Practica No. 3 Columna de Absorcion

 

KH]WKWRWC YCJKWËMHKMC HDMKCHDJ B]MRBJD ]RYBQKCQ GB KHNBHKBQÏD TRÏOKMD B KHGR]WQKD] BUWQDMWKPD] JDACQDWCQKC YQCMB]C] GB ]BYDQDMKÝH YCQ  MCHWDMWC MCHWKHRC [ EROKGK@KMDMKÝH YQC@B]CQ6 GQ. JKHC NDQMÏD GBOBGKMB]

NQRYC6 =KO54 Djuohcs6 NDQMKD YBQBV OBJK]D EBQHDHGBV ]DHMEBV HDHM[ KPCHHB

@ËJKU MÄVDQB] JDRQD BJBHD JÝYBV NDQMÏD DQKDHD OD[WB

OKNRBJ EBQHDHGBV GDPKG QDOKQBV DNRKJDQ YDCJD QDOÏQBV NRWKËQQBV MKHWKD ABQBHKVB QCOBQC DHGQDGB BQKML FB]R] QBHGÝH ADRWK]WD @QDHMK]MC FCPDH[

 

YQÄMWKMD Hc. = ‚   DA]CQMKÝH BH MCJROHD MCJROHD BOYDMDGD‟ 

YQCMB]C] GB ]BYDQDMKÝH6 DA]CQMKÝH  Dascrmkýh bs jd cpbrdmkýh uh uhktdrkd ktdrkd qub mch mchskstb skstb bh jd sbpd sbpdrdmkýh rdmkýh gb uhc c oäs mcopchb mcopchbhtbs htbs gb uhd obzmjd ndsbcsd mch jd dyugd gb uh scjvbhtb jïqukgc mch bj mudj `crod scjumkýh (uh scjutc D, c vdrkcs scjutcs, sb dascrabh gb jd `dsb ndsbcsd y pdsdh d jd jïqukgd). BJBMMKÝH GBJ GK]CJPBHWB YDQD JD DA]CQMKÝH ]k bj prcpýsktc prkhmkpdj gb jd cpbrdmkýh gb dascrmkýh bs prcgumkr  uhd scjumkýh bspbmï`kmd, bj gkscjvbhtb bs bspbmk`kmdgc pcr jd hdturdjbzd gbj prcgumtc. ]k bj prcpýsktc prkhmkpdj bs bjkokhdr  djnöh mcopchbhtb gbj nds, mdsk skboprb bxkstb jd pcskakjkgdg gb bjbmmkýh. Ycr supubstc, bj dnud bs bj gkscjvbhtb oäs adrdtc y mcopj mco pjbtc btc,, pbr pbrc c gb gbab ab gdr gdrsb sb mch mchskg skgbrd brdaj ajb b kopcr kopcrtdh tdhmkd mkd d jds sknukbhtbs prcpkbgdgbs6 4. ]cjuakjkgdg gbj nds. Jd scjuakjkgdg gbj nds gbab sbr bjbvdgd, d `kh `kh gb du duob obht htdr dr jd rdpk rdpkgb gbzz gb jd dasc dascrm rmký kýh h y gkso gksokh khuk ukrr jd mdhtkgdg rbqubrkgd gkscjvbhtb. nbhbrdj, gb hdturdjbzd quïokmd gb skokjdr d jd gbjBhscjutc qubjcs sb gkscjvbhtbs vd d dascrabr  prcpcrmkchdh uhd aubhd scjuakjkgdg. Ydrd jcs mdscs bh qub sch kgbdjbs jds scjumkchbs `crodgds, jd scjuakjkgdg gbj nds bs jd oksod oks od,, bh `rd `rdmmk mmkch chbs bs ocj ocj,, pdr pdrd d tcg tcgcs cs jcs gkscj gkscjvbh vbhtbs tbs.. ]k ]kh h boadrnc, bs odycr, bh `rdmmkchbs pbsc, pdrd jcs gkscjvbhtbs gb adfc pbsc ocjbmujdr y gbabh utkjkzdrsb pbscs obhcrbs gb bstcs gkscjvbhtbs. Mch `rbmubhmkd, jd rbdmmkýh quïokmd gbj gkscjvbhtb mch bj scjutc prcgumb uhd scjuakjkgdg bjbvdgd gbj nds< bopbrc, sk sb qukbrb rbmupbrdr bj gkscjvbhtb pdrd vcjvbrjc d utkjkzdr, jd rbdmmkýh gbab sbr rbvbrskajb. 1. Pcjdtkjkgdg. Bj gkscjvbhtb gbab tbhbr uhd prbskýh adfd gb vdpcr, pubstc qub bj nds sdjkbhtb bh uh uhd d cp cpbr brdm dmký kýh h gb dasc dascrm rmký kýh h nb nbhb hbrd rdjo jobh bhtb tb bstä bstä sdtu sdturd rdgc gc mch mch bj gksc gkscjv jvbh bhtb tb y bh mchsbmubhmkd, pubgb pbrgbrsb uhd nrdh mdhtkgdg. ]k bs hbmbsdrkc, pubgb utkjkzdrsb uh jïqukgc obhcs vcjätkj pdrd rbmupbrdr jd pdrtb bvdpcrdgd gbj prkobr gkscjvbhtb. =. Mcrrcskýh. Jcs odtbrkdjbs gb mchstrummkýh qub sb hbmbsktdh pdrd bj bqukpc hc gbabh sbr  rdrcs c mcstcscs.

 

7. Mcstc. Bj gkscjvbhtb gbab sbr adrdtc, gb `crod qub jds përgkgds hc sbdh mcstcsds, y gbab catbhbrsb `ämkjobhtb. 2. Pksmcskgdg. ]b prb`kbrb jd vksmcskgdg adfd gbakgc d jd rdpkgbz bh jd dascrmkýh, obfcrbs mdrdmtbrïstkmds bh jd khuhgdmkýh gb jds tcrrbs gb dascrmkýh, adfds mdïgds gb prbskýh bh bj acoabc y aubhds mdrdmtbrïstkmds gb trdhs`brbhmkd gb mdjcr. 0. Ctrcs. ]k bs pcskajb, bj gkscjvbhtb hc gbab sbr týxkmc, hk kh`jdodajb, gbab sbr bstdajb quïokmdobhtb y tbhbr uh puhtc adfc gb mchnbjdok mchnbjdokbhtc. bhtc. WQDH]@BQBHMKD GB OD]D. Rhd pdrtb ouy kopcrtdhtb gbhtrc gb jds cpbrdmkchbs uhktdrkds bh khnbhkbrïd quïokmd sb rbjdmkchd gb odhbrd gkrbmtd mch jcs prcmbscs gb trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd. Rhd cpbrdmkýh gb trdhs trd hs`br `brbh bhmkd mkd gb od odsd sd bs dqubj dqubjjd jd gch gchgb gb jds mch mchmbh mbhtrd trdmkc mkchb hbss gb jds sua suastd stdhmk hmkds ds sb ocgk`kmdh skh qub bxkstd hbmbsdrkdobhtb jd khtbrvbhmkýh gb uhd rbdmmkýh quïokmd. Jds cpbrdmkchbs gb trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd sb mdrdmtbrkzdh pcr trdhs`brkr uhd sustdhmkd d trdvës gb ctrd d bsmdjd ocjbmujdr. Bxkstb uhd nrdh mdhtkgdg gb cpbrdmkchbs gb trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd gbhtrc gb jds mudjbs gbstdmdh pcr su khtbrës6  Dqubjjds bh jds qub bxkstb mchtdmtc gkrbmtc bhtrb gcs `dsbs khoksmkaj khoksmkajbs. bs. (Bh djnuhds cmdsk cmd skchb chbss jd sbp sbpdrd drdmký mkýh h jc jcnrd nrdgd gd prc prcpcr pcrmkc mkchd hd uhd uhd sua suastd stdhmk hmkd d purd) purd) pdr pdrd d bst bstb b tkpc tkpc gb cpbrdmkchbs pcgbocs bhmchtrdr sbks pcskakjkgdgbs gbakgc d jcs trbs bstdgcs gb dnrbndmkýh prkhmkpdjbs, pugkëhgcsb tbhbr6 ⮖ Nds-nds. (ouy gk`ïmkj gb b`bmtudr gdgd jd nrdh scjuakjkgdg bhtrb bjjcs) ⮖ Nds-Jïqukgc (mdrdmtbrïstkmd gb jd cpbrdmkýh qub hcs cmupd) ⮖ Nds-sýjkgc (suajkodmkýh (suajkodmkýh `rdmmkchdgd, sbmdgc, y bh bj sbhtkgc khvbrsc dgscrmkýh.) ⮖ Jkqukgc-j Jkqukgc-jkquk kqukgc. gc. Jds cpbrdmk cpbrdmkchbs chbs bh jds qub khtbrvk khtbrvkbhbh bhbh gcs `dsbs jïqukgd jïqukgdss y sch mchcmkgds mcoc bxtrdmmkýh jïqukgc-jïqukgc. ⮖ Jïqukgc-sýjk Jïqukgc-sýjkgc gc (mrkstdjkzdmk (mrkstdjkzdmkýh ýh `rdmmkchdgd `rdmmkchdgd..

 Dqubjjds bh jds qub qub bxkstb jd sbpdrdmk sbpdrdmkýh ýh gb `dsbs obgkdhtb bj usc usc gb uhd oboardhd oboardhd,, jd mudj tkbhb mcoc `uhmkýh bvktdr jd obzmjd gb jds `dsbs oksmkajbs b kopbgkr bj `jufc ekgrcgkhäokmc, pubgb gdrsb bh6 ⮖ Nds-nds. Gk`uskýh ndsbcsd c b`uskýh. ⮖ Nds-jïqukgc. ]bpdrdmkchbs pcr pbrobdmkýh. Jkqukgc-j kgc-jkquk kqukgc. gc. Mch Mchcmkg cmkgd d mcoc gkä gkäjksk jksks, s, (sbp (sbpdrdm drdmkýh kýh gb uhd sustd sustdhmkd hmkd mrks mrkstdjk tdjkhd hd ⮖ Jkqu prbsbhtb bh uh mcjckgb.  Dqubjjds bh jds qub bxkstb mchtdmtc gkrbmtc gb `dsbs oksmkajbs skbhgc rbprbsbhtdtk rbprbsbhtdtkvds vds jd gk`uskýh ksctërokmd, jd gk`uskýh gb adrrkgc, dsï mcoc jcs prcmbscs gb gk`uskýh obgkdhtb bj usc gb jcs `bhýobhcs khtbr`dmkdjbs khtbr`dmkdjbs.. WCQQB] BOYDMDGD] (C GB QBJJBHC) Jds tcrrbs bopdmdgds, c tcrrbs gb rbjjbhc, utkjkzdgds pdrd bj mchtdmtc mchtkhuc gbj jïqukgc y gbj nds tdhtc bh bj `jufc d mchtrdmcrrkbhtb mcoc d mcrrkbhtb pdrdjbjd, sch mcjuohds vbrtkmdjbs qub sb edh jjbhdgc mch bopdqub c mch gkspcsktkvcs gb supbr`kmkb nrdhgb. Bj jïqukgc sb gkstrkauyb scarb bstcs y bsmurrb edmkd dadfc, d trdvës gbj jbmec bopdmdgc, gb tdj `crod qub bxpchb uhd nrdh supbr`kmkb dj mchtdmtc mch bj nds. BOYDTRB Bj bopdqub (jjdodgc rbjjbhc bh Bspdôd) gb jd tcrrb gbab c`rbmbr  jds sknukbhtbs mdrdmtbrïstkmds6 4. Yrcpcrmkchdr uhd supbr`kmkb khtbr`dmkdj nrdhgb bhtrb bj jïqukgc y bj nds. Jd supbr`kmkb gbj bopdqub pcr uhkgdg gb vcjuobh gb bspd bspdmk mkc c bo bopd pdmd mdgc gc gb gbab ab sb sbrr nr nrdh dhgb gb,, pb pbrc rc hc bh bj sbht sbhtkg kgc c okmrcsmýpkmc. 1. Ycsbbr jds mdrdmtbrïstkmds gbsbdajbs gbj `jufc gb `jukgcs. Bstc nbhbrd nbh brdjo jobht bhtb b skn sknhk hk`km `kmd d qub bj vcj vcjuo uobh bh `rd `rdmmk mmkch chdrk drkc c vdm vdmïc, ïc, c `rdmmkýh gb bspdmkc vdmïc, bh bj jbmec bopdmdgc gbab sbr nrdhgb. Bj bopdqub gbab pbroktkr bj pdsc gb nrdhgbs vcjöobhbs gb `jukgc

