhcgi÷l Ilearhcgi÷l mj nc Kjrjlgic mj Hjm Hjmigilc igilc Gahpnjhjltcric, Gahpnjhjltcric, JsWcnum. Nihc, Nihc, Rjrÿ. Wcnum Wcnum Wi Wil l Nèhitjs Nèhitjs.. Nihc, Nihc, Rjr Rjrÿ. ÿ. Ecguntcm mj H Hjmigilc, jmigilc, Zlivjrsimcm Zlivjrsimcm Lcgialcn Lcgialcn Hcyar mj mj Wcl Hcrgas. Hcrgas. Nihc, Rjrÿ. Magt Magtar ar jl Wcnum Rÿdnigc Rÿdnigc,, Nigjlgicma Nigjlgicma jl Jl Jlejrh ejrhjrèc0 jrèc0  d Hémiga Giruocla0 g Nigjlgicmc jl Jlejrhjrèc Jlejrhjrèc,, Hckistjr jl Wcnum Rÿdnigc0 m Hémiga, Hcjstrèc jl Diaétigc y Kjsti÷l mj nc Gcnimcm0 j Nigjlgicmc jl Jlejrhjrèc, Hckistjr jl Kjrjlgic Wagicn0 e  Hémiga,   Hémiga, Magtar jl Hjmigilc. Tjgidima? 43/2;/423; Cpradcma? 73/23/4236 Jl nèljc? 2:/2=/4236

Gitcr gaha? Ucnjlzujnc-Aré E, Tahclè-Tahclè E, Haltjzc-Ecgfa DH, Eujltjs-Mjnkcma M, Uingfjz-Duitral J, Wcncvjrry-Kcrgèc A. Rrãgtigcs gunturcnjs vilguncmcs cn guimcma mj nc scnum y pjrgjpgi÷l sadrj nc ctjlgi÷l jl jstcdnjgihijltas mj scnum jl rjsimjltjs mj gjltras padncmas cnta-clmilas mj Fuclgcvjnigc, Rjrÿ. Tjv Rjru Hjm Jxp Wcnum Rudnigc. 423607:(3)?6=-94. mai? 32.3;6=7/rphjsp.4236.7:3.7527.

6=

 

Rrãgtigcs gunturcnjs jl scnum 

TJU RJTZ HJM JVR WCNZM RZDNIGC. 423607:(3)?6=-94.

IL]TAMZGGI×L Nc rj rjea earh rhc c mj sc scnu num m jl jn Rj Rjrÿ rÿ tijl tijlj j ga gaha ha ad adoj ojtitiva vass eulmchjltcnjs jn csjkurchijlta ulivjrscn jl scnum (CZW), nc mjsgjltrcnizcgi÷l jl scnum y jn eartcnjgihijlta mjn prihjr livjn mj ctjlgi÷ ctjlgi÷l l (3), nas gucnjs mjdjl guhpnirsj galsimjrclma nc mivjrsimcm gunturcn y étligc mjn pcès, tcn gaha dusgc nc panètigc sjgtaricn mj scnum iltjrgunturcn (4). Wil jhdcrka, sj adsjrvc quj nc rj rjea earh rhc c tijl tijlj j cvcl cvclgj gjss cÿ cÿl l nihi nihitc tcma mas, s, y pjrs pjrsis istj tjl l mjsikucnmcmjs siklieigctivcs jl jn cggjsa y jn jstcma mj scnum jltrj miejrjltj tjss sjkhjlta tass sagiajgal÷higas (7)0 pcrtiguncrhjltj jl padncgialjs ilmèkjlcs u arikilcrics, tclta chcz÷ligcs gaha clmilcs (=‗5).

Wjkÿl jn Hilistjria mj Gunturc, nc mivjrsimcm gunturcn mjn pcès sj pncshc aeigicnhjltj jl :: padncgialjs ilmèkjlcs u arikilcrics (;), ncs gucnjs sj jlgujltrcl jltrj nas sjgtarjs sagicnjs mj hcyar jxgnusi÷l y mjsvjltcoc (6,9). Gcmc ula mj jstas pujdnas arikilcrias tuva ul mjscrranna miejrjlgicma, kjljrclma ilstitugialjs gunturcnjs prapics gaha jn usa mj njlkucs clgjstrcnjs y ulc gashavisi÷l pcrtiguncr, mj nc gucn mjrivc ul sistjhc prapia mj guimcmas mj nc scnum. Mivjrsas jstumias fcl mjsgrita dcrrjrcs mjrivcmcs mj nc pjrgjpgi÷l pjrgj pgi÷l sadrj nas sjrvi sjrvigias gias mj scnum scnum,, csè gaha mj ncs prãgtigcs gunturcnjs, quj cejgtcl nc ihpnjhjltcgi÷l mj nas sjrvigias drilmcmas par jn sistjhc mj scnum earhcn (32‗34). Rcrc jn 4235, jl krupa vunljrcdnjs mjn Rjrÿ (cqujnnas gal njlkuc hctjrlc qujgfuc, cyhcrc u atrc njlkuc lctivc), nc prapargi÷l mj pjrsal salcs quj cgumijral c ul jstcdnjgihijlta jstcdnjgihijl ta mj sscnum cnum jl gcsa mj jlejrhjmcm, sèltahc a hanjstic euj mjn 55% jltrj vcraljs, y mjn 53% jl huojrjs, gal hèlihcs miejrjlgics jltrj jn ãhdita urdcla y ru rurc rcn.n. Na Nass mi mist stri rita tass mj Ycun Ycunii y Rcug Rcugcr crã ã mj nc rj rjki ki÷l ÷l Fuclgcvjnigc gahprjlmjl krupas vunljrcdnjs. Jstas sal gahulimcmjs gchpjsilcs mj nc ganjgtivimcm Gfapggc, nas gucnjs gujltcl gal ckjltjs trcmigialcnjs mj scnum jltrj jnnas ‖gurclmjras’, ‖fchpiq’  (hémigas  (hémigas clmilas), pcrtjras, u atras quj drilmcl ctjlgi÷l cltj pradnjhcs mj scnum (37). Jn adojtiva mjn jstumia euj mjsgridir ncs prãgtigcs gunturcnjs vilguncmcs cn guimcma mj nc scnum y su pjrgjpgi÷l sadrj nc ctjlgi÷l jl jstcdnjgihijltas mj scnum mj gjltras padncmas cnta-clmilas mj nc rjki÷l Fuclgcvjnigc.

JN JW]ZMIA Nc rjki÷l Fuclgcvjnigc sj jlgujltrc jl nc zalc sur clmilc mjn mjn Rj Rjrÿ rÿ c =: =:2 2 `i `in÷ n÷hj hjtr tras as mj Ni Nihc hc (g (gcp cpititcn cn). ). Rr Rrjs jsjl jltc tc ilmigcmarjs sclitcrias mjgrjgijltjs jl nas ÿntihas cóas, par  jojhpn jojhpna, a, nc gadjrt gadjrturc urc mj vcg vcgulc ulcgi÷ gi÷l l DKG hujstr hujstrc c ulc ulc mishilugi mishi lugi÷l ÷l mj 56,7 56,7% % (4229) (4229) c :3,5 :3,5% % (423 (4237), 7), nc ncgtclgic ncgtclgic hctjrlc jxgnusivc (NHJ) jl hjlarjs mj sjis hjsjs pcs÷ mj 52% 52% (4 (422 229) 9) c =6,7 =6,7% % (4 (423 237) 7),, nc ga gadj djrt rtur urc c mj pc pcrj rjoc ocss pratjkimcs par hétamas cltigalgjptivas pcs÷ mj :=,=% (4229) c =2,:% (4237)0 jltrj atras (3=).

HJLWCOJW GNCUJ Nc ctjl ctjlgi gi÷l ÷l jl nas nas jstcdnjgihijltas  mj scnum jl jn Rjrÿ, tijlj hugfcs mieiguntcmjs,  pjrsistjl mjsikucnmcmjs mjsikucnmcmjs jl jn cggjsa c sjrvigias mj gcnimcm, gcnimcm, jxistjl  prãgtigcs gunturcnjs silkuncrjs par na quj js ljgjscria mjsgridir   pjrgjpgialjs y misjócr js jstrctjkics trctjkics quj pj pjrhitcl rhitcl hjoarcr hjoarcr..  Hativcgi÷l pcrc rjcnizcr jn jstumia.

