Practical Manual Biol 0200 2021-2022

 

IGJUDPX KI ZJHELJE GL@ PEJFLKDKMX @EQGRPNELP KI DHIE ZJHELJEZ QRE-ZJHELJE QRKMRGNNE

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PGBDE KI JKLPELPZ Qgme Melergd rudes mkverlhlm mkverlhlm tfe Dgbkrgtkry Dgbkrgtkry Zesshkls...........................................................

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G.

Dgb jkgts gl` Jdktfhlm.................................................... Jdktfhlm........................................................................................... .......................................

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B.

Melergd Melergd Rudes........................................................................................................... Rudes............................................................................... ............................

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J.

Jedd Qfkles........................................ Qfkles................................................................................................ ...................................................................... ..............

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Fegthlm Zubstgljes Zubstgljes gl` Zphdds................................................................................

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E.

Fgl`dhlm Mdgsswgre Mdgsswgre Jfenhjgds Jfenhjgds gl` Equhpnelt.................................................. Equhpnelt..................................................

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I.

Dgb Ethquette....................................................... Ethquette............................................................................................................ .....................................................

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Requhrenelts Requhren elts ikr Dgbkrgtkry Dgbkrgtkry Zesshkls..............................................................................

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Qrgjthjgd Zesshkl 7 ‚  7 ‚  Hltrk`ujthkl  Hltrk`ujthkl tk tfe Glhngd Chlm`kn H………………………….  H………………………….  Qrgjthjgd Zesshkl 2 ‚  2 ‚  Hltrk`ujthkl tk tfe Glhngd Chlm`kn HH……………………….... HH………………………....

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Qrgjthjgd Zesshkl : ‚  : ‚  Jhrjudgtkry Zysten……………………………………………….  Zysten………………………………………………. 

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Qrgjthjgd Zesshkl 0 ‚  0 ‚  Jhrjudgtkry Zysten gl` Exerjhse………………….…………….  Exerjhse………………….……………. 

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Qrgjthjgd Zesshkl 5 ‚  5 ‚  Urhlkmelhtgd gl` @hmesthve Zystens…………………….……….  Zystens…………………….………. 

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Qrgjthjgd Zesshkl 9 ‚  9 ‚  Exjretkry  Exjretkry Zysten……………………………………………… Zysten……………………………………………….... ....

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Qrgjthjgd Zesshkl = ‚  = ‚  Nhtkshs  Nhtkshs gl` Nehkshs dgb H………………………………………. H……………………………………….  

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Qrgjthjgd Zesshkl 6 ‚  6 ‚  Nhtkshs  Nhtkshs gl` Nehkshs dgb HH………………………………….…...

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Qrgjthjgd Zesshkl 8 ‚  8 ‚  Ejkdkmy……………………………………………………….…

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Qrgjthjgd Zesshkl 71 ‚  Melethjs Qrkbden Zfeets H gl` HH……………………………….  HH……………………………….  

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GQQEL@HV 7 Jgre ki tfe Nhjrksjkpe ………………………………………………. ……………………………………………….  

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GQQEL@HV 2 Muh`edhles ikr wrhthlm Dgbkrgtkry Repkrts ……………………………

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GQQEL@HV : Bhkdkmhjgd @rgwhlm ………………………………………………………

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GQQEL@HV 0 Mrgpfs gl` Pgbdes ………………………………………………………

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2

 

Melergd Rudes Mkverlhlm tfe Dgbkrgtkry Zesshkls

 G  G..

D gb Jkg Jkgtts gl` Jdkt Jdktfhlm   Dgb Jkgts NUZP be wkrl gt GDD thnes hl tfe dgb. Gly stu`elt whtfkut g dgb jkgt whdd

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LKP  be gddkwe` hltk tfe dgbkrgtkry. Lk dgb jkgts whdd be delt by tfe Dgb Gsshstglt/Pejflhjhgl. 

  Jdkse` Zfkes nust be wkrl gt gdd thnes. Qrkper jdktfhlm NUZP  be wkrl hl tfe dgb. Pfhs

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negls DKLM oegls, schrts etj. Lk sfkrt pglts kr sdhppers.  

  Jkltgjt delses ZFKUD@ LKP be wkrl hl tfe dgbkrgtkry. 

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B.

M ele lerr gd M uh` uh `edhle dh less    Xku gre respklshbde ikr ykur kwl sgiety gl` tfgt ki ykur lehmfbkurs. ]krc jgreiuddy gl`

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`kl‘t tgce jfgljes.  jfgljes.  

  @kl‘t ikkd grkul` ‚   tfgt‘s wfel gjjh`elts fgppel. —fkrse—fkrse- pdgy„  pdgy„ jgl be `glmerkus gl`

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el`glmer ykur lehmfbkurs.

   Lk egthlm, `rhlchlm, snkchlm, jfewhlm mun kr tkbgjjk, kr gppdyhlm jksnethjs hl tfe

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dgbkrgtkry.

  Xku gre lkt gddkwe` tk wkrc GDKLE hl tfe dgbkrgtkry. Xku nust gdwgys be supervhse`

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 by g `enklstrgtkr kr g tegjfhlm gsshstglt.

  Repkrt gdd gjjh`elts, lk ngtter fkw sngdd, tk ykur `enklstrgtkr kr tfe tegjfhlm gsshstglt

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HNNE@HGPEDX. 

   Lever phpette gly skduthkl by nkutf.   Qerikrn kldy gutfkrhze` experhnelts.

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J . 

Jedd pfk pfkles les gl` tfe D gb gbkr krgt gtkr kry. y. 

  GDD Jedd Qfkles gre tk be turle` KII BEIKRE ELPERHLM PFE DGB.     :1% KI XKUR DGB NGRC ]HDD BE @E@UJPE@ HI XKUR QFKLE MKEZ

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KII HL PFE DGB.  

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F egthlm Zu Zub bst stg glje ljess gl` Zph Zphdds. dds.   Jdegl up sphdds hnne`hgtedy. Repkrt serhkus sphdds (h.e. gjh`s, bgse`, krmglhj skdvelts) tk

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ykur `enklstrgtkr. 

   Lever dkkc hltk g jkltghler tfgt hs behlm fegte`. :

 

  @k lkt pdgje fkt gppgrgtus `hrejtdy kl tfe dgbkrgtkry `esc.   Gdwgys wgsf ykur fgl`s beikre degvhlm tfe dgb. Ht hs g mkk` h`eg tk wgsf ykur fgl`s gt

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hltervgds `urhlm tfe experhnelts.

  Degrl tfe dkjgthkl ki gpprkprhgte sgiety equhpnelt hljdu`hlm ihrst gh` chts, ihre

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exthlmuhsfer, sgiety sfkwer, eyewgsf stgthkl, gl` gjh`/gdcgdh sphdd jdeglup ngterhgds.

E.

F gl` gl`dhdhlm lm M dgs dgssw swgre gre J fe fen nh jgds jgds gl` E quhp uh pnelt   Xku gre respklshbde ikr tfe jgre gl` prkper use ki gdd gsshmle` equhpnelt.   @k lkt use brkcel kr jfhppe` jfh ppe` mdgsswgre. Returl ht tk ykur `enklstrgtkr.   Hi yku `k lkt ul`erstgl` fkw tk use g pheje ki equhpnelt, GZC XKUR

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@ENKLZPRGPKR IKR FEDQ.

  @k lkt hnnerse fkt mdgsswgre hl jkd` wgter. Pfe mdgsswgre ngy sfgtter.   LEYER QHQEPPE REGMELPZ @HREJPDX IRKN ZPKJC BKPPDEZ.  Qdegse

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lkte gly stu`elt jgumft prgjthjhlm tfhs kiielje whdd be pelgdhse` 21% ki dgb ngrc.

  GD]GXZ PRGLZIER REWUHRE@ GNKULP PK G BEGCER GL@ QHQEPPE

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IRKN HP. Kr, use tfe phpette prkvh`e` whtf regmelt. Ztu`elts whdd be nklhtkre` `urhlm dgbs, hi hnprkper dgb prkje`ures kbserve`, stu`elts whdd be pelgdhse` 21% ki dgb ngrc.

  @K LKP REPURL ULUZE@ REGMELPZ PK PFE ZPKJC BKPPDE.     Hi requhre` ikr prkjee`hlm dgb, dgbed gdd ngterhgds whtf ykur lgne, `gte gl` sejthkl. @k

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lkt wrhte `hrejtdy kl mdgsswgre, use tgpe. Use g peljhd kr spejhgd dgb ngrchlm pel.

   Lever fegt idgnngbde skdvelts (e.m. etfglkd) kver gl kpel idgne. Use g wgter bgtf.   Be jertghl tk reg` tfe dgbeds kl regmelt bkttdes beikre ushlm tfen. Use tfe prkper regmelts

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hl ykur experhnelt.

  @K LKP BRHLM NGPERHGDZ PK BE UZE@ BX PFE ELPHRE JDGZZ PK

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XKUR PGBDE. 

I.

D gb E thque thquett tte e   Pfe dgbkrgtkry NUZP RENGHL JDKZE@ ikr eiihjhelt velthdgthkl.   Kldy ngterhgds requhre` ikr ykur experhnelts (h.e. lktebkkc, pel, equhpnelt) sfkud` be

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kl ykur dgb tgbde. DEGYE BKKCZ, JKGPZ, EPJ. GDKLM PFE ZH@E BELJF KI PFE DGB. 

  JDEGL UQ XKUR ]KRC ZQGJE GL@ NGPERHGDZ GP PFE EL@ KI XKUR

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EVQERHNELP. ]gsf ykur `hsfes gl` renkve gdd dgbeds. Repdgje GDD `hsfes hl ykur gsshmle` jupbkgr`.

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  @hspkse gdd ngterhgds prkperdy. Jklsudt ykur `enklstrgtkr ikr prkper tejflhques. @k lkt

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tfrkw skdh`s hl tfe shlc.

  Beikre ushlm gly equhpnelt, be sure yku clkw fkw tk use ht.   XKU ]HDD BE JFGRME@ IKR BREGCGME @UE PK HNQRKQER KR

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JGREDEZZ FGL@DHLM. Pfhs gdsk gppdhes tk gly equhpnelt rel`ere` usedess bejguse ki ighdure tk jdegl ht prkperdy.

REWUHRENELPZ IKR DGBKRGPKRX DGBKRGPKRX ZEZZHKLZ

7.

Dgbkrgtkry Nglugd

2.

Dgbkrgtkry Ikd`er jkltghlhlm dhle` gl` bdglc sfeets ikr dgbkrgtkry exerjhses.

:.

Qeljhds, Ruder, Ergser, Mrgpf pgper, Jgdjudgtkr etj.

0.

Dgbkrgtkry `hssejthkl cht kr sjgdped, sjhsskrs gl` ikrjeps.

5.

Dgbkrgtkry Jkgts (gvghdgbde gt @u`dey Fummhls dgb)

LKPE? Ikr GDD dgb exerjhses, stu`elts gre requhre` tk `k predhnhlgry resegrjf kl tfe tkphj gl` spejhnels ushlm text kr hlterlet prhkr tk jknhlm tk tfe dgb. Zkne pgrts ki tfe dgb nust be jknpdete` gt fkne.

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QRGJPHJGD 7 PHPDE? HLPRK@UJPHKL PK PFE GLHNGD CHLM@KN H GHN

Pfe kvergddngce ghn ki tfhs dgbkrgtkry sesshkl hs tkgl` kbserve tfe iegtures deveds ki (wfere krmglhzgthkl hl tfejdgsshiy glhngd chlm`kn, kbservgthkls ki tfe exterlgd hlterlgd hl`hjgte`), (bgse` kl jertghl jfgrgjterhsthjs) sedejte` exgnpdes ki hlvertebrgte glhngds bedklmhlm tk tfe Qfydg? Qkrhierg, Jlh`grhg, Lengtk`g, Qdgtyfednhltfes, Nkddusjg, Glledh`g gl` Grtfrkpk`g. REG@HLMZ

  Bhkdkmhjgd Zjheljes 7 & 2? Jfgpter 23 pms. 52-=5.   Glhngd @hvershty? Fhjcngl gl` Rkberts.   Fgl`kut 7.

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Revhew gppel`hjes kl nhjrksjkphj tejflhques, muh`edhles ikr prepgrhlm dgb repkrts gl`  bhkdkmhjgd `rgwhlms. DEGRLHLM KBOEJPHYEZ

  Kbserve jfgrgjterhsthjs iegtures ki tfe pfydg whtf enpfgshs kl synnetry, lunber ki

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thssue dgyers (`hpdkbdgsthj, trhpdkbdgsthj), bk`y jgvhty (gjkedkngte, jkedkngte) gl` cey iegtures typhjgd ki tfe jdgss gl` tfe pfydun. pf ydun.   Jknpgre cey iegtures betweel pfydg stu`he`.   Rejkr` kbservgthkls ushlm bhkdkmhjgd `rgwhlms.   Exgnhle ushlm tfe nhjrksjkpe, tfe krmglhzgthkl ki thssue whtfhl tfe mrkups.

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Exerjhse 7

G.  Kbserve g dhve spejhnel ki tfe egrtfwkrn eg rtfwkrn ( Dunbrhjus).  Dunbrhjus). Ngce g `rgwhlm tk sfkw exterlgd iegtures ki g wfkde spejhnel. B.  Kbserve g jrkss sejthkl ki tfe egrtfwkrn gl` `rgw g thssue ngp tk sfkw tfe hlterlgd krmglhzgthkl, lkthlm cey strujtures.

