Practica I - Conceptos Básicos

 

QYNHSGHN >  ‘  HKFHMQSKX  HKFHMQSKX IÎXGHKX LMXÜX CNTGC QÇYM\ QMYNBSN Hursk cm Gfomfgmrên cm Ymsmrvkrgks Mspmhgnbgznhgøf mf Gfomfgmrên cm Qmtrøbmks y Cmrgvncks 9191-> Qrmouftns n)  Cmdgfn rmhursk y rmsmrvn. »Højk pkcrên nujmftnrsm bn rmsmrvn cm egcrkhnriurks;

Xkf tçrjgfks qum pmrjgtmf hbnsgdghnr n bks egcrkhnriurks mxgstmftms mf ynhgjgmftks  pmtrkbêdmrks smoüf su mxpbktnigbgcnc. Mb rmhursk k bks rmhursks pmtrkbmrks skf nqumbbks egcrkhnriurks gcmftgdghncks qum sm mfhumftrnf fnturnbjmftm mf bn hkrtmzn tmrrmstrm,  pkr ktrk bnck bns rmsmrvns hkfstgtuymf ufn pkrhgøf cmb rmhursk y sm hkfstgtuym pkr nqumbbks egcrkhnriurks qum skf cm nbtn nprkvmhenigbgcnc k mxpbktnigbgcnc cmscm mb  puftk cm vgstn tçhfghk-mhkføjghk. Mb nujmftk cm bns rmsmrvns cm bks egcrkhnriurks mstî sulmtk prgfhgpnbjmftm n bn tmhfkbkoên cm mxpbktnhgøf cgspkfgibm y cmb jnromf cm rmftnigbgcnc cm bn kpmrnhgøf mxtrnhtgvn, ms cmhgr, n jnykr cgspkfgigbgcnc cm fumvns fumv ns k yn mxgstmftms tmhfkbkoêns pnrn bn mxtrnhhgøf cm egcrkhnriurks y qum mstn smn rmftnibm mf su kpmrnhgøf, nujmftnf bns rmsmrvns pmtrkbêdmrns. i)  »^uç ms uf rmsmrvkrgk;

Xkf nhujubnhgkfms cm egcrkhnriurks mf rkhns pkrksns/pmrjmnibms n ufn tmjpmrnturn y prmsgøf cm mqugbgirgk.

h)  »Huîb ms bn tnrmn cmb gfomfgmrk cm rmsmrvkrgks;

Mb gfomfgmrk cm rmsmrvkrgks ms nqumb qum sm khupn cm bn mstgjnhgøf cm bks rmhursks y rmsmrvns pmtrkbmrns, nsê hkjk cmb cgsmþk cm bks prkhmsks cm mxpbktnhgøf, sgmfck mstks smourks, sustmftnibms y rmftnibms.

c)  Cmdgfn rmhupmrnhgøf prgjnrgn, smhufcnrgn y jmlkrncn cm pmtrøbmk.

 

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YMH]QMYNHGØF QYGJNYGN< cm prkcuhhgøf cm egcrkhnriurks ckfcm sm nprkvmhen cm bn mfmroên fnturnbMtnpn (cgdmrmfhgn cm prmsgøf) cmb ynhgjgmftkmfpnrn su mxtrnhhgøf k cm jmhnfgsjks nrtgdghgnbms omfmrnckrms cm cgdmrmfhgnbms cm prmsgøf hkjk mb ikjimk. Mstn mtnpn nbhnfzn su bêjgtm hunfck bn prmsgøf cmb ynhgjgmftk ms tnf inln qum bks êfcghms cm prkcuhhgøf fk skf mhkføjghks. -  YMH]QMYNHGØF XMH]FCNYGN< Mtnpn cm prkcuhhgøf cm egcrkhnriurks qum sm hnrnhtmrgzn pkr bn gfymhhgøf cm uf dbugck têpghk cmb rmsmrvkrgk mf mb rmsmrvkrgk (ons mf hüpubn/hnsqumtm k noun mf zkfn cm prkcuhhgøf), smn igmf pnrn rmstnurnr hkfcghgkfms gfghgnbms cm prmsgøf cmb rmsmrvkrgk k nujmftnr bn prmsgøf cmb rmsmrvkrgk jmcgnftm mb cmspbnznjgmftk cmb egcrkhnriurk enhgn mb pkzk. Mstn mtnpn sm bgjgtn hunfck bks êfcghms cm prkcuhhgøf cmb dbugck gfymhtnck fk rmprmsmftn nboufn rmftnigbgcnc. -  YMH]QMYNHGØF JMLKYNCN< Jçtkck cm rmhupmrnhgøf cm pmtrøbmk qum gjpbghn tçhfghns qum nbtmrnf bns cmb prkpgmcncms krgogfnbms cmbncmjîs egcrkhnriurk hkf mb  prkpøsgtk cm rmstnurnr bn prmsgøf rmsmrvkrgk/ynhgjgmftk, cm jmlkrnr mb