 Rrilgipcnjs fcnnczkas. Jl kjljrcn sj adsjrvc ul pctr÷l mj  pjrgjpgi÷l  ecvarcdnj gal rjspjgta c nc ctjlgi÷l mj scnum, cÿl  pjrsistjl ncs prãgtigcs mj hjmigilc trcmigialcn, usa mj pncltcs hjmigilcnjs, sèlmrahjs y jlejrhjmcmjs gunturcnjs, y dÿsqujmc mj ctjlgi÷l gal ckjltjs trcmigialcnjs.  Ihpnigclgics. Js ljgjscria cdarmcr nc gajxistjlgic gajxistjlgic jltrj nc hjmigilc  tr trcm cmiigial gialcn cn y nc ae aejr jrtc tc mj sjr jrvi vigi gias as jl jstcdnjgihijltas mj scnum, misjóclma jstrctjkics quj pjrhitcl aerjgjr ul sjrvigia gal pjrtiljlgic gunturcn.

Wj rjcniz rjcniz÷ ÷ ul jstum jstumia ia trclsv trclsvjrs jrscn cn jl gah gahul ulimc imcmj mjss cnta cnta clmilcs mj nas mistritas mj Ycuni y Rcugcrã, udigcmas jl ncs pravilgic prav ilgicss mj Fucl Fuclgcvjn gcvjnigc igc y Cgad Cgadchdc chdc,, rjsp rjspjgtiv jgtivchjl chjltj. tj. Jstas mistritas eujral sjnjggialcmas pujs jl sus tjrritarias sj jlgujltrc jlgu jltrcl l csjl csjltcmcs tcmcs ncs gahu gahulimc limcmjs mjs mj nc ganj ganjgtivim gtivimcm cm Gfapggc (37). Jn mistrita mj Ycuni tijlj ulc padncgi÷l jstihcmc (cóa 423:) mj 35 :45 fcditcltjs y ulc prapargi÷l mj padrjzc mjn 6;%, jn mistrita mj Rcugcrã gujltc gal 75 ;37 fcditcltjs (423:) y 69,3% mj padrjzc. Nc padncgi÷l mj jstumia eujral rjsimjltjs mj gahulimcmjs (g (gjl jltr tras as padn padncm cmas as urdc urdcla lass y rurc rurcnj njs) s) mj na nass mi mistr strititas as sjnjggialcmas. Jn mistrita mj Ycuni jstã galearhcma par sijtj gjltras gjltr as padnc padncmas mas urdc urdclas las y 4; rurcnjs, hijltrc hijltrcss Rcug Rcugcrã crã tij tijlj lj lujvj lujvj gjl gjltra trass pa padnc dncma mass urdcla urdclass y 33 rurcnj rurcnjs. s. Nas gjltras padncmas eujral galsimjrcmas gaha galknahjrcmas y ulimcmjs prihcrics mj hujstrja, ncs ulimcmjs sjgulmcrics mj hujstrja hujst rja eujr eujral al ncs vivij vivijlmcs lmcs.. Wj gals galsimjr imjrc c gaha gjltra pa padn dncm cma a urdc ur dcla la, , cs cq cquj ujnikuchjltj n quj qu j tijl tijlj j gaha gaha hèli liha ha 32 322 2y vivijlmcs vivij lmcs ckru ckrupcmc pcmcs galt galtikuc hjltj earhc earhclma lma hè hclz hclzclcs clcs gcnnjs. Jn gjltra padncma rurcn js cqujn quj la tijlj hãs mj 322 vivijlmcs galtikucs earhclma hclzclcs li gcnnjs, li js gcpitcn gcpi tcn mj mistr mistrita0 ita0 a quj, tjlijl tjlijlma ma hãs mj 322 vivij vivijlmcs lmcs,, jstcs sj jlgujltrcl sjhimispjrscs a tatcnhjltj mispjrscs. Wj jstih÷ ul tchcóa hujstrcn pcrc nc jstihcgi÷l mj ulc prapargi÷l, sj galsimjr÷ gaha tchcóa padncgialcn jn lÿhjra tatc tatcnn mj vivi vivijl jlmc mcss pcrc pcrc ch chda dass mi mist stri rita tass (Ycu (Ycunini8= 8= 64 647, 7, Rcugcrã87 6;7, tatcn86 595)0 nc prapargi÷l jspjrcmc euj mjn :2%, ul jrrar rjnctiva mjn 32% y ul jejgta mj misjóa mj 4. Ga Gal l mi migf gfas as supu supujs jsta tass jn tchc tchcóa óa hu hujs jstr trcn cn euj euj mj ;7 ;75 5 vivijlmcs. Wj rjcniz÷ ul hujstrja mj galknahjrcmas sil sud huj hujstrj strja, a, hjmi hjmicl cltj tj nc sjnj sjnjgg ggii÷l sist sistjh jhã ãtigc tigc mj galknahjrcmas gal pradcdinimcm prapargialcn cn lÿhjra mj vi vivi vijl jlmc mcs. s. Mj jstc jstc earh earhc c sj csjk csjkur ur÷ ÷ nc sjnj sjnjgg ggi÷ i÷l l mj galknahjrcmas pragjmjltjs mjn mistrita mj Ycuni y Rcugcrã, y quj sjcl gjltras padncmas urdclas y rurcnjs. Eujral

6:

 

Ucnjlzujnc-Aré E jt cn.

TJU RJTZ HJM JVR WCNZM RZDNIGC. 423607:(3)?6=-94.

sjnjggialcmas trjs galknahjrcmas jl jn mistrita mj Ycuni (jn gjltra padncma urdcla „Gjltra‘ y nas gjltras padncmas rurcnjs „Wcl Oucl mj Ggcrfucgg‘ y „Gfugnncggcsc‘) y mas jl Rcugcrã (jn gjltra padncma urdcla „Rchpcgruz‘ y jn gjltra padncma rurcn „Hjoarcmc‘). Nas gritjrias mj ilgnusi÷l pcrc ncs ulimcmjs mj clãnisis eujral? tjljr ≪36 cóas, sjr jn  ojej mjn fakcr a rjprjsjltcltj cn hahjlta mj nc visitc,

sjnjggialcmcs. Ncs visitcs eujral rjcnizcmcs gcsc par gcsc jl la lavij vijhdr hdrj j mj 423=, 423=, ilvitã ilvitãlma lmasj sj c pc pcrti rtigip gipcr cr c cqu cqujnn jnncs cs ulimcmjs mj clãnisis quj guhpnijrcl nas gritjrias mj ilgnusi÷l. Nc cpnigcgi÷l mjn gujstialcria tuva ulc murcgi÷l prahjmia mj 72 hilutas. Nc ilearhcgi÷l euj ilkrjscmc c ulc dcsj mj mctas jl jn prakrchc Jxgjn HW, jn ilkrjsa mj nas mctas euj rjcnizcma par mas mikitcmarjs gijkas j ilmjpjlmijltjs, pastjriarhjltj jn

rjsimir jl nc gahulimcm par hãs mj ul cóa y drilmcr  galsjltihijlta ilearhcma par jsgrita.

ilv ilvjst jstikc ikcmar mar prilgi prilgipc pcnn rjcniz rjcniz÷ ÷ jn gal galtra trann mj gcn gcnimc imcm m mj nc tatcnimcm mj mctas ilkrjscmas.

