PRACTICA 6 Electricidad Industrial

 

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\MKGNG YQH@LVKHMNB KMWLQGKVFKYBKMNQKN GL KMDLMKLQÏN [ FKLMFKNV VHFKNBLV [ NGOKMKVWQNWKPNV ONWLQKN3 LBLFWQKFKGNG KMG\VWQKNB YQNFWKFN 0 FHMLUKÖM LVWQLBBN [ GLBWN WQK@ÎVKFH L^\KYH3 6 VLF\LMFKN 6KO01 NB\OMHV3 DNBKMGH DNBKMGH ON\QKFKH

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ELQMNMGLS FENPLS CHVL NMWHMKH

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ONQWKMLS YLQLS CHQDL GNMKLB

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YQH@LVHQ3 KMD. LMQK^\L DNQFÏN PËBLS

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HACLWKPH

6

Ontlrknb y lqukph

6

Kmtrhguffköm Fkrfukths trk`îskfhs

6 6

6.> FHMLUKHMLV WQK@ÎVKFNV LM GLBWN [ LVWQLBBN Fîbfubh gl skstlons trk`îskfhs Fnrnftlrïstkfns gl skstlon lstrlbbn Yumth mlutrh gl bn fhmlxköm lm lstrlbbn ([) Fhrrklmtls y tlmskhmls gl bn fhmlxköm lm lstrlbbn ([) Fnrnftlrïstkfns glb skstlon glbtn Fhrrklmtls y tlmskhmls gl bn fhmlxköm (Η) Fhmlxköm trk`îskfn gl tkph [ (lstrlbbn) Fhmlxköm trk`îskfn gl tkph glbtn

0 0 4 4 4 5 ; >9 >>

6.>.> Fhmlxköm L Lstrlbbn strlbbn anbnmflngn y glsanbnmflngn. Qlnbkznr 1 lclrfkfkhs lm Lstrlbbn Anbnmflngh fhm Lmumfkngh y Qlsubtngh >1

VhbuVfhköbumfnköbmlcnlbrnfkpfnkhrtn>gghl1fkrfukths trk`îskfhs

>>15

6.>.1 glbtn anbnmflngn y glsanbnmflngn Lclopbh muoërkfh gl fnrdn lqukbkarngn fhmlftngn lm trkîmdubh h ‒Η‟ Fnrdn trk`îskfn glslqukbkarngn fhmlftngn lm ttrrkîmdubh ‒Η‟ n um skstlon ttrrk`kbnr. Lclopbh gl fnrdn glslqukbkarngn fhmlftngn lm n um skstlon trk`kbnr

>; 1> 11 17

6.1.1 Ohthr trk`îskfh lm slfu fulm lmfk fknn NAF y FAN pnrn bn kmvlr lrssköm gl Qhtnfkö köm m Fhrrklmtl Wrk`îskfn Plmtncns glb \sh gl Fhrrklmtl Nbtlrmn Wrk`îskfn @umfkhmnoklmth gl \m Ohthr Wrk`îskfh Vkstlons Wrk`îskfhs.

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FHMFB\VKÖM

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AKABKHDQN@ÏN

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1

 

HACLWKPH n) ^ul lb nbuomh fhmhzfn bns fnrnftlrïstkfns `umgnolmtnbls gl um skstlon gl nbkolmtnfköm nbkolmtnfk öm trk`îskfh lm GLBW GLBWN y LVWQLBBN y tnoakëm su `hron gl FHMLUKÖM. a) ^ul lb nbuomh fhoprulal bns vlmtncns y glsvlmtncns gl um Vkstlon lm Glbtn n um Vkstlon lm Lstrlbbn. [ fuîb ls lb Vkstlon qul oîs sl utkbkzn lm bns drnmgls Kmgustrkns.

Ontlrknb y lqukph •

\m vhbtïoltrh

•

\m hsfkbhsfhpkh

•

Ghs shmgns pnrn hsfkbhsfhpkh

•

\m fn fnabl g gll nnbbkolmtnfköm pn pnrn h hssfkbhs bhsfhpkh

• •

\m ohthr trk`îskfh \m noplrïoltrh

•

Mulvl fnabls pnrn fhmlxkhmls

•

Ghs fnabls a annmnmn-fnkoîm

Kmtrhguffköm Fkrfukths trk`îskfhs Glakgh n qul um dlmlrnghr ohmh`îs ohmh`îskfh kfh n trnvës glb tkloph phsll vnbhrls qul shm flrh y dlmlrnm qul bn phtlmfkn suokmkstrngn mh sln fhmstnmtl lm lb tkloph, ls kophrtnmtll lstugknr föoh sl dlmlrn umn tlmsköm lbëftrkfn trk`îskfn. Lm bn `kdurn > kophrtnmt sl oulstrn um lsqulon dlmlrnb gl dlmlrnghr trk`îskfh .

6

 

Fhm ansl lm bh ohstrng ohstrngh h lm bn b n `kdurn >, sl pulglm glsfrkakr ontloîtkfnolmtl ontloîtkfnolmtl bns tlmskhmls lbëftrkfns trk`îskfns fhoh3

Vldóm bns tlmskhmls lbëftrkfns trk`îskfns glsfrktns nmtlrkhrolmtl, rlprlslmtnmgh rlprlslmtnmgh bns lxprlskhmls tlophrnbls tlophrnbls nb ghokmkh gl bn `rlfulmfkn sl tklml qul3

Ls kophrtnmtl thonr lm fulmtn qul, tnmth pnrn lb fnsh tlophrnb fhoh `nshrknb, bhs vhbtncls phsllm bn okson ondmktug y gk`lrlmtl `nsl, plrh lxkstlm fhmskglrnfkhmls pnrn fbnsk`kfnr um skstlon trk`îskfh anbnmflngh y mh anbnmflngh. Vldóm sl oulstrn lm bn `kdurn 1, bn slfulmfkn gl `nsl gl`kml lb hrglm qul pulglm tlmlr bns `nsls gl um skstlon trk`îskfhs sldóm sln lb dkrh glb rhthr.

7

 

@kdurn 1. Vlful Vlfulmfkns mfkns gl `nsls3 n) slfulmfkn slfulmfkn phsktkvn, phsktkvn, a) slfulmfkn slfulmfkn mldntkvn.

Lmthmfls sl gkfl qul bn slfulmfkn gl `nsl ls phsktkvn sk lb dkrh glb rhthr ls nmtkehrnrkh, y ls mldntkvn sk lb rhthr dkrn gl onmlrn ehrnrkn.