  Jdgsshiy tfe spejhnel mhvhlm Qfydun, Jdgss, Melus gl` Zpejhes Z pejhes wfere gpprkprhgte.    Lkte jfgrgjterhsthj iegtures typhjgd ki tfe jdgss gl` tfe pfydun.   Dhst `hgmlksthj iegtures hi preselt.

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Exerjhse 2

G.  Kbserve sdh`es sfkwhlm jrkss sejthkl gl` wfkde nkult ki  Fy`rg.  Fy`rg. B.  Ngce g thssue ngp tk sfkw tfe hlterlgd krmglhzgthkl ki tfhs krmglhsn, lkthlm cey strujtures.

  Jdgsshiy tfe krmglhsn mhvhlm Qfydun, Jdgss, Melus gl` Zpejhes Zp ejhes wfere gpprkprhgte.

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   Lkte jfgrgjterhsthj iegtures typhjgd ki tfe jdgss gl` tfe pfydun.   Dhst `hgmlksthj iegtures hi preselt.

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Exerjhse :

G.  Kbserve tfe dhve/preserve` spejhnels prkvh`e` ki tfe jkjcrkgjf gl` sfrhnp. B.  Ngce `etghde` `rgwhlms ki tfe exterlgd iegtures ki tfe jkjcrkgjf (`krsgd gl` veltrgd) gl` tfe sfrhnp.

  Jdgsshiy egjf krmglhsn mhvhlm Qfydun, Jdgss, Melus gl` Zpejhes wfere gpprkprhgte.

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 Lkte jfgrgjterhsthj iegtures typhjgd ki tfe jdgss gl` tfe pfydun.    Dhst `hgmlksthj iegtures hi preselt.

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REYHE] PFE BK@X QDGL GL@ JFGRGJPERHZPHJ IEGPUREZ KI PFE QFXDUN JFKR@GPG.

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QRGJPHJGD 2 PHPDE? HLPRK@UJPHKL PK PFE GLHNGD CHLM@KN HH

GHN

Pfe kvergdd ghn ki tfhs dgbkrgtkry sesshkl hs tk kbserve tfe deveds ki krmglhzgthkl hl tfe glhngd chlm`kn, ngce kbservgthkls ki tfe exterlgd gl` hlterlgd iegtures (wfere hl`hjgte`), jdgsshiy (bgse` kl jertghl jfgrgjterhsthjs) sedejte` exgnpdes ki hlvertebrgte glhngds bedklmhlm tk tfe Qfydg? Qkrhierg, Jlh`grhg, Lengtk`g, Qdgtyfednhltfes, Nkddusjg, Glledh`g gl` Grtfrkpk`g. REG@HLMZ

  Bhkdkmhjgd Zjheljes 7 & 2? Jfgpter 23 pms. 52-=5.   Glhngd @hvershty? Fhjcngl gl` Rkberts.   Fgl`kut 7.

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Revhew gppel`hjes kl nhjrksjkphj tejflhques, muh`edhles ikr prepgrhlm dgb repkrts gl`  bhkdkmhjgd `rgwhlms. DEGRLHLM KBOEJPHYEZ

  Kbserve jfgrgjterhsthjs iegtures ki tfe pfydg whtf enpfgshs kl synnetry, lunber ki

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thssue dgyers (`hpdkbdgsthj, trhpdkbdgsthj), bk`y jgvhty (gjkedkngte, jkedkngte) gl` cey iegtures typhjgd ki tfe jdgss gl` tfe pfydun. pf ydun.   Jknpgre cey iegtures betweel pfydg stu`he`.   Rejkr` kbservgthkls ushlm bhkdkmhjgd `rgwhlms.   Exgnhle ushlm tfe nhjrksjkpe, tfe krmglhzgthkl ki thssue whtfhl tfe mrkups.

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Ikr egjf dhve/ preserve` spejhnel prkvh`e`, jknpdete tfe ikddkwhlm?

       

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Kbserve gl` rejkr` exterlgd strujtures/ iegtures. Xku ngy hljdu`e dgbedde` scetjfes. Jdgsshiy egjf krmglhsn mhvhlm Qfydun, Jdgss, Melus, gl` Zpejhes wfere gpprkprhgte.  Lkte jfgrgjterhsthj iegtures typhjgd ki tfe Jdgss gl` tfe Qfydun. Dhst `hgmlksthj iegtures hi preselt.

Zpejhnels? (suboejt tk jfglme)

Zpklme, Oeddy Ihsf, Rkul` ]krn ( Gsjgrhs)  Gsjgrhs),, Rgmwkrn ( Lerehs  Lerehs), ), Pgpe ]krn, Dhver Iduce ( Igsjhkdg),  Igsjhkdg), Deejf, Zlghd, Nhddhpe`e gl` Jfhp Jfhp.

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QRGJPHJGD : PHPDE? JHRJUDGPKRX ZXZPEN

REG@HLMZ?

Dejture lktes Bhkdkmhjgd Zjheljes H gl` HH, Jfgpter 70 Prglspkrt P rglspkrt hl Glhngds Gjjess `hgmrgns, pfktkmrgpfs, etj. irkn Hlterlet/ktfer texts Degrlhlm Kboejthves?   Expdghl tfe tern jdkse` jhrjudgtkry systen   Expdghl tfe lee` ikr g jhrjudgtkry jhrjudgtkr y systen   @esjrhbe tfe iuljthkl ki tfe jhrjudgtkry systen   @esjrhbe gl` rejkr` tfe strujture gl` iuljthkl ki vehls v ehls gl` grterhes   @esjrhbe tfe strujture gl` iuljthkl ki jgr`hgj nusjde   @esjrhbe tfe strujture gl` iuljthkl ki tfe ngnngdhgl fegrt   Prgje tfe pgtfwgy ki bdkk` tfrkumf tfe ngnngdhgl fegrt 

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Rejkmlhse gl` `esjrhbe erytfrkjytes gl` deujkjytes (mrgludkjytes gl` gmrgludkjytes)

Exerjhse G

7.  Kbserve trglsverse sejthkls ki prepgre` sdh`es ki g vehl gl` gl grtery. Rejkr` ykur kbservgthkl by negls ki dgbedde` gllktgte` bhkdkmhjgd bhkdk mhjgd `rgwhlms (thssue ngps).  2.  Use fhmf pkwer tk kbserve kbserve g prepgre` sdh`e ki g bdkk` snegr. H`elthiy tfe jedd types  preselt ushlm pfktkmrgpfs tk gsshst yku. Rejkr` ykur kbservgthkls gl` ngce gllktgte` `rgwhlms ikr gdd vgrhkus jedd types? erytfrkjytes, deujkjytes (gdd types ki gmrgludkjytes   gl` mrgludkjytes mrgludkjytes ‚   ‚  leutrkpfhds, ekshlkpfhds, bgskpfhds, nklkjytes, dynpfkjytes),  pdgtedets. : Kbserve gt dkw gl` fhmf pkwer tfe prepgre` sdh`e ki jgr`hgj nusjde. Rejkr` ykur kbservgthkls vhg negls ki g bhkdkmhjgd `rgwhlm 0 @rgw sepgrgte idkw `hgmrgns ikr strujturgd gl` iuljthklgd redgthklsfhps redgthklsfhps ikr bdkk` gl`  bdkk` jedds. (Pfhs jgl be jknpdete` prhkr tk dgb sesshkl) Exerjhse B

7.  ]krc hl mrkups. mrkups. ]egr mdkves gl` sgiety mdgsses. 2.  @hssejt tfe sfeep‘s fegrt ikddkwhlm tfe prkje`ure kutdhle` (@enklstrgtkr gsshste`). :.  Exgnhle gl` ngce g dgbedde` `rgwhlm ki tfe wfkde ngnngdhgl fegrt prkvh`e` . @hsthlmuhsf betweel betweel `krsgd gl` veltrgd sh`es ki tfe fegrt. fegrt. Pfe veltrgd sh`e hs nkre rkul`e` (jklvex) tfgl tfe `krsgd sh`e gl` tfe tfhjc wgdde` grterhes grhse irkn tfhs sh`e. Dkjgte tfe ikur jfgnbers hl tfe fegrt, tfe nghl grterhes gl` vehls degvhlm gl` elterhlm tfe fegrt, gl` tfe vgdves.

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0.  Exgnhle gl` ngce g dgbedde` `rgwhlm ki tfe `hssejte` fegrt . Lkte gt tfe tkp ki tfe tfe veltrhjudgr jgvhty tk ykur deit gl kpelhlm hltk tfe gkrtg mugr`e` by senh-dulgr vgdves. ]fgt hs tfe iuljthkl ki tfese vgdves; Pk ykur rhmft, rhmft, tfe gtrhk-veltrhjudgr kpelhlm hs mugr`e` by tfe bhjusph` (nhtrgd) vgdve. Lkte tfgt tfe vgdve fgs twk idgps idgps gttgjfe` tk tfe veltrhjudgr wgdd by tel`hlkus jkr`s (jfkr`ge tel`hlge) gl` pgphddgry nusjdes. ]fgt gre tfe iuljthkls ki tfese; 5.  Pk ykur deit, kbserve tfe gtrhk-veltrhjudgr kpelhlm mugr`e` by tfe trhjusph` vgdve gl` senh-dulgr vgdves mugr`hlm tfe tfe pudnklgry grtery. ]fgt gre tfe iuljthkls ki tfese vgdves; 9.  @k yku kbserve gly `hiiereljes hl tfe tfhjcless ki tfe wgdds ki tfe gtrhg gl` veltrhjdes gl` betweel tfe veltrhjdes; veltrhjdes; Fkw `k yku gjjkult ikr tfese `hiiereljes; Exerjhse J

Ngce g dgbedde` `rgwhlm ki tfe nghl lerves hl tfe fungl bk`y gs sfkwl hl tfe `hgmrgn  prkvh`e`. Resudts

Bhkdkmhjgd `rgwhlms gl` `esjrhpthkls gs kutdhle` hl tfe prkje`ure. p rkje`ure.

@hsjusshkl

  Jknpgre tfe strujture gl` iuljthkl ki grterhes gl` vehls.   @hsjuss tfe redgthklsfhp betweel bdkk` jedds gl` tfe iuljthkl ki bdkk`.   Redgte tfe strujture ki tfe fegrt tk hts iuljthkl gl` glswer tfe ikddkwhlm questhkls. h.  ]fgt hs tfe iuljthkl ki trhjusph` gl` senh-dulgr vgdves mugr`hlm tfe pudnklgry

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hh.  hhh.  hv. 

grtery; ]fgt hs tfe rkde ki tfe tel`hlkus jkr`s (jfkr`ge tel`hlge); Fkw jgl `hiiereljes betweel tfe tfhjclesses ki tfe gtrhg gl` veltrhjudgr wgdds be expdghle`; Fkw jgl `hiiereljes betweel tfe tfhjclesses ki tfe veltrhjudgr wgdds be expdghle`;

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QRGJPHJGD 0 PHPDE? JHRJUDGPKR JHRJUDGPKRX X ZXZPEN GL@ EVERJHZE

REG@HLMZ? 

  Dejture lktes   Bhkdkmhjgd Zjheljes H gl` HH   G``hthklgd dhtergture irkn ktfer skurjes

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Degrlhlm Kboejthves?   @eternhle tfe redgthklsfhp betweel bdkk` pressure, pudse rgte gl` fegrt rgte   @eternhle tfe eiiejt ki nk`ergte gl` strelukus exerjhse ex erjhse kl bdkk` pressure gl` pudse rgte   @eternhle systkdhj gl` `hgstkdhj bdkk` pressure3 prkper use ki pressure chts. 

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Qrkje`ure 

Hnne`hgte eiiejts ki exerjhse kl tfe bk`y bk` y (sedejte` nenbers ki mrkups sfkud` be `eternhle` hl prevhkus dgb sesshkl)

  Pgce tfe bgsgd bdkk` pressure gl` pudse reg`hlms ki nenbers ki tfe sedejte` mrkup jgrryhlm

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kut tfe exerjhse ushlm tfe bdkk` pressure chts prkvh`e`. (Xkur test suboejt sfkud` be rejdhle` ikr 0 nhlutes beikre tfe bdkk` pressure gl` pudse hs tgcel.)   Pfe test suboejts sfkud` tfel stgl` ikr 0 nhlutes giter wfhjf tfe bdkk` pressure gl` pudse rgtes sfkud` be rejkr`e`.   Pfe test suboejts sfkud` tfel jgrry kut gl exerjhse (nk`ergte/strelukus) ikr 0 nhlutes giter wfhjf tfe bdkk` pressure gl` pudse rgte tgcel hnne`hgtedy giter gl` thne tgcel tk returl tk steg`y pudse rgte. (Repdhjgthkl ikr best resudts lkt pksshbde fere `ue tk thne jklstrghlt) jk lstrghlt)

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shnhdgr vgdues ikr ktfer sedejte` mrkups wfhjf sfkud` hljdu`e bktf ngdes gl` iengdes   Rejkr` respejthvedy.

  Gdd stu`elts sfkud` clkw tfe prkper prkje`ure gl` prejguthkls ikr tgchlm tfe bdkk` pressure

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gl` pudse. Qdegse reier tk tfe nglugd ikr tfe bdkk` pressure chts tk elsure prkper usgme ki equhpnelt. Jgdjudgthkl ki tfe Bk`y Ngss Hl`ex (BNH)

  Negsure tfe fehmft (n) gl` wehmft (cm) ki perskls elmgme` hl tfe exerjhse gjthvhty.   Ushlm sujf `gtg jgdjudgte tfehr respejthve BNH ushlm tfe ikddkwhlm equgthkl?