Wj cpnig cpnig÷ ÷ ul gujs gujstialc tialcria ria jstru jstrugturc gturcma ma quj rjgaki÷ mctas mjhakrãeigas, rjpartj mj prãgtigcs gunturcnjs (imiahc, cgumj c urqu qcycy , prãgti prãgtigc gc mj pc pcka ka c nc tijrrc, tijrrc, prãgtigc prãgtigc mjn gagc qcwcy/scrc qcwcy , usa mj pncltcs hjmigilcnjs, galagihijltas mj hcnj hcnjs, s, prã rãgt gtig igc c mj gurc gurcgi gia alj ljs, s, ctj tjlg lgi÷ i÷l l gal gal gurclmjra gurc lmjras/pcr s/pcrtjrcs tjrcs,, pcrtigipc pcrtigipcgi÷l gi÷l jl eijst eijstcs cs gahu gahulitcr litcrics), ics), gcrcgtjrèstigcs mjn usa y cggjsa c jstcdnjgihijltas mj scnum (JJ. WW.) (nukcr mj ctjlgi÷l, erjgujlgic mj usa mj JJ. WW., tijhpa mj trcsncma c JJ. WW., tijhpa mj jspjrc pcrc ctjlgi÷l, tipa tipa mj ct ctjl jlgi gi÷l ÷l,, im imia iahc hc mjn mjn pjrs pjrsal alcn cn mjn mjn JJ. JJ. WW, WW, jltjlmihijlta mjn pjrsalcn), pjrgjpgi÷l sadrj nc ctjlgi÷l mjn pjrsalcn mj scnum jl jn galsuntaria (galeiclzc y sjkurimcm,

Wj rjcniz÷ jn clãnisis mjsgriptiva hjmicltj erjgujlgics y pargjltco pargj ltcojs js mj ncs gcrc gcrcgtjrè gtjrèstigc stigcss mjha mjhakrãe krãeigcs igcs pcrc jn tatcn tatcn mj nc hujst hujstrc rc y jstrct jstrctiei ieigcm gcma a par tipa mj gjl gjltra tra padncma (urdcla y rurcn). Wj rjcniz÷ jn clãnisis mjsgriptiva mj ncs prãgtigcs gunturcnjs, y nc pjrgjpgi÷l mj nas usucrias sadrj nas sjrvigias mj scnum sjkÿl tipa mj gjltra padncma, sj gahpcrcral prapargialjs pcrc hujstrcs ilmjpj ilmjpjlmi lmijlt jltjs js hjmic hjmicltj ltj nc pru prujdc jdc gfi guc gucmrc mrcma. ma. Wj galsimjr÷ ul vcnar p>2,2: gaha siklieigctiva. Jn clãnisis jstcmèstiga euj rjcnizcma jl jn pcqujtj WRWW vjrsi÷l 44 pcrc [ilmaws (Gfigcka, IN, ZWC).

prjkultc sadrj mj galsuntc, privcgimcm, jxpnigcgi÷l mj pr prag agjm jmih ihij ijlt ltas as,, hativa pr prjk jkul ultc tcs s sadr sa drj j ga galt ltjx jxta ta echi echininicr cr,, gahuligcgi÷l pcuscmc, apartulimcm mj prjkultcr, rjsanugi÷l mj mjnn pradnj pradnjhc hc mj scn scnum um,, ilt iltjré jréss sadrj sadrj earhcs earhcs mj gur gurcgi cgi÷l ÷l trcm trcmig igia ialc lcn,n, tijh tijhpa pa pc pcrc rc ctjl ctjlgi gi÷l ÷l), ), pjrg pjrgjp jpgi gi÷l ÷l sa sadr drj j jstrctjkic jstrc tjkicss jhpnjcmc jhpnjcmcss par jn JJ. WW. (pcrtigip (pcrtigipcgi÷l cgi÷l jl nc prakrchcgi÷l mj cgtivimcmjs mj scnum gahulitcric, prahagi÷l mj ctjlgi÷l mj scnum y nas prakrchcs sagicnjs), pjrgjpgi÷l sadrj ncdar jl prahagi÷l y prjvjlgi÷l jl scnum (rjcnizcgi÷l mj gfcrncs mj prjvjlgi÷l mj jlejrhjmcmjs, jlgujltras mj hcmrjs/ kjstcltjs, gchpcócs/ejrics mj scnum).

Jn il ilst stru ruhj hjlt lta a euj euj cm cmcp cptc tcma ma mj nc Jl Jlgu gujs jstc tc mj Wctisecggi÷l mj Zsucrias Jxtjrlas mj Wjrvigias mj Wcnum mjn Hilistjria mj Wcnum, pastjriarhjltj euj sahjtima c  ouigia mj trjs jxpjrtas jxpjrtas jl scnum iltjrguntur iltjrgunturcn cn pcrc jvcnucr nc vcnimjz mj galtjlima y eilcnhjltj c prujdc pinata jl ulc gahulimcm gahu limcm mjn mist mistrita rita mj Cgar Cgaric ic (gjlt (gjltra ra padn padncma cma „Nas  Ãlkjnjs mj Ggcrcfucsc‘) pcrc hjoarcr nc vicdinimcm mjn ilstruhjlta, ceilclma jn tijhpa jhpnjcma par suojta mj jstumia, nc gncrimcm mj ncs prjkultcs y su nnjlcma. Nc ilvjst ilvjstikc ikcgi÷ gi÷l l euj prj prjsjl sjltcm tcmc c c ncs cutari cutarimcm mcmjs js mjn kadijrla kadi jrla rjkia rjkialcn, lcn, mirj mirjggi÷l ggi÷l mj scnum mj Fucl Fuclgcvjni gcvjnigc, gc, huligipcnimcmjss mistritcnjs y mirikjltjs mj ncs ggahulimcmjs huligipcnimcmj ahulimcmjs sjnjggialcmcs. Wj imjltieig÷ c pjrsalcn mj scnum nagcn quj mjhastrcral mahilia mjn qujgfuc y jxpjrijlgic prjvic jl gcpturc mj ilearhcgi÷l jl gchpa, pastjriarhjltj eujral jlt jltrjl rjlcma cmass jl csp cspjgt jgtas as mj iltjrg iltjrgunt unturc urcnim nimcm cm y usa mj fjrrchijltcs gaha miãnaka iltjrgunturcn jl scnum. Migfa pjrsalcn cpnig÷ jn ilstruhjlta mj rjganjggi÷l mj mctas. Rrjvichjltj gal jn cpaya mj ncs cutarimcmjs nagcnjs sj galstruy÷ jn hcpja mj vivijlmcs mj ncs gahulimcmjs

65

Jn jstu jstumi mia a euj euj cpra cpradc dcma ma par par jn Gahi Gahité té mj Étig Étigc c jl Ilvjstikcgi÷l mjn Ilstituta Lcgialcn mj Wcnum. Nc mirjggi÷l rjkialcn mj scnum Fuclgcvjnigc cutariz÷ nc jojgugi÷l mjn jstumia. Wj sanigit÷ galsjltihijlta ilearhcma par jsgrita c nas suojtas jnjkidnjs, y sj kcrcltiz÷ quj jn trctchijlta y cnhcgjlchijlta cnhcgjlchijl ta mj mctas sj rjcnigj jl earhc cl÷lihc.

FCNNC_KAW Wj ilv ilvit÷ it÷ c pcrtig pcrtigipc ipcrr c ;;: pjrsal pjrsalcs, cs, nc tat tatcni cnimcm mcm cgjpt÷ cgj pt÷ pcrtig pcrtigipc ipcrr y gahpnj gahpnjt÷ t÷ jn gujsti gujstialc alcria ria.. Mj nc hujstrc jlrancmc, =23 (:3,;%) eujral rjsimjltjs mjn gjltra padncma rurcn „Wcl Oucl mj Ggcrfucgg‘, 3;: (44,5%) mjn gjltra padncma rurcn „Gfugnncggcsc‘, 337 (3=,5%) mjn gjltra padncma urdcla „Rchpcgruz‘, =7 (:,:%) mjn padncma gjltramapadncma „Hjoarcmc‘ y =7(l8539) (:,:%) mjn gjltra padnc urdclarurcn „Gjltra‘. „Gjltra ‘. Jn ;9,9% rjsimj jl gjltras padncmas rurcnjs. =9: (57,9%) eujral huojrjs, 54: (62,5%) rjeijrjl sjr  rjsimj rjs imjltj ltjss pjrhcl pjrhcljlt jltjs js mj sus gahuli gahulimcm mcmjs, js, :2; (5:,=% (5: ,=%)) rje rjeijr ijrjl jl fcdncr fcdncr s÷n s÷na a qujgfu qujgfuc. c. Nc hjmic hjmic y mjsvicgi÷l jstãlmcr (MJ) pcrc jn lÿhjra mj fioas jl ncs echinics mj gjltras padncmas urdclas euj mj 7,7: ³ 4,3;, hijltrcs hijltrcs quj jl gjltras padncmas rurcnjs euj mj 7,;4 ³ 4,:; (p82,24). 92,7% rjeijrjl tjljr ilkrjsas hjlsucnjs hjlsu cnjs >:22 sanjs/hjs, sanjs/hjs, sijlma jstc prapargi÷l hcyar jl gjltras padncmas rurcnjs (95,9%) (]cdnc 3). Jn urqu qcycq (gurclmjra quj ilvagc c nas gjrras pcrc ilmckcr  ncs gcuscs mj ulc manjlgic) lulgc fc sima prcgtigcma par jn 6: 6:,:% ,:% mj nas pcrt pcrtigi igipcl pcltjs tjs,, jn pck pcka a c nc tijrrc tijrrc lulg lulgc c euj rjcnizcm rjcn izcmc c par jn 65,; 65,;% % mj pcrtigip pcrtigipcltj cltjs, s, nc prãgtigc mjn gagc qcwcy a scrc qcwcy  (njgturc  (njgturc mj nc faoc mj

 

Rrãgtigcs gunturcnjs jl scnum 

TJU RJTZ HJM JVR WCNZM RZDNIGC. 423607:(3)?6=-94.

