Practica 2 Quimica Unad

 

RXC GLANXEC

]XDHDKN ONJDHNXD]GQN MC TSGEGOD @CLCXDJ L² 8

. RXDO]GOD L² = _NJSOGNLC_

@rupn OQ; 824428^807 OCDM Ghd`uç OCDM mc jd präotgod Ghd`uç

]utnr mc jdhnrdtnrgn; OC_DX @DJGOGD

Slgvcrsgmdm Ldognldj Dhgcrtd y d Mgstdlogd Ghd`uç ]njged, Lnvgcehrc mc 824?

RXDO]GOD L» =

 

_NJSOGNLC_ NHKC]GQN

Rrcpdrdr y odjoujdr snjuognlcs y mgjuognlcs mc mgvcrsds onlocltrdognlcs. Mc uld edlcrd präotgod y sclogjjd onlcs cj cj aglrcsujtdmn mc gltcrprctdr onlnocr.Rdrd Tuccjjn cs ul snjutn, oudj cs cj snjvcltc, y ouäj mc jdyeczojd. sc utgjgzdrnl jds sg`ugcltcs aÿreujds pdrd cj oäjoujn mc jns mgstgltns pnrocltdkcs mc doucrmn d jn ckcrogogns pjdltcdmns

Edron tcnrgon Sld sn Sld snju juog ogÿl ÿl (n mgsn mgsnju juog ogÿl ÿl)) cs uld uld eczo eczojd jd mc mns mns n eäs eäs onep onepnl nlcl cltc tcs, s, pcracotdecltc fnen`çlcd yd quc odmd onepnlcltc sc eczojd åltgedecltc onl cj ntr ntrn, n, mc enmn enmn tdj quc pgcrmcl pgcrmcl sus odrdotcrås odrdotcråstgod tgods s glmgvgmu glmgvgmudjcs djcs.. Cstn ûjtgen sg`lgago sg`l gagod d quc jns onlstgt onlstgtuyc uycltcs ltcs snl glmgstgl glmgstgl`ugh `ughjcs jcs y cj onlkul onlkultn tn sc prcsclt prcscltd d cl uld snjd adsc (sÿjgmd, jåqugmd n `ds ) hgcl mcaglgmd. Jds snjuognlcs cl snjuognlcs cl quåegod, quåegod, Cstd Cstd präot präotgod god sc rcdjgz rcdjgzd d pdrd pdrd pnmcr pnmcr gltcrp gltcrprct rctdr dr y onlnocr jds mgstgltds snjuognlcs y jns onepnlcltcs mc odmd uln mc cjjds. Rnr  ckcepjn mctcregldlm mctcregldlmn n oudj cs cj snjutn snjutn n cl quc npnrtulgmdm npnrtulgmdmcs cs cs cj snjvcltc snjvcltc qugcl tgclc jd edynr aucrzd cl jd snjuogÿl. Dmceäs dagdlzdr jns onlnogegcltns cl jd tned mc pnrocltdkcs y odltgmdmcs.

Ojdscs mc snjuognlcs

 

_njuogÿl mgjugmd

Cs oudlmn jd odltgmdm mc snjutn cs euy pcqucôd

_njuogÿl onlocltrdmd;

Cs oudlmn jd odltgmdm mc snjutn cs euy `rdlmc.

_njuogÿl sdturdmd

Cs oudlmn sc duecltÿ eäs snjutn cl ul snjvcltc d edynr tcepcrdturd mc jd lnredj (cstn cs pnrquc oudlmn yd ln sc pucm ucmc mgju mgjugr gr,, sc odjg odjgcl cltd td cj snjvcltc y sc scpdrdl sus pdrtåoujds pdrd docptdr eäs snjutn)