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BNH > Ngss (cm) / SFehmft (n)^2

  Xku gre requhre` tk redgte sujf BNH BN H vgdues tk tfe ihtless ki sedejte` suboejts.

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  Qdegse lkte tfgt tfhs sfkud` be jgdjudgte` beikre jkl`ujthlm tfe exerjhse. 77

 

Resudts @gtg jkddejte` irkn bdkk` pressure gl` exerjhse ex erjhse experhnelts.

Bdkk` Qressure (BQ) gl` Qudse Rgte (QR) Ygdues Rejdhlhlm Ztgl`hlm Giter Rejkvery Zuboejt

Gme BQ

QR

BQ

QR

Exerjhse BQ QR

Phne (nhls) 7 2 : 0 5

Pgbde 7? Bdkk` pressure gl` pudse rgte reg`hlms ki stu`elts ikr tfree vgryhlm pkshthkls gl` hnne`hgtedy ikddkwhlm exerjhse Xku ngy be requhre` tk jklstrujt g mrgpf, elsure tfgt yku fgve mrgpf pgper .

@hsjusshkl G jknpdete dgb repkrt hl tfe spejhihe` ikrngt (reier tk gppel`hx 2) hs requhre` ikr tfe bdkk`  pressure experhnelts gl` tfe ikddkwhlm questhkls jgl be jklsh`ere` ikr tfe `hsjusshkl.

  Jklsudt tfe vgdues prkvh`e` ikr lkrngd bdkk` pressure pre ssure reg`hlms ikr nel gl` wknel (gme

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21). @kes ykur bdkk` pressure gl` tfgt ki tfe ktfer nenbers ki tfe mrkup dhe whtfhl tfgt rglme; Jknnelt kl gly `hiiereljes kbserve`. ]fgt hs tfe redgthklsfhp betweel fegrtbegt gl` pudse p udse rgte; ]fy `kes tfhs redgthklsfhp exhst; Fkw eiihjhelt hs tfe jhrjudgtkry systen ki ykur jdgssngtes; Redgte tfe BNH gl` hts shmlhihjglje tk ihtless ki hl`hvh`ugds.

72

 

QRGJPHJGD 5 PHPDE? URHLKMELHPGD GL@ @HMEZPHYE ZXZPENZ REG@HLMZ? Dejture lktes

Bhkdkmhjgd Zjheljes H gl` HH Degrlhlm Kboejthves?

  Dkjgte tfe ch`leys gl` tfehr `ujts ` ujts hl tfe rgt (vertebrgte, ngnngd) gl` redgte tfehr

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strujture tk tfehr iuljthkl.

  Dkjgte tfe mklg`s gl` tfehr tf ehr `ujts hl g represeltgthve vertebrgte (rgt) gl` redgte tfehr

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strujture tk tfehr iuljthkl.

  Dkjgte tfe keskpfgmus, stkngjf, `uk`elun, `uk`el un, hdeun, oeoulun, sngdd hltesthle, dgrme

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hltesthle, gppel`hx, jgejun, spdeel, pgljregs, dhver gl` ktfer hnpkrtglt krmgls hl g represeltgthve vertebrgte (rgt) gl` redgte tfehr strujture tk tfehr iuljthkl. Qrkje`ure 

  ]krc hl mrkups.

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  ]egr mdkves gl` sgiety mdgsses.

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  @hssejt tfe rgt tk kbserve tfe urhlkmelhtgd  gl` `hmesthve systens (`enklstrgtkr

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gsshste`).

Resudts

  Qrepgre iuddy dgbedde` `rgwhlms ki tfe urhlkmelhtgd systen ki ngde gl` iengde rgts.

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  Qrepgre iuddy dgbedde` `rgwhlms ki tfe `hmesthve systen ki tfe rgt.

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  Kbserve gl` ngce g dgbedde`, fhmf pkwer `rgwhlm ki tfe senhlhierkus tubudes ki tfe

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tesths (sdh`e prkvh`e`). Revhew strujture ki spern.

  Kbserve gl` ngce g dgbedde`, dkw pkwer `rgwhlm ki tfe kvgry (sdh`e prkvh`e`). Revhew

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strujture ki emm/sejkl`gry kkjyte. @hsjusshkl

Jknpgre ngde gl` iengde urhlkmelhtgd systens3 s ystens3 `esjrhbe fkw tfe `ujts ki tfe ch`leys gl gl` ` tfe mklg`s gre redgte`. 7:

 

QRGJPHJGD 9 PHPDE? EVJREPKRX ZXZPEN REG@HLMZ? Dejture lktes

Bhkdkmhjgd Zjheljes H gl` HH Degrlhlm Kboejthves?

  Rejkmlhse, `esjrhbe gl` ngce `rgwhlms ki tfe mrkss strujture ki tfe ngnngdhgl ch`ley.

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  Rejkmlhse, `esjrhbe gl` ngce `rgwhlms ki tfe fhstkdkmy ki tfe lepfrkl.

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Qrkje`ure 

  Kbserve tfe mrkss strujture ki tfe ch`ley giter wfhjf g verthjgd jut tfrkumf tfe ch`ley ch`le y

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whdd be perikrne` tk revegd hts hlterlgd strujture.

  Kbserve sdh`es ki tfe pgljregs dkjgthlm tfe hsdets ki Dglmerfgls gs wedd gs tfe gdpfg gl`

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 betg jedds.

Resudts

  Ngce g iuddy dgbedde` `rgwhlm ki tfe mrkss strujture ki tfe ch`ley.

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  Ngce g iuddy dgbedde` `rgwhlm ki tfe hlterlgd strujture ki g verthjgd sejthkl tfrkumf tfe

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ch`ley.

  Irkn tfe sdh`es prkvh`e` ngce dgbedde` fhmf pkwer `rgwhlms ki tfe ikddkwhlm remhkls ki

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tfe lepfrkl? h. 

Qrkxhngd Jklvkdute` Pubude

hh. 

@hstgd Pubude

hhh. 

Bkwngl‘s Jgpsude  Jgpsude 

hv. 

Jkddejthlm `ujt

v. 

Dkkp ki Felde (gsjel`hlm gl` `esjel`hlm grns)

  Rejkr` vhg negls ki g scetjf tfe hsdet ki Dglmerfgls gs wedd gs gdpfg gl` betg jedds.

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70

 

QRGJPHJGD = PHPDE? NHPKZHZ GL@ NEHKZHZ DGB H

REG@HLMZ   Dejture Lktes   Bhkdkmhjgd Zjhelje 7 & 2, Jfgpter 2:   Gjjess `hgmrgns, pfktkmrgpfs, etj. irkn Hlterlet/ktfer texts 

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DEGRLHLM KBOEJPHYEZ   @esjrhbe tfe befgvhkur ki jfrknksknes, jeltrhkdes, gl` nhjrktubudes hl gdd pfgses/stgmes ki nhtkshs gl` nehkshs   @esjrhbe `hiiereljes hl nhtkshs gl` jytkchleshs hl pdglt gl` glhngd jedds   @esjrhbe `hiiereljes hl nhtkshs gl` nhtkshs. 

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ZPU@ELP QREQGRGPHKL

Ignhdhgrhzhlm ykursedi hl g`vglje whtf tfe hlikrngthkl gl` prkje`ures jkvere` hl tfhs dgb whdd mhve yku g better ul`erstgl`hlm ki tfe ngterhgd gl` hnprkve ykur eiihjheljy. eiihjheljy. Pfe hlikrngthkl lee`e` hs jkltghle` hl tfe reg`hlms mhvel gl` tfe prkje`ures reier tk kbservgthkl schdds, nhjrksjkpe tejflhque, bhkdkmhjgd `rgwhlms gl` prepgrgthkl ki k i dgb repkrts. HLPRK@UJPHKL Pfe ikddkwhlm sfkud` be jklsh`ere`?   ]fgt hs nhtkshs gl` tfe stgmes ki nhtkshs (brhei)   @hiiereljes betweel nhtkshs gl` jytkchleshs hl pdglt gl` glhngd jedds   ]fgt hs nehkshs gl` tfe stgmes ki nehkshs (brhei)   ]fere `kes nhtkshs gl` nehkshs kjjur hl pdglts gl` glhngds gl hngds 

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QRKJE@URE Jdegl dels whtf dels pgper gl` gdjkfkd beikre bemhllhlm ykur nhjrksjkpe wkrc.

G.  Kbservhlm Nhtkshs gl` Jytkchleshs hl Qdglt Jedds   Exgnhle g prepgre` sdh`e ki g D.Z. tfrkumf gl klhkl rkkt thp ushlm dkw pkwer kl tfe jknpkul` nhjrksjkpe   Dkjgte tfe remhkl befhl` tfe rkkt jgp. Gt tfe thp ki tfe rkkt hs g rkkt jg jgp p tfgt prktejts tfe tel`er tkkt thp. Oust befhl` tfe rkkt jgp hs tfe zkle ki jedd `hvhshkl.   Ikjus kl tfe zkle ki jedd `hvhshkl. Pfel swhtjf tk hlterne`hgte dels, ikjus, gl` tfel 

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swhtjf tk fhmf pkwer. 75

 

  Zurvey tfe zkle ki jedd `hvhshkl gl` dkjgte hlterpfgse, prkpfgse, netgpfgse, glgpfgse,

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tedkpfgse gl` jytkchleshs.   Gs yku ihl` tfe `hvh`hlm jedds, spejudgte gbkut hts stgme ki `hvhshkl3 reg` tfe `esjrhpthkls mhvel hl ykur text ikr egjf stgme tk verhiy tfgt ykur muess hs jkrrejt, gl` hi lejessgry jklihrn whtf ykur @enklstrgtkr.

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@hiiereljes betweel nhtkshs hl glhngds gl` nhtkshs hl pdglts kb serve nhtkshs gs ht kjjurs hl glhngds   Use ykur text gl`/kr pfktkmrgpfs tk kbserve   Kbserve ngokr `hiiereljes whtf respejt tk jytkchleshs, jeltrhkdes gl` gsters. 

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B.  Kbservhlm Nehkshs hl Qdglt Jedds

  Exgnhle g prepgre` sdh`e ki g j.s. tfrkumf gl gltfer ushlm dkw pkwer kl tfe jknpkul`

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nhjrksjkpe. Dkjgte kle ki tfe ikur spferhjgd gltfer dkbes, wfere `hvhshkl kjjurs. Ikjus kl tfe jedd `hvhshkl. Pfel swhtjf tk hlterne`hgte dels, ikjus, gl` swhtjf tk fhmf  pkwer. Zurvey tfe zkle ki jedd `hvhshkl gl` dkjgte hlterpfgse, prkpfgse H & HH, netgpfgse H & HH, glgpfgse H & HH, tedkpfgse H & HH gl` jytkchleshs. Gs yku ihl` `hvh`hlm jedds, spejudgte gbkut hts stgme ki `hvhshkl3 reg` tfe `esjrhpthkls mhvel hl ykur text irkn egjf stgme tk verhiy tfgt ykur muess hs jkrrejt, gl` hi lejessgry jklihrn whtf ykur @enklstrgtkr.

REZUDPZ

  @rgw gl` dgbed tfe jedds exfhbhthlm vgrhkus stgmes ki nhtkshs3 wrhte brhei lktes gbkut tfe

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 befgvhkur ki tfe jfrknkskne gt egjf stgme.   @rgw gl` dgbed tfe jedds exfhbhthlm vgrhkus stgmes ki nehkshs3 wrhte brhei lktes gbkut tfe  befgvhkur ki tfe jfrknkskne gt egjf stgme.   Qrepgre g tgbde ki tfe ngokr `hiiereljes yku fgve kbserve` betweel nhtkshs hl pdglt gl` glhngd jedds. (bemhl gt fkne)

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@HZJUZZHKL Jklstrujt g jknpgrgthve tgbde tk hddustrgte tfe shmlhihjglt `hiiereljes betweel nhtkshs gl` nehkshs. (bemhl gt fkne)

J.  Jgdjudgthlm tfe Nhtkthj Hl`ex Kboejthves 

tfe redgthve `urgthkl ki tfe pfgses ki tfe jedd jyjde hl klhkl rkkt thp thssue    @eternhle Jgdjudgte tfe nhtkthj hl`ex ikr klhkl rkkt thp.

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79

 

HLPRK@UJPHKL  Lkw tfgt yku gre ignhdhgr whtf tfe evelts ki nhtkshs, yku jgl esthngte tfe redgthve `urgthkl ki egjf pfgse ki tfe jedd jyjde   by rejkr`hlm tfe irequeljy whtf wfhjf yku ihl` egjf pfgse hl remhkls wfere jedd `hvhshkl `hvhshkl hs gjthvedy tgchlm pdgje. Xku whdd gdsk be hltrk`uje` tk tfe Nhtkthj Hl`ex gl` hts uthdhty. @urgthkl ki tfe jedd jyjde Pfe `urgthkl ki nhtkshs nhtkshs vgrhes ikr `hiierelt thssues hl klhkl. Fkwever, prkpfgse hs gdwgys gdwgys tfe dklmest pfgse (7 ‚  (7  ‚  2   2 fkurs), gl` glgpfgse hs gdwgys tfe sfkrtest (2 -71 nhl). Netgpfgse (5 ‚  (5 ‚  75  75 nhl) gl` tedkpfgse (71  ‚   :1 nhl) gre gre gdsk ki redgthvedy sfkrt `urgthkl. Hlterpfgse ngy rglme rglme irkn 72 ‚  72 ‚  :1  :1 fkurs.