 

d trdvës gb pbqubôds sbmmkchbs trdhsvbrsdjbs gb jd tcrrb, skh rbmdrnc c khuhgdmkýh< gbab sbr adfd jd mdïgd gb prbskýh gbj nds. =. ]br quïokmdobhtb khbrtb mch rbspbmtc d jcs `jukgcs qub sb bstäh prcmbsdhg prcmbsdhgc. c. 7. ]br bstrumturdjobhtb `ubrtb pdrd pbroktkr bj `ämkj odhbfc y jd khstdjdmkýh. 2. Wbhbr adfc prbmkc. Jcs bopdqubs sch prkhmkpdjobhtb gb gcs tkpcs, djbdtcrkcs y rbnujdrbs. BOYDTRB] DJ DVDQ Jcs bopdqubs dzdr schmdbr dqubjjcs qub djbdtcrkd. skopjbobhtb drrcfdhsbbhutkjkzdrch jd tcrrb gurdhtb jd khstdjdmkýh y qubdjsb gbfdh bh `crod Bh bjsbpdsdgc odtbrkdjbs `ämkjobhtb catbhkajbs< pcr bfbopjc, pkbgrds rctds, nrdvd c pbgdzcs gb mcqub< bopbrc, duhqub bstcs odtbrkdjbs rbsujtdh adrdtcs, hc sch dgbmudgc dgbmudgcss gbakgc d jd pbqubôd supbr`kmkb y odjds mdrdmtbrïstkmds mch rbspbmtc dj `jufc gb `jukgcs.  Dmtudjobhtb jcs jcs oäs utkjkzdg utkjkzdgcs cs sch6 rdsmekn 4.  Dhkjjc rdsmekn 1.  Dhkjjcs Mrcss-Ydrtktkch Mrcss-Ydrtktkch =. ]kjjbtd Abrj 7.  Dhkjjcs Ydjjb Ydjjb 2.  Dhkjjcs Jbsskhn Jbsskhn 0. ]kjjbtd khtdjcx4 BOYDTRB] QBNRJDQB] Jcs bopdqubs c`rbmbh jds vbhtdfds gb uhd obhcr mdïgd gb prbskýh bj nds y uh `jufc odycr, rbnujdrbs nbhbrdjobhtb d bxpbhsds gb uhd khstdjdmkýh oäs mcstcsd qubpdrd jd hbmbsdrkd pdrd jcs bopdqubs djbdtcrkcs. Jcs dhkjjcs edmkhdgcs gb Qdsmekn sch bmchýokmcs sýjc bh tdodôcs ouy nrdhgbs. Edy vdrkds ocgk`kmdmkchbs gb jcs bopdqubs obtäjkmcs bxpdhgkgcs. Jds rbfkjjds c ‚vdjjds‟ gb odgbrd hc sch mdrds y sb utkjkzdh mch `rbmubhmkd mudhgc sb rbqukbrbh vcjöobhbs vdmïcs nrdhgbs< mcoc bh jcs ndsbs qub jjbvdh mchsknc bj djqukträh gb jcs ecrhcs gb mcqub, c jcs jïqukgcs qub tkbhbh pdrtïmujds sýjkgds bh suspbhskýh. Jd odjjd gb jdhd gb djdoarb tbfkgd c gb ctrc tkpc, bhrcjjdgd bh uh mkjkhgrc mcoc sk `ubsb tbjd (Hbc-Ljcs (Hbc-Ljcss), s), u ctrcs drrbnjcs gb ndsd obtäjkmd (Lcme-]ujzbr, Eypbr`kj y Nccgjcb) prcpcrmkchdh uhd supbr`kmkb khtbr`dmkdj nrdhgb gb jïqukgc y nds bh mchtdmtc y uhd mdïgd gb prbskýh ouy pbqubôd< sch bspbmkdjobhtb bspbmkdjobhtb ötkjbs bh jd gbstkjdmkýh dj vdmïc.

]CYCQWB] GB BOYDTRB Bs hb hbmb mbsd sdrk rkc c uh bspd bspdmk mkc c da dakb kbrtc rtc bh bj `chg `chgc c gb jd tcrr tcrrb, b, pdrd pdrd ds dsbn bnur urdr dr jd au aubh d gk gkst strk rkau aumk mkýh ýhqubgdr gb gbjj nd nds s bh bjscarb bo bopd pdqu b. Bh mchsbmubhmkd, bjbhd bopdqub gbab scpcrtdgc bjqub. bspdmkc

 

dakbrtc. Ycr supubstc, bj scpcrtb gbab sbr jc su`kmkbhtbo su`kmkbhtbobhtb bhtb `ubrtb pdrd scstbhbr bj pbsc gb uhd djturd rdzchdajb gb bopdqub< gbab tbhbr uh ärbd jkarb su`kmkbhtbobhtb dopjkd pdrd pbroktkr bj `jufc gbj jïqukgc y gbj nds mch uh oïhkoc gb rbstrkmmkýh. ]b prb`kbrbh jcs scpcrtbs bspbmkdjobhtb gksbôdgcs qub prcpcrmkchdh pdsc sbpdrdgc pdrd bj nds y bj jïqukgc. ]u ärbd jkarb pdrd bj `jufc bs gbj crgbh gbj 52%< pubgb `darkmdrsb bh gk`brbhtbs ocgk`kmdmkchbs y gk`brbhtbs odtbrkdjbs, khmjuskvb bh obtdjbs, obtdjbs bxpdhgkgcs, mbräokmd y pjästkmcs. MRBQYC GB JD WCQQB Bstd pubgb sbr muakbrtc gb odgbrd, jdgrkjjc dsbnöh prubad ämkgcs, vkgrkc, pjästkmc, obtdj gb obtdj, pjästkmcpcrmbjdhd c vkgrkc, quïokmd, u ctrc odtbrkdj, jdsgbmchgkmkchbs gb mcrrcs mcr rcský kýh. h. Ydr Ydrd d `dm `dmkjkjktd ktdrr su mch mchstr strumm ummký kýh h y duo duobht bhtdr dr su rbs rbskst kstbhm bhmkd, kd, nbh nbhbrd brdjob jobhtb htb sch mkrmujdrbs bh jd sbmmkýh trdhsvbrsdj c sboktrdhsvbrsdj DMMB]CQKC] [ BTRKYC MCOYJBOBHWDQKC ◃ Qctäobtrc6 Bj rctäobtrc bs uh khstruobhtc bopjbdgc pdrd jd gbtbrokhdmkýh gbj mdugdj gb `jukgcs yd sbd gb ndsbs c jïqukgcs bh tuabrïds ◃ Bjkokhdgcr gb drrdstrb6 Mudhgc jd vbjcmkgdg gbj nds bs djtd qub sdjb gb jd tdpd gb jd mcjuohd, pubgb dmdrrbdr pbqubôds nctds gb jïqukgc mcoc rcmïc. Ydrd su prbvbhmkýh, bs pcskajb khstdjdr bh jd tdpd gb jd mcjuohd uh bjkokhdgcr gb rcmïc bh `crod gb ecfds mcrrundgds, pdrd rbmcjbmtdr jds nctds gb jïqukgc, jds mudjbs sb gbpcsktdrdh hubvdobhtb bh jd mcjuohd. ◃ Od Odhý hýob obtr trc6 c6 Bh uh uhd d tcrr tcrrb b bo bopd pdmd mdgd gd bs utkjkzdgd pdrd mchcmbr jd prbskýh d jd mudj sb bstä bfbmutdhgc bj prcmbsc< y pbroktb dgboäs obgkr jd mdïgd gb prbskýh scarb jd mcjuohd gb gbstkjdmkýh gbstkjdmký h (odhýobtrc bh R). ◃ Wbrocmupjd6 Rhd tbrocmupjd bs uh khstr khstruob uobhtc htc gb trd trdgu gummk mmkýh ýh gb tbo tbopb pbrdt rdturd urd,, mchvkbrtb uhd odnhktug `ïskmd bh uhd sbôdj bjëmtrkmd. Okgb jd tbopbrdturd bh6 Bh bj gcoc gb jd tcrrb Bh jd sbmmkýh 4 y 1 gb jd tcrrb. Qbebrvkgcr6 cr6 vdpcrkzd pd pdrtb rtb gb jcs jjïqukgcs ïqukgcs qu qub b ◃ Qbebrvkg bstä bstäh h bh bj `c `chg hgc c gb jd tcrr tcrrb b pr prcg cgum umkb kbhg hgc c vdpcrbs qub `juybh gbsgb bj `chgc edmkd bj tcpb.

Mchgbhsdgcr6 khtbrmdoakd khtbrmdoakdgcr gcr qub muopj muopjb b uhd ◃ Mchgbhsdgcr6 `uhmkýh gb gksokhumkýh gb tbopbrdturd, yd sbd pdrd ndsbs, vdpcrbs y ctrcs. Bh ëj uhd pdrtb gbj mchgbhsdgc sb bxtrdb mcoc rb`jufc y jc gboäs bs rbocvkgc mcoc gbstkjdgc. ◃ Wdoacr gb gbstkjdgc6 prcpcrmkchd uh `jufc bstdajb gb rb`jufc y prcgumtc gb tcpb. ◃ Acoad mbhtrï`und gb mkrmujdmkýh6 Bs bopjbdgc pdrd dmtkvdr y odhtbhbr uhd prbskýh y uh mdugdj mchstdhtb bh jd tcrrb bopdmdgd. ◃ Mcoprbscr6 Bs bopjbdgc pdrd b`bmtudr bj khnrbsc gbj dkrb edmkd bj khtbrkcr gb jd mcjuohd,

pcr gbadfc gbj bopdqub.

 

MRQPD GB BTRKJKAQKC. Rh nds gksubjtc bh uh jïqukgc prcgumb, d uhd tbopbrdturd y prbskýh gdgds, uhd prbskýh pdrmkdj. Jd scjuakjkgdg gb uh nds vdrïd mch jd tbopbrdturd y prbskýh gb jd scjumkýh< bh `crod tdj qub jd scjuakjk scjuakjkgdg gdg bs oïhkod d tbopbrdturds bjbvdg bjbvdgds ds y prbskchbs adfds. Nbhbrdjobhtb, jd dascrmkýh gb uh nds bh uh jïqukgc sb jjbvd d mdac d prbskýh jknbrdobhtb odycr d jd dtocs`ërkmd y d tbopbrdturd doakbhtb, c gb prb`brbhmkd d obhcr tbopbrdturd. Bj bqukjkarkc gb `dsbs bhtrb jds mcopcskmkchbs gbj mcopchbhtb qub sb gbsbd trdhs`brkr bs uh gdtc kopcrtdhtb pdrd bj mäjmujc gbobzmjds jds gkobhskchbs gbj sknubh bqukpc jd gbJby dascrmkýh. Bstb sb catkbhb odtboätkmdobhtb pdrd jïqukgds qub gb Qdcujt, jd bqukjkarkc gb Ebhry c bxpbrkobhtdjobhtb, mdjmujdhgc d uhd tbopbrdturd y prbskýh gdgds jd mcopcskmkýh gb jds `dsbs jïqukgd y ndsbcsd mudhgc bstäh bh bqukjkarkc. Bh bj bqukjkarkc, jd prbskýh pdrmkdj gbj mcopchbhtb qub sb trdhs`kbrb gbab sbr knudj bh jds `dsbs jïqukgd y ndsbcsd. Bj bqukjkarkc sb pubgb rbprbsbhtdr nrä`kmdobhtb bh vdrkds `crods6 d) Yrbs Yrbský kýh h pd pdrm rmkd kdjj gb gbjj mc mcop opch chbh bhtb tb qu qub b sb trdh trdhs`k s`kbr brb b bh jd `dsb `dsb ndsb ndsbcs csd, d, mcht mchtrd rd jd mcopcskmkýh mcopcskmký h gbj oksoc mcopchbhtb bh jd `dsb jïqukgd, bstd mcopcskmk mcopcskmkýh ýh sb pubgb bxprbsdr  bh `rdmmkýh ocjdr, `rdmmkýh pbsc, rbjdmkýh ocj, rbjdmkýh pbsc c nrdocs gb D / 499 nrdocs gb scjvbhtb. a) Mcopcskmkýh gb jd `dsb ndsbcsd Ps mcopcskmkýh gb jd `dsb jïqukgd< rb`brkgd skboprb dj mcopc mco pchbh hbhtb tb qub sb trd trdhs` hs`kb kbrb, rb, y pubgb pubgbh h bxp bxprbs rbsdrs drsb b bh mud mudjq jqukb ukbrd rd gb jds uhkgd uhkgdgbs gbs obhmkchdgds.

 

GB]DQQCJJC BUYBQKOBHWDJ

 

GB]DQQCJJC BUYBQKOBHWDJ Gdtcs6 d) Djturd b`bmtkvd gb bopdqub. 4.59 o. a) Gkäobtrc khtbrkcr gb jd mcjuohd 42.99 mo. m) @jufc gb dnud d 499% gb rctäobtrc 1.4 jts/okh. g) Bmudmkýh gb mdjkardmkýh gbj `jufc gb dochïdmc bh bj rctäobtrc d mchgkmkchbs bstähgdr.

gchgb6  T ? @jufc gb dochïdmc d 499% gb rctäobtrc d mchgkmkchbs bstähgdr gb mdjkardmkýh >09 ooEn y 14.4 ¶M (jts/okh). Y` ? Yrbskýh dascjutd d qub `juyb bj nds dochkdmc d trdvës gbj rctäobtrc (ooEn) d mchgkmkchbs gb cpbrdmkýh. W` ? Wbopbrdturd d jd qub `juyb bj nds (¶L)d mchgkmkchbs gb cpbrdmkýh. b) Bmudmkýh gb mdjkardmkýh gb pjdmd gb crk`kmkc bh mchgkmkchbs bstähgdr.

gchgb6 T ? Ndstc gb dkrb d jds mchgkmkchbs gb cpbrdmkýh (jts/okh) ∀℈? Gk`brbhmkdj gb djturd crknkhdgd bh jd pjdmd gb crk`kmkc bxprbsdgd bh (mo E1C). τ n ? Gbhskgdg gbj nds bh mchgkmkchbs gb bhtrdgd d jd pjdmd gb crk`kmkc (n/jts). `) Bopdqub khstdjdgc6 • Dhkjjcs Ydjj gb pjästkmc 12 (4‟) gb tdodôc hcokhdj (mcjuohd gb dmbrc khcxkgdajb) • Bopdqub bstrumturdgc bh jd mcjuohd gb vkgrkc Gb`khkr jd mchmbhtrdmkýh gb dochkdmc bh jd adsb gb jd mcjuohd (rbjdmkýh ocj) [  D 4 ?

  y D 4

  9.915

 Locj D

? Mchmbhtrdmkýh gb dochkdmc nds ? bh9.9155 bj gcoc gbNsjd mcjuohd (rbjdmkýh 4 ∑bh [  D jd `dsb 4 ∑ 9.915  Locj ocj  Locj D  1  1 [  D ? ∞ ( [  D )? ∞( 9.9155 )?2.>0 x 49 ∑= 4

1

49

4

49

 Locj Ns

 

Nrd`kmd gb bqukjkarkc gb dochkdmc 9.92 9.97 9.97 9.9= 9.9=       [

9.91 9.91 9.94 9.94 9

9

9.94

9.94

9.91

9.91

9.9=

9.9=

9.97

U

Jïhbd hbd gb bqukjkarkc

 Gb jd nrd`kmdcatbhbocs nrd`kmd catbhbocs 6  Locj D  U  D 4∞³ U  D 1 odx? 9.914  Locj Js

( Js / Ns )okh?

  y D 4∑ y D 1  U  D 4∞∑ U  D 1

?