Vl utkbkznrî bn skduklmtl mhtnfköm pnrn enflr rl`lrlmfkn n bns tlmskhmls lbëftrkfns trk`îskfns3

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6.> FHMLUKHMLV WQK@ÎVKFNV LM GLBWN [ LVWQLBBN Fîbfubh gl skstlons trk`îskfhs \m skstlon trk`îskfh gl phtlmfkn phgrî tlmlr sus `ulmtls fhmlftngns lm trkîmdubh h lm lstrlbbn, y usunbolmtl kmfbuyl fnrdns fnrdns fhmlftngns lm lstrlbbn y lm trkîmdubh. Lm fhmslfulmfkn, glalrî tlmlrsl fukgngh funmgh sl fhmskglrnm bns ondmktugls gl `nsl, yn qul bn rlbnfköm lmtrl tlmskhmls gl bïmln y gl `nsl, h lmtrl fhrrklmtls gl bïmln y gl `nsl ls gk`lrlmtl pnr pnrnn umn lstrlbbn qul pnrn um trkîmdubh. Bhs fkrfukths trk`îskfhs shm umn ohgk`kfnfköm gl bhs fkrfukths slmhkgnbls gksfutkghs enstn nehrn, y fhoh tnbls pulglm rlshbvlrsl phr bhs oëthghs vksths nmtlrkhrolmtl, ls glfkr, bls shm npbkfnabls bn mhtnfköm y bhs gkndrnons `nshrknbls. Lm pnrtkfubnr, bhs gkndrnons `nshrknbls plroktlm um felqulh fhmvlmklmtl gl bhs îmdubhs lmtrl tlmskhmls y fhrrklmtls, lvkglmfknmgh lrrhrls gl fîbfubh. Lm lb prlslmtl prlslmtl fnpïtubh söbh lstugknrlohs lb fnsh gl bhs rldïolmls nskoëtrkfhs funmgh bn fnrdn sln lstîtkfn, yn qul lb lstugkh gl bhs rldïolmls nskoëtrkfhs fhm fnrdns gkmîokfns (ohthrls trk`îskfhs) trk`îskfhs) glonmgn bn npbkfnfköm glb oëthgh gl bns fhophmlmt fhophmlmtls ls skoëtrkfns, qul vlrlohs oîs nglbnmtl.

0

 

Fnrnftlrïstkfns gl skstlon lstrlbbn ◈ Lm um skstlon fhmlftngh lm fhm`kdurnfköm ‒Lstrlbbn‟, lb vhbtncl gl bïmln Pb ?∓6P` , ◈ ◈ ◈ ◈

ls glfkr lb vhbtncl gl `nsl P` ls rnïz gl 6 vlfls olmhr qul lb vhbtncl gl bïmln Pb. Lm umn fhmlxköm ‒Lstrlbbn‟ bn fhrrklmtl fhrrklmtl gl bïmln ls kdunb n bn fhrrklmtl gl `nsl. Bhs skstlons fhmlftnghs lm ‒Lstrlbbn‟, rlquklrlm um olmhr mkvlb gl nksbnoklmth. Bhs skstlons gl fhmlxköm ‒Lstrlbbn‟, sl usnm funmgh sl rlquklrl umn ancn fhrrklmtl gl nrrnmqul. Lxkstlm ghs `hrons nbtlrmntkvns gl kmtlrfhmlftnr bns `ulmtls lbëftrkfns trk`îskfns y sus oóbtkpbls kmtlrfhmlxkhmls fhm gk`lrlmtls fnrdns.

Yumth mlutrh gl bn fhmlxköm lm lstrlbbn ([) Vhm bhs pumths lm bhs funbls lstîm umkghs bhs tlrokmnbls gl bhs glvnmnghs gl `nsl glb dlmlrnghr h glb fhmsuokghr, H ls lb pumth mlutrh glb dlmlrnghr y H lb pumth mlutrh glb fhmsuokghr. Noahs pumths H y H lstîm umkghs fhm um fhmgufthr qul sl bbnon fhmgufthr mlutrh h ekbh flmtrnb. Bhs htrhs trls fhmgufthrls glb skstlon trk`îskfh qul vnm nb dlmlrnghr sl bbnonm fhmgufthrls fhmgufthrls gl bn bïmln, gl lstl ohgh lb dlmlrnghr lstî umkgh fhm lb fhmsuokghr olgknmtl funtrh fhmgufthrls. Gkfeh skstlon sl bbnon skstlon gldrn`kbnr gl fhrrklmtl trk`îskfn.

Fhrrklmtls y tlmskhmls gl bn fhmlxköm lm lstrlbbn ([) Gurnmtl lb slrvkfkh phr lb fhmgufthr mlutrh pnsn umn fhrrklmt Gurnmtl fhrrklmtll kdunb n bn suon dlhoëtrkfn gl trls fhrrklmtls KN, KA l KF qul shm bns fhrrklmtls gl `nsl, ls glfkr3 KM ? KN + KA + KF Ynrn lstl lstl tkph gl fhmlxköm bns fhrrklmtls gl bïmln y gl `nsl fhkmfkglm Bns tlmskhmls olgkgns lmtrl bhs fhoklmzhs gl bns `nsls glb dlmlrnghr h fhmsuokghr y lb pumth mlutrh sl bbnonm b bnonm tlmskhmls gl `nsl y sl glskdmnm fhm \N, \A, \F h lm `hron dlmlrnb fhm \`. N olmugh sl lstnablflm gl nmtlonmh bns ondmktugls gl bn `ulrzn lblftrhohtrkz (`lo) lm bhs glvnmnghs gl `nsl glb dlmlrnghr, nskdmîmgh ëstns fhm LN, LA, LF h L`. Glsprlfknmgh bn rlskstlmfkn gl bhs glvnmnghs glb dlmlrnghr, sl pulgl lsfrkakr3 LN ? \N: LA ? \A: LF ? \F: L` ? \` Bns tlmskhmls olgkgns lmtrl lmtrl bhs fhoklmzhs gl bns `nsls N y A, A y F, F y N glb dlmlrnghrr h fhmsuokghr sl bbnonm tlmskhmls fhopulstns y sl glskdmnm phr \NA, dlmlrngh \AF, \FN h lm `hron dlmlrnb fhm \fhop h tlmsköm gl bïmln \B. Lm um skstlon trk`îskfh fhmlftngh fhmlftngh lm lstrlbbn bn tlmsköm gl bn bïmln ls3

y bn fhrrklmtl gl bïmln ls kdunb n bn fhrrklmtl gl `nsl (KB ? K`). K`) .

4

 

Lm um skstlon trk`îskfh fhmlftngh lm lstrlbbn bns tlmskhmls gl bïmln (LNA, LAF, LFN) y gl `nsl ( LNM, LAM, LFM ) shm gkstkmtns.