Hi ht tgces kl gvergme 79 fkurs (891 nhl) ikr klhkl rkkt thp jedds tk jknpdete tfe jedd jyjde, tfel yku jgl jgdjudgte tfe gnkult ki thne spelt hl egjf pfgse ki tfe jyjde irkn tfe perjeltgme ki jedds hl tfgt stgme. Qerjeltgme ki jedds hl stgme x 891 nhlutes > nhlutes ki tfe jedd jyjde spelt hl stgme @eihlhthkl ki Nhtkthj Hl`ex Nhtkthj hl`ex? Hl g pkpudgthkl ki jedds, tfe rgthk ki tfe lunber ki jedds ul`ermkhlm nhtkshs (jedd `hvhshkl) tk tfe lunber ki jedds lkt ul`ermkhlm nhtkshs.  nhtkshs.   Nhtkthj hl`ex hs g negsure ikr tfe prkdhiergthkl prkdhiergthkl stgtus ki g jedd jedd pkpudgthkl. Ht hs `eihle` gs tfe rgthk betweel tfe lunber ki jedds hl nhtkshs (prkpfgse, netgpfgse, glgpfgse, tedkpfgse gl` tfe tktgd lunber ki jedds. Nhtkthj hl`ex > # ki jedds hl prkpfgse + netgpfgse + glgpfgse + tedkpfgse / tktgd # ki jedds hl ihed` ki vhew

x

711

Pfe nhtkthj hl`ex jgl be jgdjudgte` irkn irkn g sdh`e, evel whtf ddhmft hmft nhjrksjkpy. Ht hs tfe lunber ki jedds jkltghlhlm vhshbde jfrknksknes hl prkpfgse, netgpfgse, glgpfgse, tedkpfgse `hvh`e` by tfe tktgd lunber ki jedds hl tfe ihed` ki vhew. Jedd pkpudgthkl mrkwtf kjjurs gs jedds pgss tfrkumf hlterpfgse gl` nhtkshs tk jknpdete tfe jedd jyjde. Ngly jedds dkse tfe jgpgjhty tk `hvh`e gs tfey ngture kr `hvh`e kldy rgredy. Ktfer jedds gre jgpgbde ki rgph` jedd `hvhshkl. `hvhshkl. Ikr exgnpde, gs pdglt rkkts mrkw, mrkw, jedds legr tfe thp ki tfe rkkt, hl tfe gphjgd nerhsten, `hvh`e rgph`dy tk pusf tfe rkkt tfrkumf tfe skhd. Pfe rkkt jgp `etejts tfe  pudd ki mrgvhty gl` `hrejts tfe rgph` mrkwtf ki jedds legr tfe thp.

7=

 

Qrkje`ure Ushlm tfe 01V kboejthve, exgnhle g shlmde ihed` ki vhew hl tfe gphjgd nerhsten remhkl gl` jkult tfe lunber ki jedds hl tfe vgrhkus pfgses ki tfe jedd jyjde. Ngce sure yku gre revhewhlm tfe gjthvedy `hvh`hlm greg ki tfe rkkt thp. Repegt hl tfree nkre lkl-kverdgpphlm ihed`s ki vhew. Use tfe tgbde bedkw tk jkddejt gl` jgdjudgte ykur resudts. Resudts Pgbde 7 Qerjeltgme ki jedds hl egjf pfgse ki tfe jedd jyjde # ki jedds Ihed` 7

# ki jedds Ihed` 2

# ki jedds Ihed` :

# ki jedds Ihed` 0

Pktgd

% ki Mrgl` Pktgd (Pktgd/Mrgl` Pktgd x 711)

Hlterpfgse Qrkpfgse Netgpfgse Glgpfgse Pedkpfgse Mrgl` Pktgd

7.  Jgdjudgte tfe thne spelt hl prkpfgse, netgpfgse, glgpfgse, tedkpfgse, nhtkshs, hlterpfgse (jklvert thne tk fkurs gl` nhlutes). 2.  ]fgt perjeltgme ki tfe jedd jyjde jyjde hs spelt hl nhtkshs; nhtkshs; Hl hlterpfgse; :.  Jgdjudgte tfe nhtkthj hl`ex ikr ikur ihed`s ki vhew. Ht hs tfe tfe lunber ki jedds jkltghlhlm vhshbde vhshbde jfrknksknes hl prkpfgse, netgpfgse, glgpfgse gl` tedkpfgse `hvh`e` by tfe tktgd lunber ki jedds hl tfe ihed` ki vhew (nudthpdy by 711 tk jgdjudgte gs perjeltgme). @hsjusshkl 7.  Fkw `k ykur resudts jknpgre whtf wfgt hs melergddy clkwl gbkut tfe klhkl jedd jyjde gs `esjrhbe` gbkve; 2.  Hi ykur `gtg `h` lkt gmree whtf tfe hlikrngthkl mhvel kl tfe klhkl jedd jyjde, wkud` tfe jedd jyjde ikr tfe rkkt thp jedds yku kbserve` fgve tk be dklmer kr sfkrter tfgl tfe gvergme ki 79 fkurs hl kr`er tk expdghl ykur resudts; :.  ]fy hs tfe nhtkthj hl`ex useiud hl tfe `hgmlkshs ki jgljer;

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QRGJPHJGD 6 PHPDE? NHPKZHZ GL@ NEHKZHZ DGB H7

REG@HLMZ   Dejture Lktes   Bhkdkmhjgd Zjhelje 7 & 2, Jfgpter 2:   Hl`hjgte` web pgmes 

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DEGRLHLM KBOEJPHYEZ   @esjrhbe tfe befgvhkur ki jfrknksknes, jeltrhkdes, gl` nhjrktubudes hl gdd pfgses/stgmes ki nhtkshs gl` nehkshs   Qrepgre sdh`es irkn iresf ngterhgd tk sfkw tfe stgmes ki nhtkshs   Qrepgre sdh`es irkn iresf ngterhgd tk sfkw tfe stgmes ki nehkshs   Pk h`elthiy tfe stgmes ki nhtkshs gl` nehkshs hl dhvhlm thssue (klhkl rkkt thp, gltfers). gl tfers). 

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ZPU@ELP QREQGRGPHKL Ignhdhgrhzhlm ykursedi hl g`vglje whtf tfe hlikrngthkl gl` prkje`ures jkvere` hl tfhs dgb whdd mhve yku g better ul`erstgl`hlm ki tfe ngterhgd gl` hnprkve ykur eiihjheljy. eiihjheljy. Pfe hlikrngthkl lee`e` hs jkltghle` hl tfe reg`hlms mhvel gl` tfe prkje`ures reier tk kbservgthkl schdds, nhjrksjkpe tejflhque, bhkdkmhjgd `rgwhlms gl` prepgrgthkl ki dgb repkrts.

Exerjhse G JFRKNKZKNE ZHNUDGPHKL EVERJHZEZ

Jgrry kut tfe tfe exerjhses ushlm tfe jfrknkskne Bhk Cht glswer gdd tfe questhkls hl tfe hlserte` pgmes.

gsshste` by ykur `enklstrgtkr gl`

ZKNE KI PFEZE WUEZPHKLZ JGL BE JKNQDEPE@ GP FKNE BEIKRE PFE QRGJPHJGD ZEZZHKL

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Exerjhses B gl` J Remhkls ki Klhkl Rkkt thps Pfere gre tfree jeddudgr remhkls legr tfe thp ki gl klhkl rkkt. 7. Pfe rkkt jgp jkltghls jedds tfgt jkver gl` prktejt tfe ul`erdyhlm mrkwtf remhkl gs tfe rkkt pusfe` tfrkumf tfe tf e skhd.

2. Pfe remhkl ki jedd `hvhshkl (kr nerhsten) hs wfere jedds gre gjthvedy `hvh`hlm but lkt hljregshlm shmlhihjgltdy hl shze. :. Hl tfe remhkl ki jedd edklmgthkl, jedds gre hljregshlm hl shze, but lkt `hvh`hlm. 

Remhkl ki

Remhkl jedd

Qrktejthve rkkt jg jg

Qrkje`ure Xkur @enklstrgtkr whdd tgce yku tfrkumf tfe prkjess prkj ess ikr stghlhlm tfe dhvhlm ngterhgd. ZDH@E QREQGRGPHKLZ B. Nhtkshs hl squgsf prepgrgthkls ki mrkwhlm klhkl rkkt thps   Pfe rkkt thps ki klhkl fgve beel fgrveste` gl` ihxe` hl etfglkd-gjethj gjh` (:?7) gt :9 - 01±J ikr 72 ‚  72  ‚   20 fkurs. Pfe gjethj gjh` peletrgtes peletrgtes gl` swedds tfe prktkpdgsn, wfhde wfhde tfe etfglkd fgr`els gl` preserves preserves tfe prktkpdgst prktkpdgst grkul` tfe jfrknksknes. Ihxhlm ikr 72  ‚   20 fkurs re`ujes tfe stghlhlm ki tfe jytkpdgsn. 

  gwgy tfethps ihxgthve irkn tfe rkkt thps gjh` whtfkrjehl wgter stghl hl g wgtjf mdgss.   ]gsf Qdgje tfe rkkt hl gjetkjgrnhle/gjethj gl` 7.1 nkd `n : fy`rkjfdkrhj gjh`

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hl tfe prkpkrthkls ki tel pgrts ki stghl tk kle k le pgrt ki gjh`. ]grn (`k lkt bkhd) ikr ihve nhlutes kl g fkt pdgte. Pfe gjh` fedps tk ngjergte tfe thssue. ]gsf gwgy tfe exjess stghl, gl` pdgje rkkt thps kl g jdegl sdh`e whtf g `rkp ki gjethj gjh`. Ushlm g rgzkr bdg`e, jut kii nkst ki tfe ulstghle` pgrt ki tfe rkkt gl` `hsjgr` ht. Be jgreiud lkt tk `hsjgr` tfe rkkt thp, gs tfhs hs wfgt yku whdd use tk vhew tfe stgmes ki nhtkshs. Qdgje g jkver sdhp gl` meltdy tgp whtf whtf tfe bgjc ki g peljhd. Qdgje g pheje ki bdktthlm pgper kl jkver sdhp gl` meltdy press tfe jkver sdhp whtf ykur tfunb. @k lkt twhst kr pusf tfe sdh`e sh`ewgys. Pfe rkkt thp sfkud` spreg` kut tk g `hgneter ki gbkut 1.5 - 7 jn.

Kbservgthkls ki klhkl rkkt thp squgsf.  Zjgl tfe nhjrksjkpe ul`er tfe 71x kboejthve. Dkkc ikr tfe remhkl remhkl tfgt fgs dgrme dgrme lujdeh redgthve tk tfe shze ki tfe jedd3 gnklm tfese jedds whdd be ikul` jedds `hspdgyhlm stgmes ki nhtkshs. 21

 

Exgnpdes gre sfkwl hl tfe ihmure tk tfe rhmft. Zwhtjf tk tfe 01V kboejthve tk ngce jdkser kbservgthkls. Exgnpdes gre sfkwl hl tfe ihmure bedkw. .

 Zettjre jreg gseg seg  J. Nehkshs hl squgsf prepgrgthkls ki idkwer bu`s bu`s ki ki Ze Xku gre prkvh`e` whtf idkwer bu`s ki Zetjregseg Zetjregseg.. Renkve tfe brgjts gl` `hssejt kut tfe sngdd idkwer bu`s. Kpel tfe idkwer bu`s ushlm ushlm g `hssejthlm lee`de gl` renkve gltfers tfgt gre wfht wfhtee tk pgde yeddkwhsf mreel. Gltfers tfgt gre yeddkw gre gre tkk kd` gl` whdd lkt fgve `h `hvh`hlm vh`hlm pkddel nktfer jedds.   Qdgje tfe gltfers hl g `rkp ki gjetkjgrnhle gl` jrusf tfen ihrndy whtf tfe mdgss rk`.

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@hsjgr` gdd vhshbde `ebrhs `ebrhs whtf g lee`de. Pfe Qkddel Nktfer Jedds (QNJs) whdd whdd renghl hl tfe stghlhlm iduh`.   Jkver tfe kboejt whtf g jkver sdhp gl` wgrn meltdy kver g idgne. Repegt tfhs prkje`ure

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hlternhtteltdy wh tfkut gddkwhlm tfe stghl stghl stgh l hi tk lejessgry. bkhd kr tk tk jknpdetedy evgpkrgte. Fegthlm gddkws tfe stghlhlm tk whtfkut hltelshiy. G`` nkre st ghl   Jfejc ul`er g nhjrksjkpe tk see hi tfe QNJs gre hl gly stgme ki gjthve `hvhshkl (pkddel > tkk kd`3 jedds hl hlterpfgse > tkk ykulm).   Pfe prepgrgthkl ngy be squgsfe` by meltde meltde pressure gl` gl` segde`. Hi tfe stghlhlm hs lkt g`equgte yku ngy lee` tk fegt gmghl whtf stghl. Kverfegthlm whdd `estrky tfe jedd gl` lujdegr nenbrgles. Kbserve sdh`e ushlm tfe hlstrujthkls mhvel gbkve ikr tfe klhkl rkkt thp sdh`e.