 Locj ∑ 9.992>0 ?4.9152 e 9.914∑ 9

9.9155

( Js / Ns )cp?( Js / Ns )okh∞4.5? 4.>757

 Locj e

 Bhtchmbs 6 4.>757

?

9.9155

∑ 9.992>0

4.>757

< U  D 4 ?9.941=2

 Locj D  Locj Js

 Gbtbrokhdmkýh gb mdïgds gb prbskýh bh jbmecs bopdmdgcs 6 '  9.2  J   Gbhskgdg Gbhskgdg gbj nds A? ' ?  Gbhskgdg gbj jkquïgc ∑ Gbhskgdg gbj nds N

(

)

 Gbhskgdg gbj jkquïgc d 41 ¶M ?;;;.25  Gbhskgdg gbj nds d 41 ¶M ?4.112

A?4.>757 ?

(

 

4.112

;;;.25∑4.112

)

  Ln =

o  Ln o

=

9.2

?9.9029=

 Gb jd nrä`kmd gb Bmlbrt , tbhbocs qub y ?9.99;

 

'  N dkrb ?∖ ❔ ? 9.7552  Ln1 so

N · ? 9.7552 N·dkrb ?9.9955;4

 Ln s

  Ln

1

1

so

(  )  

 ( 9.9451 o )? 9.9955;4  Ln

4

4.112 Ln

s

 (

=

?0.;4>5B-=

o s

4999 J =

4o

)( )   09 s

4 okh

? 742.4

 J okh

=

o

N · ?T ?497 ∖ ❔ T?497∞∖ ❔  ΗE ? 4;.21 mo E 1 C

( )

 Js ?4.59 Ns

 Js ?4.59∞Ns ?4.59∞ 9.9955;4

 Js ?4.;;

 (

 Lnocj e

45

  Ln  Lnocj

)

(

(

 Ln  ∞ s   4

;;>

  15.;

 )(

 Ln

( )   ) =099 s

4

  Ln  Lnocj

4999 J 4o

=

)(

4e

  4e 09 okh

)

?4.;;

?9.2;55 J / okh

=

o

Mdjmujc gb % gb rctäobtrc

 J  J  x % rctdobtrc ∑ 9.2;55 okh okh % rctdobtrcdnud ? 15. 15.24 24 %

∑ 1.4

499% Qctdobtrc

 Lnocj e

 

N · H E  =   = ? [D 4∞Ns?9.9155∞4.972? 9.91;12

 Lnocj e

T ? 74 ∖ ❔  Y 4 W 4 T 4 >09∞1;5.42∞02.7>0 ? ? 55.;7 J / okh  Y 1 W   1 152.42∞252   Ln  Lnocj  J   4 4999   4e N · H E   =  = ? 9.91;12 4> ?4=.10 =  Lnocj e   Ln 4 o okh 09 okh T 1?

)

 (

9.012

( )(

)

=

o  J  J  x % rctdobtrc ∑4=.10 499% Qctdobtrc∑ 55.;7 okh okh % rct rctdobtr dobtrc c HE = ?42. 42.15 15 %

(  )

WDAJD GB QB]RJWDGC]

Pdrkdajb

Pdjcrbs

Catbhkgc

∀Y

42-=2 mo E1C

4;.21 mo E1C

19-=2 %

15.24%

;-42 %

42.15 %

% Qct

Dnud

% Qct HE  =

Gbtbrokhdmkýh gb jds mchmbhtrdmkch gb dochkdmc gksubjtc bh bj dnudGdtcs bxpbrkobhtdjbs mchskgbrdhgc mchskgbrdhgc mchsbhtrdmkchbs gb HdCE 4H y EMj 4H

Mcrrkgd

P HdCE bh oj

P EMJ bh oj

P oubstrd bh oj

P EMJ hbutrdjkzdgc pcr jd oubstrd bh oj

Ajdhmc

49

49

9

9

4

7.2

49

49

2.2

1

7.1

49

49

2.5

=

7.7

49

49

2.0

 

4

 ocj bq ocj )?4  (  gdgc jc dhtbrkcr doads scjumkchbs 4H?4O  J  J 4 bq P  EMj O  EMj? P sc j h O sc j h O scj h? ' 

' 

P  EMj O  EMj

' 

 O 1?

P scj h

 O 4?

' 

∞

2.5 4 49

∞

2.2 4 49

? 9.22 O 

? 9.25 O 

2.0 4

 O =?  O  prco? 9.20==

(

ocjH E =   ∞  J

 U 4 ?;.2>04

 O 4+ O 1 + O = =

  4 Locj 4999 ocj

(

 LnH E =   ∞ = o

?

∞ ? 9.20 O  9.22+ 9.20 + 9.25 49

=

) (  ) ∞

4> Ln

 Locj

?9.99;2>0

 (

 LnH E =  J

ocjH E =

 J  LnH E = 4999 J ;.2>04 ? = = o o

)

( )   45 LnJs

)

 LnH E =   o ?9.99;092 ;;> LnJs  LnJs =

? 9.20==

 LocjHE =  LocjJs ? 9.9494> 4> LnH E =  LocjJs  LocjH E =

]dakbhgc qub tbýrkmdobhtb jd mchmbhtrdmkýh gb  U  ?9.941=2 4

 Locj D  Locj Js

 U 4W ∑ U 4 Q 9.9 41= 41=2 2 ∑9.9 494> %brrcr ? 14.77% ∞499 ? ∞499? 14.77%  U 4 Q 9.9 494> Mch [d4 ? 9.915 sb catkbhb Ud4* ? 9.9142  HR W N ?

[ 4∑[ 1

³³

³

Mäjmujc gb jds uhkgdgbs gb trdhs`brbhmkd6

 DR W N?

  z   4.5 o ?9.>42=   ?  HR W N 1.240=

 Ln   ∞4 Locj s   ∞=099 s 4> Ln  Locj ∑= N4?5.=5; x 49   ?4.>>0 4e e  DR W N?

No  L  y d∞]∞³ ³

 L  y d ?>1.9;

  Locj =

eo

∎

[ 

 

 

No ?

4.>>0

+ 9.91;12 1

?9.;910

 Locj e

g?42 mo ∷]?(9.>52)(9.42³1?9.94>0 o  L  y d ? 09 Ycrmbhtdfb gb brrcr6

  Locj eo

=

∎ [ 

 

>1.9;∑ 09  L   yy dtbc ∑ L  y drbdj %brrcr ?   ∞499? ∞499?40. 40.>> >> %  L  y dtbc >1.9;

DHÄJK]K] GB QB]RJWDGC] Wcodhgc bh mubhtd jcs rbsujtdgcs catbhkgcs gb mchmbhtrdmkýh gb dochkdmc bh bj dn dnud ud do dochk chkdmd dmdjj `ub `ubrch rch qub gb 9.9 9.941 41=2, =2, bh mcop mcopdrd drdmký mkýh h mch mch hub hubstr strc c rbs rbsujt ujtdgc dgc prcobgkc bxpbrkobhtdj qub `ub gb 9.9494>, sb catuvc uh pcrmbhtdfb gb brrcr gbj 14% dprcxkodgdobhtb, dprcxkodgd obhtb, jc qub hcs rb`jb rb`jbfd fd uhd dascrmký dascrmkýh h bopcarbmkgd bopcarbmkgd,, bstc bs gbakgc d vdrkc vdr kcss `dm `dmtc tcrbs rbs qub pu pugkb gkbrch rch kh` kh`juk jukrr gur gurdh dhtb tb jd bxp bxpbrk brkobh obhtdm tdmký kýh h dj oco ocobh bhtc tc gb mchtrcjdr jds vdrkdajbs, bfbopjc gb bjjc bs bh bj mchtrcj gb jds väjvujds gb dochkdmc y dkrb jds mudjbsgb gbabh pcrmkbhtc gb gb prbskýh rctäobtrc dj qub mdjmujý tbýrkmdobhtb, bstd odhtbhbr odhbrd jdbjgk`brbhmkd bhdgbmudgc doads jïhbds sbsb odhtkbhb mchstdhtb, uh `dmtcr oäs qub d`bmtd bj prcmbsc gb dascrmkýh bs jd tbopbrdturd, gbakg gbakgc c d qub gurdhtb bj prcmbsc hc tbhbocs mchtrcj bstds gcs vdrkdajbs, jcs rbsujtdgcs catbhkgcs `ubrch gb`kmkbhtbs. Qbspb Qb spbmtc mtc d jcs rbs rbsujt ujtdgc dgcss catbh catbhkg kgcs cs rb rb`br `brbht bhtb b d bj mcb mcb`km `kmkbh kbhtb tb gb trd trdhs` hs`brb brbhmk hmkd, d, pcgbocs gbmkr qub bj bqukpc prbsbhtd uhd nrdh khmrustdmkýh, dgboäs gb qub bj bqukpc sb bhmubhtrd gbsndstdgc y jd supbr`kmkb gb trdhs`brbhmkd hc bs jd ýptkod< pcr bjjcs rbmcobhgdocs uh sbrvkmkc prbvbhtkvc y mcrrbmtkvc d jd mcjuohd. CA]BQPDMKCHB] Qdoïrbz Nutkërrbz Mkhtkd Abrbhkzb Gbakgc d jd sktudmkýh dmtudj hc `ub pcskajb rbdjkzdr jd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh gb `crod prbsbhmkdj, skh boadrnc, sb rbmurrký d odtbrkdj prcpcrmkchdgc pcr bj prc`bscr pdrd jcnrdr bhtbhgbr bj `bhýobhc gb jd dascrmkýh bh uhd mcjuohd bopdqubtdgd mch dhkjjcs pdj. Yugkocs casbrvdr qub bs kopcrtdhtb rbdjkzdr jd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh gb odhbrd prbsbhmkdj yd qub bj %gb brrcr catbhkgc `ub mdjmujdgc mch gdtcs prcpcrmkchdgcs prcpcrmkchdgcs y hc sdabocs sk bsb rdhnc gb brrcr sb gbaký d jd cpbrdmkýh gbj bqukpc, d jds mchgkmkchbs d jds mudjbs sb bhmchtrdad jd mcjuohd c sk djnuhd vdrkdajb (prbskýh, tbopbrdturd c mchmbhtrdmkýh) hc pugc sbr mchtrcjdgd dgbmudgdobhtb. Bs kopcrtdhtb sbôdjdr qub tdoakëh khtbrvkbhbh ctrcs `dmtcrbs qub hc tkbhbh qub vbr  mch jd cpbrdmkýh gb jd mcjuohd, hk gb jds vdrkdajbs qub khtbrvkbhbh bh su cpbrdmkýh, tdjbs mcoc bj odhtbhkokbhtc bh nbhbrdj qub sb jb gd dj bqukpc. Bstb `dmtcr tdoakëh bs ouy kop kopcrt crtdh dhtb tb yd qub gb bj bjjc jc gb gbpbh pbhgb gb bj `uh `uhmk mkchd chdokb okbhtc htc gb djnu djnuhds hds väj väjvuj vujds, ds, bqukpcs gb obgkmkýh b khmjusc gb jd oksod mcjuohd gb dascrmkýh. MCHMJR]KCHB]

 

Qdoïrbz Nutkërrbz Mkhtkd Abrbhkzb Jd dascrmkýh bs jd cpbrdmkýh uhktdrkd qub mchskstb bh jd sbpdrdmkýh gb uhc c oäs mcopchbhtbs gb uhd obzmjd ndsbcsd mch jd dyugd gb uh scjvbhtb jïqukgc (uh scjutc  D, c vdrkcs scjutcs, scjutcs, sb dascrabh g gb b jd `dsb ndsb ndsbcsd csd y pdsdh d jd jjïqukgd). ïqukgd). Bstb prcmbsc kopjkmd uhd gk`uskýh ocjbmujdr c uhd trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd gbj scjutc D d trdvës gbj nds A edmkd uh jïqukgc M d tbopbrdturd y prbskýh mchstdhtb. Bh jd cpbrdmkýh gb bstd mcjuohd gb dascrmkýh sb utkjkzý uh skstbod gb Dochkdmc-Dkrb Dnud bh gchgb prcgumtc catbhkgc bsdtoýs`brd. dnud dochkdmdj y dkrb mch uh %gb dochkdmc pbqubôc bj mudj bj pubgb sbr jkabrdgc d jd Bs kopcrtdhtb rbmcrgdr qub jd trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd bhtrb bstds `dsbs sb pubgb jjbvdr  d mdac sk jcs `jufcs gbj nds y jïqukgc khbrtbs sb odhtkbhbh mchstdhtbs, bs gbmkr pdrd uhd cpbrdmkýh b`kmkbhtb b`kmkbhtb bs hbmbsdrkc y rknurcsc tbhbr uh rënkobh pbrodhbh pbrodhbhtb, tb, skh boadrnc bxkstb uhd vdrkdajb oäs kopcrtdhtb qub bs jd qub hcs vd d gbtbrokhdr jd b`kmkbhmkd gb jd mcjuohd gb dascrmkýh6 Jd mchmbhtrdmkýh d jd mudj djkobhtdocs bj dochkdmc d jd mcjuohd. Bs gb suod suod kop kopcr crtdh tdhmkd mkd rbd rbdjkjkzdr zdr gb `cr `crod od mcr mcrrbm rbmtd td bj adj adjdhm dhmb b gb od odtbr tbrkd kd pdr pdrd d gbtbrokhdr bj % gb dochkdmc qub sb vd d djkobhtdr d jd mcjuohd yd qub gb bstc y gb jd `crod gb cpbrdr gbpbhgbrä jd mdhtkgdg gb dochkdmc qub catbhgrbocs bh hubstrc prcgumtc. ]k djkobhtdocs uhd mdhtkgdg khmcrrbmtd gb dochkdmc y jds mchgkmkchbs hc sch d rën rënkob kobh h pb pbrod rodhbh hbhtb tbdochkdmdj pcgrb pcgrboc ocs s tbh tbhbr br uh uhd d jdbop bopca carbm rbmkg kgd d trd trdhs hs`br `brbh bhmkd mkd gbdkrb od odsd, sd, catbhkbhgc uh dnud pcr gbadfc gb mchmbhtrdmkýh rbqubrkgd y uh mch uh % gb dochkdmc odycr dj qub sb pubgb jkabrdr d jd dtoýs`brd. Wdoakëh bs kopcrtdhtb odhtbhbr bj `jufc gb dkrb y dnud gbhtrc gb jcs pdräobtrcs mdjmujdgcs, mdjmujdgc s, mch jd khtbhmkýh gb qub tcgds hubstrds vdrkdajbs sb bhmubhtrbh bh skhtchïd dj cpbrdr jd mcjuohd. Pdrkdajbs mcoc jd tbopbrdturd y prbskýh sch uh pcmc oäs gk`ïmkjbs gb mchtrcjdr bh bj prcmbsc, bstc pubgb rbprbsbhtdr uhd cpcrtuhkgdg pdrd catbhbr obfcrbs rbsujtdgcs bh jd cpbrdmkýh. Bh jd khgustrkd mudjqukbr prcmbsc pdrd qub sbd b`kmkbhtb gbab tbhbr uh brrcr obhcr dj 2% bh hubstrc mdsc catuvkocs uh brrcr gbj 14% jc qub hcs khgkmd qub jd `crod bh jd qub sb cpbrý bj bqukpc hc bs jd dgbmudgd, bstc pubgb sbr gbrkvdgc gb jd khmcrrbmtd odhkpujdmkýh gb jds vdrkdajbs, gbj odj `uhmkchdokbhtc gb djnuhds pdrtbs gbj bqukpc c gb jds mchgkmkchbs d jds mudjbs sb bhmchtrdad jd mcjuohd pcr tdj octkvc bs gb suod kopcrtdhmkd kgbhtk`kmdr bh gchgb sb bhmubhtrd bj prkhmkpdj prcajbod gbj prcmbsc y dsï pcgbr obfcrdr bj prcmbgkokbhtc.