Fnrnftlrïstkfns glb skstlon glbtn ◈ Lm um skstlon fhmlftngh lm fhm`kdurnfköm ‒Glbtn‟, lb vhbtncl gl bïmln Pb ls kdunb nb vhbtncl gl `nsl P`  ◈ Oklmtrns qul bn fhrrklmtl gl `nsl ls rnïz gl 6 vlfls olmhr qul bn fhrrklmtl gl bïmln ◈ Lb mkvlb gl nksbnoklmth, ls nbth, yn qul lb vhbtncl gl bïmln Pb ls kdunb nb vhbtncl gl `nsl. ◈ Lstl tkph gl fhmlxköm, dlmlrnbolmtl dlmlrnbolmtl sl lopbln funmgh sl rlquklrl um nbth thrqul gl nrrnmqul.

Bhs dlmlrnghrls h fhmsuokghrls gl fhrrklmtl trk`îskfn pulglm fhmlftnrsl mh shbh lm lstrlbbn skmh tnoakëm lm trkîmdubh h glbtn. Bn fhmlxköm lm trkîmdubh sl lclfutn gl ohgh qul lb lxtrloh `kmnb gl bn `nsl N lstî umkgh nb fhoklmzh gl bn `nsl A, lb lxtrloh `kmnb gl bn `nsl A lstî umkgh nb fhoklmzh gl bn `nsl F y lb lxtrloh `kmnb gl bn `nsl F lstî umkgh nb fhoklmzh gl bn `nsl N. N bhs budnrls gl fhmlxköm gl bns `nsls sl fhmlftnm fhmgufthrls fhmgufthrls gl bn bïmln.

5

 

Fhrrklmtls y tlmskhmls gl bn fhmlxköm (Η)

Funmgh bhs glvnmnghs glb dlmlrnghr lstîm fhmlftnghs lm Η fngn glvnmngh gl `nsl frln tlmsköm fhopulstn fhmlftngn n bhs ahrmls gl bn rlskstlmfkn gl `nsl. Yhr fhmskduklmtl, fhmskduklmt l, lm fnsh gl fhmlxköm lm Η bn tlmsköm gl `nsl ls kdunb n bn tlmsköm fhopulstn. fhopulst n. \` ? \fhop Lm funmth n bns fhrrklmtls pnrn bn fhmlxköm Η sk bn fnrdn gl `nsl ls kdunb phr su ondmktug y fnrîftl fnrîftlrr bn fhrrklmtl gl bïmln ls3

;

 

Fhmlxköm trk`îskfn gl tkph [ (lstrlbbn) Fhmskglrnr Fhmskglrnrlohs lohs bn skduklmtl fhm`kdurnfköm

@kdurn >[. >[. Fhmlxköm trk`îskfn lm [ Vldóm bn fhm`kdurnfköm ohstrngn lm bn `kdurn [, sl bl bbnonrî tlmskhmls gl `nsl n y : y tlmskhmls gl bïmln n

>9

 

Fhmlxköm trk`îskfn gl tkph glbtn Fhmskglrnr Fhmskglrnrlohs lohs bn skduklmtl fhm`kdurnfköm3

@kdurn G. G. Fhmlxköm trk`îskfn tkph Vldóm bn fhm`kdurnfköm ohstrngn lm bn `kdurn 6.6-1, sl bl bbnonrî fhrrklmtls gl `nsl n l :y fhrrklmtls gl bïmln n l .

>>

 

6.>.> Fhmlxköm Lstrlbbn anbnmflngn y glsanbnmflngn. Qlnbkznr 1 lclrfkfkhs lm Lstrlbbn Anbnmflngh fhm Lmumfkngh y Qlsubtngh \m dlmlrnghr trk`îskfh lqukbkarngh fhmlftngh lm lstrlbbn ([) sl fhmlftn umn fnrdn lqukbkarngn ([) fuyn koplgnmfkngl ls(. 1. 6. 7. gl fkrfukths trk`îskfhs l clrfkfkhs gl fkrfukths trk`îskfhs rlsulbths, Lm lstl prkolr fnsh gl bhs lclrfkfkhs rlsulbths, tlmlohs um fkrfukth lm lb qul lb dlmlrnghr lstn fhmlftngh lm lstrlbbn. Kdunbolmtl, bn fnrdn sl lmfulmtrn fhmlftngn lm lstrlbbn. Fhoh lb fkrfukth trk`îskfh ls lqukbkarngh, y bn fhmlxköm gl dlmlrnghr y fnrdns ls lstrlbbn-lstrlbbn ([-[), pbnmtlnrlohs lb fkrfukth lqukvnblmtl ohmh`îskfh. Gkfeh lqukvnblmtl qulgn gl bn skduklmtl onmlrn3

>1

 

Fkrfukth lqukvnblmtl ohmh`îskfh Fhoh lb dlmlrnghr y bn fnrdn, lstîm fhmlftnghs lm lstrlbbn, mh ls mlflsnrkh rlnbkznr mkmdumn fhmvlrsköm. Ynrn pbnmtlnr lb fkrfukth lqukvnblmtl ohmh`îskfh, sl pulgl lsfhdlr funbquklrn gl bns trls `nsls, \Q, \V h \W. Vhbufköm nb npnrtngh >

Fhoh bn fnrdn y lb dlmlrnghr lstîm fhmlftnghs lm lstrlbbn, bns fhrrklmtls gl `nsl lm noahs, shm kdunbls n bns fhrrklmtls gl bïmln. bïml n. Numqul, sk mh tklmls ësth fbnrh, pulgls rlpnsnrbh lm lstl nrtïfubh nrtïfubh.. Yhr lbbh, bn fhrrklmtl gl `nsl lm bn fnrdn ls3 KQ ? \Q / (SB + SF) ? 169∘9³ / Z(6;,45 ∘76;,45 ∘-47,47³ P Ptr ? >6;,45 ∘>0+c), nbkolmtnmgh n umn fnrdn lqukbkarngn fhmlftngn fhmlftngn lm trkîmdubh gl koplgnmfkn (0+6c) phr `nsl. Gltlrokmnr3 >. 1. 6. 7.

Bns fhrrk fhrrklmtls lmtls gl `nsl `nsl lm bn bn fnrdn. fnrdn. Bns tlmskh tlmskhmls mls gl gl bïmln bïmln lm bn fnrdn. fnrdn. Bns fhr fhrrkl rklmtl mtlss gl bïml bïmln. n. Bns tlmskh tlmskhmls mls gl gl `nsl `nsl lm bn bn fnrdn. fnrdn.

lclrfkfkh 1 prhablon Vhbufköm nb npnrtngh > Bn fnrdn sl lmfulmtrn fhmlftngn lm trkîmdubh. Ynrn phglr pbnmtlnr lb fkrfukth lqukvnblmtl ohmh`îskfh ls mlflsnrkh fnoaknr bn fnrdn phr su lqukvnblmtl lm lstrlbbn, pnrn gl lsn onmlrn phglr rlnbkznr bhs fîbfubhs.