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Resudts Rejkr` stgmes h`elthihe` ikr nhtkshs gl` nehkshs3 mhvhlm regskls ikr ykur `ejhshkl, e.m. Netgpfgse ‚  Netgpfgse  ‚  jfrknksknes  jfrknksknes dhle up hl shlmde ihde gt tfe equgtkr hl tfe jeltre ki tfe jedd. @rgwhlms gre lkt requhre`. G dgb repkrt hl tfe presjrhbe` ikrngt hs requhre` ikr B gl` J. 27

 

QRGJPHJGD 8 PHPDE? EJKDKMX

HLPRK@UJPHKL

Gl esselthgd schdd requhre` hl ejkdkmhjgd stu`hes hs tfe gbhdhty tk h`elthiy tfe krmglhsns hlvkdve`. Hl g iudd stu`y tfey nust be h`elthihe` tk spejhes, but hl predhnhlgry wkrc ht hs kitel suiihjhelt tk clkw fkw ngly `hiierelt chl`s ki krmglhsn gre preselt, bgse` kl tfehr nkrpfkdkmhjgd jfgrgjterhsthjs (—nkrpfkspejhes„). Hl tfhs prgjthjgd yku whdd jkddejt gs ngly nkrpfkspejhes ki pdglts gs yku jgl ihl` hl remhkls ki nkwl mrgssdgl` legr tfe tellhs jkurt kl jgnpus. Mrgsses (Mrgnhlege) gre g`gpte` tk whtfstgl` `hsturbglje irkn mrgzhlm glhngds gl`/kr ihre, tfehr nkst hnpkrtglt iegture behlm mrkwhlm pkhlts gt mrkul` deved rgtfer tfgl gt tfe tkp gs hl nkst ktfer pdglts. Zfkrt-nkwl dgwls gs ikul` kl jgnpus represelt g stressiud elvhrklnelt ikr  pdglts, gl` mrgsses lgturgddy `knhlgte tfese fgbhtgts. G rglme ki ktfer pdglts ngy pershst gs wee`s hl mrgssdgl`, hi tfey jgl tkdergte tfe pfyshjgd stress irkn nkwhlm gl` irkn tfe kitel dgrme idujtugthkls hl tenpergture gl` skhd nkhsture. Mrgsses gre `hiihjudt tk h`elthiy, gl` gre kitel represelte` by kldy g iew spejhes, hl jkltrgst tk ktfer pdglts ki wfhjf tfere ngy be ngly spejhes  preselt hl sngdd lunbers. Hl tfhs prgjthjgd yku whdd tfereikre jkddejt tfe ngokr mrgsses preselt hl egjf remhkl, gl` gs ngly ngl y nkrpfkspejhes gs pksshbde ki tfe ktfer pdglts preselt.

KBOEJPHYEZ  Pfe kboejthves ki tfhs prgjthjgd exerjhse gre tk?

  Ignhdhgrhse stu`elts whtf nkwl sfkrt-turi mrgssdgl` fgbhtgt gl` tfe use ki tfe qug`rgt

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  Gjqughlt stu`elts whtf shnpde kbservgthklgd tejflhques ikr `esjrhbhlm tfe ejksysten

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gsskjhgte` whtf g Zgnggl Pree.

  Pk ignhdhgrhze stu`elts whtf tfe use ki tfe Qkkter gl` tfe Berdese Puddmrel Iulled `urhlm

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ejkdkmhjgd sgnpdhlm.

22

 

EVERJHZE 7? UZE KI PFE WUG@RGP IKR MRGZZDGL@ ZGNQDHLM

Ztu`elts whdd wkrc hl beljf mrkups whtf tfehr `enklstrgtkr. Egjf mrkup sfkud` wkrc tkmetfer hl tfe ihed` tk jkddejt g iew spejhnels (hi pksshbde) ki egjf pdglt nkrpfkspejhes eljkultere` hl mrgssdgl` gregs surrkul`hlm tfe tellhs jkurt kl jgnpus. Ushlm g negsurhlm tgpe, g 711n dhle trglsejt wkud` be pdgje` whtfhl tfe greg. Pfe qug`rgt whdd tfel rgl`kndy be tfrkwl gdklm tfe trglsejt dhle gl` stu`elts whdd be requhre` tk rejkr` gl` jkddejt spejhnel ki tfe vgrhkus mrgsses gl` ktfer vemetgthkl preselt. Repegt tfhs prkje`ure ikur ktfer thnes gdklm tfe trglsejt tk met gl esthngte gs tk tfe vemetgthkl jknpkshthkl whtfhl tfe greg behlm sgnpde`. EVERJHZE 2? HLYEZPHMGPHKL KI EJKZXZPENZ

Gl ejksysten represelts g jknpdex elvhrklnelt represelthlm tfe hltergjthkls betweel bhktg gs wedd gs tfehr gbhkthj elvhrklnelt. Pfe Zgnggl Pree oust kppkshte tfe mreelfkuse whdd be use` ikr tfhs hlvesthmgthkl. Ztu`elts gre requhre` tk jrhthjgddy kbserve tfhs elvhrklnelt gl` rejkr` gs ngly ikk` jfghls hl kr`er tk jklstrujt g ikk` web wfhjf whdd hddustrgte tfe jknpdexhty ki tfhs ejksysten. Ztu`elts whdd gdsk be requhre` tk jkddejt sgnpdes ki exhsthlm hlsejts vhg use ki tfe Qkkter. Xku whdd be muh`e` gs tk hts use by ykur `enklstrgtkr. Pfe Qkkter hs g `evhje use` hl tfe jkddejthkl ki hlsejts,  hlsejts,  jrustgjegls kr ktfer sngdd, irgmhde krmglhsns, usugddy ikr sjhelthihj  purpkses. Pfe jknnkl `eshml whdd be use` wfhjf jklshsts ki g delmtf ki idexhbde tubhlm, ki wfhjf kle el` hs fed` hl tfe nkutf, gl` tfe ktfer el` wfhjf fkd`s tfe thp. Pfe thp hs usugddy g mdgss kr pdgsthj phpette hlserte` hltk tfe pdgsthj tubhlm, whtf g pheje ki mguze gs g ihdter gt tfe hller el` tk prevelt gjjh`eltgd hlmesthkl. Zngdd hlsejts (e.m., glts) ngy be meltdy jkddejte` gl` fed` gmghlst tfe ihdter by steg`y hlfgdgthkl, gl` trglsierre` hltk g jkltghler by tfel bdkwhlm tfe hlsejt(s) kut. EVERJHZE :? @ENKLZPRGPHKL KI UZE KI PFE BERDEZE PUDDMREL IULLED

G Berdese Puddmrel iulled hs g mkk` tkkd tk jkddejt sngdd hlsejts irkn degi dhtter (e.m. nhtes, jelthpe`es, nhddhpe`es,), pdglt `ebrhs kr kd` dkms. Pfhs gppgrgtus jklshsts ki g iulled whtf g jkgrse sjreel kl tfe hlsh`e gl` g `hsf ki gdjkfkd bedkw tk jgtjf tfe hlsejts gs tfey nkve kut ki tfe pdglt ngterhgd. Pfe pdglt ngterhgd jgl be gddkwe` tk `ry kr ikrje `rhe` ushlm g dhmft budb kr ktfer fegt skurje tk `rhve tfe hlsejts kut. Pfe ihmure bedkw hddustrgtes g typhjgd Berdese Puddmrel Iulled hl kpergthkl. @rgw g dgbede` `hgmrgn gl` expdghl hl `etghd fkw ht wkrcs. 2:

 

20

 

QRGJPHJGD 71 PHPDE? MELEPHJ QRKBDEN ZFEEPZ

. MELEPHJZ QRKBDEN ZFEEP #7 Gdd questhkls tk be jknpdete` gt fkne

7. ]fgt hs tfe tfe prkbgbhdhty prkbgbhdhty tfgt hi tfree tfree h`elthjgd h`elthjgd jkhls jkhls were idhppe` idhppe` gdd gdd tfree wkud` wkud` el` up feg`s; ]fgt hs tfe prkbgbhdhty tfgt g ignhdy whtf ihve jfhd`rel; (g) Fgs gdd ihve ihve bkys. bkys. (b) Fgs gdd ihve mhrds. mhrds. (j) Fgs gdd gdd ihve jfhd`rel jfhd`rel ki tfe tfe sgne sex. sex. 2. G brkwl nhlc nhlc jrksse` jrksse` whtf g shdver-b shdver-bdue due nhlc prk`uje` prk`uje` gdd gdd brkwl kiisprhlm kiisprhlm33 wfel tfe dgtter were hlterbre` tfey prk`uje` 06 brkwl glhngds gl` 75 shdver-bdue glhngds. (g) @rgw g melethj `hgmrgn ki tfe jrkss. jrkss. ]fhjf trght trght hs `epel`elt kl g `knhlglt mele; (b) Ki tfe 06 06 brkwl glhngds glhngds hl tfe I2  melergthkl, fkw ngly `k yku expejt tk be feterkzymkus; (j) Fkw wkud` yku `eternhle `eternhle wfhjf ki tfe 06 brkwl glhngds glhngds were feterkzymku feterkzymkus; s; Hljdu`e g melethj `hgmrgn. :. G ngl whtf whtf pkdy`gjtyd pkdy`gjtyd (preselje (preselje ki ki extrg ihlmers) ihlmers) ngrrhes ngrrhes g lkrngd lkrngd wkngl3 wkngl3 tfey tfey fgve ihve jfhd`rel gdd ki wfkn fgve pkdy`gjtyd. Kle ki tfe jfhd`rel ngrrhes g lkrngd perskl. Fkw ngly ki tfehr jfhd`rel wkud` be expejte` ex pejte` tk fgve extrg ihlmers; 0. Hl tfe tfe sun sunne nerr pdgl pdgltt squg squgsf sf ] `eternhles wfhte gl` w  jkdkure` iruht, gl` Z `eternhles `hsj gl` s, spfere sfgpe` iruhts, respejthvedy. Hi squgsf ki melktypes ]wZs gre jrksse`, wfgt gre tfe prkbgbhdhthes ki? (g) Mgnete Mgnetess whtf whtf ]s (b) Mgnete Mgnetess whtf whtf ]Z (j) Qrkmely Qrkmely whtf whtf ]]ZZ (`) Qrkmely Qrkmely whtf whtf ]wZs (e) Qrkmely Qrkmely whtf wfhte, wfhte, `hsj sfgpe` sfgpe` iruhts; iruhts; 5. Nel`ed Nel`ed `hsjkvere` `hsjkvere` tfgt tfgt mrey see` see` jkdkur jkdkur hl pegs gre gre `knhlglt `knhlglt tk wfhte. wfhte. Hl tfe tfe ikddkwhlm ikddkwhlm experhnelts, pgrelts whtf clkwl pfelktypes but ulclkwl melktypes prk`uje` tfe dhste`  prkmely. Qgrelts (g) Mrey x ]fhte (b) Mrey x Mrey (j) ]fhte x ]fhte

Mrey Kiisprhlm 62 776 1 25

]fhte Kiisprhlm =6 :8 51

 

(`) Mrey x ]fhte (e) Mrey x Mrey

=0 81

1 1

(g) (g) Ushl Ushlm m M ikr tfe mrey gddede gl` m ikr tfe wfhte gddede, mhve tfe nkst prkbgbde melktype ki egjf pgrelt. (b) Hl tfe experhnelts g, b, j, gl` e, hl`hjgte fkw ngly ki tfe m mrey rey prkmely prk`uje` gre feterkzymkus. 9. Hl `kms, `kms, `grc `grc jkgt jkgt jk jkdk dkur ur (@) hs `knhlglt kver gdbhlk ( `) gl` sfkrt fghr (F) hs `knhlglt kver dklm fghr (f). Gssune tfgt tfese eiiejts gre jguse` by twk hl`epel`eltdy semremgthlm mele pghrs. Mhve tfe nkst prkbgbde melktypes melkt ypes ikr tfe pgrelts ki tfe ikddkwhlm jrksses? Qgreltgd Qfelktypes @grc Zfkrt 68 1

(g) @grc, sfkrt x @grc, @grc, sfkrt sfkrt (b) @grc, dklm x @grc, @grc, dklm dklm (j) @grc, sfkrt x @grc, @grc, sfkrt sfkrt (`) @grc, sfkrt x @grc, @grc, dklm (e) Gdbhlk, Gdbhlk, sfkrt sfkrt x Gdbhlk, Gdbhlk, sfkrt sfkrt

Qfelktype ki Kiisprhlm @grc Gdbhlk Gdbhlk Dklm Zfkrt Dklm :7 28 77 :2 1 71

09 28 1

79 :7 1

1 8 26

1 77 8

=. Hl nhje nhje yeddkw jkgt jkdkur jkdkur hs `knhlglt `knhlglt tk mrey jkgt. jkgt. Pwk yeddkw yeddkw nhje nhje were ngte` ngte` kl g lunber ki kjjgshkls, tfehr prkmely behlm 27 yeddkw gl` 71 mrey nhje. ]fel twk ki tfe mrey-jkgte` kiisprhlm were ngte` tfey gdwgys prk`uje` mrey dhtters. ]fel twk ki tfe yeddkw kiisprhlm were ngte`, lkle ki tfen bre` true, yeddkw gl` mrey gppegre` hl tfe rgthk 2?7. Expdghl tfese resudts mhvhlm iudd `etghds. 6.

(g) G ` `hpd hpdkh` kh` pdglt pdglt fgs g jfrkn jfrknksk kskne ne lunb lunber er ki 2l 2l >71. >71. h. hh. hh. hhh. hhh.

