Practica Pruebas de Identificacion de Carbohidratos

 

lMJmGSUVK 0 0121

Urçftbfg. Uru`cgs k` bk`ntbhbfgfbön k` fgrcmabkrgtms

Lgcmrgtmrbm Bnt`drgtbvm k` quêjbfg 6 (Pnbv`rsbkgk Gutönmjg k`l @stgkm k` Jmr`lms) Jmr`lms)

VtuKmfu nm `stç pgtrmfbngkm nb gvglgkm pmr nbndÿn fml`dbm m unbv`rsbkgk.

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)

 

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

Pnbv`rsbkgk Gutönmjg k`l @stgkm k` Jmr`lms

Urçftbfg 3. Uru`cgs k` bk`ntbhbfgfbön k` fgrcmabkrgtms .

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

Urçftbfg 3. Uru`cgs k` bk`ntbhbfgfbön k` fgrcmabkrgtms. MCO@[BXMV? @stukbgr k` hmrjg fuglbtgtbvg lgs prmpb`kgk`s quêjbfgs qu` s` utblbzgn pgrg lg bk`ntbhbfgfbön k` kbh`r`nt`s tbpms k` fgrcmabkrgtms.

FMJU@[@NFBGV? Gplbfg lgs tâfnbfgs jçs fmjun`s (d`n`rgl`s y `sp`fêhbfgs) pgrg lg bk`ntbhbfgfbön k` Fgrcmabkrgtms. Flgsbhbfg g lms gzÿfgr`s j`kbgnt` frbt`rbms kbv`rsms, cgsgkm `n `vbk`nfbgs `xp`rbj`ntgl`s pmr kbv`rsgs pru`cgs quêjbfgs. Fmjpr`nk` lg bjpmrtgnfbg k` ung gk`fugkg kbspmsbfbön hbngl k` lms r`sbkums quêjbfms d`n`rgkms. NM[G? `stgs fmjp`t`nfbgs smn k` gfu`rkm g Clmmj. 3. Uru`cgs k` bk`ntbhbfgfbön k` Fgrcmabkrgtms.

BN[SMKPFFBÖN? Lms fgrcmabkrgtms fmstbtuy`n lg jgymr pgrt` lgs k` lg `n`rdbg mrdçnbfg k` lg [b`rrg k`cbkm g sus hunfbmn`s bjpmrtgnt`s `n tmkgs hmrjgs k` vbkg. Lg bnj`nsg kbv`rsbkgk `strufturgl pmsbcl` k` lms fgrcmabkrgtms `s ung fgrgft`rêstbfg flgv` k` `stgs jmlâfulgs `n su hunfbön k` j`kbgkmr`s k` lgs bnt`rgffbmn`s f`lulgr`s. Lms fgrcmabkrgtms, dlÿfbkms m gzÿfgr`s smn ung flgs` k` cbmjmlâfulgs qu` sbrv`n fmjm hu`nt` k` `n`rdbg pgrg lgs gftbvbkgk`s vbtgl`s k` lgs fâlulgs. Vu hörjulg d`n`rgl su`l` s`r (FA3M)n.Lms fgrcmabkrgtms jçs fmjun`s smn sgfçrbkms, lms fugl`s s` kbvbk`n `n jmnmsgfçrbkms, kbsçfgrbkms y pmlbsgfçrbkms. Lms fgrcmabkrgtms bnfluy`n gzÿfgr`s,gljbkmn`s, f`lulmsg y mtrms fmjpu`stms. Lms fgrcmabkrgtms smn k`rbvgkms glk`aêkbfms m f`tmnbfms k` glfmaml`s pmlbmxbkrêlgkms y pmr lm tgntm tb`n`n lg fgrgft`rêstbfg k` hmrjgfbön k` mxbjg ` abkrgzmng.  mxbjg

abkrgzmng

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

Lms fmjpu`stms k` gzufgr`s sbjpl`s m fgrcmabkrgtms cçsbfms s` k`nmjbngn jmnmsgfçrbkms, fmn kms gzufgr`s sbjpl`s s` llgjgn kbsgfçrbkms, kms g kb`z gzufgr`s sbjpl`s mlbdmsgfçrbkms y jgymr g kb`z gzufgr`s sbjpl`s pmlbsgfçrbkms. @o`jplms?