>0

 

Lm lstl prkolr npnrtngh sl pkgl fnbfubnr bn fhrrklmtl gl `nsl phr bn fnrdn. Numqul endnohs lb fnoakh n lstrlbbn pnrn rlnbkznr bhs fîbfubhs, eny qul tlmlr prlslmtl qul bn fnrdn lstn lm trkîmdubh n bn ehrn gl gnr lb rlsubtngh ﬎mnb. Vl hatklml lb vnbhr gl bn fnrdn lm lstrlbbn3 Sf lstrlbbn ? Sf trkîmdubh / 6 ? (0+6c) / 6 ? 1+c Ϋ

Lb fkrfukth lqukvnblmtl ohmh`îskfh ls3

Nehrn phglohs fnbfubnr bn fhrrklmtl K Q 3 KQ ? \Q / (SB + SF) ? 199∘69³ / Z(>+C) Z(>+C) + (1+C)_ (1+C)_ ? 19³ n bn `nsl gl bn fhrrklmtl nmtlrkhr3 Kst ? 61,96 ∘-;6,0;³ N Ktr ? 61,96 ∘>70,6>³ N

Vhbufköm nb npnrtngh 1 Ynrn fnbfubnr bns tlmskhmls gl bïmln lm bn fnrdn, fnbfubnohs prkolrnolmtl bn tlmsköm gl `nsl lm lb lqukvnblmtl ohmh`îskfh, y, phstlrkhrolmtl, pnsnohs lsl gnth n vnbhrls gl bïmln. Pr ? KQ * SF ? 17,96 * ∓6 ? 1>7,56 P pnrn bn `nsl, glalohs suonr 69³ nb îmdubh gl bn tlmsköm gl `nsl3 `nsl ? 11,54³ + 69³ ? 7,56 ∘7,56 ∘-04,>6³ P Ptr ? 1>7,56 ∘>41,54³ P

qul sl hatklmlm rlstnmgh y suonmgh >19³ rlsplftkvnolmtl n bn `nsl gl Prs.

>5

 

6.>.1 glbtn anbnmflngn y glsanbnmflngn \m skstlon glbtn anbnmflngh ls nqulb lm lb qul tnmth bn `ulmtl anbnmflngn fhoh bn fnrdn anbnmflngn lstîm fhmlftngns lm glbtn.

Fnrdn anbnmflngn (lqukbkarngn) lm ‒Η‟ Lm bn `kdurn sl rlprlslmtn bn fhmlxköm gl umn fnrdn anbnmflngn (lqukbkarngn) fhmlftngn lm ghmgl sl fuopbl qul3 SQV ? SVW ? SWQ ? S.

>;

 

Ynrn gltlrokmnr bns fhrrklmtls gl bïmln, sl glalrîm prkolrh fnbfubnr bns fhrrklmtls gl `nsl kmgkfngns fhoh KQV, KVW l KWQ. Bns fhrrklmtls gl `nsl rlsubtnm gl npbkfnr bn bly gl Heo fhoh3 KQV ? P QV / SQV ? PQV / S KVW ? PVW / S KWQ ? PWQ / S Bns fhrrklmtls gl bïmln npbkfnmgh bn >³ Bly gl Jkrfeeh`` lm bhs mhghs kmgkfnghs fhoh Q, V y W lm bn `kdurn >7, rlsubtnm3 KQ ? KQV ‖ KWQ KV ? KVW ‖ KQV KW ? KWQ ‖ KVW

Lm bn `kdurn sl rlprlslmtn lb gkndrnon `nshrknb ghmgl sl phmlm gl onmk`klsth bns rlbnfkhmls kmgkfngns nmtlrkhrolmtl. Hasërvlsl qul gngh qul bn fhmlxköm lm trkîmdubh mh ngoktl bn fhmlxköm glb mlutrh mh sl enm kmgkfngh bns tlmskhmls gl `nsl h skopbls lm lb gkndrnon, prlslmtî tîmmghsl bns tlmskhmls gl bïmln, phr slr bns tlm tlmsk skhm hmlls qul qul tktkllmlm mlm npb npbkf kfng ngns ns gng gngn kop koplgn lgnmfkn mfkn gl fnrdn.

19

 

Lclopbh muoërkfh gl fnrdn lqukbkarngn fhmlftngn lm trkîmdubh h ‒Η‟ >g.l- \ oFn t(rsk`lîfsukflhmffknhmgskrllffutnl)mfgkln `nmslsskstNlA trls fhmgufthrls y tlmsköm gl bïmln kdunb n >>9 P nbkolmtn n umn fnrdn fhmlftngn lm trkîmdubh gl trls koplgnmfkns kdunbls gl < n 7>9 >19³ PAF ? >>9 >>9 9³ PFN ? >>9 179³  Npbkfnmgh bn Bly gl Heo bns fhrrklmtls gl `nsl rlsubtnm3 KNA ? P NA / S ? >>9 >19³ / < 70

 

Gkndrnon `nshrknb `nshrknb gl bhs vhbtncls y fhrrklmtls gl bïmln.

Fnrdn trk`îskfn glslqukbkarngn fhmlftngn lm trkîmdubh ‒Η‟ n um skstlon trk`kbnr trk`kbnr.. Lm bn `kdurn sl rlprlslmtn bn fhmlxköm gl umn fnrdn mh anbnmflngn (glslqukbkarngn) fhmlftngn lm ghmgl sl fuopbl qul3 SQV≩SVW≩SWQ Ynrn gltlrokmnr bns fhrrklmtls gl bïmln, sl glalrîm prkolrh fnbfubnr bns fhrrklmtls gl `nsl kmgkfngns fhoh KQV, KVW l KWQ. Bns fhrrklmtls gl `nsl rlsubtnm gl npbkfnr bn bly gl Heo fhoh3 KQV P QV/ /SVW SQV KVW ?? PVW KWQ ? PWQ / SWQ

11

 

Bns fhrrklmtls gl bïmln npbkfnmgh bn >³ Bly gl Jkrfeeh`` lm bhs mhghs kmgkfnghs fhoh Q, V y W lm bn `kdurn 17, rlsubtnm3 KQ ? KQV ‖ KWQ KV ? KVW ‖ KQV KW ? KWQ ‖ KVW Lm bn `k`kdu durn rn sl rlp lprrls lslm lmtn tn lb gk gknd ndrn rnon on `n `nsh shrk rknnb ghmg hmgl sl ph phml mlmm gl onm onmk`kl k`klst sthh bns rlbnfkhmls kmgkfngns nmtlrkhrolmtl. Hasërvlsl qul gngh qul bn fhmlxköm lm trkîmdubh mh ngoktl bn fhmlxköm glb mlutrh mh sl enm kmgkfngh bns tlmskhmls gl `nsl h skopbls lm lb gkndrnon, prlslm slmtîmghsl bns tlm tlmskhmls gl bïml ïmln, phr slr bns tlmskhmls qul tklmlm npbkfngns gngn koplgnmfkn gl fnrdn.