]cdnc 3. Gcrcgtjrèstigcs sagiamjhakrãeigcs sagiamjhakrãeigcs mj pjrsalcs jlgujstcmcs sjkÿl tipa mj gjltra padncma jl nas mistritas mj Ycuni y Rcugcrã, rjki÷l Fuclgcvjnigc, 423=

Gjltra padncma Gcrcgtjrèstigcs

Krupa jtcria (cóas) 36-72

Zrdcla (3:5)

Turcn (539)

]atcn (;;:)

l (%)

l (%)

l (%)

=6 (72,6)

4=; (79,9)

49: (76,3)

73-=2

74 (42,:)

3:; (4:,=)

369 (4=,=)

=3-:2

4; (3;,7)

93 (3=,;)

336 (3:,4)

:3-52

72 (39,4)

;7 (33,6)

327 (37,7)

:22

322 (5=,3)

522 (95,9)

;22 (92,7)

≪:22

:5 (7:,9)

39 (7,3)

;: (9,;)

Sujgfuc

69 (:;,3)

=36 (5;,:)

:2; (5:,=)

Gcstjnncla

3; (32,9)

(2,7)

39 (4,:)

Sujgfuc y Gcstjnncla

:2 (7 ( 74,3)

399 (7 ( 74,3)

4=9 ((7 74,3)

32= (55,;)

=79 (;2,9)

:=7 (;2,3)

:2 (74,3)

3;2 (4;,:)

442 (46,=)

Imiahc  

4

Tjniki÷l Gct÷niga Jvclkéniga Atra

2

 

7

(2,:)

7 (2,=)

Lilkula ]ijhpa mj rjsimjlgic

4 (3,7)

 

;

(3,3)

9 (3,4)

Mjsmj lcgihijlta

9= (5 (52,7)

:73 (6 (6:,6)

54: ((6 62,5)

Tjsimj jltrj 3 ‗ 7 cóas

42 (34,6)

43 (7,=)

=3 (:,7)

(3,:)

3: (3,9)

75 (47,3)

:6 (9,=)

9= (34,3)

3:= (96,;)

53; (99,;)

;;3 (99,:)

Tjsimj jltrj = - 5 cóas Tjsimj hãs mj 5 cóas pjra la mjsmj lcgihijlta

5 (7,6)

 

9

Wjkura mj scnum Wè La

4 (3,7)

 

4

(2,7)

= (2,:)

; (=,:)

 

;

(3,3)

3= (3,6)

Lÿhjra mj fioas par echinic Lilkula 3c4 7c=

54 (79,;) =4 (45,9)

4=6 (=2,3) 3:: (4:,2)

732 (=2,2) 39; (4:,=)

≪:

=: (46,6)

429 (77,6)

4:= (74,6)

6;

 

Ucnjlzujnc-Aré E jt cn.

TJU RJTZ HJM JVR WCNZM RZDNIGC. 423607:(3)?6=-94.

gagc y krcla mj hcèz pcrc cvjrikucr gcuscs mj manjlgics, rjspjgtivchjltj) lulgc euj rjcnizcmc par jn 63,=%. Jn rjpartj mj uscr sijhprj sijhprj pncltcs hjmigilcnjs hjmigilcnjs euj jl jn 56,;%. 56,;%. Jl gjltras padncmas rurcnjs, jn 32,=% rjeijrj lulgc fcdjr uscma pncltcs pncl tcs hjmigilc hjmigilcnjs njs hijltrcs hijltrcs jl gjltr gjltras as pad padncmas ncmas urdclas urdclas migfa pargjltcoj euj 4,5% (]cdnc 4).

mj hjmi hjmigilc gilc trcmigia trcmigialcn lcn js hcya hcyarr (:,; (:,;% % vjrsu vjrsuss 7,6% 7,6%). ). Tjspjgta c nc cggjsidinimcm, jl gjltras padncmas urdclas, jn 6:,9% rjeijrj nnjkcr cn JJ. WW. jl hjlas mj 72 hilutas, hijltr hij ltrcs cs quj jl ãrj ãrjcs cs rurcnj rurcnjss migfc migfc pra prapar pargi÷ gi÷l l js mj 52,7%. 52,7 %. Jl gjltras padncmas urdcla urdclas, s, jn :3,7 :3,7% % rjei rjeijrj jrj cgumir cn JJ. WW. par ctjlgi÷l pjmiãtrigc, jl jn ãhdita rurcnn pril rurc prilgipcn gipcnhjlt hjltj j dusgc dusgcl l ctjl ctjlgi÷l gi÷l hctj hctjrla-il rla-ileclt ecltinin

66,:% mj pcrtigipcltjs rjeijrj jl JJ. WW., jstc prapargi÷l js hcyar jldusgcr gjltrasctjlgi÷l padncmas urdclas (9:,:% vjrsus 65,6%, p82,22;). Jl jn ãhdita rurcn, jn usa

(::,7%). Jn 52,3% rjeijrj migfa quj jnpargjltcoj pjrsalcn js qujhcyar na ctijlmj fcdnc qujgfuc y jspcóan, jl jn ãrjc rurcn (54,6%) (]cdnc 7).

]cdnc 4. Rrãgtigcs gunturcnjs vilguncmcs cn guimcma mj nc scnum jl rjsimjltjs mj gilga gjltras padncmas rurcnjs y 

urdclas mj Fuclgcvjnigc, Rjrÿ 423= Gcrcgtjrèstigcs

]ipa mj gjltra padncma Zrdcla Turcn l (%)

l (%)

]atcn l (%)

Ucnar mj p

±Cgumj c urqu qcycq guclma tijlj pradnjhcs mj scnum1 Wijhprj

: (7,4)

73 (:,2)

75 (=,;)

 C vjgjs

42 (34,6)

:5 (9,3)

;5 (9,6)

Lulgc

373 (6=,2)

:49 (6:,9)

552 (6:,:)

: (7,4)

2,4:9

±Tjcnizcl pcka c nc tijrrc1 Wijhprj  C vjgjs

4; (3;,7)

74 (:,4) 79 (5,7)

7; (=,6) 55 (6,:)

Lulgc

34= (;9,:)

:=6 (66,:)

5;4 (65,;)

Wijhprj

6 (:,3)

:4 (6,=)

52 (;,;)

 C vjgjs

3; (32,9)

5; (32,6)

6= (32,6)

Lulgc

373 (6=,2)

:22 (5=,:)

573 (63,=)

Wijhprj

373 (6=,2)

=23 (5=,9)

:74 (56,;)

 C vjgjs

43 (37,:)

3:7 (4=,6)

3;= (44,:)

= (4,5)

5= (32,=)

56 (6,6)

:= (7=,5) 56 (=7,5)

355 (45,6) 436 (7:,4)

442 (46,=) 465 (75,9)

7= (43,6)

47: (76,2)

459 (7=,;)

Wijhprj

=6 (72,6)

5= (32,7)

334 (3=,:)

 C vjgjs

:9 (7;,6)

33= (36,=)

3;7 (44,7)

Lulgc

=9 (73,=)

==3 (;3,4)

=92 (57,4)

Wijhprj

6 (:,3)

4: (=,2)

77 (=,7)

 C vjgjs

39 (34,4)

;7 (33,6)

94 (33,9)

Lulgc

349 (64,;)

:43 (6=,4)

5:2 (67,9)

Wijhprj  C vjgjs

44 (3=,3) =; (72,3)

455 (=7,2) 43; (7:,3)

466 (7;,4) 45= (7=,3)

Lulgc

6; (::,6)

375 (44,2)

447 (46,6)

>2,23

±Rrcgtigcl jn gagc qcwcy  a  a jn scrc qcwcy 1 2,792

±Zsc pncltcs hjmigilcnjs pcrc gurcrsj1

Lulgc ±Grjjl jl hcnjs mj scnum gaha jn sinn`i, ócti, urifuc jltrj atras1 Wijhprj  C vjgjs Lulgc ±Rrcgtigc cnkÿl tipa mj gurcgi÷l1? qcycpu  (nnchcr, supnigcr cn

>2,23

>2,23

jspèritu jl gcsa mj susta), pcscmc gal fujva, sadc gal guy1

>2,23

±Cgumjl cn gurclmjra a pcrtjrc erjltj c pradnjhcs mj scnum1

2,643

±Rcrtigipcl jl eijstcs gastuhdristcs1

66

>2,23

 

Rrãgtigcs gunturcnjs jl scnum 

TJU RJTZ HJM JVR WCNZM RZDNIGC. 423607:(3)?6=-94.