_njuogÿl snhrcsdturdmd

Cs oudlm dlmn tgcl gclc eäs eäs snjut jutn quc mgsnjvcltc

Slgmdmcs aåsgods mc onlocltrdogÿl Jds ulgmdmcs aåsgods mc onlocltrdogÿl cstäl cxprcsdmds cl aulogÿl mcj pcsn y mcj vnjuecl, cl anred pnrocltudj, y snl jds sg`ugcltcs; d) ]dltn ]dltn pnr ogcltn pcsn/pc pcsn/pcsn sn %R/R  5 (odltgmdm mc `rdens mc snjutn) / (422 `rdens mc snjuogÿl) h) ]dltn pnr ogcltn vnjuecl/vnjuecl %Q/Q 5 (odltgmdm mc oo mc snjutn) / (422 oo mc snjuogÿl) o) ]dltn pnr ogcltn pcsn/vnjuecl % R/Q 5 (odltgmdm mc `r mc snjutn)/ (422 oo mc snjuogÿl)

RXNOCMGEGCL]N RXÄO]GON _NJSOGNL

 

422 @

422 EJ

832 EJ

LdOj

DJ 42% R/R

DJ 3%

DJ 8E

R/Q

ED]CXGDJC_ S_DMN_ RDXD CJ ONERNLCL]C RXÄO]GON

4. Hdjÿl Hdjÿl danrd danrdmn mn mc 32Ej 32Ej 8. Hdjÿl Hdjÿl danrd danrdmn mn mc 422e 422e ?. Hdjÿl Hdjÿl danrd danrdmn mn mc 832e 832eJ J =. Qdsn Qdsn mc prco prcogpg gpgtd tdmns mns mc mc 822eJ 822eJ 3. Qdsn Qdsn mc prco prcogpg gpgtd tdmns mns mc mc 422eJ 422eJ 1. Cehumn 0. Ards Ardson on jdv jdvdm dmnr  nr  6. Rgp gpct ctd d 3eJ 3eJ 7. Rgp gpct ctd d 42 42eJ 42.Rgpctcdmnr 

 

44.Cspätujd 48.D`gtdmn 48. D`gtdmnrr mc vgmrgn 4?.Hdjdlzd 4=.Edj (sÿjgmn)?4

 

DLÄJG_G_ MC XC_SJ]DMN_;  Dldjgzdr jns rcsujtdmns rcsujtdmns nhtclgmns nhtclgmns,, fdogclmn fdogclmn nhscrvdognlc nhscrvdognlcs s mc jns mgacrcltcs mgacrcltcs pdsns Xcdjgzdmns, mc jns oäjoujns y mc onepdrdognlcs onl jns mdtns tcÿrgons.

RXC GLANXEC

]XDHDKN ONJDHNXD]GQN MC TSGEGOD @CLCXDJ L² 8

 

. RXDO]GOD L² 3 RXNRGCMDMC_ ONJG@D]GQD_

Jnrcld Rçrcz Qdjclogd 4.4?2.13?.62, c-edgj; jnrcpv602042Bfntedgj.one

@rupn OQ; 824428^807 OCDM Ghd`uç OCDM mc jd präotgod Ghd`uç

]utnr mc jdhnrdtnrgn; OC_DX @DJGOGD

Slgvcrsgmdm Ldognldj Dhgcrtd y d Mgstdlogd Ghd`uç ]njged, Lnvgcehrc mc 824?

NHKC]GQN;

Ecmgr jd tcepcrdturd mc chujjgogÿl mc ul snjvcltc y jd tcepcrdturd mc chujjgogÿl mc snjuo snjuognl gnlcs cs onl onl mgacr mgacrclt cltc c onlo onloclt cltrdo rdogÿl gÿl enjdr enjdr mc snjut snjutn9 n9 vcrga vcrgagod godlm lmn n quc quc dj dmgognldr ul snjutn d ul snjvcltc, su tcepcrdturd mc chujjgogÿl duecltd.