 

Casbrvdmkchbs6 @ub gb nrdh kopcrtdhmkd bstdajbmbr uhd mchmbhtrdmkýh gb djkobhtdmkýh, gbhtrc gb jcs pdräobtrcs bstdajbmkgcs bstdajbmkgcs pdrd mdjmujdr prbvkdobh prbvkdobhtb tb bj pcrmkbhtc gb rctäobtrc. Pbrk`kmdr qub jd prbskýh y tbopbrdturd sb odhtbhndh jc oäs bstdajb pcskajb, pdrd jcnrdr uh rënkobh pbrodhbhtb y pcgbr tcodr jds oubstrds pdrd qub gb bstds sb pugkbrdh rbdjkzdr rbdjkzdr jcs mäjmujcs pbrtkhbhtbs pdrd jjbndr d gbtbrokhdr bj vdjcr bxpbrkobhtdj gb jd supbr`kmkb gb trdhs`brbhmkd y jcnrdr dsï mchmjukr obfcr bj `uhmkchdokbhtc gb jd mcjuohd. Bj vkgbc dyugý d mchcmbr obfcr jd tcrrb, dsï mcoc jcs bqukpcs duxkjkdrbs qub sb utkjkzdh pdrd bstd cpbrdmkýh. Mcobhtdrkcs6 Gbakgc d jd pdhgbokd qub sb vkvb, jd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh `ub djnc qub hc sb pugc rbdjkz rbd jkzdr, dr, pcr jc mudj jc qub sb rbp rbpcrt crtd d bh bj prbs prbsbht bhtb, b, ads adsäh ähgcs gcsb b bh uh vkgb vkgbc c prcpcr prc pcrmkc mkchd hdgc gc pcr bj gc gcmbh mbhtb, tb, jd kh` kh`cro crodmk dmkýh ýh bxp bxpbrk brkob obhtd htdjj `ub tbý tbýrkm rkmd d gb knudj knudj odhbrd, y jcs mcobhtdrkcs prbsbhtbs bh gkmec sýjc pubgbh hcoardrsb adsähgcsb bh jc tbýrkmc, edmkbhgc edmkbhgc ëh`dsks bh6 odhbfdr bj bqukpc bqukpc mcrrbmtdobhtb, jd b b`kmkbhmkd `kmkbhmkd sbrä ad adfd fd gb gbak akgc gc d jd `djt `djtd d gb od odht htbh bhko kokb kbht htc, c, hc gbsm gbsmuk ukgd gdrr jcs jcs pcrm pcrmbh bhtd tdfb fbss gb jcs jcs rctäobtrcs, y jcnrdr uh rënkobh pbrodhbhtb. Wcodr bh mubhtd rdhnc prcpcrmkchd prcpcrmkchdgc gc pdrd jd djkobhtdmk djkobhtdmkýh ýh gbjbjnds, yd qub jd tcrrbskboprb `ub gksbôdgd pdrdbjbscs vdjcrbs, hc gbfdr d obhcs gb jd oktdg tdhqub gb suokhkstrc gb dnud y vbrk`kmdr mchstdhtbobhtb jd prbskýh y bqukpc qub sb rbnkstrd bh jcs obgkgcrbs gurdhtb jd cpbrdmkýh. Mchmjuskýh6 Jd dascrmkýh bs uhd cpbrdmkýh uhktdrkd qub mchskstb bh jd sbpdrdmkýh gb uhc c oäs mcopchbhtbs gb uhd obzmjd ndsbcsd mch jd dyugd gb uh scjvbhtb jïqukgc sbjbmtkvc mch bj qub `crod uhd scjumkýh (uh scjutc D, c vdrkcs scjutcs sb dascrabh gb jd `dsb ndsbcsd d jd `dsb jïqukgd). Bh bstd prämtkmd sb jjbvý d mdac uhd dascrmkýh gb HE = bh prbsbhmkd gb dkrb y mcoc gkscjvbhtb bj dnud bh mchtrdmcrrkbhtb bh uhd mcjuohd bopdmdgd< gchgb `ub hbmbsdrkc, prbvkc d jd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh, sbôdjdr jcs pdräobtrcs gb `uhmkchdokbhtc gb jd mcjuohd, mcoc6 ◃  Yrbskýh y tbopbrdturd6 yd qub gb bjjds gbpbhgb jd scjuakjkgdg gbj nds. ◃ Mchmbhtrdmkýh gb dochkdmc djkobhtdgc. Jd gk`brbhmkd bhtrb jc rbdj y jc bxpbrkobhtdj sb pubgb prbtbhgbr, mcoc qub, uhd pdrtb gb jd mcrrkbhtb jïqukgd qub mdoakd gb bstdgc y sdjb bh `dsb nds edmkd jd dtoýs`brd< mchtdokhdhgc, pbrc gbhtrc gb jcs pdräobtrcs bstdajbmkgcs bh jds hcrods qub rbnujdh bstds mchmbhtrdmkchbs @ub hbmbsdrkc gbfdr qub bj bqukpc jjbndrä d rënkobh pbrodhbhtb pdrd pcgbr tcodr jds oubstrds hbmbsdrkds, pdrd gb bstd odhbrd mcoprcadr qub bj bqukpc sb bhmchtrdad cp cpbr brdh dhgc gc mc mchs hstd tdht htb b y qu qub b hc bxks bxkstïd tïdh h dj djnu nuhd hdss vdrk vdrkdm dmkc kchb hbss bh jds jds ou oubs bstr trds ds mcoprcadhgc mcoprcadh gc bstc bh jds vdjcrdmkchbs, dsï oksoc bstds oubstrds dyugdrch d mdjmujdr  jds uhkgdgbs gb trdhs`brbhmkd pdrd gb bjjds catbhbr bj mcb`kmkbhtb gb trdhs`brbhmkd bxpbrkobhtdjj y mdjmujdr bj pcr mkbhtc gb brrcr. bxpbrkobhtd

 

Gb bstd odhbrd sb catkbhb uh pcrmbhtdfb gb brrcr adfc, pbrc d jd vbz djtc gbakgc d qub tbýrkmdobhtb hc gbab bxmbgbr bj 2%, y bh bstb mdsc bs gb dprcxkodgdobhtb 41%< mch bjjc gbmkocs qub jd mcjuohd hc bstd cpbrdhgc gb odhbrd ýptkod, yd qub bxkstb khmrustdmkýh, dgboäs gb jd `djtd gb odhtbdokbhtc prbvbhtkvc y jd vkgd qub jjbvd bstb bqukpc. Ycr jc mudj bstb pcrmbhtdfb pubgb sbr dmbptdajb pdrd jds mchgkmkchbs bh jds qub sb bhmubhtrd bj bqukpc y jds mchgkmkchbs qub sb pjdhtbdrch pdrd su cpbrdmkýh.

Ndrmïd Yërbz Objksd

JÝYBV NDQMÏD DQKDHD OD[WB CA]BQPDMKCHB] Ydrd qub sb pugkbsbh catbhbr jcs rbsujtdgcs bspbrdgcs bh bstd prämtkmd sb `kfdrch jds mchgkmkchbs gbj pcrmbhtdfb gbj rctäobtrc gb dnud y dochkdmc, dsï mcoc bj gbjtd E gbj odhýobtrc gk`brbhmkdj< gk`brbhmkdj< bstds vdrkdajbs gbabh odhtbhbrsb bh uh rënkobh pbrodhbhtb, bj mudj bs pcskajb sk bj mchtrcj gb jds väjvujds bs prbmksc pdrd gdr pdsc d jcs `jufcs y dsï odhtbhbr bj `uhmkchdokbhtc mcrrbmtc gbj bqukpc, yd qub sk sb jjbndsb d khmurrkr bh bj odj odhbfc gb bstds pubgb cmurrkr uhd khuhgdmkýh bh jd mcjuohd. MCOBHWDQKC] Gbakgc d jd mchtkhnbhmkd pcr jd qub sb bstä pdsdhgc dmtudjobhtb, hc hcs `ub pcskajb cpbrdr gb odhbrd prbsbhmkdj bj bqukpc gb dascrmkýh gb uhd tcrrb bopdmdgd, pcr jc qub sb hcs prcpcrmkchdrch gdtcs bxpbrkobhtdjbs catbhkgcs dhtbrkcrobhtb pdrd pcgbr  trdadfdr scarb bjjcs. Mch jcs gdtcs prcpcrmkchdgcs sb rbdjkzdrch jd sbmubhmkd gb mäjmujcs rbqubrkgcs pdrd bhmchtrdr jd mchmbhtrdmkýh gbj jïqukgc bh jd adsb gb jd mcjuohd. MCHMJR]KÝH Bh bstd prämtkmd gb dascrmkýh bh uhd mcjuohd bopdmdgd, sb b`bmtuý uhd gb jds cpbrdmkchbs uhktdrkds `uhgdobhtdjbs bh jd khgustrkd quïokmd, yd qub gbakgc d sus hctdajbs abhb`kmkcs abhb`kmkcs bs dopjkdobh dopjkdobhtb tb utkjkzdgd pdrd jd purk`kmdmkýh purk`kmdmkýh gb uh mcopubstc qub pcstbrkcrobhtb sb catkbhb gb ëj djnöh tkpc gb prcvbmec. Ydrtkmujdrobhtb bh bstd prämtkmd, sb cpbrý uhd mcjuohd gb dascrmkýh bh jd mudj sb djkobhtý uhd obzmjd gb dkrb mch dochkdmc, bstb öjtkoc bh mchmbhtrdmkchbs adfds pdrd okhkokzdr jcs pbrmdhmbs qub pugkbrdh jjbndr d cmurrkr gurdhtb jd cpbrdmkýh gbj bqukpc. Mcoc prcpubstd gbj prc`bscr, sb hcs khgkmý djkobhtdr 9.9405 lkjcnrdocs gb dochkdmc pcr mdgd lkjcnrdoc gb dkrb. Hubstrc cafbtkvc sbrïd rbgumkr jd mchmbhtrdmkýh gb dochkdmc mchtbhkgc bh bj dkrb y bstc sb jjbvdrïd d mdac obgkdhtb uh `jufc jïqukgc gb dnud purd, doacs `jufcs gkspubstcs bh mchtrdmcrrkbhtb. ]b hcs khgkmdrch jds mdrdmtbrïstkmds gb jd mcjuohd, bh rbdjkgdg bs pbqubôd, pubstc qub bstä gksbôdgd mch bj cafbtkvc gb öhkmdobhtb casbrvdr, bstugkdr y mcoprbhgbr jd cpbrdmkýh gb dascrmkýh, dsï tdoakëh hcs khgkmdrch bj bqukpc qub jd mcjuohd hbmbsktd pdrd su `uhmkchdokbhtc, obhmkchdhgchcs tdoakëh jcs dmmbscrkcs b khstruobhtcs qub sb cmupdh pdrd `dmkjktdr jd tcod gb jbmturds, oubstrds c odhkpujdmkýh gb `jufcs dj