]cdnc 7. Gcrcgtjrèstigcs mj usa y cggjsa c nas jstcdnjgihijltas mj scnum jl rjsimjltjs mj gilga gjltras padncmas rurcnjs y urdclas mj Fuclgcvjnigc, Rjrÿ 423= ]ipa mj gjltra padncma Zrdcla Turcn

Gcrcgtjrèstigcs

l (%)

l (%)

]atcn

Ucnar  

l (%)

mj p

=3 (:,7)

2,22;

±M÷lmj cgumj guclma sj jlejrhc1 Zsc hjmigilc trcmigialcn pcrc gurcrsj

5

(7,6)

7: (:,;)

3

(2,5)

6 (3,7)

2 (2)

79 (5,7)

79 (:,2)

3=9 (9:,:)

:7; (65,6)

565 (66,:)

36 (33,;)

:3 (6,7)

59 (6,9)

Mj mas c trjs vjgjs

5: (= (=4,4)

365 (72,3)

4:3 (7 (74,:)

Mj guctra c gilga

73 (4 (42,3)

63 ((3 37,3)

334 ((3 3=,:)

=2 (45,2)

722 ((= =6,:)

7=2 (==,2)

37= (6:,9)

7;7 (52,7)

:2; (5:,=)

37 (6,7)

3:; (4:,=)

3;2 (43,9)

7

(3,9)

5= (32,7)

5; (6,5)

5

(7,6)

4: (=,2)

73 (=,2)

37 (6,7)

3;6 (46,6)

393 (4=,5)

72 c 52

:7 (7=,2)

7:: (:;,=)

=26 (:4,5)

53 c 342

=: (46,6)

59 (33,3)

33= (3=,;)

72 72 c 52 53 c 342

 

72

 

9

(3,4)

>2,23

>2,23

2,23

±Sué tipa mj ctjlgi÷l dusgcl kjljrcnhjltj jl jn jstcdnjgihijlta

mj scnum1  Ctjlgi÷l pcrc lióa

 Ctjlgi÷l pcrc cmunta cmunta hcyar Zrkjlgics y jhjrkjlgics

>2,23

±Sué imiahc fcdnc jn pjrsalcn quj na ctijlmj1 W÷na qujgfuc

>2,23

±Jltijlmj ncs jxpnigcgialjs mjn pjrsalcn mj scnum1

La jltijlma lcmc

 

:;,=% rjeij :;,=% rjeijrjl rjl quj jn pjrsalcn pjrsalcn mj scnum scnum hujstrc hujstrc sijhprj galeiclzc y sjkurimcm. Jl gjltras padncmas urdclas ul hcyar  pargjltcoj (79,;%) rjeijrj nc cusjlgic mj jstc gcrcgtjrèstigc gahpcrcma gal gjltras padncmas rurcnjs (:,4%). Jl jn ãhdita rurcn, rurcn, ;3,4% ;3,4% rjeijr rjeijrjl jl quj quj jn pjr pjrsal salcn cn mj scn scnum um sijhpr sijhprj j prjkultc jn hativa mj galsuntc, migfc prapargi÷l

:

2,23

js hjlar jl jn ãhdita urdcla (=9,=%). Ikucnhjltj, c livjn rurcn ulc hcyar prapar prapargi÷l gi÷l mj pcrt pcrtigipc igipcltjs ltjs rjeijrj rjeijrjl l quj sijhprj sj jxpnigc nas pragjmihijltas murcltj nc galsuntc (;2,7%) y prjkultc sadrj jn galtjxta echinicr (;2,3%). Jn =,5% mj pcrtigipcltjs rjeijrj quj jn pjrsalcn mj scnum la nj rjsujnvj jn pradnjhc hativa mj galsuntc (]cdnc =).

69

 

Ucnjlzujnc-Aré E jt cn.

TJU RJTZ HJM JVR WCNZM RZDNIGC. 423607:(3)?6=-94.

]cdnc =. Rjrgjpgialjs mj rjsimjltjs mj gjltras padncmas rurcnjs y urdclas sadrj nc ctjlgi÷l mj scnum jl galsuntaria y ncs  

cgtivimcmjs mj prahagi÷l y prjvjlgi÷l mj scnum ihpnjhjltcmcs par nas jstcdnjgihijltas mj scnum, Fuclgcvjnigc, Rjrÿ 423= ]ipa mj gjltra padncma Gcrcgtjrèstigcs

Zrdcla

Turcn

]atcn

Ucnar  

l (%)

l (%)

l (%)

mj p

>2,23

 Ctjlgi÷l jl galsuntaria galsuntaria

Jn pjrsalcn mj scnum hujstrc galeiclzc y sjkurimcm Wijhprj Gcsi sijhprj Lulgc Jn pjrsalcn mj scnum prjkultc jn hativa mj galsuntc Wijhprj Gcsi sijhprj Lulgc Jn pjrsalcn csjkurc nc privcgimcm Wijhprj Gcsi sijhprj Lulgc Jn pjrsalcn mj scnum jxchilc jxpnigclma nas pragjmihijltas Wijhprj Gcsi sijhprj Lulgc Jn pjrsalcn mj scnum prjkultc sadrj jn galtjxta echinicr  Wijhprj G Lc usligscijhprj Jn pjrsalcn mj scnum nj fcdnc pcuscma Wijhprj Gcsi sijhprj Lulgc Jn pjrsalcn drilmc apartulimcm pcrc prjkultcr  Wijhprj Gcsi sijhprj Lulgc Jn pjrsalcn rjsujnvj jn pradnjhc mj scnum Wijhprj Gcsi sijhprj Lulgc Jn pjrsalcn mj scnum pjrhitj quj jn pcgijltj jxpniquj g÷ha sj gurc trcmigialcnhjltj Wijhprj Gcsi sijhprj Lulgc Jn pjrsalcn drilmc tijhpa sueigijltj cn usucria Wijhprj Gcsi sijhprj Lulgc

=: (46,6) =9 (73,=) 54 (79,;)

=22 (5=,5) 36; (72,4) 74 (:,4)

==: (:;,=) 475 (72,:)

;; (=9,=) 56 (=7,5) 33 (;,3)

==3 (;3,4) 3=5 (47,5) 74 (:,4)

:36 (55,6) 43= (4;,5) =7 (:,:)

>2,23

337 (;4,=) =3 (45,7) 4 (3,7)

=64 (;;,9) 349 (42,6) 6 (3,7)

:9: (;5,6) 3;2 (43,9) 32 (3,7)

2,779

;6 (:2,2) 55 (=4,7) 34 (;,;)

=7: (;2,7) 3:5 (4:,4) 46 (=,:)

:37 (55,4) 444 (46,5) =2 (:,4)

>2,23

=3 (45,7)

=7= (;2,3)

=;: (53,7)

>2,23

7 ;5 9 ((4 :7 2,,3 5))

345=3 ((9 4,29,)2)

3= 52 2 ((3 46 2,,3 5)) 3

9= (52,7) :7 (7=,2) 9 (:,6)

753 (:6,7) 475 (76,3) 44 (7,5)

=:: (:6,;) 469 (7;,7) 73 (=,2)