16

 

Lclopbh gl fnrdn glslqukbkarngn fhmlftngn lm n um skstlon trk`kbnr  \m skstlon trk`îskfh gl slfulmfkn  NAF (slfulmfkn gkrlftn) gl trls ffhhmogpuuflthstrnl,s ytkl1m7l9 Pumgnl tlfmnsrködnm fhml fh mlft ftng ngnn lm tr trkî kîmd mdub ubhh fhm fhm vnbh vnbhrl rls3 s3 SNA ? >9 9³ , SAF ? >9 69³ , SFN ? >9 - 69³. Hatlmlr bns fhrrklmtls gl bïmln y gkaucnr lb gkndrnon `nshrknb. Qlshbufköm Vl lbkdl umn tlrmn gl tlmskhmls gl bïmln, qul gltlrokmnm bhs slmtkghs gl bns fhrrklmtls gl `nsl kmgkfnghs lm lb gkndrnon. Bns tlmskhmls gl bïmln slrîm3 PNA ? 179 >19³ PAF ? 179 9³ PFN ? 179 179³  Npbkfnmgh bn Bly gl Heo bns fhrrklmtls gl `nsl rlsubtnm3 KNA ? PNA / SNA ? 17 >19³ KAF ? PAF / SAF ? 17 - 69³ KFN ? PFN / SFN ? >0 149³  Npbkfnmgh bn >³ Bly gl Jkrfeeh`` n fngn mhgh glb trkîmdubh gl fnrdn, bns fhrrklmtls gl bïmln rlsubtnm3 KN ? KNA ‖ KFN ? 65,4 >95,>³ KA ? KAF ‖ KNA ? 70,7 - 7,1 >;9,1³

17

 

6.1.1 Ohthr trk`îskfh lm slfulmfkn NAF y FAN pnrn bn kmvlrsköm gl Qhtnfköm Bhs Ohthrls Lbëftrkfhs Wrk`îskfhs shm ohthrls gl fhrrklmtl fhrrklmtl nbtlrmn. Lstîm tîm gk gksslþn þngh ghss pn pnrrn trna nan ncnr fhm fhr hrrk rkl lmtl nbt btl lrm rmn n (fn fn)) trk rk`î `îsskf kfn, n, fhr fhrrk rkl lmtl mtl utkbkzngn lm oufen npbkfnfkhmls kmgustrknbls kmgustrknbls.. Lb ohthr trk`îskfh oîs utkbkzngh ls lb ohthr nsïmfrhmh trk`îskfh gl kmguffköm qul `umfkhmn drnfkns n bhs `lmöolmhs gl kmguffköm lblftrhondmëtkfn, qul rlbnfkhmnm bn lblftrkfkgng fhm lb ondmltksohs y qul buldh vlrlohs. Vhm bhs oîs utkbkznghs lm bn kmgustrkn phr su slmfkbblz, rhaustlz y `îfkb onmtlmkoklmth. Yrkolrh vlnohs um rlsuolm gl bn fhrrklmtl nbtlrmn trk`îskfn qul utkbkznm y glb fnoph ondmëtkfh, ouy kophrtnmtl pnrn lmtlmglr su `umfkhmnoklmth.

Fhrrklmtl Wrk`îskfn N gk`lrlmfkn gl bhs skstlons ohmh`îskfhs gl F.N., qul utkbkznm ghs fhmgufthrls lbëftrkfhs (@nsl y Mlutrh) pnrn su gkstrkaufköm y fhmsuoh, bhs skstlons trk`îskfhs utkbkznm trls h funtrh fhmgufthrl fhmgufthrls. s. 6 @nsls h 6 @nsls + Mlutrh. Nb trnancnr fhm 6 `nsls y lb mlutrh phglohs hatlmlr 1 tlmskhmls gk`lrlmtls. Mhronbolmtl 169P lmtrl `nsl y mlutrh y 799P lmtrl ghs `nsls. Bn tlmsköm lmtrl 1 `nsls ls skloprl bn rnïz gl 6 vlfls suplrkhr n bn gl umn `nsl fhm lb mlutrh3 799/169 ? ∓6 Bn tlmsköm oîs lblvngn sl sulbl utkbkznr lm bn kmgustrkn y pnrn bhs ohthrls, y bn oîs ancn pnrn ush ghoëstkfh y nbuoarngh. Lb dlml dlmlrng rnghr hr qul pr prhguf hgufl l bn fh fhrrkl rrklmtl mtl tr trk`îsk k`îskfn fn sl bbno bbnon n nbtl nbtlrmngh rmnghrr y dlmlrn dlmlrn 6 `ulrzns lblftrhohtrkfls (`lo ? tlmskhmls), umn lm fngn `nsl fhm bhs skduklmtls vnbhrls kmstnmtîmlhs3 l> ? Loîxkon x slmh wt

1<

 

l1 ? Loîxkon x slmh (wt->19³)

l6 ? Loîxkon x slmh (wt-179³)

Vklmgh l bn tlmsköm kmstnmtîmln, y Loîxkon bn oîxkon gl bn furvn slmhkgnb gl bn hmgn. ¸^uë skdmk`kfn lsth8 Yuls qul bhs vnbhrls gl bns 6 tlmskhmls (umn gl fngn `nsl) lstîm gls`nsngns >19³ umn rlsplfth n bn htrn lm lb tkloph. N bns 6 kmtlmskgngls bls pnsn bh oksoh. @ïcntl lm bn drî`kfn fhoh slrïn3

10

 

Plmtncns glb \sh gl Fhrrklmtl Nbtlrmn Wrk`îskfn Wrk`îskfn - Bn prkolrn vlmtncn ls bn phskakbkgng gl utkbkznr 1 tlmskhmls gk`lrlmtls, gl bn qul yn enabnohs nmtls. - Wnmth bhs nbtlrmnghrls fhoh bhs trnms`hronghrls y ohthrls gl F.N. trk`îskfhs um onyhr y, phr bh dlmlrnb, shm oufeh oîs slmfkbbhs yphsllm lfhmöokfhs qul rlmgkoklmth bhs ohmh`îskfhs. Lstl ohthr phsll phsll umns fnrn fnrnftlrïstkfns ftlrïstkfns ouf oufeh eh olchrls qul l lbb ohthr ohmh`îskfh,, fhoh3 pnr gl nrrnmqu ohmh`îskfh nrrnmqul l oufeïskoh oîs oîs `ulrtl, olchr rlmgkoklmth y olc olchr hr `nfthr gl pht phtlmfkn. lmfkn. - Bhs skstlons trk`îskfhs fhmskdulm trnmsphrtnr bn lmlrdïn lbëftrkfn fhm um nehrrh fhmskglrnabl fhmskglrnabl lm bn slffköm gl bhs fhmguft fhmgufthrls. hrls. Whgns lstns vlmtncns enflm qul lm bn nftunbkgng thgn bn lmlrdïn lbëftrkfn sl prhguzfn, trnmsphrtl, gkstrkauyn y fhmsuon sln lm `hron gl fhrrklmtl nbtlrmn trk`îskfn.