Jmnmsgfçrbkm (dlufmsg)?

Kbsgfçrbkm (sgfgrmsg)?

Mlbdmsgfçrbkm (dlbfmprmt`êngs)?

Umlbsgfçrbkms (dluföd`nm)?

VPV[GNFBGV WPÊJBFGV G P[BLB_GS? ❘  S`gftbvm

k` H`albnd G y C?

@stgkm lêqubkm Fmlmr? Gzul Mlmr? Bnmkmrm UA? n`utrm Ut. @c?>hêsbfm? 755µF K`nsbkgk? 7.5;3 d/fj6 S`gftbvbkgk? Nm `s r`gftbvm cgom fmnkbfbmn`s nmrjgl`s. ❘  S`gftbvm

k` Ludml?

@stgkm hêsbfm? lêqubkm Fmlmr? Jgrrön Mlmr? Lbd`rm UA? 6.0  755µF K`nsbkgk? 7.57 d/fj6 Urmpb`kgk`s? Nm fmjcustbcl`

Ut. @c?

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3 ❘  S`gftbvm

k` V`lbwgnmhh?

@stgkm hêsbfm? lêqubkm Fmlmr? Gzul Mlmr? bnmkmrm UA? 6.3  Urmpb`kgk`s? prmvmfg brrbtgfbön `n lgs jufmsgs. ❘  A3VM;?

Gpgrb`nfbg? gf`btmsm @stgkm hêsbfm? lêqubkm Mlmr? smhmfgnt` Ut. @c? 34;µF K`nsbkgk? 6.; d/fj6 Urmpb`kgk`s? smlucl` `n gdug y glfmaml. ❘  Hmrjglk`abkm?

❘  @stgkm hêsbfm? lêqubkm

Fmlmr? trgnspgr`nt`

Mlmr? gfr`

Urmpb`kgk`s? gltgj`nt` töxbfm gl bnaglgr ` bnd`rbr.

JG[@SBGL@V y @WPBUM G P[BLB_GS?

S@GF[BXMV?

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

USMF@KBJB@N[M @QU@SBJ@N[GL? 7)  Uru`cg k` Jmlbsa

Ut. @c? 24-21µF

Fmlmfgr 6jl k` f/u k` lgs ju`strgs k` lg tgclg 7.

Gkbfbmngr 6 dmtgs k`l r`gftbvm k` Jmlbsa.

Gdr`dgr 3jl k`?

Jmlbsa

Fgtglmdg `l r`sultgkm fmjm (+) m (-)

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

3)  Uru`cg k` H`albnd

Fmlmfgr 6jl k` f/u k` lgs ju`strgs k` lg tgclg 3.

Fgl`ntgr pmr 0jbn y gdbtgnkm k` jgn`rg

G÷gkbr 7 jl k` H`albnd G y 7jl k` H`albnd C.

Fgtglmdg `l r`sultgkm fmjm (+) m (-)

p`rbökbfg.

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

6)  Uru`cg k` s`lbwgnmhh Fmlmfgr 6jl k` f/u k` lgs ju`strgs k` lg tgclg 6.

Fgl`ntgr pmr 0jbn y gdbtgnkm k` jgn`rg p`rbökbfg.

G÷gkbr 0 jl k` r`gftbvm k` V`lbwgnmhh.

;)  Uru`cg k` Cbgl

G÷gkbr 0 jl k` r`gftbvm k` Cbgl.

Fmlmfgr 6jl k` f/u k` lgs ju`strgs k` lg tgclg ;.

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

Fgl`ntgr pmr 75-70 jbn y gdbtgnkm k` jgn`rg p`rbökbfg.

0)Uru`cg k` Ludml  Ludml 

Fmlmfgr 6jl k` f/u k` lgs ju`strgs k` lg tgclg 0.

G÷gkbr 0 jl k` r`gftbvm k` Ludml.

8) Abkrölbsbs çfbkg k` sgfçrbkms

G÷gkbr 75 dmtgs k` çfbkm flmraêkrbfm gl 75%.