 

ocobhtc gb bstdr cpbrdhgc bj bqukpc, rbdjkzdhgc mch bstd kh`crodmkýh bj gkdnrdod gb `jufc gb ëstb. Mch jd `dmkjkgdg gb gbsbopbôdr uhd aubhd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh sb rbpdsý prkobrc jd sbmubhmkd gb cpbrdmkýh gbj bqukpc. Yrbvkc d jd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh `ub hbmbsdrkc gbgumkr obgkdhtb mäjmujcs jds mchgkmkchbs gb cpbrdmkýh gb bqukpc, mcoc jd mchmbhtrdmkýh gb dochkdmc d jd bhtrdgd gb jd mcjuohd y jd mdhtkgdg oïhkod rbqubrkgd gb dnudquïokmc pdrd jdbhtrb purk`kmdmkýh gbj dkrb, pdrd bjjc `ub hbmbsdrkc rbdjkzdr bj gkdnrdod gb bqukjkarkc bj dkrb-dochkdmc-dnud d mchmbhtrdmkchbs mchmbhtrdmkc hbs prcpubstds pcr bj prc`bscr. Rhcs gb jcs puhtcs oäs kopcrtdhtbs d mchskgbrdr d jc jdrnc gbj bxpbrkobhtc, `ub odhtbhbr uh rënkobh pbrodhbhtb y pdrd dsbnurdrsb gb bjjc `ub prbmksc tcodr trbs oubstrds gb jd scjumkýh dochkdmdj d jd sdjkgd gb jd mcjuohd mdgd 2 okhutcs, pdrd pcstbrkcrobhtb sbr vdjcrdgds y mchcmbr jd mchmbhtrdmkýh gb dochkdmc qub bstds oubs ou bstr trds ds tkbh tkbhbh bh,, bstc bstc mc mch h bj `kh `kh gb vb vbrk rk`k`kmd mdrr qub qub jd trdh trdhs` s`br brbh bhmk mkd d gb od odsd sd gbj gbj mcopubstc gb khtbrës gb jd `dsb nds edmkd jd `dsb jïqukgd `ubsb bj bspbrdgc. Gbsd`crtuhdgdobhtb sb mcoprcaý qub jd trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd hc `ub jc gbsbdajb, yd qub pcr obgkc gb mäjmujcs sb bstkoý uh brrcr gbj 14 % dprcxkodgdobhtb, bstb rdhnc gb brrcr pubgb sbr rbspdjgdgc pcr gb`bmtcs gbj bqukpc qub pugkbsb tbhbr c pcr uh odj mchtrcj gb ëstb. Gb jds oubstrds qub sb dgqukrkbrch, `ubrch mchtrkauybhtbs pdrd mchcmbr jds uhkgdgbs gb trdhs`brbhmkd y dsï mdjmujdr bj mcb`kmkbhtb gb trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd, mch bstb gdtc, sb mcoprcaý qub bxkstb uh 40.>> % gb brrcr, jc mudj hcs oubstrd qub jd mcjuohd tkbhb uh uhd d gb gb`k`kmk mkbh bhmk mkd d gb cp cpbr brdm dmký kýh, h, pc pcrr jc qu qub b pubg pubgb b gbab gbabrs rsb b d uhd uhd mdrb mdrbhm hmkd kd gb odhtbhkokbhtc y prcvcmdr khmrustdmkchbs bh jd mcjuohd.  D pbsdr gb hc catbhbr jcs rbsujtdgcs dhebjdgc dhebjdgcss sb muopjkgc bj cafbtkvc gb jd prämtkmd, jcnrdocs kgbhtk`kmdr, khtbrprbtdr y bvdjudr mdgd uhd gb jds vdrkdajbs qub kh`juybh bh bj mcopcrtdokbhtc gb uhd tcrrb bopdmdgd gb dascrmkýh.

Casbrvdmkchbs FRDH @QDHMK]MC JÝYBV NDJKHGC Ycr octkvc gbj mch`khdokbhtc mdusdgc pcr jd pdhgbokd ouhgkdj (Mcvkg4;) jds sbskchbs gb jdacrdtcrkc tbýrkmds dsï mcoc jd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh hc sb rbdjkzdrch `ïskmdobhtb pbrc sï tbýrkmdobhtb, bxpjkmdgc pcr bj prc`bscr  adsdgc bh su bxpbrkbhmkd. ◃ Yrbvkc Yrbvkc d jd bxpbr bxpbrkobht kobhtdmkýh dmkýh sb sb tkbh tkbhb b qub edmbr edmbr bj bj gksbôc gksbôc gb jd tcrrb tcrrb gb dascrmkýh prcpchkbhgc bj vdjcr gb U4 y qub bstd sb bhmubhtrb gbhtrc gb jcs gdtcs prcpcrmkchdgcs pcr jd akajkcnrd`ïd. ◃ Rh puhtc puhtc mjdv mjdvb b bh jd bxpb bxpbrk rkob obht htdm dmký kýh h bs bj tr trda dadf dfc c d rë rënk nkob obh h pbrodhbhtb, bstb sb jcnrd mch darkr y mbrrdr jds väjvujds gb `jufc gbj rctäobtrc, hc sb jcnrd mch jd dpbrturd mcrrbmtd gb jds väjvujds skmdoakdräh jdsmccrgkhdmkýh vdrkdajbs gb cpbrdmkýh.

 

◃ Rh khgkm khgkmdgc dgcrr gb qub sb jjbný jjbný d rënkobh rënkobh pbro pbrodhb dhbhtb htb `ub `ub bj mäjmujc mäjmujc gb U4, pdrd bstc sb gbab gb mchskgbrdr bj vcjuobh gb jd oubstrd y jd tktujdmkýh gb bstd. Dj trdtdrsb gb uhd tktujdmkýh bj puhtc mrïtkmc bs bj vkrb, yd qub bstb sbrä bj puhtc gb rb`brbhmkd pdrd vdjcrdr jds scjumkchbs y bj rbsujtdgc jjbvdrd d jd mcopdrdmkýh gbj rbsujtdgc tbýrkmc ◃ Gb jcs `juf `jufcs cs khv khvcju cjumrd mrdgcs gcs bh bj prcmb prcmbsc sc sb mchskg mchskgbrd brd qub qub bj `jufc gb dnud hc mchtkbhbh nds mchtdokhdhtb y bstc edmb qub muopjd uhc gb jcs mrktbrkcs pdrd jd sbjbmmkýh gbj scjvbhtb qub bhtrb obhcs kopurbzds tbhnd c sbd purc edarä odycr dascrmkýh gbj nds bh mubstkýh. ◃ Dj trda trdadf dfd dr mch tcrrb crrb gb das dascrm crmký kýh h uh mcopchb pchbht htb b gb suod uod kopcrtdhmkd bh bj bqukpc bs bj bopdqub, bh bstd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh sb trdadfý mch uh bopdqub tkpc pdjj y gbpbhgkbhgc bj tkpc gb bstb vdrïd bj ärbd gb mchtdmtc bhtrb jd `dsb jïqukgd y jd `dsb nds. ◃ Jds Jds vd vdrk rkda dajb jbss qu qub b khtb khtbrv rvkb kbhb hbh h bh bj pr prcm cmbs bsc c gb dasc dascrm rmký kýh h y sb odhbfdrch bh jd bxpbrkobhtd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh mkýh sc sch h ärbd gb gb mchtdmtc mchtdmtc bhtrb jds `dsbs (jïqukgc- nds). Jd mchmbhtrdmkýh gb jcs `jufcs, tbopbrdturd y prbskýh, tcgds bstd vdrkdajbs d`bmtdh dj mcb`kmkbhtb gb trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd. Jd cpbrdmkýh sk sc sk, tkbhb qub sbr d rënkobh pbrodhbhtb Mcobhtdrkc FRDH @QDHMK]MC JÝYBV NDJKHGC Ydrd jd cpbrdmkýh gb jd mcjuohd bopdmdgd gb dascrmkýh bs kopcrtdhtb mdjmujdr jcs pdräobtrcs gb cpbrdmkýh pdrd bstc bs kopcrtdhtb prcpchbr  uhd U4 y qub bstd sb bhmubhtrb gbhtrc gb uh rdhnc prcpcrmkchdgc pcr jd akajkcnrä`kmd, mch jd mchmbhtrdmkýh khkmkdj y jd sbmubhmkd gb mäjmujcs sb bhmchtrý bj pcrmbhtdfb gb rctäobtrc mch bj qub sb ausmd obgkr jcs `jufcs prbsbhtbs bh jd cpbrdmkýh, sk hc sb rbnujdh jcs `jufcs jd mcjuohd pubgb ‚khuhgdrsb‟ . Mcoc sb ed obhmkchdgc bh jd tbcrïd y mch`krodgc mch jd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh bs hbmbsdrkc djmdhzdr uh rënkobh pbrodhbhtb. Duhqub pcr mdusds gb `ubrzd odycr hc sb rbdjkzý jd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh jd mcjuohd gbj jdacrdtcrkc bstä gksbôdgd pdrd adfds mchmbhtrdmkchbs (Dochkdmc) y jds b`kmkbhmkds djmdhzdgds sbräh gkrbmtdobhtb prcpcrmkchdj dj gksbôc gb jcs pdräobtrcs gb bxpbrkobhtdmkýh y bj odhbfc gb jcs `jufcs gb jds mcrrkbhtbs khvcjumrdgds khvcjumrdgds.. Mchmjuskýh FRDH @QDHMK]MC JÝYBV NDJKHGC Yd Ydrd rd bjdgd bstu bstugk gkc cjdacrd gbj gb j mcop mc opcr okbh bhtc tc kchbs gbbsjd uhktd dasc datdrkd scrm rmký hsbbh jd jý mcju mcjuoh d bopdm bo pdmdgd gbj jda crdtcr tcrkc kc crtd gbtdok cpbrdm cpb rdmkch uhk rkds skýh mdjmu mdjmujý jdohd U4

 

tbýrkmd y bxpbrkobhtdj, dj mcopdrdrjds sb bhmubhtrd qub bxkstb mbrmd gb uh 11% gb brrcr, bstd gk`brbhmkd sb pubgb gbabr d qub bj `jufc gb dnud pubgb vdrkdr gurdhtb jd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh d mdusd gbj obgkgcr gb `jufc, dsï mcoc jd mchmbhtrdmkýh gb dochkdmc bh jd obzmjd gb dkrb, bstc edmb qub jd mchmbhtrdmkýh dgscrakgd bh bj dnud sb vbd d`bmtdgd. Mch bstc sb mchskgbrd qub bj mchtrcj gb jcs `jufcs bs suodobhtb kopcrtdhtb bh jd cpbrdm cpb rdmkýh kýh.. Mch rbspbm rbspbmtc tc dj mcb`km mcb`kmkbh kbhtb tb gb trdhs` trdhs`brb brbhmk hmkd d gb odsd odsd bj tbýrkmc hcs gkc uh rbsujtdgc gb >1.9; y rbdj (bxpbrkobhtdj) gb 09, mcoc gksokhuyc bj bxpbrkobhtdj mch rbspbmtc dj tbýrkmc qukbrb gbmkr qub yd hc bs tdh `ämkj jd trdhs`brbhmkd gb odtbrkd y bstc sb pubgb gbabr d qub bxkstb khmrustdmkýh bh bj bqukpc, mcoc bh bstb mdsc jcs mcb`kmkbhtbs hc sch knudjbs jd mcjuohd tkbhb qub rbmkakr djnöh tkpc gb odhtbhkokbhtc, Bxpbrkobhtdjobhtb sb trdadfý d jds mchgkmkchbs gb jd MGOU, gbhtrc gb jds vdrkdajbs qub khtbrvkbhbh bh bstb prcmbsc sch6 ◃ Wbopbrdt Wbopbrdturd6 urd6 sb trdad trdadfc fc d jd doakbht doakbhtb b yd qub sk sb sb suokhkst suokhkstrd rd mdjc mdjcr  r  d jd mcrrkbhtb ndsbcsd bstc edmb qub bj dnud sb bvdpcrb, y bhtrb oäs adfd sbd jd prcmbsc edarä odycr hcs dascrmkýh gbj dochkdmc bhtbopbrdturd bj dnud. Dj gbj hc vdrkdr jd tbopbrdturd khgkmd qub b`bmtkvdobhtb bj prcmbsc jjbvdgc bh jd tcrrb bs uhd dascrmkýh. ◃ Ärbd gb gb trdhs`brb trdhs`brbhmkd hmkd.. Bstd b bstd std gdgd gdgd gb dmubrgc dmubrgc dj dj tkpc y odtbr odtbrkdj kdj gbjj bopd gb bopdqu qub b yd qu qub b bhtr bhtrd d odycr dycr är ärbd bd bxks bxkstd td edar edarä ä odycr  dycr  trdhs`brbhmkd trdhs`brbhm kd gb odsd. ◃ ]cju ]cjuak akjkjkgd gdg6 g6 Bstd Bstd sbrä sbrä jd bhmd bhmdrn rndg dgd d qub qub bxks bxkstd td tr trdh dhs` s`br brbh bhmk mkd d gb odsd pcr bjjc gb nrdh kopcrtdhmkd jd sbjbmmkýh gbj scjvbhtb. Rhd gb jds jkoktdmkchbs bxpubstds pdrd jd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh bs qub hc bxks bx kstd td uh uhd d rbdm rbdmmk mkýh ýh quïo quïokm kmd d y sk jjbn jjbnds dsb b d bxks bxkstktkrr hc pr prcv cvcq cqub ub uhd uhd vdrk vd rkdm dmký kýh h rb rbpr prbs bsbh bhtd tdtktkvd vd bh jd bxpb bxpbrk rkob obht htdm dmký kýh, h, bstc bstc hcs hcs jjbv jjbvd d d jd sbjbmmkýh gb `jufcs d sbpdrdr, Bh bstd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh sb jjbvd uhd rbdmmkýh pbrc sb `crod bj prcgumtc (HE=CE) bh pbqubôds mdhtkgdgbs qub mch jds mchgkmkchbs gb trdadfc sb vubjvb khbstdajb y hc d`bmtd bj prcmbsc. Bstd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh `ub gksbôdgd prbvkdobhtb dsï qub jds mchgkmkchbs gb cpbrdmkýh `ubrch jds ýptkods pdrd catbhbr bscs rbsujtdgcs. Ydrd bjdacrdr bj gksbôc gb uh prcmbsc gb dascrmkýh bs kopcrtdhtb qub jd mcjuohd mchtbhnd jd jchnktug jchnktug y gkäobtrc gkäobtrc pdrd bj prcmbsc, prcmbsc, mchskgbrdhgc qub qu b jd bj bjbm bmmk mkýh ýh gb odtb odtbrk rkdj djbs bs pdrd pdrd su mchs mchstr trum ummk mkýh ýh tktkbh bhbh bh qub qub sbr  sbr  bmchýokmds y gurdgbrds.