@umfkhmnoklmth gl \m Ohthr Wrk`îskfh - Ynrtl @kcn h Lstnthr3 Ls bn pnrtl `kcn glb ohthr. Lstî fhmstktukgh phr umn fnrfnsn lm bn qul lstî `kcngn umn fhrhmn gl fenpns gl nflrh nb skbkfkh prhvkstns gl umns rnmurns. Bns lspkrns gl bhs ahakmnghs lstîm gkspulstns lm gkfens rnmurns `hronmgh lblftrhkonmls y lm tnmths fkrfukths fhoh `nsls tlmdn bn rlg n bn qul sl fhmlftnrî bn oîqukmn. Lm mulstrh fnsh, bhs ohthrls trk`îskfhs, 6 ahakmns y fkrfukths gk`lrlmtls (um fkrfukth phr ahakmn). Lstn pnrtl, bhs lblftrhkonmls qul `hronm lb lstnthr, ls bn qul frlnrî lb fnoph ondmëtkfh dkrnthrkh fhoh buldh vlrlohs, phr lsh tnoakëm sl bbnon Kmgufthr, yn qul kmgufkrî umn fhrrklmtl lm bn htrn pnrtl, h bh qul ls bh oksoh, kmgufkrî lb ohvkoklmth, fhoh oîs nglbnmtl lxpbkfnrlohs. - Ynrtl Oövkb h Qhthr3 Ls bn pnrtl oövkb glb ohthr. Lstn sktungh lm lb kmtlrkhr glb lstnthr y fhmskstl lm um mófblh gl fenpns gl nflrh nb skbkfkh npkbngns qul `hronm um fkbkmgrh, h gl um ahakmngh lbëftrkfh glplmgklmgh glb tkph gl rhth, Qhthr gl cnubn gl nrgkbbn h Qhthr ahakmngh.

14

 

Wnoakëm sl bbnon kmgufkgh phrqul ls ghmgl sl kmgufkrîm bns tlmskhmls, fhrrklmtls y phr bh tnmth lb ohvkoklmth gl mulstrh ohthr. Lb rhthr lm cnubn gl nrgkbbn, lb oîs utkbkzngh, ls um rhthr fhm umn slrkl gl anrrns gl nbuokmkh h fharl (fhmgufthrls) n su nbrlglghr y umkgns lm fhrthfkrfukth phr ghs nmkbbhs lm sus lxtrlohs. Lb gl rhthr ahakmngh ls um rhthr fhm ahakmns n su nbrlglghr. Lb fnoph ondmëtkfh (bns bïmlns glb fnoph ondmëtkfh) dkrnthrkh trk`îskfh glb lstnthr fhrtnrî bns vnrkbbns h fenpns glb rhthr, lm lstns sl kmgufl umn `ulrzn lblftrhohtrkz (tlmsköm) qul nb lstnr lm fhrthfkrfukth sl dlmlrn umn fhrrklmtl phr lbbns, fhrrklmtl kmgufkgn qul dlmlrn um fnoph qul sldukrî nb glb lstnthr dkrnmgh lb rhthr.

15

 

@nrngny glsfuarkö qul um fhmgufthr lbëftrkfh ohvkëmghsl glmtrh gl um fnoph ondmëtkfh (koîm) dlmlrnan umn tlmsköm h gk`lrlmfknb gl phtlmfknb (g.g.p) lmtrl sus ghs lxtrlohs (kdunb qul bn pkbn tklml tlmsköm lmtrl sus ghs lxtrlohs). Fhoh lstl vhbtncl ls um vhbtncl kmgufkgh sl bl bbnon `ulrzn lblftrhohtrkz (`lo), lm budnr gl tlmsköm. Vk umkohs bhs lxtrlohs, phr lclopbh lm fhrthfkrfukth h fhm umn ahoakbbn, fkrfubnrî umn fhrrklmtl phr lb fhmgufthr.

Oklmtrns nb ohvlr lb fhmgufthr fhrtlohs bïmlns glb fnoph ondmëtkfh glb koîm sl onmtlmgrî lm bhs lxtrlohs glb fhmgufthr umn `lo sk lb fkrfukth lstî naklrth. Vk flrrnohs lb fkrfukth (phr lclopbh fhmlftnohs umn bîopnrn nb fhmgufthr) bn `lo prhgufkrî umn fhrrklmtl phr lb fhmgufthr. Lstn tlmsköm dlmlrngn lm bn lspkrn nb slr kmgufkgn sl fhmhfl fhoh `ulrzn lblftrhohtrkz kmgufkgn (`lo), plrh skopblolmtl ls umn tlmsköm lmtrl ghs pumths. Vk fhrthfkrfuktnohs bns lspkrns, sl dlmlrnrî phr bn lspkrn umn fhrrklmtl kmgufkgn (fhrrklmtl gl fhrthfkrfukth).

1;

 

Mkjhbn Wlsbn glsfuarkö qul umn fhrrklmtl nbtlrmn trk`îskfn dlmlrn um fnoph ondmëtkfh dkrnthrkh nb fkrfubnr bn fhrrklmtl gl fngn umn gl bns 6 `nsls phr umn ahakmn gl um lblftrhkoîm gk`lrlmtl (koîm fhm ahakmn lmrhbbngn ? lblftrhkoîm).

Funmgh bn fhrrklmtl ls gl vnbhr 9 mh eny fnoph lm lsn `nsl, buldh vn nuolmtnmgh y fngn olgkh fkfbh gl bn hmgn lb fnoph fnoakn gl slmtkgh. Pnohs n vlr 6 pumths ouy fhmfrlths3

69

 

Lm lb oholmth h pumth >, enarî 6 fnophs frlnghs, ghs mldntkvhs frlnghs phr B1 y B6 y umh phsktkvh frlngh phr B> y qul nb tlmlr bn fhrrklmtl lb vnbhr oîxkoh slrî lb fnoph oîxkoh qul pulgl frlnr B>. Bn suon vlfthrknb gl bhs 6 fnophs mhs gn lb vlfthr gl fhbh fhbhrr mldrh glmtrh glb glb ohthr. Lm lb pumth 1 nehrn slrî B1 bn qul frln lb fnoph oîxkoh y bhs htrhs ghs slrîm mldntkvhs. Bn suon gl bhs 6 gnm fhoh rlsubtngh lb vlfthr lm lsn phskfköm. Vl pulgl fhoprhanr fhoh en dkrngh.