2,775

55 (=4,7) ;; (=9,=) 37 (6,7)

7:7 (:;,2) 424 (74,5) 5= (32,7)

=39 (:=,3) 4;9 (75,2) ;; (9,9)

>2,23

:7 (7=,2) 9= (52,7) 9 (:,6)

757 (:6,5) 449 (7;,2) 4; (=,=)

=35 (:7,;) 747 (=3,;) 75 (=,5)

>2,23

79 (4:,2) ;6 (:2,2) 79 (4:,2)

446 (75,6) 46; (=5,=) 32= (35,6)

45; (7=,:) 75: (=;,3) 3=7 (36,:)

>2,23

9: (52,9) :4 (77,7) 9 (:,6)

792 (57,2) 427 (74,6) 45 (=,4)

=6: (54,5) 4:: (74,9) 7: (=,:)

2,5;6

76 (4=,=) 62 (:3,7) 7: (44,=) 7 (3,9)

796 (5=,7) 3=9 (4=,3) 7; (5,2) 7 (:,;)

=75 (:5,7) 449 (49,:) ;4 (9,7) 76 (=,9)

>2,23

4= (3:,=) 65 (::,3) 73 (39,9) 3: (9,5)

432 (77,9) 49; (=6,2) :9 (9,:) :7 (6,5)

47= (72,4) 767 (=9,=)

>2,23

3 55 3 ((3 72 9,,7 3)) ;4 (=5,4) ; (=,:)

3 4= 9; 7 ((4 =7 ;,,; 7)) 34= (42,2) :: (6,9)

3 75 :7 = ((4 =3 :,,2 ;)) 395 (4:,7) 54 (6,2)

9= (34,3)

 Cgtivimcmjs mj prahagi÷l prahagi÷l y prjvjlgi÷l jl scnum  Jn jstcdnjgihijlta mj scnum drilmc gfcrncs sadrj prjvjlgi÷l mj jlejrhjmcmjs

Wijhprj Gcsi sijhprj Lulgc La apilc Jn jstcdnjgihijlta mj scnum arkclizc jlgujltras mj kjstcltjs y hcmrjs Wijhprj Gcsi sijhprj Lulgc La apilc Jn jstcdnjgihijlta mj scnum arkclizc gchpcócs a ejrics mj scnum W Gicjshi psirjjhprj Lulgc La apilc

92

92 (33,5)

56 (6,6) >2,23

 

TJU RJTZ HJM JVR WCNZM RZDNIGC. 423607:(3)?6=-94.

=7,9% rjeijrjl quj jn JJ. WW. lulgc ilgnuyj c nas usucrias jl su pr prak akrc rchc hcgi gi÷l ÷l mj cg cgtitivi vimc mcmj mjs. s. Jn 3; 3;,6 ,6% % (l (l83 8332 32)) mj pcrtigipcltjs mj gjltras padncmas rurcnjs rjeijrjl quj jn JJ. WW. sijhprj nas ilgnuyj jl nc prakrchcgi÷l, prakrchcgi÷l, y =2,;% (l84:4) cnkulcs vjgjs0 jl jn ãhdita urdcla migfcs erjgujlgics sal hjlarjs, hjla rjs, ;,;% (l834) (l834) pcrc sijhprj sijhprj y 79,3% 79,3% (l853) (l853) pcrc cnkulcs vjgjs (p˄2,23). Jn ;;,=% rjeijrj quj nas prakrchcs sagicn sag icnjs js („O („Oul ultas tas‘, ‘, „Rjlsi „Rjlsi÷l ÷l 5:‘) 5:‘) sijhpr sijhprj j galmig galmigial ialcl cl nc dÿsqujmc mj ctjlgi÷l jl nas JJ. WW., jl jn ãhdita rurcn migfc prapa prapargi rgi÷l ÷l js mj mjnn ;5 ;5,;% ,;% (l8=; (l8=;:) :) y jl jn urdcla urdcla mj 62 62% % (l834=). Jn 9,7% mj nc hujstrc rjeijrj quj jn JJ. WW. la dril drilmc mc gfcrn gfcrncs cs sadr sadrj j prjvjlgi÷ prjvjlgi÷l l mj jlejrhjmc jlejrhjmcmjs, mjs, migfc migf c prapargi÷ prapargi÷l l js siklieigc siklieigctivch tivchjltj jltj hcyar hcyar jl jn ãhdita ãhdita urdcla (44,=%) gahpcrcma gal jn rurcn (5,2%) (p˄2,23). Jn 33,5% rjpartc quj nas JJ. WW. la arkclizcl jlgujltras mj hcmrjs/kjstcltjs, sijlma hjlas erjgujltj su rjcnizcgi÷l jl jn ãhd ãhdita ita urdcla urdcla,, tjl tjlmjl mjlgic gic sihinc sihincrr sj adsjrv adsjrvc c pc pcrc rc nc arkclizcgi÷l mj gchpcócs/ejrics mj scnum (]cdnc =).

Rrãgtigcs gunturcnjs jl scnum 

5:‘) quj galmigialcl galmigialcl cn usa mj nas sjrvigias sjrvigias mj scnum0 scnum0 par sclgialjs jgal÷higcs pcrc situcgialjs mj pcrta mahiginicria (36)0 y par jn ilgrjhjlta ilgrjhjlta mj nc gadjrturc gadjrturc mjn csjkurchijlta jl scnum.  C pjscr mj nc hjoarc gucltitctivc jl nc gadjrturc prjstcgialcn mjn sjgtar earhcn mj scnum, cÿl pjrsistjl, jl miejrjltjs krcmas prãgtigcs mj hjmigilc trcmigialcn, gaha jn usa mj sèlmrahjs y jlejrhjmcmjs gunturcnjs, prãgtigc mj gurcgialjs y dÿsqujmc mj ctjl ctjlgi÷l gi÷l gal ckj ckjltjs ltjs trcm trcmigial igialcnjs. cnjs. Migfc gajxi gajxistjlgi stjlgic c galearhc ul jgasistjhc hixta mj aejrtc mj ctjlgi÷l jl scnum, jn gucn gucn fc sima sima mj mjsg sgri rita ta jl gahu gahuli limc mcmj mjss cl clmi milc lcss (:)  y chcz÷ligcs mjn Rjrÿ (=) Tjspjgta c ncs gcrcgtjrèstigcs mjn cggjsa c nas JJ. WW. nas pcrtigipcltjs mj gjltras padncmas rurcnjs rjeijrjl ul hcyar  tijhpa mj nnjkcmc cn jstcdnjgihijlta, ul 3=% mj usucrias jl zalcs rurcnjs rjeijrjl hãs mj ulc farc pcrc nnjkcr cn

MIWGZWI×L

JJ. WW. Wil jhd jhdcrka, crka, sj adsjrv÷ quj jn tijhp tijhpa a mj jspjrc pcrc sjr ctjlmima tijlmj c sjr hjlar gahpcrcma gal nas

Jn 92% mj pcrtigipcltjs rjeijrj cgumir c nas JJ. WW. guclma

JJ. WW jl zalcs urdclcs. Ncs mieiguntcmjs jl jn cggjsa sj mjdjrècl mjdj rècl c nc ecntc mj gcrrj gcrrjtjrc tjrcs, s, ulim ulimcmjs cmjs mj trcl trclspar spartj tj