U`sgr 5.7d k` sgfgrmsg.

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

Fgl`ntgr kurgnt` 0 jbn.

K`ogr `nhrbgr y n`utrglbzgr.

S`glbzgr lg pru`cg k` H`albnd.

FMNMFBJB@N[MV US@XBMV? 7) Bnv`stbdu` fugl `s lg flgsbhbfgfbön k` lms fgrcmabkrgtms y fuçl `s su kbh`r`nfbg? Lms fgrcmabkrgtms s` flgsbhbfgn `n tr`s flgs`s? Jmnmsgfçrbkms, mlbdmsgfçrbkms y pmlbsgfçrbkms.

g)  Jmnmsgfçrbkms m gzufgr`s sbjpl`s? Nm pu`k`n s`r abkrmlbzgkms g jmlâfulgs jçs p`qu`÷gs, s`dÿn s`gn glk`aêkms m f`tmngs, s` flgsbhbfgn `n glkmsgs y f`tmsgs, r`sp`ftbvgj`nt` y s`dÿn `l nÿj`rm k` fgrcmnms `n trbmsgs, t`trmsgs, p`ntmsgs, `tf. c)  Mlbdmsgfçrbkms? Umlêj`rms k`sk` 3 agstg 75 unbkgk`s k` jmnmsgfçrbkms.

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

f)  Umlbsgfçrbkms? Vmn lg unbön k` k` jçs k` 75 jmnmsgfçrbkms jmnmsgfçrbkms sbjpl`s, `xbst`n 3 tbpms? lms gljbkmn`s y lgs hbcrgs k` f`lulmsg. Flgsbhbfgfbön k` gfu`rkm g su pmlbj`rbzgfbön

K` gfu`rkm g su pmsbfbön k` drupm fgrcmnblm. * Glkmsgs Glkmsgs  

*Jmnmsgfçrbkms?   *Jmnmsgfçrbkms?

* F`tmsgs K` gfu`rkm g lgs unbkgk`s k` jmnmsgfçrbkms   *Kbsgfçrbkms Fgrcmabkrgtmsj

* Mlbdmsgfçrbkms 

*[rbsgfçrbkms  *[rbsgfçrbkms  *[`trgsgfçrbkms   *[`trgsgfçrbkms *U`ntgsgfçrbkms…   *K`fgsgfçrbkms   *K`fgsgfçrbkms

*Umlbsgfçrbkms 

*Gljbkmn`s  *Gljbkmn`s  *F`lulmsg

3) ½G quâ s` r`hb`r` `l târjbnm gzÿfgr nm r`kuftmr= @l gzÿfgr nm r`kuftmr, `s gqu`llg qu` nm pu`k` mxbkgrs`, k`cbkm g qu` `l MA k`l fgrcmnm gnmjârbfm `stç unbkm g mtrm drupm, `l gzÿfgr nm s` `nfu`ntrg `n `qublbcrbm fmn lg hmrjg gcb`rtg. @ntr` lms gzufgr`s nm r`kuftmr`s s` `nfu`ntrgn? lg sgfgrmsg, tr`aglmsg, rghbnmzg, `stgqubmsg y v`rcgsfmsg. 

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

6) Bnv`stbdu` fugl`s smn lgs r`gffbmn`s qu` s` ll`vgn g fgcm `ntr` lms fgrcmabkrgtms y lms kbh`r`nt`s r`gftbvms qu` s` `jpl`gn pgrg su bk`ntbhbfgfbön. Uru`cg k` Jmlbsa @s ung r`gffbön d`n`rgl pgrg tmkms lms dlÿfbkms. Rg qu` `l çfbkm sulhÿrbfm fmnf`ntrgkm qu` fmntb`n` abkrmlbzg y k`sabkrgtg lms gzÿfgr`s mct`nbânkms` hurhurgl m abkrmxbj`tbl hurhurgl fmjm prmkuftm hbngl, lms fuçl`s smn fgpgf`s k` r`gffbmngr fmn nghtml hmrjgnkm un fmjpu`stm vbml`tg, `s juy s`nsbcl` g smlufbmn`s k` dlufmsg k` agstg 5.557% , tgjcbân kg pmsbtbvm g glk`aêkms, f`tmngs, çfbkms mrdçnbfms fmjm `l hörjbfm, mxçlbfm y fêtrbfm. S`gffbön?