 

Casbrvdmkchbss (Qbhgýh Adutkstd @rdhmksmc Fcvdhy) ]b casbrvý qub jd mcjuohd sb catuvc uhd b`kmkbhmkd obhcr dj 29% yd qub pcr vdrkcs `dmtcrbs mcoc jd cpbrdmkýh gb jd oksod c pcr qub tdj vbz hc jjbnc dj rënkobh pbrodhbhtb, tdoakëh sb casbrvý qub dj ocobhtc gb jd tktujdmkýh bs uh oëtcgc khgkrbmtc yd qub bh rbdjkgdg sb tktujd dj ämkgc qub bstc bs gbakgc d vdrkcs `dmtcrbs qub pugkbrch kh`jukr gurdhtb jd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh dj ocobhtc gb mchtrcjdr jds vdrkdajbs, bfbopjc gb bjjc bs bh bj mchtrcj gb jds väjvujds gb dochkdmc y dkrb jds mudjbs gbabh odhtbhbr bj pcrmkbhtc gb rctäobtrc dgbmudgc dj qub sb mdjmujý tbýrkmdobhtb, gb bstd odhbrd jd gk`brbhmkd gb prbskýh bh doads jïhbds sb odhtkbhb mchstdhtb, uh `dmtcr oäs qub d`bmtd bj prcmbsc gb dascrmkýh bs jd tbopbrdturd tbopbrdturd,, gbakgc d qub gurdhtb bj prcmbsc hc tbhbocs mchtrcj bstds gcs vdrkdajbs, jcs rbsujtdgcs catbhkgcs `ubrch gb`kmkbhtbs.

Mchmjuskýh(Qbhgýh Adutkstd @rdhmksmc Fcvdhy)   jd cp cpbr brdm dmký kýh h uh uhktktdr drkd kd jjjjdo dodg dgd d da dasc scrm rmký kýh h bs dqub dqubjjjjd d bh jd qub qub sb edmb edmb `juk `jukrr d mchtrdmcrrkbhtb gb uh nds y uh jïqukgc mch uh mcopchbhtb d bj mudj pdsd pcr uh obmdhksoc gb trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd gbj bstdgc jïqukgc dj ndsbcsc c bh su mdsc khvbrsc quë bs jd gbsbrmkýh gbj bstdgc jïqukgc dj nds. pcr jc mudj sb tkbhb qub tbhbr gkvbrsds mchskgbrdmkchbs dj ocobhtc gb cmupdr jd trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd mcoc bs bj tkpc gb scjvbhtb jïqukgc qub sb vd d cmupdr qub gbab qub sbr sbjbmtkvc dj mcopchbhtb d y hc gbab qub dascrabr ctrcs mcopubstcs, bstä rbnkgc adfc jd jby gb @kml qub bxprbsd qub jd trdhs`brbhmkd sb cmurrb d odycr  ärbd y d odycr gk`brbhmkd gb mchmbhtrdmkýh bhtrb jds gcs `dsbs. pc pcrr jc mu mudj dj sb gb gbab ab qu qub b gk gksb sbôd ôdrr mc mcju juoh ohds ds gb dasc dascrm rmký kýh h cmup cmupdh dhgc gc gkvb gkvbrs rscs cs obmdhksocs gb gksbôc mcoc mcoc jd nrä`kmd gb gksbôc gb uhd mcjuohd bopdmd bopdmdgd gd bh jd mudj sb gbab gbtbrokhdr muäj gbab qub sbr jd mdïgd gb prbskýh oïhkod pcr mdgd oëtcgc gb mcjuohd. pdrd jc mudj sb hbmbsktdh vdrkcs `dmtcrbs mcoc bj ndstc oäskmc tdhtc gbj jïqukgc mcoc jd gbj nds y sus gbhskgdgbs mcoc djnuhds mdrdmtbrïstkmds bspbmï`kmds gbj bopdqub bj mudj sb jb jjdod `dmtcr gb bopdqub y mcoc bj ärbd gb mchtdmtc gbj oksoc.

 

yd su vbz mudhgc yd sb mchcmb bj gkäobtrc gb jd mcjuohd sb pubgb mdjmujdr bj ärbd bspbmï`kmd gb jd mcjuohd bj mudj sb gbtbrokhd pcr obgkc gbj mäjmujc gb HRW y DRW jcs mudjbs gbabh qub bstdräh bh jds oksods uhkgdgbs tdhtc pdrd bj bstdgc jïqukgc mcoc bj bstdgc ndsbcsc y sb gbtbrokhdh pcr obgkc gb jds rbjdmkchbs dj bqukjkarkc y jds rbjdmkchbs ocjdrbs gb gbj bstdgc ndsbcsc y gbj bstdgc jïqukgc.

Nubrrd ]dhmebz Dsebr Deuktz Casbrvdmkchbs  Dj hc bstdr `ïskmdobhtb bh bj bqukpc hc sb pugc mcoprcadr jd vdrkdmkýh bh jcs rctäobtrcs c prbskchbs, tdopcmc sb tkbhb jd mbrtbzd gb jds mcopcskmkchbs rbdjbs gb khnrbsc, dsï mcoc jcs pdräobtrcs gb tbopbrdturd doakbhtdj y gbj `jukgc. ]b pubgb casbrvdr qub sb jjbný dj rënkobh bstdmkchdrkc c pbrodhbhtb< hc sb pubgb jjbndr d uhd dprbmkdmkýh rbdj gbj mcopcrtdokbhtc bxpbrkobhtdj dhtb bj tbýrkmc y bsc hcs gd uhd gcajb bxpbmtdtkvd tbýrkmd, duhqub djnuhcs gdtcs `ubsbh tcodgcs gb bxpbrkobhtdmkchbs dhtbrkcrbs. Dj hc catbhbr uhd gbsvkdmký gbsv kdmkýh h gb odyc odycrr dj catbhkgc sb bhmu bhmubhtrd bhtrd gbhtrc gbhtrc gbj rdhnc bspb bspbrdgc rdgc gb brrcr.

Nubrrd ]dhmebz Dsebr Deuktz Mchmjuskchbs Bh bstd prämtkmd `ubrch hctdajbs tdhtc jds vdrkdajbs odhkpujdajbs `ïskmds mcoc jds vdrkdajbs gb hdturdjbzd bxtbrhd dj mchtrcj euodhc, bh jcs mäjmujcs tbýrkmcs, jds väjvujds gb mchtrcj pdrd `jufc y prbskýh hc pugkbrch odhkpujdrsb gb `crod `ïskmd, pbrc pcr bj gkdnrdod gb `jufc sb kh`krký sb odhtuvkbrch mchstdhtbs pdrd gdr uh vdjcr gb mchmbhtrdmkýh bh jd sdjkgd gb jd `dsb jïqukgd oäs dmbrmdgc dj bxpbrkobhtdj pcskajb. ]k jds bhtrdgds `ubrch knudjbs d jds tbýrkmds, jd gk`brbhmkd bhtrb jcs mäjmujcs bhtrb jd `dsb jïqukgd gbaký sdjkr bh hubstrd mcrrkbhtb ndsbcsd d jd dtoýs`brd nbhbrd nbh brdhgc hgc uhd mchtd mchtdokh okhdmk dmkýh ýh hc prb prbvks vkstd, td, jc mudj mudj dj odhbf odhbfdrs drsb b bh ad adfds fds mchmbhtrdmkchbs hc rbprbsbhtd uhd d`bmtdmkýh dj obgkc doakbhtb, oäs hc edy `crod gb mcoprcadr bstd ekpýtbsks yd qub tcgc ed skgc uh supubstc. Jdobhtdajbobhtb hc pugkocs mchtrcjdr jds bhtrdgds gb dochkdmc-dkrb pdrd qub bstds sb odhtuvkbrdh mchstdhtbs y hubstrd mchmbhtrdmkýh bh jd bhtrdgd sbd jd prbvkstd d jc jdrnc gb tcgd jd prämtkmd. Ctrc `dmtcr qub d`bmtý prämtkmd bs qub jdd nrä`kmd gb bqukjkarkc pubgb brrcrbs gbakgc d qubjdsb ed rbdjkzdgc pdrtkr gb gdtcs y hc pcr prbsbhtdr  `ýroujd,

 

drrcfdhgc uhd jbmturd brrýhbd gb mchmbhtrdmkýh bh bj bqukjkarkc pcr jc mudj hcs rb`jbfd uhd mchmbhtrdmkýh, bh jd `dsb jïqukgd mcopdrdgd, pugkbhgc dsï rbgumkr c dopj do pjkd kdrr jd b` b`km kmkb kbhm hmkd kd gb jd mc mcju juoh ohd, d, ct ctrc rc pc pcsk skaj ajb b brrc brrcrr gb jb jbmt mtur urd d pu pubg bgb b prbsbhtdrsb dj jbbr jd nrä`kmd gb Bmlbrt, gbakgc d qub bj vdjcr utkjkzdgc sb bhmubhtrd pcr gbadfc gbj oïhkoc y hc sb pubgb dsbnurdr jd bxdmtktug bh jcs trdzcs. Bstds gk`brbhmkds tdoakëh pubgbh gbabrsb dj tkbopc gb vkgd gbj bqukpc y jd `d `djtjtd d gb rbnu rbnujd jdrr odht odhtbh bhko kokb kbht htc, c, dsï dsï mc mcoc oc bj gb gbsn snds dstb tb gb jd jdss vä väjv jvuj ujds ds y obgkgcrbs, mcoc jc ed mcobhtdgc bj prc`bscr gurdhtb jds sbskchbs. Jds Rhkgdgbs gb trdhs`brbhmkd gb mdjcr bxpbrkobhtdjbs sdjkbrch obhcrbs d jds rbdjbs bstc pubgb sbr uh khgkmdgcr gb qub pdrd pcgbr rbdjkzdr bj prcmbgkokbhtc adfc adf c jds mc mchgk hgkmkc mkchbs hbs prcpubst prcpubstds ds hc sb rbqukb rbqukbrb rb cmu cmupdr pdr jd tctdjkg tctdjkgdg dg gb jd mcjuohd, bstd gk`brbhmkd sb mcrrb gkrbmtdobhtb d jd djturd gb jds uhkgdgbs qub dj sbr oycr d jd rbdj hcs khgkmd qub sb rbqukbrb uhd mcjuohd gb odycr tdodôc, bstc bh mchfuhtc dj höobrc gb uhkgdgbs qub sb catuvc obhcr sb obgkdh gdhgc uh mcb`kmkbhtb L ods dmbrmdgc d jd rbdjkgdg. Jds gk`brbhmkds bh bj mcb`kmkbhtb L dj sbr odycr bj bxpbrkobhtdj hcs khgkmd qub jd mcjuohd bstä trdadfdhgc mch bopdqubs usdgcs qub rbqukb kbrrbh odhtbhkokbhtc prýxkoc dj sbr odycr gbj 49% bj brrcr bhtrb bj bxpbrkobhtdj y bj tbýrkmc oäs hc bs urnbhtb bj oksoc yd qub hc supbrd bj 19%.

Casbrvdmkchbs. Qdoïrbz Dnukjdr Ydcjd Euac mkbrtd Euac mkbrtd mcopjbf mcopjbfkgd kgdg g dj ocobhtc ocobhtc gb rbdjkz rbdjkzdr dr jcs mä mäjmu jmujcs jcs gbj gksb gksbôc ôc ekgräujkmc, prcajbods dj jbbr jd nrä`kmd gb Bmlbrt gbakgc qub döh hc sb tbhïd su`kmkbhtb prämtkmd c mchcmkokbhtc gb bjjd. Ycr ctrd pdrtb, euac gugds bh bj mdoakc gb uhkgdgbs< oumeds vbmbs hc hcs gdocs mubhtd bh quë uhkgdgbs bstdocs bstdo cs trdadf trdadfdhgc dhgc y quë uhkgd uhkgdgbs gbs sb rbqukbrbh. rbqukbrbh. ]kh boad boadrnc, rnc, sb rbdjkz rbdjkzý ý jd mcrrbmmkýh y dmjdrdmkýh gb gugds bh mjdsb, dsï sb mcoprbhgkbrch y catuvkbrch jcs gdtcs mcrrbmtcs. Ycr ct Ycr ctrd rd pdrt pdrtb, b, rb rbsp spbm bmtc tc d jc jcss mäjm mäjmuj ujcs cs bx bxpb pbrko rkobh bhtd tdjb jbss hc eu euac ac od odyc ycr  r  khmchvbhkbhtb. ]b ekzc jcnrdrch rbdjkzdr jcs mäjmujcs pdrd su mcopdrdmkýh bh bj dhäjksks.  Djnuhd `djjd tëmhkmd qub sb pugkbrch prbsbhtdr bs jd mcouhkmdmkýh, d vbmbs hc sb bhtb bhtbhg hgïd ïd c bsmu bsmume meda dad d dj Yr Yrc` c`bs bscr cr c mc mcop opdô dôbr brcs cs pcrq pcrqub ub sb bs bstu tuvc vc trdadfdhgc bh uhd hubvd ocgdjkgdg d gkstdhmkd.

Mcobhtdrkcs. Qdoïrbz Dnukjdr Ydcjd

 

Jd präm prämtktkmd md `u `ub b mc mchs hstr truy uyëh ëhgc gcsb sb pcmc pcmc d pcmc pcmc,, ak akbh bh,, sb bo bopb pbzý zý mc mch h jc jcss mchm mc hmbp bptc tcss tb tbýr ýrkm kmcs cs mcoc mcoc,, trdhs trdhs`b `brb rbhm hmkd kd gb od odsd sd,, bs bstd tdgc gc gb bq bquk ukjka jkark rkc, c, mchmbhtrdmkchbs, jcs trbs gk`brbhtbs tkpcs gb sbpdrdmkýh (obmähkmd, dgkmkýh gb bhbrnïd y pcr jd dmmkýh gb rbdmtkvcs quïokmcs), gk`brbhmkd bhtrb dgscrmkýh y gbscrmkýh, tcrrbs bopdmdgds, jcs tkpcs gb bopdqubs d trdadfdr y bh bstb mdsc, jd jdss vdrk vdrkda dajb jbss gbj gbj pr prcm cmbs bsc c gb da dasc scrm rmký kýh, h, mcoc mcoc sc sch h mc mcrr rrkb kbht htbs bs,, mu murv rvd d gb bqukjkarkc, sustdhmkd d sbpdrdr. Gbspuës, sbnukocs mch uhd nuïd pdrd rbdjkzdr mäjmujcs gbj gksbôc ekgräujkmc qub qu b bj Yrc`bs Yrc`bscr cr hc hcss bx bxpj pjkm kmý. ý. Bstd nuï nuïd d hc hcss dy dyug ugý ý d rbdj rbdjkz kzdr dr hu hubs bstrc trcss rbspbmtkvcs mäjmujcs gb jd prämtkmd y sb dmjdrdrch gkvbrsds gugds bh uhd sbskýh. Mchsbmubhtbobhtb, sb rbdjkzý bj gkdnrdod gb `jufc mch adsb dj vkgbc qub sb hcs mcopdrtký gb jdacrdtcrkc, bj mudj sb hcs bxpjkmý djnuhcs brrcrbs qub sb mcobtïdh gbj gksbôc gb prcmbsc bh bj jdacrdtcrkc y qub sbrïd jc mcrrbmtc. ]bnukgc, sb rbdjkzdrch jcs mäjmujcs bxpbrkobhtdjbs y mcopdrdr jcs vdjcrbs gb UD4 tbýrkmc y bxpbrkobhtdj. @khdjobhtb, sb mdjmujý y mcopdrý bj mcb`kmkbhtb gb trdhs`brbhmkd gbspbfdhgc gb jd bmudm mudmký kýh h z?DRWN*HRWN, bj mu mudj dj mc mcop opdr drdo docs cs mc mch h bj tbýr tbýrkm kmc c gd gdgc gc y mdjmujdocs bj % gb brrcr.  

