Practical Report of Lichen

PRACTICAL REPORT Submitted to Comply an Assignment of Plant and Animal Diversity

LICHEN

Arrange By: AJENG RATIH NASRUDIN (1003394) IFA AMBARITA INZIATI () NURUL AISYAH () RIZAL FADLI NURHADI ()

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM ON SCIENCE EDUCATION FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE EDUACATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION 2012

A. OBJECTIVE   

To identify lichen and fungi found in laboratory To classify lichen and fungi found in laboratory To make determination key based on lichen and fungi found in laboratory

B. BASIC THEORY Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic organism composed of a fungus (the mycobiont)

with

aphotosynthetic partner

(the photobiont or phycobiont),

usually either a green alga (commonly Trebouxia) or cyanobacterium (commonly Nostoc). (Dobson, 2000) The morphology, physiology and biochemistry of lichens are very different from those of the isolated fungus and alga in culture. Lichens occur in some of the most extreme environments on Earth—arctic tundra, hot deserts, rocky coasts, and toxic slag heaps. However, they are also abundant as epiphytes on leaves and branches in rain forests and temperate woodland, on bare rock, including walls and gravestones, and on exposed soil surfaces (e.g., Collema) in otherwise mesic habitats. Lichens are widespread and may be long-lived. Many are also vulnerable to environmental disturbance, and may be useful to scientists in assessing the effects of air pollution, ozone depletion, and metal contamination. Lichens have also been used in making dyesand perfumes, as well as in traditional medicines. (Morris, 2007) The body (thallus) of most lichens is different from those of either the fungus or alga growing separately. The fungus surrounds the algal cells, often enclosing them within complex fungal tissues unique to lichen associations. In many species the fungus penetrates the algal cell wall, forming penetration pegs orhaustoria similar to those produced by pathogenic fungi. Lichens are poikilohydric, capable of surviving extremely low levels of water content. However, the re-configuration of membranes following a period of dehydration requires several minutes at least. (Honegger, 1988) The

algal

or

cyanobacterial

cells

are photosynthetic,

and

as

in

plants

they reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic carbon sugars to feed both symbionts. Both partners gain water and mineral nutrients mainly from the atmosphere, through rain and dust. The fungal partner protects the alga by retaining water, serving as a larger capture area for mineral nutrients and, in some cases, provides minerals obtained from the substrate. If

a cyanobacteriumis present, as a primary partner or another symbiont in addition to green alga as in certain tripartite lichens, they can fix atmospheric nitrogen, complementing the activities

of

the

green

alga.

Although

strains

of cyanobacteria found

in

various cyanolichens are often closely related to one another, they differ from the most closely related free-living strains. The lichen association is a close symbiosis. It extends the ecological range of both partners but is not always obligatory for their growth and reproduction in natural environments, since many of the algal symbionts can live independently. A prominent example is the alga Trentepohlia which forms orange-coloured populations on tree trunks and suitable rock faces. Lichen propagules (diaspores) typically contain cells from both partners, although the fungal components of so-called "fringe species" rely instead on algal cells dispersed by the “core species. Lichen associations may be

examples

of mutualism, commensalism or

even parasitism,

depending

on

the

species. Cyanobacteria in laboratory settings can grow faster when they are alone rather than when they are part of a lichen. (Sciencemag.org) C. METHOD There are only few methods of doing this experiment as the plants are already available in the lab. So, the things that are needed are: 1. Pencil 2. Drawing paper 3. Microscope For the macro plant, the thing that should be done is only observe and draw and then it can be determined the characteristic of those species and classify it into several groups. While for the micro plant, the thing that should be done are observe all of the plants by using the microscope and then analyze the data. After that, it can be determined the characteristic and might be classify into several groups.

D. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Observation Table of Lichen No. Name

Aspects Leaves

Symbiosis to substrate Commensalistic

Substrate Growth Lichenezed Thallus form Type Rocks Branched Algae Foliose

1

Leaves

Commensalistic

Rocks

Flat

Soil

Branched Fungi

Fruticose

Cetraria 2

Fungi

Foliose

Peltigera 3

Shrubby Commensalistic Cladonia furcata

4

Leaves

Commensialistic Trees

Leafy

Fungi

Foliose

Crust

Commensalistic

Trees

Powdery

Fungi

Foliose

Leaves

Parasitic

Trees

Hair-like

Fungi

Fruticose

Leaves

Commensalistic

Trees

Leafy

FungiAlgae

Foliose

Leaves

Commensalistic

Trees

Branched Fungi

Parmelia 5 Physcia 6 Alectoria 7 Lobaria 8

Hypogymnia

Foliose

Classification Table of Macroscopic Lichenes Klasifikasi Divisio Classis Ordo Familia Genus Species Divisio Classis Ordo Familia Genus Species

Gambar Pengamatan (Sumber: Dokumen Pribadi, 2011)

Gambar Literatur

Gambar 4.1 Cetraria sp.