6>

 

Lm bn phskfköm 6 lb oîxkoh fnoph bh frln B6 y bhs htrhs ghs shm mldntkvhs. Lb vlfthr glb fnoph y lb fnoph skdul dkrnmgh. [n tlmlohs mulstrh fnoph dkrnthrkh frlngh phr bns fhrrklmtls trk`îskfns. Vk quklrls vlr htrn htrn nmkonfköm nq nquï uï tklmls htrn ouy au aulmn3 lmn3 Fnoph Dkrn Dkrnthrkh. thrkh. Lm mulstrh ohthr lb fnoph ondmëtkfh dlmlrngh lm lb lstnthr lstî lm ohvkoklmth y sus bïmlns gl fnoph ondmëtkfh fhrtnrîm bns fenpns oltîbkfns (fhmgufthrls) glb rhthr lm cnubn gl nrgkbbn dlmlrnmgh lmtrl lbbns umn `lo, plrh qul nb lstnr lm fhrthfkrfukth bh qul sl dlmlrnrî slrî umn fhrrklmtl kmgufkgn qul fkrfubnrî phr bns fenpns glb rhthr. Wnoakëm snalohs qul Hlrstlg glohströ qul sk um fhmgufthr phr lb qul fkrfubn umn fhrrklmtl lbëftrkfn sl lmfulmtrn glmtrh gl um fnoph ondmëtkfh y sus bïmlns gl fnoph fhrtnm nb fhmgufthr, lb fhmgufthr sl glspbnzn plrplmgkfubnrolmtl nb fnoph ondmëtkfh, ls glfkr sl frln umn `ulrzn lm lb fhmgufthr qul enfl qul lstl sl oulvn. \mn fhrrklmtl phr fhmgufthr + fnoph ondmëtkfh ? ohvkoklmth glb fhmgufthr.

Qlnbolmtl bn fhrrklmtl qul fkrfubn phr lb fhmgufthr bh qul enfl ls frlnr n su nbrlglghr um fnoph ondmëtkfh, fhoh glsfuarkö Hlrstlg, y nb kmtlrnftunr lb fnoph glb koîm fhm lb fnoph frlngh lm lb fhmgufthr, sl prhgufl su ohvkoklmth (slrïn fhoh sk `ulrnm 1 konmls). Qlfulrgn ghs konmlm lm`rlmtnghs ? `ulrzn gl ntrnffköm h rlpubsköm. Vldóm lb slmtkgh gl bn fhrrklmtl phr lb fhmgufthr (lmtrl h snbdn) lb fnoph frlngh tlmgrî umn phbnrkgng h bn fhmtrnrkn, phr lsl ohtkvh, bhs fnophs sl ntrnlrîm h rlplblrîm, enfklmgh qul lb fhmgufthr sl oulvn um slmtkgh h lm htrh (glplmgl glb slmtkgh gl bn fhrrklmtl phr lb fhmgufthr). 61

 

Vk lb fhmgufthr lm budnr gl slr um ómkfh fhmgufthr `ulrn umn lspkrn, sharl bn lspkrn sl frlnrïnm 1 `ulrzns gl slmtkgh fhmtrnrkh (pnr gl `ulrzns), phrqul phr um bngh gl bn lspkrn bn fhrrklmtl tklml um slmtkgh (lmtrn) y phr lb htrh bngh tklml slmtkgh fhmtrnrkh (snbl) n bn glb htrh bngh gl bn lspkrn, enfklmgh qul bn lspkrn dkrl.

Fhoh pulgls haslrvnr tlmlohs 1 `hrons gk`lrlmtls gl fhmlftnr bhs lxtrlohs gl bns ahakmns glb lstnthr bbnongns Fhmlxköm Lstrlbbn y Fhmlxköm Wrkîmdubh. Ylrh...¸Funb ls bn gk`lrlmfkn lbëftrkfn lmtrl umn y htrn8 Qlfulrgn3 Wlmsköm gl `nsl3 ls bn tlmsköm lmtrl umn `nsl y lb mlutrh. Wlmsköm gl bïmln3 ls bn tlmsköm qul lxkstl lmtrl ghs `nsls. Bn PB ? ∓6 x P`. Vk bn gl `nsl ls 169, bn gl bïmln ls gl 799P. Nb fhmlftnr bns ahakmns glb ohthr lm trkîmdubh, bns ahakmns qulgnm nbkolmtngns n bn okson tlmsköm qul bn rlg gl nbkolmtnfköm. Vk ls umn nbkolmtnfköm trk`îskfn gl 799P (Pbkmln), bns ahakmns glb ohthr qulgnm sholtkgns n lsn okson tlmsköm 799P. Nb fhmlftnr bns oksons ahakmns lm lstrlbbn, nb tlmlr um pumth mlutrh lm lb flmtrh qul uml thghs bhs `kmnbls gl bns ahakmns, qulgnm sholtkgns n bn okson tlmsköm qul lmtrl `nsl y mlutrh gl bn rlg, P` ? PB / ∓6 , qul sk P` ls 799P qulgnm sholtkgns n 169P.

66

 

Fhoh pulgls haslrvnr tlmlohs qul tlmlr lm fulmtn bn tlmsköm gl nbkolmtnfköm pnrn fhmlftnrbh lm lstrlbbn h lm trkîmdubh. Yhr lclopbh, um ohthr qul sus ahakmns trnancnm n 799P lm su `umfkhmnoklmth mhronb (mhokmnb), sk bh qulrlohs fhmlftnr n umn nbkolmtnfköm trk`îskfn gl 799P phglohs enflrbh lm trkîmdubh plr`lftnolmtl. Lm lstrlbbn tnoakëm plrh trnancnrïnm n olmhr tlmsköm gl bn gl trnanch, trnancnrïnm bns ahakmns n 169P. Vk nehrn ls um ohthr qul sus ahakmns trnancnm n 169P, sk bh qulrlohs fhmlftnr n umn nbkolmtnfköm gl 799P shbh phgrïnohs fhmlftnrbh lm lstrlbbn, lm trkîmdubh qulonrïnohs bns ahakmns. ¡¡¡Oufeh fukgngh fhm lsth!!!. Ylrh ¸Föoh snalohs bn tlmsköm gl trnanch gl bns ahakmns gl um ohthr8 Lstn tlm tlmsk skö öm vk vkl lml lm bn pbn pbnfn gl fnr nrn nftl ftlrïs rïstkf tkfns ns.. Vul ulbl bl vlmkr lxprl xprlssngn ngn gl bn skduklmtl onmlrn3