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

Uru`cg k` H`albnd V` cgsg `n k`t`rjbngr sb `l gzÿfgr pms`` pmk`r r`kuftmr, yg qu` lms gzufgr`s r`kuftmr`s tb`n`n ung fmlmrgfbön rmobzg k`cbkm gl mxbkm fuprmsm qu` s` hmrjg pmr mxbkgfbön k`l gzÿfgr pmr j`kbm k`l fgtbön Fu 3+. @stm s` fmnmf` fmjm pru`cg k` H`albnd (fmjpl`om k` fmcr` y tgrtrgtm) m k` C`n`kbf (fmjpl`om k` fmcr` y fbtrgtm). S`gffbön?

Fgrcmabkrgtm

S`gftbvm k` H`albnd

Ur`fbpbtgkm Gzÿfgr mxbkgkg

rmom pgrkm.

Uru`cg k` V`lbwgnmhh Lg pru`cg k` V`lbwgnmhh `s ung r`gffbön pgrg kbh`r`nfbgr f`tmsgs k` glkmsgs9 gunqu` gjcgs kgn lg r`gffbön. V` utblbzg `l AFl `n lg r`gffbön k` k`sabkrgtgfbön (k`l jmnmsgfçrbkm) y `l r`smrfbnml (7,6-kbabkrmxbc`nf`nm) `n lg r`gffbön k` fmnk`nsgfbön k`l k`rbvgkm k`l hurhurgl (`l abkrmxbj`tblhurhurgl). @l j`kbm pgsg k` bnfmlmrm g rmom pgrg f`tma`xmsgs y glkma`xmsgs. @l abkrmxbj`tblhurhurgl s` hmrjg jçs rçpbkgj`nt` g pgrtbr k` f`tma`xmsgs. S`gffbön?

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)

 

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

Uru`cg k` Cbgl

@l r`gftbvm k` Cbgl fmntb`n` mrfbnml `n çfbkm flmraêkrbfm, `l fugl hmrjg fmjpl`oms k` fmlmrgfbön sölm fmn p`ntmsgs y agf` usm k` lg r`gffbön k` hurhurgl y mrfbnml, mct`nb`nkms` un fmlmr vbml`tg. @l glhg-nghtml r`gffbmng fmn hurhurgl ` abkrmxbj`tblhurhurgl, kgnkm un fmlmr gzulv`rk`. Lgs f`tma`xmsgs r`gffbmngn jçs rçpbkm qu` lgs glkma`xmsgs. S`gffbön?

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

Uru`cg k` Ludml @s ung pru`cg qu` s` usg pgrg bk`ntbhbfgr gljbkön. @l fmlmr gzul, s` k`c` k `c` g lg hmrjgfbön k` un fmjpl`om pmr lg r`gffbön k` kbymkm kbsu`ltm `n ymkurm k` pmtgsbm fmn gljbkön. S`gffbön?

Bmn`s BM6- `jc`cbkms `n `l gljbkön.

Abkrölbsbs çfbkg k` sgfçrbkms Lg sgfgrmsg nm `s un gd`nt` r`kuftmr, nm hmrjg msgzmngs. Fugnkm lg sgfgrmsg `s abkrmlbzgkg, lms prmkuftms tb`n`n ung gffbön r`kuftmrg. Lg abkrölbsbs k` lg sgfgrmsg prmkuf` ung jmlâfulg k` dlufmsg y hruftmsg. @n pr`s`nfbg k` AFl fgl`ntgnkm, lg sgfgrmsg s` abkrmlbzg (bnfmrpmrg ung jmlâfulg k` gdug) y s` k`sfmjpmn` `n lms jmnmsgfçrbkms dlufmsg y hruftmsg, `l fmlmr rmom bnkbfg ung pru`cg pmsbtbvg. S`gffbön?