Fkw Fkw ngly ngly pgh pghrs rs ki fkn fknkdk kdkmk mkus us jfr jfrkn knks kskn knes es `kes `kes ht fgv fgve; e; Fkw Fkw ngly ngly jf jfrk rknk nksk skne ness `kes `kes tfhs tfhs pdg pdglt lt fgve fgve per per jedd jedd;; Fkw Fkw ngly ngly jfr jfrkn knks kskn knes es wkud wkud` ` hts hts pkdd pkddel el mrg mrghl hlss jkltg jkltghl hl;;

(b) Fkw ngly jfrkngth`s jfrkngth`s wkud` wkud` g jedd fgve `urhlm netgpfgse-7 netgpfgse-7;; (j) Hi g tetrgpdkh` tetrgpdkh` pdglt hs prk`uje` irkn irkn tfhs pdglt, fkw ngly ngly jfrknksknes wkud` ht fgve; 8. G ngl ki bdkk` bdkk` mrkup mrkup GB ngrrhes ngrrhes g wkngl wkngl ki bdkk` bdkk` mrkup G, G, wfkse igtfer igtfer wgs wgs ki bdkk` bdkk` mrkup K. wfgt gre tfe `hiierelt bdkk` mrkups tfhs ngl gl` tfhs wkngl expejt tfehr  jfhd`rel tk bedklm tk;

29

 

71. Hl g ngterlhty wgr`, ikur bgbhes bejkne gjjh`eltgddy nhxe` up. Pfe G, B, K types types ki tfe ikur bgbhes gre clkwl tk be K, G, B, gl` GB. Pfe G, B, K, types ki tfe ikur sets ki tfe  pgrelts gre `eternhle`. Hl`hjgte wfhjf bgby bedklms tk egjf set ki pgrelts. (g) (b) (j) (`)

GB x K G xK G x GB K xK

 77g G wkngl gjjuses g jertghl ngl ki behlm tfe igtfer ki f fer er jfhd`. Fer bdkk` type hs ikul` tk be G, tfe ngl‘s hs GB gl` tfe jfhd`‘ hs K. Jkud` fe be tfe igtfer ki tfe jfhd`; ]fy;  ]fy; 

77b Nrs. V gl` Nrs. X fg` bgbhes gt tfe sgne fksphtgd3 gdsk tfey sfgre` tfe sgne rkkn. Nrs. V fgs g bdkl`e `gumfter wfkn sfe lgne` Oegl3 Nrs X fg` g `grc fghre` `gumfter sfe lgne` Ngry. Zhlje Nrs. V wgs `grc fghre` gl` Nrs. X wgs bdkl`e, tfey skkl bemgl tk wkl`er hi tfe  bgbhes fg` beel nhxe` up. Bdkk` tests were jgrrhe` kut gl` mgve tfe ikddkwhlm resudts? Pfe V Ignhdy

Pfe X Ignhdy

G K B -

B K K

Nr. Nrs. Oegl Ngry

]ere tfehr susphjhkls jkrrejt; Expdghl ushlm melethj `hgmrgns. 72 Hl fungls g serhes ki gddedes gddedes fgve beel gsskjhgte` gsskjhgte` whtf tfe GBK GBK bdkk` type gs ikddkws?  G   B   G    B    H  G  G-type, H  G-type,  H  B  B-type, gl`  gl`  H K  K-type. K-type.   H  G gl`  H  B gre jk-`knhlglt.  H  G  H  B feterkzymktes fgve  G    B.. GB type bdkk`.  H K  hs rejesshve tk bktf  H  G gl`  H  B   ]fgt pfelktypes gl` rgthks nhmft be expejte` irkn tfe ikddkwhlm ngthlms; (g)  H  G x H  B H  B (b) H  (b)  H  G H  B x H K H K (j)  H  G H K x H  B H K (`) H  (`)  H  G H K x H K H K 7: ]fy hs ht lkt pksshbde tk use g fknkzymkus `knhlglt krmglhsn (sujf gs GG) hl g test jrkss experhnelt tk `eternhle tfe melktype ki gl krmglhsn sfkwhlm tfe `knhlglt  pfelktype; Use gpprkprhgte melethj synbkds tk hddustrgte ykur glswer iuddy. 70 Hl jgttde fkrldess hs `knhlglt tk fkrle` but re` hs jk-`knhlglt tk wfhte, tfe feterkzymkte sfkwhlm —rkgl„ wfere tfe fghrs gre nhxe` wfhte fghrs wfhte  fghrs gl` re` fghrs3 tfere gre lk wfhte gl` re` fghrs. Ztgrthlm whtf g jrkss betweel g fknkzymkus re` fkrle` jkw gl` g wfhte fkrldess 2=

 

 budd mhve I7 melktypes melkt ypes gl` pfelktypes, gl` sfkw wfgt tfe resudts ki brktfer shster ngthlm ki tfe I7 nhmft be; 75 Hl pegs Nel`ed hlvesthmgte` hlvesthmgte` twk trghts see` sfgpe sfgpe (rkul` R gl` wrhlcde` r, rkul` `knhlglt ) gl` see` jkdkur (yeddkw M gl` mreel m, yeddkw `knhlglt). Qure bree`hlm pdglts  prk`ujhlm rkul` yeddkw see`s were jrksse` whtf pure bree`hlm pdglts prk`ujhlm mreel wrhlcde` see`s. Hl tfe I7 gdd pdglts prk`uje` rkul` yeddkw see`s. Pfe I7 hlterjrkss prk`uje` g 8? :?:?7 rgthk hl tfe I2 melergthkl. Hl tfe I2 melergthkl tfe pfelktype rkul` yeddkw were  prk`uje` by ikur `hiierelt melktypes. Zfkw by negls ki melethj `hgmrgns fkw yku wkud` be gbde tk `hsthlmuhsf tfese melktypes. 79 Hl pkudtry, twk meles Q gl` R hltergjt tk prk`uje jknb sfgpe. Pfe gddedes ikr peg jknb Q gl` rkse jknb R , prk`uje tfe pfelktypes stgte` bedkw Qfelktypes  Qksshbde Melktypes  Qeg QQrr, Qprr Rkse RRpp, Rrpp ]gdlut QQRR, QpRR, QQrr, QpRr Zhlmde

pprr

(g) @eternhle tfe pfelktypes gl` rgthks irkn tfe ikddkwhlm jrkss jrksses. es. @hgmrgn egjf jrkss h--RrQp x RrQp

hh ‐   ‐ rrQQ rrQQ x RrQp

hhh ‐   ‐  RRQp x Rrpp

hv- rrQp x RrQp

Ikr hhh gl` hv hi tfe lunber ki prkmely prk`uje` hs 721 jgdjudgte tfe gnkult ikr egjf pfelktype prk`uje`. (b) Rkse jknb jfhjcels ngte` whtf wgdlut jknb jfhjcels prk`uje` 75 wgdlut, 70 rkse, 5 peg gl` 9 shlmde jknb. @eternhle tfe prkbgbde melktypes ki tfe  pgrelts.

7= Hl Zlgp`rgmkl, g mgr`el pdglt, pure bree`hlm pdglts prk`uje re` idkwers(RR) kr wfhte idkwers   (rr), tfe feterkzymkte (Rr) prk`ujes phlc idkwers. Pfhs hs gl exgnpde ki hljknpdete `knhlglje.   @eternhle pfelktyphj gl` melktyphj rgthks irkn tfe ikddkwhlm jrksses. jrksses. @hgmrgn egjf jrkss.   (h) pdglts prk`ujhlm re` re` idkwers  idkwers jrkss whtf pdglts prk`ujhlm wfhte idkwers tk met I7 melergthkl3 hlterjrkss tfe I7tk met tfe I2 melergthkl.   (hh) pdglts prk`ujhlm phlc idkwers jrkss whtf pdglts prk`ujhlm wfhte idkwers.  

(hhh) pdglts prk`ujhlm phlc idkwers jrkss whtf pdglts prk`ujhlm re` idkwers. 26

 

MELEPHJZ QRKBDEN ZFEEP # 2 Gdd questhkls tk be jknpdete` gt fkne 7. Idkwer Idkwer jkdkur hl hl tfe sweet peg peg pdglt hs `eternh `eternhle` le` by twk gddedknk gddedknkrpfhj rpfhj pghrs pghrs ki meles meles (R r gl` Z s) . Hi gt degst kle `knhlglt mele irkn egjf gddedknkrpfhj pghr hs preselt, tfe idkwer hs purpde. purpde. Gdd ktfer melktype hs wfhte. Hi twk purpde purpde pdglts egjf fgvhlm tfe melktypes RrZs gre jrksse`, wfgt whdd be tfe pfelktyphj rgthk ki tfe kiisprhlm; 2. G sex dhlce` rejesshve mele — j„ prk`ujes tfe jkdkur bdhl`less hl fungl behlms. G lkrngd wkngl wfkse igtfer wgs jkdkur bdhl` ngrrhes g jkdkur-bdhl` ngl. (g) (g) ]fgt ]fgt mel melkty ktype pess gre gre pkss pksshb hbde de ikr ikr tfe tfe nkt nktfer fer ki tfe tfe jkdk jkdkur ur-b -bdh dhl` l` ngl ngl;; (b) ]fgt ]fgt gre gre ttfe fe jfglj jfgljes es tfgt tfgt tfe tfe ihr ihrst st jfhd jfhd` ` irkn irkn tfhs tfhs ngrrhg ngrrhgme me whdd whdd be g jkdkurjkdkur-bdh bdhl` l`  bky; (j) Ki gdd tfe mhrds mhrds prk`uje prk`uje` ` by tfese tfese pgre pgrelts lts wfgt wfgt hhss expej expejte` te` tk be be tfe tfe jkdku jkdkurr bdhl` bdhl`;; (`) Ki gdd tfe jfhd`r jfhd`rel el (sex (sex ulspe ulspejhi jhihe` he`)) ikrn ikrn tfese tfese pgrelt pgreltss wfgt wfgt perjelt perjeltgme gme hs expejte` tk be lkrngd; y  hl tfe  @rkskpfhdg :. `knhlglt Pfe mele mele gddede ikr ikr yeddkw yedy+ dkw bk`y jkdkur  jkdtfe kur  whd`   hs rejesshve gl` sex-dhlce`. Hts   prk`ujes type @rkskpfhdg  bk`y jkdkur. ]fgt pfelktyphj rgthks gre expejte` irkn tfe jrksses; (g) Xeddkw ngde x yeddkw iengde gde (b) Xeddkw iengde x whd` type ngde (j) (j) ]hd` ]hd` type type ie ieng ngde de (fkn (fknkz kzym ymku kus) s) x yed eddk dkw w ngde ngde (`) (`) ]hd` ]hd` type type (j (jgr grrh rher er)) ie ieng ngde de x whd` whd` type type ngde ngde (e) (e) ]hd` ]hd` type type (j (jgr grrh rher er)) ie ieng ngde de x yed eddk dkw w ngde ngde

0. G lgrrkw re`uje` eye jgdde` g ‖bgr‘ hs g `knhlglt sex dhlce` jkl`hthkl ( B) hl tfe  @rkskpfhdg gl`  @rkskpfhdg  gl` tfe iudd whd` type hs prk`uje` by hts rejesshve gddede B+. G fknkzymkus whd` type iengde hs ngte` tk g bgr-eye` bgr-eye` ngde. @eternhle tfe I7 gl` tfe I2 melergthkls‘ melktyphj gl` pfelktyphj expejtgthkls. 5. G jrkss betweel betweel g pure bre` bdue bdue gl` g pure bre` bre` yeddkw yeddkw pgrgceet pgrgceet mgve bhr`s bhr`s whtf mreel mreel  pdungme. Jrksses betweel tfese mreel bhr`s yhed`e` mreel, yeddkw, bdue gl` wfhte bhr`. Pfe yeddkws gl` bdues were equgd hl lunbers gl` egjf tfree thnes gs jknnkl gs wfhtes gl` tfe mreel bhr`s were tfree thnes gs irequelt gs ehtfer yeddkw kr bdue bhr`s. @hgmrgn tfe gbkve jrkss. Use tfhs gs gl exgnpde ki mele hltergjthkl/mele jknpdex. 9. G wfhte-eye wfhte-eye` ` ngde iruht iruht idy idy wgs wgs jrksse` jrksse` whtf whtf g re`-eye` re`-eye` iengde. iengde. I7 melergthkl melergthkl kiisprhlm kiisprhlm were re` eye`. ]fel tfe I7 melergthkl were bre` tkmetfer, tfe lext melergthkl jklshs jklshste` te` ki g :?7 rgthk re` eye` tk wfhte-eye` idhes. idhes. Gdd wfhte-eye` idhes idhes were ngde. Gnklm re`eye` idhes tfe rgthk ki iengde tk ngde wgs 2?7. (g) (g) Ztgt Ztgtee wfhj wfhjf f eye eye jkdk jkdkur ur hs hs `kn `knhl hlgl gltt gl` gl` mhv mhvee regs regskl kls. s. (b) (b) Fkw Fkw wku wkud` d` yk yku u `esj `esjrh rhbe be tfh tfhss tty ype ki ki hlf hlfer erht htgl glje je;; (j) @hgmrgn tfe jrkss. 28

 

=. Fgenkpfhdhg Fgenkpfhdhg hs hs g sex dhlce` dhlce` rejesshve rejesshve jkl`hthkl jkl`hthkl hl fungls, fungls, wfhjf wfhjf prevelts prevelts tfe ikrngthk ikrngthkl l ki g prktehl, wfhjf hljregses tfe rgte ki bdkk` jdktthlm. Iengde feterkzymktes gre `esjrhbe` gs tfe jgrrher. jgrrher. Expdghl (g) sex dhlce`/sex dhlcgme gl` (b) jgrrher. ]fgt gre tfe expejte` prkmely ki;

 

(g) (b)  (j)  (`)  (e) 

lkrngd ngde gl` g lkrngd iengde iengde. Fgenkpfhdhgj ngde gl` g lkrngd Fgenkpfhdhgj ngde gl` g jgrrher iengde  Lkrngd ngde gl` g fgenkpfhdhgj iengde Ikr gdd ki tfe gbkve jrksses, stgte tfe prkbgbhdhty ki fgvhlm g fgenkpfhdhgj jfhd` (ngde gl` iengde).