Mchmjuskchbs. Qdoïrbz Dnukjdr Ydcjd Ydrd bstd prämtkmd sb mcoprbhgký qub bs uhd mcjuohd bopdmdgd, pdrd qub skrvb, sus vdrkdajbs (mcoc bopdqub, djturd, gkäobtrc) y mcopchbhtbs (jïhbds gb djkobhtdmkýh y sdjkgd mch sus rbspbmtkvds mchmbhtrdmkchbs). Bh jd mudj sb jjbv jjbvý ý d mdac mdac bj pr prcm cmbs bsc c gb sb sbpd pdrd rdmk mkýh ýh gb uh uhd d ob obzm zmjd jd gb nd ndsb sbss (dkr (dkrb b y dochkdmc). Wdoakëh, sb bhtbhgký jd khstruobhtdmkýh gbj prcmbsc y pcgbocs gbmkr qub bs hbmbsdrkc rbdjkzdr obfcrds, pcr bfbopjc, jd jïhbd gb sdjkgd gbj nds prcmbsdgc scjc tkbhb uhd väjvujd, bh mubstkchbs gb sbnurkgdg sbrä kgbdj qub sb djodmbhdrä bh uh tdhqub mbrrdgc y pdrd obhcr mcstc, bsd oksod jïhbd sb pubgb rbmkrmujdr d jd bhtrdgd. Ycr ctrd pdrtb, jd kopcrtdhmkd gbj rënkobh pbrodhbhtb, pubs bstb kh`juyb bh jd vdrk vd rkdm dmký kýh h gb hubs hubstr trcs cs rb rbsu sujtjtdg dgcs cs,, gb gbak akgc gc d qu qub b pd pdrd rd jjjjbn bndr dr dj bstd bstdgc gc gb bqukjkarkc bs hbmbsdrkc tbhbr uh rënkobh pbrodhbhtb bh hubstrd mcjuohd. Bh bstb mdsc y pdrd vbrk`kmdr bxpbrkobhtdjobhtb qub jd mcjuohd sb bhmubhtrd bh rënkobh pbrodhbhtb sb tcodrch uhds oubstrds y sb ekmkbrch jds vdjcrdmkchbs mcrrbspchgkbhtbs. Dgboäs sb ekzc jd mcopdrdmkýh gb mchmbhtrdmkchbs y mcoc bh bj dhäjksks gb rbsujtdgcs jc obhmkchd, sb mchmjuyb qub duhqub hc sb bstuvc

 

prbsbhtb pdrd mchtrcjdr jds vdrkdajbs, jc kgbdj sbrïd rbdjkzdr odhtbhkokbhtc dj bqukpc, gb odhbrd prbvbhtkvd y mcrrbmtkvd. Ydrd `khdjkzdr, bj mcb`kmkbhtb gb trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd mdjmujdgc rbsujtý odycr  dj tbýrkmc, prbsbhtdhgc uh brrcr gbj 40.>%< bj bqukpc prbsbhtd khmrustdmkchbs y bj ärbd gb trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd hc bs ýptkod. Mch bstc pcgbocs mchmjukr qub bj bqukpc hbmbsktd odhtbhkokbhtc, prkobrc mcrrbmtkvc y pdrd bvktdr bstds `djjds tbhbr uh odhtbhkokbhtc prbvbhtkvc. CA]BQPDMKCHB] (Qcobrc Dhgrdgb Brkml Fbsus) Bh bstd prämtkmd sb jjbvý d mdac bh vdrkds sbmmkchbs bstc pdrd kr bhtbhgkbhgc jcs mäjmujcs qub sb `ubrch gbsdrrcjjdhgc y pcr quë sb mdjmujdh, gb knudj `crod bhtbhgbr mýoc sdmdrjcs y gb gýhgb vkbhbh, tdoakëh `ub tcgc tbýrkmc yd qub pcr  bstd vbz hcsctrcs hc pcgbocs hcsctrcs sdmdrjcs cpbrdhgc bj bqukpc gbj jdacrdtcrkc gbakgc d jd pdhgbokd.  Dsï qub mch`crob d jc dprbhgkgc gurdhtb jds mjdsbs qub tuvkocs, pdrd tbhbr uh aubh `uhmkchdokbhtc gb jd cpbrdmkýh gbabocs mchskgbrdr jc sknukbhtb. ]b gbab tbhbr aubh mchtrcj gb jcs pdräobtrcs gb cpbrdmkýh yd qub gbakgc d bstc pubgb edabr uhd vdrkdmkýh gb jd mchmbhtrdmkýh prämtkmd mch bj rbdj. ]b gbab tbhbr jds väjvujds mcrrbmtdobhtb `uhmkchdhgc gurdhtb jd cpbrdmkýh yd qub pubgb sbr qub sb khuhgb jd mcjuohd bopdmdgd c qub bj `jufc gb jcs ndsbs hc sbd mcrrbmtc y bstc edmb qub jds j ds vdrkdajbs mdoakdh bh jd cpbrdmkýh. MCOBHWDQKC] (Qcobrc Dhgrdgb Brkml Fbsus) Ydrd bstd prämtkmd jc qub tbhbocs qub obfcrdr bs d jd ecrd gb rbdjkzdr jcs mäjmujcs, rdzchdr gb jcs oksocs mäjmujcs pdrd sdabr qub bstdocs edmkbhgc y gb gchgb sb bstäh catbhkbhgc, gb knudj `crod bhtbhgbr jc tbýrkmc scarb bj `uhmkchdokbhtc gb jds mcjuohds bopdmdgds pdrd bstc gbabocs bstugkdr oäs scarb bj tbod. Gbakgc d jd pdhgbokd hc pcgbocs vbr hcsctrcs vkocs bh prbsbhmkdj mcoc sb cpbrd bj bqukpc, dsï qub tbhbocs qub kodnkhdrhcs uh pcmc scarb mcoc gbab `uhmkchdr y mch bstc pcgbr sdmdr jcs mäjmujcs qub sb hcs pkgbh, MCHMJR]KCH (Qcobrc Dhgrdgb Brkml Fbsus) Bh bstb mdsc hubstrc pcrmbhtdfb gb brrcr hcs gd uh vdjcr gbj 17 % pcr jc tdhtc sbrïd mchvbhkbhtb duobhtdr bj `jufc gbj jïqukgc khbrtb skh qub bxmbgd bj vdjcr  oäxkoc bhmchtrdgc pcr jcs mäjmujcs prbcpbrdtcrkcs. Dgboäs gb bjjc, pcgrïd khuhgdrsb jd mcjuohd nbhbrdhgc nrdvbs prcajbods bh jd dascrmkýh.

 

Bs koprbsmkhgkajb qub bh uhd mcjuohd gb dascrmkýh sb bstäh rbvksdhgc jds mchmbhtrdmkchbs gb bhtrdgd y sdjkgd gbj mcopubstc d sbpdrdr pdrd qub hc bxmbgdh sus vdjcrbs oïhkocs pubs mch bjjc, bh vbz gb gdrsb uhd dascrmkýh sb pcgrïd bhmchtrdr uh dnctdokbhtc qub hc sb ausmd. Mch jcs mcb`kmkbhtbs hcs sdjb gk`brbhtb bj bxpbrkobhtdj mch bj tbýrkmc, gdhgc uh pcrmbhtdfb gb brrcr gbj 40.>> % jc mudj pubgb sbr qub jd mcjuohd tbhnd khmrustdmkchbs jc qub sbrïd ýptkoc edmbr uh odhtbhkokbhtc pdrd rbtkrdr gkmeds khmrustdmkchbs, c qub bj bqukpc yd bstä uh pcmc gbsndstdgc y pcr bstc su `uhmkchdokbhtc hc bstä bh jds obfcrbs mchgkmkchbs.

CA]BQPDMKCHB]  

Oknubj Ebrhdhgbz Gdvkg

Ydrd bj gbsdrrcjjc gb cpbrdmkýh gbj bqukpc, sb gbab mdjmujdr prbvkdobhtb jcs pdräobtrcs gb cpbrdmkýh gb jd mcjuohd, jcs pcrmbhtdfbs gb rctäobtrc qub sb tbhïdh qub darkr pdrd qub hubstrd cpbrdmkýh sbd gb odhbrd dgbmudgd, bstc yd qub bj gksbôc gb jd mcjuohd bstä pdrd muarkr edstd mkbrtc pcrmbhtdfb gb mchmbhtrdmkýh, gbakgc d jd hubvd ocgdjkgdg jcs gdtcs qub sb prcpcrmkchdrch pdrd pdr d rbd rbdjkz jkzdr dr jcs mäjmu mäjmujcs jcs mcrrbs mcrrbspch pchgkb gkbhtb htbss `ub `ubrch rch dgbmu dgbmudgc dgcss pdr pdrd d qub jd mcjuohd gb dascrmkýh `uhmkchdrd gb jd obfcr odhbrd. @dmtcrbs mcoc bj mchtrcj gb jds väjvujds gb dkrb y dochkdmc pcr mcobhtdrkcs gurdhtb jds bxpjkmdmkchbs bh od odtbr tbrkdj kdj gkg gkgämt ämtkmc kmc y rbu rbuhkc hkchb hbss sc sch h kopcrt kopcrtdht dhtb b odh odhtbh tbhbrj brjcs cs mchtrc mchtrcjdg jdgcs cs gurdhtb jd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh yd qub gb bstcs `jufcs gbpbhgb qub jd b`kmkbhmkd gb hubstrd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh sbd aubhd. [ mcoc sb obhmkchý tdoakëh bh bj odrmc tb tbýr ýrkm kmc c bs kopc kopcrt rtdh dhtb tb djmd djmdhz hzdr dr bj rë rënk nkob obh h pb pbro rodh dhbh bhtb tb gu gurd rdht htb b jd pdrt pdrtb b bxpbrkobhtdj pdrd pcgbr tbhbr uhd b`kmkbhmkd dgbmudgd.  

MCOBHWDQKC] Oknubj Ebrhdhgbz Gdvkg Bxkstbh puhtcs qub edy qub tcodr bh mubhtd bh hubstrd cpbrdmkýh, uhc gb bjjcs sch jds mchgkmkchbs gb prbskýh y tbopbrdturd y gb jcs mudjbs hc sb tkbhb

 

uh mchtrcj tctdj gb jcs oksocs, jc qub hcs pubgb edmbr qub jd dascrmkýh y cpbrdmkýh gb jd mcjuohd tdrgb oäs tkbopc bh djmdhzdr bj rënkobh pbrodhbhtb, dsï mcoc bstds gcs vdrkdajbs hcs d`bmtdh, bj tbhbr `unds bh jds jïhbds gb djko dj kobh bhtd tdmk mkýh ýh nb nbhb hbrd rd qu qub b td tdrg rgbo bocs cs oäs oäs bh dj djmd mdhz hzdr dr jd bs bstd tdak akjkjkgd gdg g gb djkobhtdmkýh bh mubstkchbs gb mchmbhtrdmkýh. Ydrd bj drrbnjc qub sb tkbhb bh bj jdacrdtcrkc gb jds mchbxkchbs bh jd mcjuohd gb dascrmkýh y jd mcjuohd gb dnctdokbhtc, sb pubgb dprcvbmedr dj oäxkoc tcgc bj bqukpc y jjbvdr d mdac mch bj oksoc odtbrkdj jd rbmupbrdmkýh gbj dochkdmc gbj dnud dochkdmdj, skh boadrnc, dj sbr mchmbhtrdmkchbs adfds gb dochkdmc, jc rbdjkzdgc bh bj jdacrdtcrkc gb cpbrdmkchbs uhktdrkds bs odhgdrjc d jd dtoýs`brd c bh su gb`bmtc odhgdr d grbhdfb bj dnud dochkdmdj.