Gambar 4.2 Cetraria islandica (Stephen, 2008)

: Lichenes : Ascolichenes : Lecanorales : Parmeliaceae : Cetraria : Cetraria sp. : Lichenes : Ascolichenes : Lecanorales : Parmeliaceae : Parmelia : Palmeria subridect Palmeria sp. Palmeria perlata Parmelia pastallifera lobes Parmelia caperata

Gambar 4.9 Palmeria subridect Gambar 4.10 Parmelia perlata (Sumber: Anonim, __)

Gambar 4.11 Palmeria pastallifera lobes

Gambar 4.12 Parmelia perlata

Gambar 4.13 Parmelia capperata (Sumber: Jordi Badia, ____)

Gambar 4.14 Parmelia sp. Divisio Classis Ordo Familia Genus Species

: Lichenes : Ascolichenes : Lecanorales : Parmeliaceae : Physcia : Physcia sp.

Divisio Classis Ordo Familia Genus Species

: Lichenes : Ascolichenes : Lecanorales : Cladiniaceae : Cladonia : Cladonia sp.

Divisio Classis Ordo Familia Genus Species

: Lichenes : Ascolichenes : Cyanophytales : Peltigeraceae : Peltigera : Peltigera sp.

Divisio Classis Ordo Familia Genus Species

Divisio Classis Ordo Familia Genus Species

Gambar 4.17 Physcia sp.

Gambar 4.18 Physcia sp. (Sumber: Twiggy, 2003)

Gambar 4.19 Cladonia sp.

Gambar 4.20 Cladonia sp. (Sumber: Mosquin, 2006)

Gambar 4.23 Peltigera sp.

Gambar 4.24 Peltigera membranacea (Sumber: Mosquin, 2006)

: Lichenes : Ascolichenes : Cyanophytales : Lobariaceae : Lobaria : Lobaria sp.

: Lichenes : Ascolichenes : Graphidales : Graphidaceae : Graphis : Graphis elegan Graphis sp.

Gambar 4.25 Lobaria sp.

Gambar 4.26 Lobaria pulmonaria (Sumber: Anonim, 2009)

Gambar 4.27 Graphis elegan

Gambar 4.28 Graphis scripta (Sumber: Trnkoczy, 2009)

Gambar 4.29 Graphis sp.

After the observation was conducted, there are some similarities and differences between one species to another species. Based on observation result, the observation table might be interpreted into determination key diagram which based on the characteristics of Lichen in order to easier in classify each species into several groups. E. CONCLUSION From the experiment we can identify, classify, and make determination key of fungi and lichen based on their appearance, reproduction, and their structure.

F. DETERMINATION KEY Lichen

Foliose

Algae

Fungi

Leaf

Shrubby

Fructicose

Algae

AlgaeFungi

Flat

AlgaeFungi

Crust Leafy

Branched

Fungi

Hair-like

Leafy

Powdery

Shrubby

Crust

Determination key 1. a. Foliose………………………………………….……………………………………..(2) b. Fructiose……………..…………………………….………………………………….(5) 2. a. Algae………………..…………………………………………………………..Cetraria b. Algae-Fungi…………….……………………………………………………….Lobaria c. Fungi…………………………………………………………………………………..(3) 3. a. Leaf………..………………………………………………………………………….(4) b. Crust……………………………………………………………………………..Physcia 4. a. Bracnched……..……………………………………………………………Hypogymnia b. Flat…………………………………………………………………………………….Peltigera c. Leafy……………………………………………………………………………..Parmelia 5. a. Fungi……………..……………………………………………………………………(6) 6. a. Leaf……………………..………………………………………………………….Alectoria b. Shrubby…………..……………………………………………………………Cladonia furcata G. REFERENCE F.S. Dobson (2000) Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd., Slough, UK Morris J, Purvis W. (2007). Lichens (Life). London: The Natural History Museum. p. 19. R. Honegger (1988) Mycobionts. Chapter 3 in T.H. Nash (ed.) (1996) Lichen Biology. Cambridge University Press. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, from Science: http://www.sciencemag.org