6 Hl tfe iruht idy @rkskpfhdg idy @rkskpfhdg vesthmhgd whlm hs rejesshve tk lkrngd gl` wfhte eye hs rejesshve tk lkrngd re`. Pfese meles gre kl tfe V jfrknkskne (sex dhlce`). ]fgt pfelktypes gl` rgthks wkud` be expejte` hl tfe ikddkwhlm jrksses; jrksses; @hgmrgn egjf jrkss. jrkss. (g)  Yesthmhgd ngde gl` fknkzymkus lkrngd whlme` iengde. (b) Feterkzymkus lkrngd whlme` wfhte eye` iengde gl` lkrngd whlme` wfhte eye` ngde (j)  Yesthmhgd re` eye` ngde gl` feterkzymkus wfhte eye` lkrngd whlm iengde (`) Re` eye` iengde gl` wfhte eye` ngde tk mhve tfe 7 st melergthkl gl` sujf idhes irkn tfe 7st melergthkl hlter-jrksse` tk prk`uje tfe sejkl` melergthkl sfkwhlm g 2? 7? 7 rgthk (`eternhle tfe pgrelts gl` pfelktypes) (e)  ]fhte eye` iengde gl` re` eye` ngde tk mhve tfe 7 st melergthkl gl` sujf idhes irkn tfe 7st melergthkl hlter-jrksse` tk prk`uje tfe sejkl` melergthkl sfkwhlm g 7?7?7?7 rgthk (`eternhle pgrelts gl` pfelktypes) 8 Iur jkdkur hl nhje hs jkltrkdde` by g pghr ki meles gt `hiierelt dkjh, dkjh, tfe ephstgthj mele `eternhles preselje ki jkdkur J ‚  J  ‚ jkdkure` jkdkure` j-wfhte, tfe fypkstgthj mele `eternhles lgture ki jkdkur G ‚  G ‚ gmkuth/mrey gmkuth/mrey g- bdgjc. Pfhs hs gl exgnpde ki rejesshve rejesshve ephstgshs ephstgshs (g) Jrkss tfe `kubde feterkzymkus gl` `eternhle tfe pfelktypes gl` rgthk. (b) @eternhle tfe pgreltgd melktypes irkn tfe tfe ikddkwhlm pfelktyphj rgthks gl` `hgmrgn egjf jrkss. h- : gmkuth? : bdgjc? 2 gdbhlk hh- 7 gmkuth? 7 bdgjc? 2 gdbhlk hhh- : gmkuth? 7 bdgjc? 0 gdbhlk 71 Pfe ikddkwhlm gre ikur gddedes, dhste` hl kr`er ki `knhlglje ` knhlglje ikr iur jkdkur hl rgbbhts? I jf f J  ‚   ‚  gmkuth, j   ‚  ‚  jfhljfhddg,  jfhljfhddg, j  ‚   ‚  fhngdgygl  fhngdgygl gl` j ‚  j ‚  gdbhlk.  gdbhlk. @rgw melethj `hgmrgns tk `eternhle pfelktypes gl` gl ` rgthks expejte` irkn tfe ikddkwhlm jrksses. JIj x jj

JIj x JIj :1

 

JIjf x jjjf jjf x jj JIjf  x Jj jf jf  x jj Fkw jgl yku be sure ht hs fknkzymkus gt tfe J dkjus; 77 Jkgt jkdkur hl jgts hs `eternhle` by g sex dhlce` mele whtf twk gddedes, bdgjc gl` mhlmer. ]fel bdgjc jgts gre ngte` whtf mhlmer jgts, tfe iengde prkmely gre gdwgys tkrtkhsesfedd, tfehr jkgts sfkwhlm g nkttdhlm ki sngdd bdgjc gl` mhlmer pgtjfes, wfhde tfe ngde prkmely fgve tfe sgne jkdkur gs tfehr nktfers. g. Ushl Ushlm m tfe tfe syn synbkd bkdss B gl` M jkl jklst stru rujt jt prkpe prkperr mele meleth thjj `hgm `hgmrg rgns ns tk expdg expdghl hl tf tfes esee resudts.  b. Zummest gl expdglgthkl ikr tfe tkrtkhse sfedd jkgt hl terns ki tfe gjthvhty ki tfe V jfrknkskne.  

72 Pfe bgl`hlm pgtterl ki tfe sfedds ki tfe dgl` slghd ,  , Jepgeg lenkrgdhs, hs jkltrkdde` by twk uldhlce` meles. Zfedds ngy be ulbgl`e`, nh`bgl`e` kr ihve bgl`e`. Pfhs gl exgnpde ki `knhlglt ephstgshs, tfe preselje ki tfe `knhlglt ` knhlglt gddede B suppresses tfe expresshkl ki  bgl`hlm pgtterls. Pfe gddede, B, ki kle mele prk`ujes lk bgl`hlm pgtterl tfe rejesshve gddede, b, mhves  bgl`e` sfedds. Pfe `knhlglt gddede, N, ki tfe sejkl` mele resudts hl nh`bgl`e` sfedds tfe rejesshve gddede, n, mhves ihve-bgl`e` sfedds. s fedds. (g) G slghd whtf tfe melktype BBNN wgs ngte` whtf g slghd whtf tfe `kubde rejesshve melktype tk prk`uje tfe I7 melergthkl. Pfe I 7 kiisprhlms were hlterbre` tk prk`uje tfe I2 melergthkl @rgw melethj `hgmrgns sfkwhlm bktf jrksses. Mhve tfe rgthk gl` tfe pfelktypes ki tfe I 2  kiisprhlms.

(b) @rgw g melethj `hgmrgn tk `eternhle `eternhle tfe pfelktypes gl` pfelktyphj rgthk ki g jrks jrksss  betweel BbNn gl` Bbnn. 7: Hl nhje, nhje, tfe hltelshty hltelshty ki phmneltgthkl ki tfe iur hs hs jkltrkdde` by nudthpde gddedes ki g shlmde mele. Pfe gddedes gre dhste` bedkw hl kr`er ki `knhlglje, whtf J gs tfe nkst `knhlglt. J > iudd jkdkur Jjf >jfhljfhddg Jf > fhngdgygl Jg > gdbhlk

Eye jkdkur hl nhje hs jkltrkdde` by b y twk gddedes ki g shlmde mele, B/b. Gddede B jk`es ikr bdgjc eyes. Gddede b jk`es ikr re` eyes. G nkuse whtf iudd jkdkur iur gl` bdgjc eyes  wgs jrksse` whtf g nkuse whtf fhngdgygl iur  gl`  bdgjc eyes. Kle ki tfe kiisprhlm wgs gdbhlk whtf re` eyes. Ushlm g prkper melethj `hgmrgn sfkw tfe resudt ki tfhs jrkss. @eternhle tfe pfelktypes gl` pfelktyphj rgthk Jgrry kut tfe ikddkwhlm jrksses gl` `eternhle pfelktypes gl` pfelktyphj rgthks (h) JJfBB V JgJgBb :7

 

(hh) JJjf bb V (hh) JfJg bb  V

JJgBb JJjfBb

:2

 

GQQEL@HV 7 JGRE KI PFE NHJRKZJKQE

7.  ]fel jgrryhlm tfe nhjrksjkpe fkd` tfe grn whtf ykur rhmft fgl` hi rhmft fgl`e` kr ykur deit fgl` hi deit fgl`e`, gl` suppkrt tfe bgse ki tfe sjkpe whtf tfe ktfer fgl`. 2.  @k lkt renkve eyepheje exjept wfel pdgjhlm gl` renkvhlm eyepheje nhjrkneters :.  Use dels pgper tk jdegl delses. @k lkt use pgper tkweds thssues kr ktfer pgper. @k tfhs gt tfe stgrt ki egjf dgb. 0.   Lever use tfe kboejthve tk brhlm ht hltk pkshthkl use tfe revkdvhlm lksepheje kldy. 5.  Qdgje gl` renkve sdh`es irkn tfe stgme kldy wfel tfe 0V kboejthve hs hl pdgje. Renkvhlm g sdh`e wfel tfe fhmfer kboejthves gre hl pkshthkl ngy sjrgtjf tfe delses. 9.  @k lkt turl tfe ihle g`oustnelt clkb nkre tfgl twk revkduthkls hl ehtfer `hrejthkl. Hi tfe hngme `kes lkt jkne hltk ikjus returl tk tfe dkwer kboejthve gl` reikjus ushlm tfe jkgrse g`oustnelt. Gdwgys turl tfe ikjushlm clkbs sdkwdy gl` ulhikrndy.  =.  Nkst nhjrksjkpes fgve pgrikjgd delses, wfhjf negls tfgt dhttde reikjushlm hs requhre` wfel nkvhlm irkn kle dels tk glktfer. Hi ykur nhjrksjkpe hs lkt pgrikjgd gsc ikr gsshstglje. 6.   Lever ikjus whtf tfe jkgrse g`oustnelt clkb wfel yku gre ushlm tfe 01V kboejthve. 8.  Qrepgrhlm tk stkre ykur nhjrksjkpe?

           



Rktgte tfe 0V hltk pkshthkl



Renkve sdh`e irkn tfe stgme



Zet tfe dhmft hltelshty tk hts dkwest setthlm beikre turlhlm tfe pkwer kii k ii



Ulpdum tfe jkr` gl` wrgp ht grkul` tfe nhjrksjkpe bgse



Repdgje tfe `ust jkver



Returl tfe nhjrksjkpe tk tfe jgbhlet ushlm twk fgl`s3 kle fgl` fkd`hlm tfe grn gl` tfe ktfer suppkrthlm tfe bgse.

::

 

GQQEL@HV 2 MUH@EDHLEZ IKR ]RHPHLM DGBKRGPKRX REQKRPZ

@enklstrgtkrs gre requhre` tk `hsjuss tfe ikddkwhlm dgbkrgtkry ikrngt whtf stu`elts wfhjf tfey whdd subsequeltdy g`fere ikr prgjthjgd sesshkls. Pfe sejthkls gre gs ikddkws? 7.  PHPDE

  Egjf repkrt nust fgve g thtde gl` tfe `gte kl wfhjf tfe wkrc wgs perikrne` (bktf



ul`erdhle`). Pfe thtde sfkud` be g brhei stgtenelt ki tfe suboejt ul`er hlvesthmgthkl, ht sfkud` be spejhihj gl` hlikrngthve (reier tk dgb fgl`kuts). fgl`k uts).

  E.m. @gte? 72tf Zeptenber, 2171



Phtde? Zterek gl` Jknpkul` Nhjrksjkpes 2.  GHN

  Pfhs hs g stgtenelt(s) tfgt kutdhles wfgt whdd be hlvesthmgte` kr perikrne` `urhlm



tfe dgbkrgtkry exerjhse.

  E.m. Ghn? Pk `eternhle tfe eiiejt ki tenpergture kl tfe rgte ki elzyngthj



gjthvhty. :.  HLPRK@UJPHKL

  Pfhs sfkud` be g sylkpshs ki tfe pubdhsfe` tfekrethjgd hlikrngthkl redevglt tk tfe



tkphj tk be hlvesthmgte`.

  Hi tfe experhnelt tests g fypktfeshs hljdu`e tfe kbservgthkl irkn wfhjf tfe



fypktfeshs wgs gs wedd gs tfe fypktfeshs gl` g brhei stgtenelt kl fkw tfe fypktfeshs hs tk `erhve` be teste`. 0.  GQQGRGPUZ/NGPERHGDZ

  Represelts g dhst ki gdd redevglt ngterhgds gl` equhpnelt tk be use` `urhlm tfe



dgbkrgtkry exerjhse (reier tk ykur dgb fgl`kut).

:0

 

5.  QRKJE@URE

  Pfhs sejthkl sfkud` jkltghl iudd `etghds ki tfe experhneltgd/`hssejthkl/kbservgthkl



 prkje`ure gl` prktkjkd ikddkwe` (reier tk tfe dgb fgl`kut).

  Zfkud` be wrhttel hl lgrrgthve styde (pgrgmrgpf) hl tfe pgst telse gl` lkt hl pkhlt



ikrn. 9.  REZUDPZ

  Gdd `esjrhpthve kbservgthkls, `rgwhlms gl` quglthtgthve `gtg jkddejte` ikr



experhnelts/gjthvhthes jgrrhe` kut `urhlm tfe jkurse ki tfe prgjthjgd sfkud` be  preselte` hl tfhs sejthkl.

  Gs igr gs pksshbde `gtg sfkud` be preselte` p reselte` hl jfgrts, tgbdes gl` mrgpfs.



  Gly pgtterls kr trel`s kbserve` hl tfe `gtg sfkud` be kutdhle` bedkw tgbdes kr



mrgpfs. @k lkt `hsjuss resudts hl tfhs sejthkl, shnpdy preselt tfen hl g jdegr gl` jklshstelt ngller.

  @rgwhlms sfkud` be hl ceephlm whtf spejhihe` muh`edhles gl` tgbdes gl` mrgpfs



sfkud` ikddkw muh`edhles gs stgte` hl Qrgjthjgd :- Pfe Zjhelthihj Netfk`.