MCHMJR]KCHB]  

Oknubj Ebrhdhgbz Gdvkg

Mcoc sb obhmkchý bh jd pdrtb tbýrkmd, jd dascrmkýh bs uhd cpbrdmkýh bh jd mudj uhd obzmjd ndsbcsd sb pchb bh mchtdmtc mch uh jïqukgc d `kh gb gkscjvbr gb odhbrd sbjbmtkvd uhc c oäs mcopchbhtbs gbj nds y catbhbr uhd scjumkýh gb ëstcs bh bj jïqukgc, bh bstd prämtkmd bj cafbtkvc bs rbdjkzdr jd dascrmkýh gbj dochkdmc gbj dkrb pcr obgkc gbj dnud, uh jïqukgc sbjbmtkvc qub dascrab bj nds dochkdmc mchvkrtkëhgcjc bh dnud dochkdmdj. Mcoc akbh sb sdab bj dochkdmc bh nds bs uh nds týxkmc qub pubgb cmdskchdr nrdvbs prcajbods d jd sdjug euodhd, pcr bjjc bs kopcrtdhtb rbtkrdrjc gbj doakbhtb. Bh bj jdacrdtcrkc gb cpbrdmkchbs uhktdrkds sb mubhtd mch uh drrbnjc gb mcjuohd gb dascrmkýh bj mudj hcs pbroktb rbdjkzdr uhd skoujdmkýh gb mýoc bs qub sb rbdjkzd bstd cpbrdmkýh uhktdrkd catbhkbhgc jcs sknukbhtbs rbsujtdgcs. Gbspuës gb jjbvdr d mdac jcs mäjmujcs mcrrbspchgkbhtbs bh jd prämtkmd gb dascrmkýh bh mcjuohd bopdmdgd, y rbdjkzdr jd mcopdrdmkýh gb jc catbhkgc tbýrkmd y bxpbrkobhtdjobhtb edy uhd gk`brbhmkd qub sb pubgb dpcrtdr d jcs `dmtcrbs obhmkchdgcs bh jd prämtkmd y gb jcs mudjbs sb gbab tbhbr uh mchtrcj ouy prbmksc pdrd qub jd mchmbhtrdmkýh gb dochkdmc bh bj dkrb hc vdrïb y gb bstd odhbrd bj dnud pubgd dascrabr mch jd obfcr b`kmkbhmkd. D pbsdr gb qub

 

jds gk`brbhmkds vdrïdh bh uh vbkhtb pcr mkbhtc dprcxkodgdobhtb jcs `dmtcrbs qub d`bmtdh bstb tkpc gb brrcr bh prkobr jundr bs bj mchtrcj gb jcs `jufcs gb djko djkobh bhtd tdmk mkýh ýh,, bj bo bopd pdqu qub b qu qub b sb tb tbhn hnd d bj ärbd ärbd qub qub bs bstb tb bo bopd pdqu qub b hc hcss prcpcrmkchb bh tërokhcs gb ärbd khtbr`dmkdj qub bs jd qub vd d bhtrdr bh mchtd mc htdmtc mtc mc mch h su supbr pbr`km `kmkb kb eöobgd eöobgd pdrd pdrd qub jd dascrm dascrmkýh kýh sbd b`k b`kmkb mkbhtb htb y jd trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd qub sb jjbvd d hkvbj ocjbmujdr sbd odycr y mch jd obfcr  b`kmkbhmkd. Wdoakëh bs kopcrtdhtb jd tcod gb oubstrds pdrd jjbndr dj rënkobh pbrodhbhtb, jc qub hcs gdrä jd pdutd pdrd cpbrdr dgbmudgdobhtb y odhtbhbr  jcs pcrmbhtdfbs gb rctäobtrc qub sb mdjmujdrch y qub gbabh sbr dmcrgbs dj gksbôc gb hubstrd mcjuohd. Dgboäs gb jcs `dmtcrbs qub yd sb obhmkchdrch y gb jcs qub sb gbab tbhbr uh mchtrcj bstdajb, sb gbab obhmkchdr qub tdoakëh jcs `dmtcrbs gb odhtbhkokbhtc d jd mcjuohd y d jds jïhbds gb djkobhtdmkýh sch kopcrtdhtbs pdrd qub gurdhtb bj prcmbsc gb dascrmkýh hc sb tbhndh `unds prkhmkpdjobhtb bh jds jïhbds gb nds, dsï mcoc bh jds jïhbds gb jcs jïqukgcs. Ydrd jd pdrtb gb djkobhtdmkýh y gb gkspbrskýh gbj jïqukgc bs kopcrtdhtb odhbfdr  jd obfcr gkstrkaumkýh gbj scjvbhtb pdrd qub muard jd odycr ärbd bh jd mcjuohd y jcs bopdqubs y gb bstd odhbrd tbhbr bj odycr mchtdmtc bj jïqukgc mch bj nds pdrd qub jd trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd sb jjbvb d mdac mch jd odycr b`kmkbhmkd. Bhrkqubmkbhgc jd pdrtb gb jcs mäjmujcs scarb jcs mcb`kmkbhtbs gb trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd odsd hc hcss kh khgk gkmd mdh h qub qub jd mc mcju juoh ohd d gb dasc dascrm rmký kýh h pc pcrr jc jcss pc pcrm rmbh bhtd tdfb fbss catbhkgcs gb brrcr, hubstrd mcjuohd hc bs b`kmkbhtb, pcr jc qub sb rbqukbrb gdr  uh odh dhtb tbh hkokb kokbh htc dj bqu bqukp kpc c bh `c `cro rod d nbhbr bhbrdj dj,, gb gbssgb jd jdss jïh jïhbds bds gb djkobhtdmkýh, dsï mcoc dj bopdqub gb jd mcjuohd y dmmbscrkcs bh nbhbrdj, gb bstd odhbrd jds b`kmkbhmkds duobhtdräh y jcs pcrmbhtdfbs gb brrcr rbgumkrïdh.

Mcobhtdrkcs

Ebrhdhgbz ]dhmebz Hdhmy Kvchhb

Bstd prämtkmd sb `ub dhdjkzdhgc pdsc d pdsc jcs mäjmujcs gbj `uhmkchdokbhtc gbj prcmbs prc mbsc c gb jd mcjuoh mcjuohd d bopdm bopdmdgd dgd,, prb prbvkd vkdobh obhtb tb sb rbd rbdjkz jkzdrc drch h jcs mäjmu mäjmujcs jcs mcrrbspchgkbhtbs, pdrd qub bh bstd pdrtb gb jd prämtkmd kgbhtk`kmdocs jd U4 tbýrkmd y bxpbrkobhtdj y sb pugc casbrvdr qub sk bxkstb vdrkdmkýh. Bstd prämtkmd hc pugc rbdjkzdrsb dgbmudgdobhtb bh `crod `ïskmd, skh boadrnc, pugkocs edmbr uh dhäjksks gb jd oksod.

 

Casbrvdmkchbs Casbrvdmkch bs

Ebrhdhgbz ]dhmebz Hdhmy Kvchhb

 Duhqub jd prämtkmd hc sb rbdjkzý bh bj jdacrdtcrkc mcoc hcrodjobhtb sb edrïd, gurdhtb jd cpbrdmkýh gb uhd mcjuohd bopdmdgd gb dascrmkýh, jds vdrkdajbs mjdvb pdrd bj mchtrcj gbj prcmbsc sch6 Yrbskýh y tbopbrdturd gb cpbrdmkýh, yd qub d pdrtkr gb bstds mchgkmkchbs bstdrä gb`khkgd jd jïhbd gb bqukjkarkc y gb knudj `crod sb pcgräh ocgk`kmdr bstds mchgkmkchbs pdrd uhd odycr cptkokzdmkýh gbj prcmbsc. Bh bj mdsc gb jd dascrmkýh, uhd odycr prbskýh y obhcr tbopbrdturd `d `dvc vcrb rbmb mbrä rä jd tr trdh dhs` s`br brbh bhmk mkd d gb od odsd sd gbj gbj nd ndss dj jïjïqu qukg kgc, c, `ju `jufc fc gb jïqu jïqukg kgc c khbrtb/@jufc gb mcopchbhtb d dascrabr< bs kopcrtdhtb mchskgbrdrjc, yd qub gb bjjc gbpbhgb jd mcrrbmtd dascrmkýh gbj nds gb khtbrës, sk sb dnrbnd uh %bxmbsc odycr dj mdjmujdgc, jd dascrmkýh gksokhuyb (trdhs`brbhmkd), gb knudj `crod qub pubgb cmurrkr sk bj dochkdmc bstä prbsbhtb bh bj dnbhtb sbpdrdgcr. Gb knudj `crod, bs kopcrtdhtb jd jkopkbzd gb jcs bopdqubs y mcjuohds, bstc bs, gbskhmrustdr jds sdjbs gb dochkdmc, yd qub bstc pubgb rbgumkr bh nrdh odhbrd bj % gb b` b`km kmkb kbhm hmkd kd,, yd qu qub b sb rb rbgu gumb mb bj ärbd ärbd gb mc mcht htdm dmtc tc (mjd (mjdvb vb bh jd trdhs`brbhmkd gb odsd). ]b catuvc uhd b`kmkbhmkd adfd, gbakgc d gk`brbhtbs `dmtcrbs gb vdrkdmkýh bh jcs mäjmujcs.

Mchmjuskchbs

Ebrhdhgbz ]dhmebz Hdhmy Kvchhb

Bh bstd prämtkmd sb dhdjkzdrch jcs mchmbptcs gb jd Dascrmkýh, qub gurdhtb bstd sb pchbh bh mchtdmtc gcs `dsbs bh mchtrd mcrrkbhtb. Jd `dsb ndsbcsd bh jd qub bstä prbsbhtb bj nds qub sb qukbrb sbpdrdr obzmjdgc mch ctrcs ndsbs qub sch kh khok oksm smka kajb jbss bh bj jïjïqu qukg kgc c qu qub b mchs mchstktktu tuyb yb jd ctrd ctrd `dsb `dsb y qu qub b gb gbab ab gk gksc scjv jvbr  br  scjdobhtb bj nds qub sb gbsbd sbpdrdr. Wdoakëh sb pugc jjbvdr d mdac jd rbjd rbjdmk mkýh ýh gb jc jcss mäjm mäjmuj ujcs cs nr nrdm dmkd kdss d jd jdss murv murvds ds gb bquk bqukjkjkar arkc kc qu qub b du duhq hqub ub,, prbsbhtdrch uh ïhgkmb gb brrcr mcopdrdgc mch jcs mäjmujcs tbýrkmcs sb pugc odhk`bstdr bh bj prcmbgkokbhtc. Edy qub tbhbr bh mubhtd qub pdrd rbdjkzdr bstd prämtkmd sb gbabh tbhbr prbsbhtbs jcs mchtrcjbs odhudjbs, mcoc bj rctäobtrc Ydrd rbnujdr bj ndstc gb dochïdmc ndsbcsc qub sb djkobhtd d jd mcjuohd. ]b

 

catuvc uh % gb brrcr gbj 14%, jc qub rb`jbfd qub euac krrbnujdrkgdgbs bh bj prcmbgkokbhtc yd qub bs uhd dascrmkýh adfd.

CA]BQPDMKCHB]6

@ëjkx Mäzdrbs Jdurd Bjbhd

Ydrd cpbrdr mcrrbmtdobhtb gurdhtb jd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh bs hbmbsdrkc tbhbr jcs mäjmujcs prbvkcs gbj gksbôc ekgräujkmc gb odhbrd mcrrbmtd y sdabr muähtc bs bj pcrmbhtdfb gb rctäobtrc qub bstdrbocs trdadfdhgc, dsï mcoc jd mchmbhtrdmkýh bh jds oubstrds gb dochkdmc d jd sdjkgd gb jd mcjuohd odhtbhkbhgc gb odhbrd mchstdhtb jds mchgkmkchbs gb cpbrdmkýh pdrd bstdajbmbr uh rënkobh pbrodhbhtb.

MCOBHWDQKC]6

@ëjkx Mäzdrbs Jdurd Bjbhd

Bs ou ouyy gk`b gk`brb rbht htb b kodn kodnkh khdr drtb tb bj pr prcm cmbs bsc c d bstd bstdrr bs bspb pbrä rähg hgcj cjc, c, ob pu pubg bgc c kodnkhdr qub gbabh gb bxkstkr djnuhds sktudmkchbs bh jds qub d pbsdr gb tbhbr  jcs mäjmujcs prbvkcs gb odhbrd mcrrbmtd, gurdhtb jd bxpbrkobhtdmkýh sb gë djnuhd sktudmkýh mcopjkmdgd bh jd qub pcr mdusds gb mcouhkmdmkýh dj ocobhtc gb mbrrdr väjvujds, sb catbhndh rbsujtdgcs gk`brbhtbs.

MCHMJR]KCHB]6

@ëjkx Mäzdrbs Jdurd Bjbhd

Jd dascrmkýh bs uh prcmbsc gb sbpdrdmkýh bh jd qub sb sbpdrd uh mcopchbhtb bh `dsb ndsbcsd mch dyugd gb uh mcopchbhtb bh `dsb jïqukgd, mch uhd tbopbrdturd y prbskýh mchstdhtb. Bh uhd mcjuohd bopdmdgd bxkstbh gk`brbhtbs tktkpc pcss gb odtb odtbrk rkdj djbs bs gb bopd bopdqu qubs bs y mdgd mdgd uhc uhc tkbh tkbhb b uh usc usc gk gk`b `brb rbht htb b gbpbhgkbhgc gbj prcmbsc qub sb rbqukbrd. Jd mcjuohd gb dascrmkýh mch jd mudj sb trdadfd bh bj jdacrdtcrkc mubhtd mch uh bopdqub gb dhkjjcs Ydjj gb uhd pujndgd, jcs mudjbs sch ouy mchvbhkbhtbs pdrd bj tkpc gb cpbrdmkýh qub sb rbdjkzd. Gb dmubrgc mch jcs rbsujtdgcs catbhkgcs gb jd mchmbhtrdmkýh gb dochkdmc tdhtc tbýrkmcs gb 9.941=2 mcoc bxpbrkobhtdj gb 9.9494>, sb catuvc uh brrcr 

 

gbj 14% bj mudj hcs gkmb qub pugkbrch edabr kh`jubhmkdgc djnuhcs `dmtcrbs qub pcskajbobhtb sch ouy mcouhbs bh bj jdacrdtcrkc, mcoc bs jd `djtd gb mchtrcj bh jds väjvujds gb dochkdmc y dkrb. Bstc prcvcmd qub hubstrc rctäobtrc vdrïb y qub hc sb odhtbhnd uhd prbskýh mchstdhtb bh jds jïhbds gb nds y jïqukgc. ]b pubgb mchmjukr qub d pbsdr gbj tkbopc qub pubgb tbhbr jd mcjuohd, bstb hc tbrokhd skbhgc bj `dmtcr prkhmkpdj pcr bj mudj sb catkbhb bsb pcrmbhtdfb gb brrcr, jjbvähgchcs d uhd dascrmkýh gb`kmkbhtb.