;) Kbcuo` lgs `strufturgs `n hmrjg gcb`rtg y f`rrgkg k` lms sbdub`nt`s gzufgr`s? sgfgrmsg, hruftmsg, lgftmsg, gljbkön, dglgftmsg, xblmsg, rbcmsg, jgltmsg. Bnv`stbdg k` kmnk` s` `xtrg`n m `n kmnk` gcunkgn y su usm.

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

Vgfgrmsg

Dlufmsg

Hruftmsg

Jçs fmnmfbkg fmjm gzÿfgr k` j`sg, `s un kbsgfçrbkm kbsgfçrbkm hmrjgkm  hmrjgkm pmr glhgglhg-dlufmpbrgnmsg dlufmpbrgnmsg y  y c`tg-hruftmhurgnmsg c`tghruftmhurgnmsg.. V` prmkuf` k` hmrjg ngturgl `n lg k` hrutgs y v`rkurgs. V` gdr`dgn g lms glbj`ntms y lgs c`cbkgs prmf`sgkgs pgrg prmpmrfbmngr un sgcmr kulf`.

Hruftmsg @s unm k` lms 3 bndr`kb`nt`s jgs utblbzgkms `n lg gftuglbkgk, tb`n` un sgcmr juy kulf`. @l mrdgnbsjm mr dgnbsjm nm lg prmkuf` y s` `nfu`ntrg k` hmrjg ngturgl `n hrutgs,jb`l,v`rkurgs y s` j`rj`lgkgs, f`r`gl`s,`tf.

g÷gk`

g

c`cbkgs,

Lgftmsg @s un kbsgfçrbkm hmrjgkm pmr ung jmlâfulg k` dlufmsg y mtrg k` dglgftmsg.K` hmrjg ngturgl sölm s` `nfu`ntrg `n lg l`fa` y k`rbvgkms lçft`ms, tgjcbân pu`k` fmnsujbrs` `n smog m glj`nkrgs.

Dglgftmsg Dlufmsg

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

Gljbkön @s ung jgfrmjmlâfulg fmjpu`stg k` kms pmlbsgfçrbkms, lg gjblmsg y lg gjblmp`ftbng. Urmpmrfbmng `l 45-15% k` lgs fglmrêgs fmnsujbkgs pmr lms aujgnms k` tmkm `l junkm. [gntm `l gljbkön fmjm lms

prmkuftms k` lg abkrölbsbs k`l gljbkön fmnstbtuy`n lg jgymr pgrt` k` lms fgrcmabkrgtms kbd`stbcl`s k` lg kb`tg agcbtugl. Vmn utblbzgkms `n lg pr`pgrgfbön k` prmkuftms glbj`ntbfbms, s` `nfu`ntrg pr`s`nt` `n lgs agrbngs, `n lms f`r`gl`s f`r`gl`s (grrmz, trbdm, trbdm, `tf) y `n lms tucârfulms (pgpgs, (pgpgs, cmnbgtm, cmnbgtm, `tf). `tf).

Dglgftmsg @s un jmnmsgfçrbkm qu` s` `nfu`ntrg `n lgs fâlulgs k`l aêdgkm pgrg prmkufbr dlufmsg, tgjcbân `n lgs(lgftmsg) dlçnkulgs pgrg prmkufbr l`fa` y `n jgjgrbgs lgs j`jcrgngs f`lulgr`s, `sp`fêhbfgj`nt` `sp`fêhbfgj`nt` `n lgs n`urmngs.

Qblmsg U`ntmsg qu` hmrjg pgrt` k` lms pmlbsgfçrbkms k` lgs plgntgs (f`r`zm y pgog) tgjcbân `n pgnfr`gs ` abdgkm. Vu hunfbön prbnfbpgl `s glbj`ntbfbg y s` utblbzg jufam pgrg r`glbzgr pru`cgs k` lg gcsmrfbön bnt`stbngl.

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

Sbcmsg @s

ung p`ntmsg, hgcrbfgkg pmr tmkgs lgs fâlulgs k`l mrdgnbsjm y `s un fmjpmn`nt` `s`nfbgl k` gyukg bjpmrtgnt`s jmlâfulgs cbmlödbfgs, g fmnstbtubr unm

k` lms prbnfbpgl`s fmjpmn`nt`s k`l GSN y k` mtrms nufl`ötbkms nm nufl`bfms fmjm `l G[U qu` sbrv` pgrg lg r`spbrgfbön f`lulgr. Lg gkjbnbstrgfbön k` rbcmsg `s `h`ftbvg trgtgnkm `nh`rj`kgk`s fgrkbgfgs, jbgldbg y mtrgs pgtmlmdêgs.