 

cmspbnznjgmftk cmb pmtrøbmk cmftrk cmb jgsjk. Bns prgfhgpnbms kpmrnhgkfms cm rmhupmrnhgøf jmlkrncn skf< bn gfufcnhgøf quêjghn, q uêjghn, bn hunb sm insn mf bn gfymhhgøf cm pkbêjmrks k sustnfhgns quêjghns prkjktkrns cm tmfsk nhtgvks qum nbtmrmf y cgsjgfuynf bn tmfsgøf supmrdghgnb cm bn dnsm noun/pmtrøbmk, dnhgbgtnfck su mjpulm omfmrnbjmftm hkf noun enhgn bks pkzks prkcuhtkrms0 mb cmspbnznjgmftk jgshgibm,  prkhmsk cm gfymhhgøf cm uf ons omfmrnbjmftm OBQ, fgtrøomfk k cgøxgck cm hnrikfk pnrn rmhupmrnr prmsgøf mf mb rmsmrvkrgk, sgmfck mxtmfsnjmftm utgbgzncn bn übtgjn sustnfhgn pkr bn rmcuhhgøf qum omfmrn cm bn vgshksgcnc mf mb pmtrøbmk, ncmjîs cm su inlk hkstk y bn rmhupmrnhgøf tçrjghn, qum pksgigbgtn bn rmhupmrnhgøf cm prmsgøf mf mb rmsmrvkrgk pkr bn nhhgøf cm gfymhhgøf cm vnpkr qum cgsjgfugrî bn vgshksgcnc cmb pmtrøbmk, ncmjîs qum bk cmshkjpkfcrî pkr rmnhhgkfms  prgfhgpnbjmftm cm hrnqumk y cmsegcrkomfnhgøf prkcuhgmfck egcrkhnriurks cm jîs  inlk pmsk jkbmhubnr, pkr bk qum sus prkpgmcnc prkpgmcncms ms dêsghns sm vmrîf v mrîf ndmhtncns k pkr hkjiustgøf  gf sgtu, bn hunb iushn pkr jmcgk cm bn gfymhhgøf cm kxêomfk y bn omfmrnhgøf cm uf drmftm cm bbnjn mf mb pkzk cm gfymhhgøf sm omfmrn bn rmcuhhgøf cm bn vgshksgcnc cmb pmtrøbmk y uf mjpulm cmb jgsjk, nsgjgsjk sm omfmrn vnpkr hkf mb noun cm ynhgjgmftk gfhrmjmftnfck bn prmsgøf mf mb ynhgjgmftk. Mlmrhghgk G.> Xm en cmshuigmrtk uf rmsmrvkrgk cm pmtrøbmk y sm enf mstgjnck bks sgougmftms pnrîjmtrks< N:= `j x >1 `j, e: 41 j, X wg:1.9>, Ikg:>.3 vkb/vkb, ϝ:1.>5 ‒gf gf sgtu‚, jmcgck mf n)  Hnbhubnr mb vkbujmf cm bn rkhn cmb rmsmrvkrgk y cmb pmtrøbmk ‒ 8 8 j  y inrrgbms (> j :4.97 iib) i)  Hkjk sm cmdgfm y cm qum cmpmfcm mb dnhtkr cm rmhupmrnhgøf D Y 

n-  Mb vkbujmf cm rkhn sm kitgmfm npbghnfck T:Nxe, tmfgmfck 8.11x>17  j8  cm rkhn, sgmfck mqugvnbmftm n >.57x>1>1  iib. Qkr ktrk bnck, mb vkbujmf cmb pmtrøbmk gf sgtu sm hnbhubn hkf bn sgougmftm mhunhgøf<

j1.>5jj∙>1.9>jj∙ 8. 1 1x>1 Tϝ>X  wg F : Ikg : j∙ >. 3 j   F iib:8.:8.13=x>1 13=x>1jj. 4.>97jiib :>.7>=x>1 iib  