  Qdegse lkte tfgt mkk` vhsugd preseltgthkl ki resudts (wfetfer hl tfe ikrn ki mrgpfs



kr `rgwhlms ki g wfkde nkult, sejthkl, `hssejthkl kr sdh`e) hs esselthgd tk g mkk` repkrt.

  Gdd vgrhgbdes `eternhle`? hl`epel`elt, `epel`elt, jkltrkdde` gl` jkltrkd.



=.  @HZJUZZHKL

  Pfhs sejthkl `enklstrgtes ul`erstgl`hlm ki tfe suboejt ul`er hlvesthmgthkl.



  Pry tk redgte kbservgthkls/resudts tk dhtergture tfgt hs pubdhsfe`. ]fere gppdhjgbde



yku ngy hljdu`e brhei jknnelts kl tfe dhnhtgthkls ki tfe prkje`ure hl g``hthkl tk skurjes ki errkr. 6.  JKLJDUZHKL

  Brhei stgtenelts hl redgthkl tk `e`ujthkls ng`e `urhlm tfe prgjthjgd wfhjf sfkud`



 be hl redgthkl tk ghns gl`/kr fypktfeses. 8.  REIERELJEZ

  Dhst ki `gtg skurjes use` `urhlm dgb exerjhse. ex erjhse.



  Reierelje` prkperdy ushlm tfe Jfhjgmk Nglugd styde ki reiereljhlm.



:5

 

GQQEL@HV : BHKDKMHJGD @RG]HLMZ G.  Rejkr`hlm by Bhkdkmhjgd @rgwhlms? h.  Qrkvh`es g rejkr` ikr iuture reierelje.

 

hh.

hhh. 

Requhres tfgt yku ngce ceeler gl` nkre gjjurgte kbservgthkls ki tfe kboejt behlm stu`he`. Gh`s nenkry ki wfgt yku see by gjthvedy rejkr`hlm.

B.  Pypes ki Bhkdkmhjgd @rgwhlms? h.  G thssue ngp kr `hgmrgn kr dkw pkwer pdgl sfkws?

  Pfe thssues preselt.   Pfe pkshthkl ki tfe thssues redgthve tk egjf ktfer.   Pfe prkpkrthkls ki tfe thssues redgthve tk egjf ktfer. ktfe r.

  

hh. 

G jedd `rgwhlm kr fhmf pkwer pdgl sfkws?

  Zhze ki jedds ki kle thssue redgthve tk jedds ki ktfer ktfe r thssues.   Pfhjcless ki wgdds ki jedds ki kle thssue redgthve tk jedds ki ktfer thssues.   Gly spejhgd iegtures ki tfe jedd.

 



Ikr exgnpde, yku ngy be gsce` tk `rgw g thssue `hgmrgn ki g sten sejthkl, gl` ngce g fhmf  pkwer `rgwhlm ki tfe strujture ki g iew jedds ki tfe vgrhkus thssues. thssues. J.  Bhkdkmhjgd @rgwhlms sfkud` g`fere tk tfe ikddkwhlm muh`edhles?

h.  hh.  hhh.  hv. 

v. 

Dgrme (kjjupyhlm gt degst 2/: kr :/0 ki tfe pgme) Jdgrhty (Jdegl jklthlukus dhles ki evel tfhjcless whtf lk sfg`hlm kr ullejessgry `etghds. Use g sfgrp peljhd gl` gvkh` ergshlm) Gjjurgjy (ightfiudless ki reprk`ujthkl, strujtures typhjgd ki spejhnel gl` ki

regsklgbde prkpkrthkls) Dgbedhlm /Dgbedhlm Dhles (egjf dgbed sfkud` be jkllejte` tk tfe gpprkprhgte pgrt ki tfe `rgwhlm by g dhle legtdy `rgwl whtf ruder, strghmft, lkt jrksshlm, pgrgdded, el`hlm gt sgne pkhlt whtf lk grrkw feg`s tkujfhlm dgbede` strujture3 dgbed tk kle sh`e ki ykur `rgwhlm preiergbdy tfe rhmft sh`e gl` ngce sfkrt lktes/gllktgthkls tk tfe dgbeds wfhjf hs pgrthjudgrdy vgdugbde gs tfey jknbhle g rejkr` ki strujture whtf iuljthklgd kbservgthkls3 dgbeds gl` gllktgthkls nust be wrhttel hl sjrhpt / dkwer jgse detters lkt tkujfhlm egjf ktfer, lk sjrhbbdes). Phtde gl` Ngmlhihjgthkl  (sfkud` stgte tfe type ki sejthkl wfetfer dklmhtu`hlgd SD.Z^ kr trglsverse SP.Z^ kr wfkde nkult, tfe krmgl wfere gppdhjgbde lgned lgnedy y rkkt, sten kr degi, tfe sjhelthihj lgne gl` jklshsteltdy pdgje` gt bkttkn ki `rgwhlm hl upper jgse/jgphtgd detters whtf tfe ngmlhihjgthkl gdwgys gt tfe el` ki k i tfe thtde. :9

 

GQQEL@HV 0 MRGQFZ GL@ PGBDEZ

Xkur `gtg nust be krmglhze` gl` sunngrhze` hltk tgbdes gl` mrkups kr ihmures. Pgbdes gl` ihmures gre use` tk fedp yku tk glgdyse gl` hlterpret ykur resudts gl` tk hnprkve tfe jdgrhty ki tfe  preseltgthkl. Pgbdes

Hlhthgddy `gtg kitel gppegrs tk fgve dhttde neglhlm. Fkw jgl yku krmglhze tfe `gtg set tk ngce ht egsher tk hlterpret; Xku jkud` gvergme tfe `gtg set ikr egjf tregtnelt, but evel gvergmes jgl be ulhlikrngthve. Jkud` yku use g sunngry tgbde tk jklvey tfe `gtg (hl tfhs jgse, gvergmes); Pfe tgbde bedkw hs gl exgnpde ki g tgbde ushlm `gtg gvergmes ki tfe lunber ki see`s per pk` gl` tfe lunber ki pk`s per pdglt gs tfe `epel`elt vgrhgbdes gl` expksure tk netfglkd gs tfe hl`epel`elt vgrhgbde. Pgbde : Eiiejts ki kle-weec expksure tk 211 ppn netfglkd kl gvergme see` gl` pk` prk`ujthkl hl phmekl peg. Pregtnelt Lunber ki pdglts Zee`s per pk` Qk`s per Qdglt Jkltrkd 25 5.2 26 Netfglkd 25 6.6 7: Pgbdes gre use` tk preselt resudts tfgt fgve g iew tk ngly `gtg pkhlts. Pfey gre gdsk useiud ikr `hspdgyhlm severgd `epel`elt vgrhgbdes. Zk ikr exgnpde tfe gvergme lunber ki pk`s, tfe gvergme lunber ki see`s per pk` gl` tfe gvergme wehmft ki tfe see`s per pk` jgl be preselte` hl kle tgbde.

Pfe ikddkwhlm muh`edhle whdd fedp yku jklstrujt g tgbde (see gdsk tfe resudts sejthkl ki ykur muh`edhles ikr wrhthlm tfe dgb repkrt).

  Gdd vgdues ki tfe sgne chl` sfkud` reg` `kwl tfe jkdunl lkt gjrkss. Hljdu`e kldy tfe

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`gtg tfgt gre hnpkrtglt ikr preselthlm tfe resudts gl` ikr iurtfer `hsjusshkl. Lkl-esselthgd hlikrngthkl hljdu`es ikr exgnpde test tube lunber, shnpde jgdjudgthkls uldess gsce` by tfe `enklstrgtkr tk `k sk, gl` `gtg ` gtg whtf lk `hiiereljes.

  Feg`hlms sfkud` hljdu`e gpprkprhgte ulhts hi lejessgry.   Pgbdes gre lunbere` jklsejuthvedy hl ykur repkrt. Ikr exgnpde, tgbde 0 wkud` be tfe 0 tf 

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tgbde hl ykur repkrt.

  Pfe thtde sfkud` be gt tfe tkp ki tfe tgbde gl` sfkud` be jdegr gl` jkljhse, whtf elkumf

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hlikrngthkl tk gddkw tfe tgbde tk be ul`erstkk` hi ht hs dkst irkn ykur dgb bkkc whtfkut tfe text ki tfe resudts sejthkl. Pfe thtde `kes lkt lee` g iudd stkp gt tfe el`. :=

 

  Reier tk egjf tgbde hl tfe wrhttel text ki tfe resudts. Zunngrhse tfe `gtg gl` reier tk tfe

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tgbde? ikr exgnpde, —Pfe pdglts tregte` whtf netfglkd prk`uje` kl gvergme 7: pk`s per  pdglt (Pgbde :). @k lkt wrhte see Pgbde :„.  :„.  Mrgpfs

Pfe resudts ki tfe experhnelt jgl be preselte` mrgpfhjgddy, sfkwhlm tfe redgthklsfhps gnklm tfe hl`epel`elt gl` `epel`elt vgrhgbde(s). G mrgpf kr ihmure ihmure prkvh`es g vhsugd sunngry ki tfe tfe resudts. Jfgrgjterhsthjs Jfgrgjterhsthjs ki tfe `gtg lkt gppgrelt hl g tgbde ngy bejkne jdegr hl g mrgpf. Pfe mrgpf fedps tk `etejt trel`s hl tfe `gtg. Muh`edhles ikr jklstrujthlm g mrgpf?

  Use mrgpf pgper gl` g ruder   Hl`epel`elt vgrhgbde hs pdgje` kl tfe x gxhs, tfe `epel`elt vgrhgbdes kl tfe y gxhs.   Pfe lunber rglme ikr egjf gxhs sfkud` be gpprkprhgte ikr tfe `gtg behlm pdktte`.

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Melergddy, bemhl tfe bktf gxes gt 1.

  Dgbed gxes prejhsedy hljdu`hlm tfe ulhts ki negsurenelt. Hljdu`e g cey hi jkdkurs kr

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sfg`hlm hs use` tk hl`hjgte `hiierelt gspejts ki tfe experhnelt.   Jfkkse tfe type ki mrgpf tfgt represelts ykur `gtg, dhle gl` bgr mrgpfs gre nkst irequeltdy use`. Pfe jfkhje `epel`s kl tfe lgture ki tfe vgrhgbde behlm mrgpfe`.

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  ]rhte g thtde kr jgpthkl ikr ykur mrgpf, mrgpfs, `hgmrgns gl` `rgwhlms gre gdd jgdde`

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ihmures gl` sfkud` be lunbere` jklsejuthvedy jklsejuthved y tfrkumfkut ykur dgb repkrt.

  Pfe thtde kr jgpthkl sfkud` be gbkve tfe mrgpf gl` sfkud` be jdegr gl` jkljhse, whtf

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elkumf hlikrngthkl tk gddkw tfe mrgpf tk be ul`erstkk` hi ht hs dkst irkn ykur dgb  bkkc whtfkut tfe text ki tfe resudts sejthkl.

  Mrgpf sfkud` jkltghl gpprkprhgte sjgde.

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Pfe dhle mrgpf

Dhle mrgpfs sfkw jfglmes hl tfe qugdhty ki tfe jfksel vgrhgbde gl` enpfgshze tfe rhse gl` igdd ki tfe vgdues kver tfehr rglme. Use g dhle mrgpf tk represelt jklthlukus `gtg, ikr exgnpde jfglmes hl tfe `epel`elt vgrhgbde pudse rgte, negsure` kver thne, jkud` be represelte` gs dhle mrgpf.

  Qdkt `gtg gs sepgrgte pkhlts.   ]fetfer tk jkllejt tfe `kts kr `rgw g dhle `epel`s kl tfe type ki `gtg gl` fkw tfey

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were jkddejte`. Pk sfkw trel`s `rgw snkktf jurves kr strghmft dhle tk iht tfe vgdues  pdktte` ikr gly kle `gtg set. Jkllejt tfe `kts wfel enpfgshshlm neglhlmiud jfglmes hl tfe vgdue kl tfe x-gxhs.

  Hi nkre tfgl kle set ki `gtg hs preselte` kl g mrgpf, use `hiierelt jkdkurs kr synbkds

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gl` prkvh`e g cey. :6

 

  Reier tk egjf ihmure hl hl tfe wrhttel text ki tfe resudts. H`elthiy tfe trel` trel` wfhjf tfe `gtg

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sfkws gl` reier tk tfe Ihmure? ikr exgnpde, —Hljregshlm tfe jkljeltrgthkl ki tfe hlvertgse elzyne resudte` hl gl hljregse hl elzyne gjthvhty (Ihm (Ihmure ure x)‘. @k lkt wrhte see Ihmure x. Pfe bgr mrgpf

Bgr mrgpfs gre jklstrujte` ikddkwhlm tfe sgne prhljhpde gs tfe mrgpfs exjept tfgt verthjgd bgrs hl g serhes gre `rgwl `kwl tk tfe fkrhzkltgd gxhs. Bgr mrgpfs gre use` ikr `gtg tfgt represelt sepgrgte kr `hsjklthlukus mrkups kr lkl-lunerhjgd jgtemkrhes, tfus enpfgshzhlm tfe `hsjrete `hiiereljes betweel mrkups. Ikr exgnpde, g bgr mrgpf nhmft be use` tk `ephjt `hiiereljes hl tfe lunber ki see`s per pk` ikr tregte` tregte` gl` ultregte` phmekl peg. Bgr mrgpfs gdsk jgdde` fhstkmr fhstkmrgns gns gre use` wfel vgdues kl tfe x gxhs gre lunerhjgd but mrkupe` tkmetfer.

EL@

:8