67

 

119P/799 --= skdmk`kfn qul sl pulgl fhmlftnr lm lstrlbbn n 799P y lm trkîmdubh n 119P. Bn tlmsköm mhronb gl trnanch y oîxkon qul ndunmtnm bns ahakmns skloprl ls bn qul onrfn lm trkîmdubh, lm lstl fnsh 119P. Mumfn phglohs suplrnr lstn tlmsköm lm bns ahakmns glb ohthr. Vk lstl ohthr bh qulrlohs fhmlftnr n umn rlg trk`îskfn gl 799P lmtrl `nsls. ¸Föoh bh glalrïnohs fhmlftnr8 Bödkfnolmtl lm lstrlbbn, lm trkîmdubh qulonrïnohs bns ahakmns, yn qul sl qulgnrïnm n 799P. ¡¡¡Vkloprl okrnr fhoh lstîm bns fhmlxkhmls gl bns ahakmns nmtls gl enflr um nrrnmqul gl um ohthr trk`îskfh!!! Mhronbolmtl bhs ohthrls sulblm slr gl 799P/0;9P, phrqul bns rlgls trk`îskfns shm gl 799P y phr bh tnmth bh pulgh fhmlftnr lm trkîmdubh n bns 6 `nsls y lm lstrlbbn, numqul lm lstl óbtkoh fnsh bns ahakmns qulgnrïnm n 169P `umfkhmnmgh n tlmsköm oîs ancn gl bh mhronb (vnbgrî pnrn lb nrrnmqul fhoh buldh vlrlohs). Lm gl`kmktkvn3 - 119/659P - Vl pulgl fhmlftnr n umn rlg gl 119P gkrlftnolmtl lm trkîmdubh. Lm lstrlbbn n umn rlg oîxkon gl 659P. HCH mumfn lm trkîmdubh n umn rlg gl 659P - 659/009P - Vl pulgl fhmlftnr n umn rlg gl 659P lm trkîmdubh y 009P lm lstrlbbn. Vk bh fhmlftnohs lm lstrlbbn lm umn rlg gl 659P bns ahakmns glb ohthr qulgnm n 169P. - 799/0;9P - Vl pulgl fhmlftnr n umn rlg gl 799P lm trkîmdubh y 0;9P lm lstrlbbn. Vk bh fhmlftnohs lm lstrlbbn lm umn rlg gl 799P bns ahakmns qulgnm trnancnmgh n 16 169P 9P.. Lm bn fncn gl ahrmls gl bhs ohthrls npnrlflm bhs slks tlrokmnbls fhrrlsphmgklmtls n bhs trls glvnmnghs glb ohthr oîs lb tlrokmnb gl fhmlxköm n tklrrn. Bn gksphskfköm gl bhs tlrokmnbls skloprl sl enfl gl bn okson `hron, skduklmgh bns mhrons kmtlrmnfkhmnbls. 6<

 

Ynrn fhmsldukr bn fhmlxköm lm lstrlbbn, anstn fhm umkr fhm umhs pulmtls bhs `kmnbls S-U-[. Bn fhmlxköm lm trkîmdubh sl fhmskdul rlnbkznr fhm `nfkbkgng nb umkr fhm umhs pulmtls bhs tlrokmnbls (\-S), (P-U), (T-[). Ynrn fnoaknr lb slmtkgh gl dkrh glb ohthr shbh eny qul fnoaknr lb hrglm gl umn gl bns `nsls. @ïcntl lm lb skduklmtl lsqulon3

Lsths ohthrls nsïmfrhmhs nrrn

mfnm skm nyugn, plrh ls mlflsnrkh fhmtrhbnr bn fhrrklmtl y tlmskhmls prhgufkgns lm lb rhthr lm lb nrrnmqul yn qul pulglm slr ouy lblvngns.

60

 

Vkstlons Wrk`îskfhs.

64

 

65

 

6;

 

79

 

7>

 

71

 

76

 

77

 

7<

 

70

 

74

 

75

 

FHMFB\VKÖM Lm bh vksth lm lstn prîftkfn bn fhmlxköm lstrlbbn y bn fhmlxköm glbtn shm lstns bns oîs utkbkzngns lm bn kmgustrkn yn qul prhphrfkhmnm umn aulmn l`kfklmfkn lm bhs fkrfukths lbëftrkfhs y nsï lb nprhvlfenoklmth gl lstns ls lb oîxkoh. Vl lstugkö bn utkbkznfköm gl umn fnrdn lm lstrlbbn, nsï fhoh bns vlmtncns y glsvlmtncns gl lstn okson, sl nmnbkzö bns fnrnftlrïstkfns gl bns fhmlxkhmls glbtn lstrlbbn. Bh kophrtnmtl lm lstl rlphrtl ls qul fngn fkrfukth lbëftrkfh, bn olchr fhmlxköm pulgl slr tnmth bn lstrlbbn fhoh bn glbtn, plrh glalohs tlmlr lm fulmtn bns mlflskgngls gl fngn loprlsn sl tlmgrî qul nmnbkznr funb gl lstns slrïn bn olchr hpfköm.

AKABKHDQN@ÏN ◈ Ghr`, Q., Q., Vvhahgn Vvhahgn C. Fkrfukths Fkrfukths Lbë Lbëftrkfhs ftrkfhs,, 5vn lg lgkfköm, kfköm, sslffköm lffköm >1.03 "Fkrfu "Fkrfukths kths trk`îskfh trk`îskfhss anbnmflnghs". ◈ Vngkju, Vngkju, N. @umg @umgnolm nolmths ths gl Fkrfukth Fkrfukthss Lbëftrk Lbëftrkfhs, fhs, 1.53 >1.53 "Vkstlon "Vkstlonss trk`îskfhs glsanbnmflnghs". ◈ ettps3//www ettps3//www.lfurl .lfurlg.fu/F g.fu/Fhmlx hmlxkhmlsX khmlsXlmXsk lmXskstlon stlonsXtrk`% sXtrk`%F6%N F6%N>skfhsX >skfhsXglXfh glXfhrr  rr  klmtlXnbtlrmn ◈ ettps3/ ettps3//tl /tlfgk fgkdkt dktnb. nb.tlf tlf.nf .nf.fr/ .fr/rlp rlph/r h/rln/ ln/lbl lblftrh ftrhmkf mkfn/l n/lbb1>>7/umX6/61XskstlonsXan 1> >7/umX6/61XskstlonsXanbnmflnghsXyXskstlonsXmhXanbnm bnmflnghsXyXskstlonsXmhXanbnmflnghs.etob flnghs.etob

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