Jgltmsg Fmnmfbkm fmjm gzÿfgr k` jgltg, `s un kbsgfçrbkm hmrjgkm pmr kms dlufmsgs unbkgs pmr un `nlgf` dlufmsêkbfm. V` `nfu`ntrg `n `l gljbkönyy`kulfmrgnt` `l dluföd`nm9 `jpl`g fmjm nutrb`nt` gsês` fmjm j`kbm k` fultbvm.

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

S`sultgkms [gclg 3.7 S`sultgkms `xp`rbj`ntgl`s k` lg pru`cg k` Jmlbsfa

[ucm  7 

Ju`strg 

Mcs`rvgfbön 

S`sultgkm 

Hmrjglk`aêkm 

Hmrjgfbön k` un gnbllm fmlmr clgnfm (X`r `vbk`nfbg 7 y 3) 

N`dgtbvm (-) 

Hmrjgfbön k` un gnbllm 3

Gf`tmng 

fmlmr fghâ7 y 3)  (X`r `vbk`nfbg

N`dgtbvm (-) 

6 

Hruftmsg 

Hmrjgfbön k` un gnbllm fmlmr vbml`tg (X`r `vbk`nfbg 7 y 3) 

Umsbtbvm (+) 

; 

Lgftmsg 

Hmrjgfbön k` un gnbllm fmlmr vbml`tg

Umsbtbvm (+) 

(X`r `vbk`nfbg 7 y 3)  Gljbkön 

[grkö jçs qu` lms k`jçs, p`rm s` hmrjö `l gnbllm fmlmr vbml`tg (X`r `vbk`nfbg 7 y 3) 

Umsbtbvm (+) 

8 

Dglgftmsg 

Hmrjgfbön k` un gnbllm fmlmr vbml`tg (X`r `vbk`nfbg 7 y 3) 

Umsbtbvm (+) 

4 

Qblmsg 

Hmrjgfbön k` un gnbllm fmlmr vbml`tg (X`r `vbk`nfbg 7 y 3) 

Umsbtbvm (+) 

1 

Jgltmsg 

Hmrjgfbön k` un gnbllm fmlmr vbml`tg (X`r `vbk`nfbg 7 y 3) 

Umsbtbvm (+) 

2 

Grgcbnmsg 

Hmrjgfbön k` un gnbllm fmlmr vbml`tg (X`r `vbk`nfbg 7 y 3) 

Umsbtbvm (+) 

Vgfgrmsg 

Hmrjgfbön k` un gnbllm fmlmr vbml`tg (X`r `vbk`nfbg 7 y 3) 

Umsbtbvm (+) 

0 

75 

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

Lg pru`cg k` Jmlbsfa p`rjbt` k`t`ftgr lg pr`s`nfbg k` fgrcmabkrgtms. Lg smlufbön prbj`rm `s trgtgkg   3 ; , `stm pgrg abkrmlbzgr fgrcmabkrgtm g jmnmsgfçrbkm. fmn unr`gffbön çfbkm hu`rt`, qu` `n `st` fgsm @n lg k` k`sabkrgtgfbön k`lhu`jmnmsgfçrbkm s` prmkuf` un `l fmjpu`stm llgjgkm hurhurml, `l fugl s` fmnk`nsg pgrg hmrjgr un gnbllm vbml`tg, mct`nb`nkm gsê un r`sultgkm pmsbtbvm pgrg lg pru`cg. @l hurhurml s` fmnk`nsg fmn `l η  n`html m fuglqub`r h`nml pr`s`nt` `n `l r`gftbvm k` Jmlbsfa.

Umr lm tgntm, pmk`jms fmjprmcgr qu` `l hmrjglk`aêkm y lg gf`tmng nm smn fgrcmabkrgtms yg qu` mct`n`jms un r`sultgkm n`dgtbvm.