jlejrhcl jlej rhcl,, jstj ilmigcma gcmarr quj js jspjgicnh jspj gicnhjltj jltj ihpartcltj ihpar tcltj jlc gahulimcmjs galilmi echinics rjpartcl ilkrjsas hjlarjs :22 sanjs y hcyaritcri hcyaritcrichjl chjltj tj qujgfuc qujgfuc fcdncltjs, fcdncltjs, y malmj malmj prjvichjltj, jl jn 422; jn Ilstituta Lcgialcn mj Jstcmèstigc j Ilearhãtigc rjpart÷ quj jl gjltras padncmas gaha „Hjoarcmc‘ y „Gfugnncggcsc‘ jn csjkurchijlta cn Wjkura Iltjkrcn mj Wcnum jrc mjn =6,=% y :5%, rjspjgtivchjltj (37). Tjspjgta c prãgtigcs gunturcnjs vilguncmcs cn guimcma mj nc scnum, jn cgumir cn urqu qcycq, jn pcka c nc tijrrc, y jn gagc erjgujltj ltjss jl nas mis mistri tritas tas qcwc wcy y a  scrc scrc q qcw cwcy cy la sal erjguj jstumicmas. Jn usa mj pncltcs hjmigilcnjs js nc prãgtigc hãs erjgujltj, erjgu jltj, jspjgicnh jspjgicnhjltj jltj jl nas gjltras gjltras padncma padncmass urdclas, urdclas, gal prapargialjs sihincrjs c ncs jlgaltrcmcs jl usucrias mj ma mass gjltra gjltrass fas faspit pitcnc cncria riass mj nc giumc giumcm m mj Gusga (3:). Nc erjgujlgic mj usa jstcrèc csagicma c nc vcricmc y cdulmcltj aejrtc aejr tc mj pncltcs pncltcs hjmigilcnjs hjmigilcnjs jl nas hjrgcmas hjrgcmas (35,3;). Wj fc rjpartcma quj jn usa mj nc hjmigilc trcmigialcn jl padncgi÷l Gfapgg Gfa pggc c fc mis mishil hiluim uima, a, pc pcrc rc jn 4226 4226 jrc gahÿl gahÿl quj nc hcyarèc mj nas iltjkrcltjs mj jstc ganjgtivimcm cgumc c nas yjrdjras y usj pncltcs hjmigilcnjs cltjs quj ctjlmjrsj jl nas JJ. WW. Ncs gcuscs ctriduimcs pcrc mjgimir par nc hjmigilc trcmigialcn jrcl nc iljeigijlgic mj nas hjmigchjltas prjsgritas y nc prjsjlgic mj pjrsalcn tégliga jl sustitugi÷l mj hémigas (37) . Lujstr Luj stras as rjsunt rjsuntcma cmass hujstr hujstrcl cl qu quj j pjr pjrsis sistjl tjl prãgti prãgtigcs gcs gun guntur turcnj cnjss vilgun vilguncmc cmcss gal jn mic mickl÷ kl÷sti stiga ga y trctch trctchijl ijlta ta mj jlejrhjm jlej rhjmcmjs, cmjs, sil jhdcrka, jhdcrka, jstcs la sal tcl erjgujltjs erjgujltjs gaha jl ilvjstikcgialjs prjvics. Jsta pamrèc tjljr hÿntipnjs gcuscs? jl lujstrc hujstrc nc rjniki÷l prjmahilcltj js jn gristiclisha, nc gucn sj nj ctriduyj nc gjlsurc mjn usa mj nc hjmi hjmigi gilc lc trcm trcmig igia ialc lcnn (37)0 par par jstr jstrct ctjk jkic icss csag csagic icmc mcss cn atarkchijlta mj prakrchcs sagicnjs („Oultas‘, „Rjlsi÷l

hatarizcma, y nc irrjkuncr kjakrceèc mjn ãhdita rurcn (37).

At Atrc rc gc gcrc rcgt gtjr jrès èstitigc gc qu quj j ea eahj hjlt ltcr crèc èc jn us usa a mj na nass sjrvigias mj scnum, jspjgicnhjltj jl ncs zalcs rurcnjs, sj sjrè rèc c jn im imia iahc hc qu quj j hclj hcljoc oc jn pj pjrs rsal alcn cn mj sc scnu num m (qujgfuc) y jn livjn mj jltjlmihijlta mj nas hjlscojs aerjgimas. aerjg imas. Migfcs Migfcs gcrcgtjrèst gcrcgtjrèstigcs igcs jstcrècl jstcrècl csagicmcs csagicmcs gal jn lÿhjra mj visitcs cn JJ. WW. Gcsi nc hitcm mj pcrtigipcltjs mj nas gjltras padncmas rurcnjs rjeijrj cgumir cn JJ. WW. hãs mj gilga vjgjs par cóa, jl zalcs urdclcs migfc prapargi÷l js hjlar. Wj adsjrvc ul pctr÷l mj pjrgjpgialjs hãs ecvarcdnjs gal rjspjg rjspjgta ta c nc ctj ctjlgi lgi÷l ÷l mj scn scnum um jl nas gjltras gjltras pad padncm ncmas as ru rurc rcnj njs, s, jspj jspjgic gicnh nhjl jltj tj jl nc gale galeic iclz lzc c y sjku sjkuri rimc mcm m mjhastrcmc par jn pjrsalcn mj scnum, jl nc ilmckcgi÷l mjn galtjxta echinicr, y nc earhc mj gahuligcgi÷l. Zlc hcyar  prapargi÷l mj pcrtigipcltjs mj ncs zalcs rurcnjs rjeijrj quj jn pjrsalcn pjrs alcn mj scnu scnum m sijhp sijhprj rj jxpn jxpnigc igc nas pragjmih pragjmihijlta ijltass quj rjcnizc, sijhprj mc apartulimcm mj prjkultcr cn pcgijltj, y pjrhitj cn pcgijltj jxpnigcr gaha jstj sj gurc gal hjmigilc trcmigial trcm igialcn. cn. Jstc ecvar ecvarcdnj cdnj pjrg pjrgjpgi jpgi÷l ÷l mjn usuc usucria ria jstcr jstcrèc èc csagicmc gal nc pjrgjpgi÷l mj rjsanugi÷l mjn pradnjhc mj scnum, nc gucn js hcyar jl zalcs rurcnjs. Migfas fcnnczkas sal galkrujltjs gal na rjpartcma par nc Jlgujstc Lcgialcn mj Wctisecggi÷l mj usucrias mj scnum mjn 423=, jl nc gucn jn 5:,4% mj usucrias mj nc rjki÷l Fuclgcvjnigc rjeijrj sjltirsj sc sctitise sejg jgfa fa gal gal jn sjrv sjrvig igia ia,, y s÷na s÷na 32 32% % rjei rjeijr jrj j sjlt sjltir irsj sj ilsctisejgfa (3=).

Jn prjsj prjsjltj ltj jstum jstumia ia tuva ncs sikui sikuijltj jltjss nihi nihitcgi tcgialjs? aljs? nc kjljrc kjl jrcniz nizcgi cgi÷l ÷l mj nas nas rjsunt rjsuntcma cmass jstã jstã ninihit hitcmc cmc c ncs gahulimcmjs jstumicmcs, jstumicmcs, par atra ncma, jn sjska mj cuta-

93

 

Ucnjlzujnc-Aré E jt cn.

TJU RJTZ HJM JVR WCNZM RZDNIGC. 423607:(3)?6=-94.

rjpartj kjljrcma par mjsjcdinimcm sagicn puma jhjrkjr  jl nc hjmigi÷l mj nc pjrgjpgi÷l rjspjgta c nc ctjlgi÷l jl na nass JJ. JJ. WW. WW. Jn js jstu tumi mia a pa parr tj tjlj ljrr ul jl jlea eaqu quj j gucltitctiva la puma jxpnarcr cspjgtas gunturcnjs quj jxpniqujl jn cggjsa y usa c nas sjrvigias mj scnum, y su gajxistjlgic gal prãgtigcs gunturcnjs trcmigialcnjs.

cd cdcl clma mala la pr prak akrj rjsi siva va mj pr prãg ãgtitigc gcss tr trcm cmig igia ialc lcnj njss vilguncmcs cn guimcma mj nc scnum (jspjgicnhjltj jl jn ãhdita rurcn), ãrjc malmj nc hjmigilc trcmigialcn mj nc ganjgtivimcm Gfapggc euj fist÷rigchjltj mieulmimc. Galtridugi÷l mj nas cutarjs? EUA y AWK pcrtigipcral jl nc

galgjpgi÷l y misjóa mjn jstumia. EUA, DHE y JUD rjcnizcral nc rjganjggi÷l mj nc ilearhcgi÷l. ETT y EUA rjcnizcral jn clãnisis j iltjrprjtcgi÷l mj nas rjsuntcmas y nc rjmcggi÷l mjn crtèguna. ]amas nas cutarjs pcrtigipcral jl nc rjvisi÷l grètigc y cpradcgi÷l eilcn mjn hclusgrita.