 

 i-  Mb dnhtkr cm rmhupmrnhgøf mxprmsn bn drnhhgøf rmhupmrnibm k mxtrnêibm cm egcrkhnriurks egcrkhnriu rks mxgstmftms mf mb rmsmrvkrgk y cmpmfcm cmb jmhnfgsjk cm cmspbnznjgmftk k cm mjpulm qum sm mstç utgbgznfck, tmfgmfck cm mstn jnfmrn uf dnhtkr cm rmhupmrnhgøf pkr hncn jçtkck cm rmhupmrnhgøf mstnibmhgck. Mlmrhghgk G.9 Xm cmshuirgø uf rmsmrvkrgk cm pmtrøbmk sgf hnsqumtm cm ons n 8111 j ifj. »^uç prmsgøf y tmjpmrnturn nprkxgjncns mspmrnrêns mfhkftrnr mf bks gfdkrjms;

 

Qnrtgmfck cm bns emurêstghns qum mstnibmhmf orncgmftms cm prmsgøf bgtkorîdghks y omktçrjghks nprkxgjncks cm 98 `Qn/j pnrn prmsgøf y 8 ±H/>11 j, sm pumcmf mspmrnr vnbkrms cm 47>1> `Qn k 459 ntj pnrn prmsgøf y cm >1= ±H pnrn tmjpmrnturn. Mlmrhghgk G.8 Mf uf rmsmrvkrgk qum hkftgmfm noun, pmtrøbmk y ons, sm hkfkhm bn prkdufcgcnc n bn qum sm mfhumftrn mb hkftnhtk noun-pmtrøbmk, zkwh: >?8= j ifj y bn prkdufcgcnc prkdufcgc nc cmb hkftnhtk ons-pmtrøbmk, zokh: >431 j ifj. Mb rçogjmf cm prmsgøf mf bn nhuêdmrn bkhnb ms cm<

 :+

: PZ ,  : PZ

 

Bks orncgmftms cm prmsgøf mf bn hkbujfn cm pmtrøbmk y ons skf ?.79 `Qn/j y >.5> `Qn/j, rmspmhtgvnjmftm. Hnbhubnr< n)  i)  h)  c) 

Bn prmsgøf mf mb hkftnhtk noun-pmtrøbmk. Bn prmsgøf cmb hkftnhtk ons-pmtrøbmk. Bn prmsgøf mf mb tkpm cm bn mstruhturn, sgtunck n >=55 j ifj. Mb mxhmsk cm prmsgøf mf mb tkpm cm bn dkrjnhgøf rmspmhtk n bn prmsgøf fkrjnb egcrkstîtghn. m)  Orndghnr y hkjprnr bn prmsgøf mf mb rmsmrvkrgk y bn prmsgøf fkrjnb egcrkstîtghn mf dufhgøf cm bn prkdufcgcnc. d)  Mf ufn zkfn vgromf cmb rmsmrvkrgk sm pmrdkrø uf fumvk pkzk, huyk gftmrvnbk prkcuhtgvk sm mfhumftrn tktnbjmftm mf bn dkrjnhgøf hkf pmtrøbmk y fk nbhnfzø n tkhnr bn nhuêdmrn (Tmr dgourn). Mf mstm pkzk sm jgcgø mf bn dkrjnhgøf pmtrkbêdmrn ufn prmsgøf cm >?>?8 `Qn n >?11 j ifj. Mstgjm bn prkdufcgcnc cmb hkftnhtk noun-pmtrøbmk mf cghek pkzk.

Qkwh : >1>1>?8= jj + >11 : >?3=1 ``QQn

n-     i-  Nb mstnr mb hkftnhtk ons-pmtrøbmk mf mqugbgirgk, mstn sm pumcm hnbhubnr cmscm bn vnrgnhgøf cm bn prmsgøf mf rmsmrvkrgk0 sm hnbhubn gfghgnbjmftm bn hkfstnftm qum hkrrgom bn cmsvgnhgøf cm bn prmsgøf cmb rmsmrvkrgk cm bn prmsgøf egcrkstîtghn, pnrn hnbhubnr smougcnjmftm bn prmsgøf mf cghen gftmrdnsm< Dnsm pmtrøbmk<

>?3=11 ``QnQn Qkwh :?.79 `Qnj >?8= jj + Hk : >?3= `Qn Hk : >?>?3=3=11 `Q`Qnn  ??..7= `Qnj >?8= j : 8?8?1515..5 `Qn 447? ``QnQn Qkh :?.79 `Qnj >431 j + 8?8?1515..5 : >447?  