@vbk`nfbg 7? attps?//www.ymu attps?//www.ymutuc`.fmj/wgtfa= tuc`.fmj/wgtfa=v:8@IDKGa[ v:8@IDKGa[iA@&h`gtur`: iA@&h`gtur`:ymutu.c` ymutu.c`  

@vbk`nfbg 3?

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

[gclg 3.3 S`sultgkms `xp`rbj`ntgl`s k` lg pru`cg k` H`albnd

[ucm 

Ju`strg 

Mcs`rvgfbön 

S`sultgkm 

7 

Hmrjglk`aêkm 

Flmrgfbön gzul-rmobzm. (X`r `vbk`nfbg 6) 

Umsbtbvm (+) 

3

Gf`tmng 

U`rjgn`fbö fmlmrgfbön gzul. (X`r `vbk`nfbg ;) 

N`dgtbvm (-) 

6 

Hruftmsg 

Fmlmrgfbön rmom lgkrbllm. (X`r `vbk`nfbg 0) 

Umsbtbvm (+) 

; 

Lgftmsg 

Vusp`nsbön fmlmr v`rk` y pr`fbpbtgkm rmom lgkrbllm. (X`r `vbk`nfbg 8) 

Umsbtbvm (+) 

0 

Gljbkön 

U`rjgn`fbö fmlmrgfbön gzul. (X`r `vbk`nfbg 4) 

N`dgtbvm (-) 

8 

Dglgftmsg 

Fmlmrgfbön rmom lgkrbllm. (X`r `vbk`nfbg 1) 

Umsbtbvm (+) 

4 

Qblmsg 

Fmlmrgfbön rmom lgkrbllm. (X`r `vbk`nfbg 2) 

Umsbtbvm (+) 

1 

Jgltmsg 

Fmlmrgfbön rmom lgkrbllm. (X`r `vbk`nfbg 75) 

Umsbtbvm (+) 

2 

Grgcbnmsg 

Fmlmrgfbön rmom lgkrbllm. (X`r `vbk`nfbg 77) 

Umsbtbvm (+) 

75 

Vgfgrmsg 

U`rjgn`fbö fmlmrgfbön gzul. (X`r `vbk`nfbg 73) 

N`dgtbvm (-) 

Lg pru`cg k` H`albnd s` utblbzg pgrg k`t`rjbngr sb `l gzÿfgr pms`` pmk`r r`kuftmr, pgrg kbstbndubr `ntr` glk`aêkms y f`ntmngs. Lms glk`aêkms smn mxbkgkms, kgnkm un r`sultgkm pmsbtbvm, p`rm lgs f`tmngs nm r`gffbmngn g j`nms qu` s`gn η -abkrmxb-f`tmngs. @l fmjpl`om cbstgrtrgtmfuprgtm (BB) mxbk` `l glk`aêkm g un gnbön fgrcmxblgtm y `n `l prmf`sm lms bmn`s k` fmcr` (BB) smn r`kufbkms g fmcr` (B). Lg pr`s`nfbg k` glk`aêkms `s k`t`ftgkg pmr lg r`kuffbön k` ung smlufbön gzul hu`rt` k` fmcr` (BB) g un pr`fbpbtgkm rmom k` öxbkm k` fmcr` bnsmlucl`, lm qu` sbdnbhbfg un r`sultgkm pmsbtbvm. Umr lm tgntm, pmk`jms mcs`rvgr qu` `l hmrjglk`aêkm y gf`tmng gl nm s`r gzÿfgr`s nm pms``n fgrçft`r r`kuftmr y qu`, gk`jçs, `l gljbkön y lg sgfgrmsg nm pms``n fgrçft`r r`kuftmr.

K`sfgrdgkm pmr Vt`v`n Vçnfa`z (stbv`n385755Edjgbl.fmj)  

lMJmGSUK 0 0121

S`pmrt` Urçftbfg 3

@vbk`nfbg 6?

@vbk`nfbg 1?

@vbk`nfbg ;?

@vbk`nfbg 2?

@vbk`nfbg 0?

@vbk`nfbg 75?

@vbk`nfbg 8?

@vbk`nfbg 77?

@vbk`nfbg 4?

@vbk`nfbg 73?