Jl galgnu galgnusi÷ si÷l, l, nas rjsimj rjsimjltj ltjss mj gjl gjltra trass pad padncm ncmas as cnta cnta clmilas rurcnjs pjrgidjl mj hjoar hcljrc nc ctjlgi÷l quj rj rjgi gidj djl l jl na nass JJ JJ.. WW WW.. na gu gucn cn pamr pamrèc èc ga galn lnnj njvc vcrr c quj quj prjejrjltjhjltj dusqujl guimcma mj nc scnum jl jn sistjhc earhcn0 sil jhdcrka, cnkulcs prãgtigcs gunturcnjs pjrsistjl, jspjgicnhjltj jn usa mj pncltcs hjmigilcnjs. Jn hcyar usa mj sjrvigias mj scnum prapigicma par ulc sjrij mj jstrctjkics mjn sjgtar pÿdniga, fc tjlima gaha jejgta sjgulmcria jn

Eujltjs mj eilclgichijlta? Ilstituta Lcgialcn mj Wcnum. Galenigtas mj iltjrés? Nas cutarjs mjgncrcl la tjljr galenigtas

mj iltjrés.

TJEJTJLGICW DIDNIAKTÃEIGCW ;.

3. Ujnãsq Ujnãsqujz ujz C, Wucr Wucrjz jz M, M, LjpaLjpaNilcrjs J. Tjearhc Tjearhc mjn sjgta sjgtarr scnum jl jn Rjrÿ?   Rjrÿ? mjrj mjrjgf gfa, a, kadj ka djrl rlcl clzc zc,, gadjrt gad jrturc urc uli ulivjrs vjrscn cn   y rjs rjspu pujs jstc tc galtrc rijskas sclitcrias.  sclitcrias.   Tjv Rjru Hjm Jxp Wcnum Rÿdnigc. 4235077(7)?:=5‗::. Ranètigc tigc Wjgta Wjgtaricn ricn mj 4. Cprujdcl Cprujdcl nc Ranè Wcnum   Wcnum Iltjrgunturcn. Mjgrjta Wuprjha L²235-4235-WC. 4235. 7. Rjr Rjrÿ. ÿ. Jlgujs Jlgujstc tc Mjhakr Mjhakrãei ãeigc gc y mj Wcnu Wcnum m Echi Echini nicr cr - JLMJ JLMJW. W. 42 423= 3= (Lcgialcn y Mjpcrtchjltcn). Ilstituta  Lcgialcn mj Jstcmèstigc Jstcmèstigc j Ilearhãtigc. 423:. =. [innichsa [innichsal l O, Tchirjz Tchirjz T, [ilkeijnm [ilkeijnm ]. Fjcntf, fjcntfgcrj cggjss, clm usj ae   trcmitialcn vjrsus hamjrl hjmigilj il   il rj rjh hat atjj Rjru Rj ruvi viccl Chc hczzal gahhulitijs?? c  mjsg gahhulitijs mjsgripti riptivj vj stum stumy y ae  `lawnjmkj, cttitumjs,  cttitumjs,  clm prcg prcgtigj tigjs. s. Ch O ]rap Hjm Fyk. 423:094(=)?6:;‗5=. :. Hctfjz-W Hctfjz-Wtije tijejn jn W-N, Uclmjdraj` Uclmjdraj` I, Tist W. Gcl Clmjc Clmjcl l hjmi hjmigilj gilj gajxis gajxistt witf    diahjmigcn fjcntfgcrj1 C witf gahpcrisal   gahpcrisal ae twa rurcn gahhulitijs il Rjru clm  clm   Danivic. O Jtflad Jtf ladian ian Jtflah Jtflahjmi jmigil gilj. j. 42340 42340 6?45. 5.

Dri Drijrn jrnjy jy G@, G@, W Wucr ucrjz jz L, L, Crarc Crarc K K,, Krcfch

fgcrj rj cgg cggjss jss clm fjc fjcnt ntf f M. Fjcnt Fjcntfgc  djnijes   ae tfj ilmik  djnijes ilmikjlaus jlaus pjapnjs il rjhatj   Chczalicl Rjru. Ch O ]rap rjhatj Hjm Fyk. 423=0 92(3)?362‗7.

Dc Dcsj sj mj Mcta Mctass mj Rujdn Rujdnas as Ilm Ilmèk èkjl jlcs cs u Ar Arik ikil ilcr cria ias. s.

Ni Nihc hc??

Hi Hili list stjr jria ia

mj

PIltjrljtX. Cvcincdnj erah? fttp?//dmpi.

Gunturc0

gunturc.kad.pj/nistc-mj-pujdnas-ilmikjlcs 6.

Mirj Mirjgg ggi÷ i÷l l Kjlj Kjljrc rcnn mj Jpim Jpimjh jhia iana nakè kèc. c. Hili Hilist stjr jria ia mj Wc Wcnu num. m. Clã lãni nisi siss mj nc Witucgi÷l   mj Wcn Witucgi÷l Wcnum um mj mjnn Ruj Rujdna dna Cy Cyhcr hcrc, c, Rula, 4232.  4232.  Nihc Nihc?? Hil Hilistjr istjria ia mj Wcnum0 4232.

9.

Mirjggi÷l Mirjg gi÷l Kjljrcn Kjljrcn mj Jpimjhianakè Jpimjhianakèc. c. Hilistjria

mj

Wcnum.

Clãn isis is Clãnis

mj

Witucgi÷l   mj Wcnum mjn Rujdna Lclti mjn Witucgi÷l Cnta   Gch Cnta chis isjjc. Nih Nihc? c? Hilist Hilistjri jria a mj Wcnum0 423=. 32. Cp Cpcr crga ga OR OR,, Fu Fuch chcl cl N. Dcrrjrcs Dcrrjrcs y

ecginitcmarjs c nc supnjhjltcgi÷l gal higralutrijltjs jl panva. Rjrgjpgialjs   hctjrlcs y milãhigc mj Rjrgjpgialjs nas sjrvigias mj  mj   scnum. Tjv Rjru Hjm Jxp Wcnum Wcnum Rudnigc. Rudnigc. 423;07=(=)? 423;07=(=)?:92‗  :92‗  522. 33. Hc Hcygc ygc-Ré -Rérjz rjz O,

Hj Hjmil milc-I c-Idcó dcójz jz C, Ujnã Ujnãsq squj ujzz-Fu Furt rtcm cma a OJ, OJ, Nncl Nnclas as-_cvcnckc NE. Tjprjsjltcgialjs sagicnjs rjncgialcmcs  rjncgialcmcs  c nc cljhic jl lióa li óass hj hjla larj rjss mj tr trjs js có cóas as   jl gahu ga huli limc mcmj mjss Cw Cwco coul ul y [c [chp hpis is,, Rjrÿ.   Tj Rjrÿ. Tjv v Rjru Rjru Hjm Hjm Jx Jxp p Wcnu Wcnum m Rÿdnigc. 423;0 7=(7)?=3=‗44.

Fuchã hãl l D, Kusfi`j Kusfi`jl l C, Djlitj Djlitjss G, 34. Fuc Rrjvjlgi÷l lgi÷l mj nc Su Suir iraz az E, Kcrg Kcrgèc èc N. Rrjvj trclshisi÷l hctjrla-ilecltin mjn UIF jl kjstcltjs y hcmrjs cwcoÿl y wchpis mj nc   rjki÷l nc rjki÷l Chcz Chczalcs alcs jl Rjrÿ. Tjv Rjru Hjm Jxp Wcnum 423;07=(=)?54;‗74.

Rudnigc.

37. Rjmr Rjmra a T, T, H Hcrnjl crnjlii H. Nas gfapggc mj Fuclgcvjnigc. Jtligimcm y gunturc jl jn Rjrÿ galtjhparãlja. Ganjggi÷l? Rujdnas y trcmigialcn. Nihc? Hilistjria mj Gunturc0 4237.

 

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94

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Gapyrikft ae Tjvistc Rjruclc mj Hjmigilc Jxpjrihjltcn y Wcnum Rÿdnigc is tfj prapjrty ae  Ilstituta Lcgialcn mj Wcnum (Rjru) clm its galtjlt hcy lat dj gapijm ar jhcinjm ta huntipnj sitjs ar pastjm ta c nistsjrv witfaut tfj gapyrikft fanmjr's jxprjss writtjl  pjrhissial. Fawjvjr, usjrs hcy prilt, mawlnacm, mawlnacm, ar jhcin crtignjs ear ilmivimucn usj.