 

 

h-  Xm gfghgn hnbhubnfck bn hkrrmhhgøf cm bn cmsvgnhgøf cmb hkjpkrtnjgmftk cm prmsgøf egcrkstîtghn mf zkfn cm ons, pnrn smougcnjmftm hnbhubnr prmsgøf mf tkpm< Dnsm ons<

 

Qkh :>.5> `Qnj  >431j + Hk :>447? `Qn Hk : >4>44747?? `Q`Qnn  >>..5> `Qnj >431 jj:>8?95.4 `Qn >4419.9.5 `Q`Qnn Qtkp :>.5> `Qn >=55 j + >8>8?9?95.5.4 : >441 ∄Q:>4419.5 `Qn>1 `Qn>1 >=55j jj +>11 :499.5 `Qn  

 

 

c- 

 

m-  Dgourn >. Tnrgnhgøf cm bn prmsgøf mf dufhgøf cm bn prkdufcgcnc y hkjpnrnhgøf hkf mb hkjpkrtnjgmftk cm bn prmsgøf egcrkstîtghn >5=11 >5111 >?=11     )    n    Q     `     (      Q

>?111 >4=11 Q,rmsmv (`Qn) >4111

Q,egcrk (`Qn)

>==11 >=?1

>491

>4?1

>?91

>??1

e (j)

d-  Xm hnbhubn bn fumvn hkfstnftm cm hkrrmhhgøf cm bn cmsvgnhgøf cm bn prmsgøf cmb rmsmrvkrgk hkf rmspmhtk n bn prmsgøf egcrkstîtghn<

>?>?88 ``QnQn:: ?.7799 `Qnj >?11 j + Hk >?>? Hk : >?>?8 ?>?8 ``QnQn ??..79 `Qnj >?11 jj : 84?8 `Qn  

 

]fn vmz hnbhubncn bn fumvn cmsvgnhgøf sm cmspmln bn nbturn cm bn mhunhgøf cm vnrgnhgøf cm prmsgøf, tmfgmfck mf humftn qum z k:1 j (nbturn cm rmdmrmfhgn)

Qkwh :?.79 `Qnj zkwh  zk + Hk

 

 

kwh  Hk Q n `Qn8484?8?8 `Q`Qnn + 1 jj:: >?87.= j zkwh : ?.79 `Qn + zk : >?>?3=3=11 `Q`Qn ?.79 j j

 

Mlmrhghgk G.3 Xm snim qum bn prmsgøf cm uf rmsmrvkrgk ms >?>?8 `Qn (niskbutks) n >=11 j ifj, mf bn hnpn pmtrkbêdmrn. Enbbnr bn prkdufcgcnc cmb hkftnhtk noun-pmtrøbmk snigmfck qum ώk: ?11 `o/j8 y ώ w: >>=1 `o/j8 y supkfgmfck qum bn prmsgøf mf mb hkftnhtk noun-pmtrøbmk ms gounb n bn prmsgøf fkrjnb n cghen prkdufcgcnc.

Xm mstnibmhmf bns mhunhgkfms ütgbms, pnrtgmfck cm bks cntks sujgfgstrncks<

`o j  )7. 5 (?11   s j kwh Q : >111 zkwh + Hk > `o j  )7. 5 (>>=1   s j w >1>..899== `Qn 99 Q : >111 zkwh + >1> (?11 `o)7.5 j Qk : j>111 s >=11 jj + Hk :>?>?8 `Qn 8 `oj)7.5 sj (?11 Hk : >?>?>?>?88 ``QnQn >111 >=11 j :4558 `Qn  

 

 

Cm (8) sm kitgmfm mb vnbkr cm hkrrmhhgøf H k<

 

Hk sm sustgtuym mf (>), pnrn bumok bum ok gounbnr (>) y (9) yn qum mf zkwh bn prmsgøf mstî mf mqugbgirgk y dgfnbjmftm cmspmlnr mb vnbkr gfhøofgtn<

(>>=1 `o)7.5 j (?11 `o)7.5 j kwh + 45 j>111 s zkwh + >1>1>.>.zkwh889=9=:``QnQn: : j >111 s z 455858 ``QnQn >=>=8?8?..5 j