 

EDXON ]CNXGON Jds prnpgcmdmcs onjg`dtgvds snl dqucjjds quc cstäl euy rcjdognldmds onl cj odehgn mc ogcrtds prnpgcmdmcs aåsgods cl jns snjvcltcs oudlmn jc d`rc`dens d cstns uld odltgmdm mctcregldmd mc ul snjutn ln vnjätgj. Cspcoåagodecltc jds prnpgcmdmcs quc vdrådl snl; Rultn mc chujjgogÿl (duecltn chujjnsoÿpgon), Rultn mc onl`cjdogÿl (mcsoclsn orgnsoÿpgon), Mcsoclsn mc jd prcsgÿl mcj vdpnr y jd dpdrgogÿl mc jd Rrcsgÿl Nseÿtgod. Cstds oudtrn prnpgcmdmcs ln vdrgdrådl n ln dpdrcocrådl sg ln sc d`rc`drd cj snjutn d ul snjvcltc purn. Nhvgdecltc jds enjçoujds mcj snjutn gltcrdoognldl n gltcragcrcl cl cj lnredj envgegcltn mc jds enjçoujds mcj snjvcltc dacotdlmn scrgdecltc d cstds prnpgcmdmcs eclognldmds. Cstns odehgns sc pucmcl oudltgagodr d trdvçs mc aÿreujds. Cl cj odsn mc jds vdrgdognlcs mc jns pultns mc chujjgogÿl y mc ausgÿl jd aÿreujd aÿreujd sg`ugcltc cs jd eäs utgjgzdm utgjgzdmd. d. ∁] 5 I.e (Ih cl cj odsn mcj dsoclsn chujjnsoÿpgon y Io cl cj odsn mcj mcsoclsn orgnsoÿpgon). Jd e cxprcsd jd enjdjgmdm mc jd snjuogÿl. Xconrmdlmn hrcvcecltc cj onlocptn mc enjdjgmdm, cs jd odltgmdm mc enjcs mc snjutn pnr odmd 4222 `rdens mc snjvcltc. Jd I tgclc onen ulgmdm dj `rdmn/e n scd `rdmn ocltå`rdmn mgvgmgmn jd enjdjgmdm. Mc cstd edlcrd sc odlocjdl e onl e y qucmd cj `rdmn mc tcepcrdturd oudlmn odjoujdens dj ∁]. sc mchc dojdrdr quc cj vdjnr mc jns I mcpclmc mcj snjvcltc usdmn cl oucstgÿl. Cl jd edy edynrå nråd d mc jns prnh prnhjce jceds ds mc prnpgcmdmcs onjg`dtgvds sc usd onen snj snjvcl vcltc tc dj d`ud d`ud (snjvcltc ulgvcrsdj). Jd Ih cs 2.38 ²O/e y pdrd Io cs 4.61 4 .61 ²O/e. Mc edlcrd quc cl jns prnhjceds lns pucmcl prc`ultdr oudjqugcrd mc jds trcs pdrtcs mc jd aÿreujd. I, e n ∁]. @clcrdjecltc lns prc`ultdl ∁]. Rcrn Rcrn onl sgepjcs mcspckcs edtceätgons sc pucmc dvcrg`udr jn quc lns prc`ultcl. ]dehgçl sucjc usdrsc cl dj`ulns oursnsdvdlzdmns mc quåegod ntrd aÿreujd quc sg hgcl pdrcoc dj`n cxtclsd cs eäs präotgod sg lns mdl onen mdtns jds edsds mc snjutn y mc snjvcltc (d`ud). Ln cs eäs quc uld dmdptdogÿl d jd dltcrgnr. ∁] 5(I.`.4222)/(R.E stn . @) @ 5 edsd mc snjvcltc (d`ud). ` 5 edsd mc snjutn. I (mc chujjgogÿl n mc onl`cjdogÿl sc`ûl onrrcspnlmd).

Mcsoclsn mc jd prcsgÿl mc vdpnr ; Jd prcsgÿl mc vdpnr   mc mc ul snjvcltc onl ul snjutn ln vnjätgj (_njuogÿl), cs eclnr quc jd prcsgÿl mcj egsen snjvcltc cl cstdmn purn. Cstc suocsn tdehg tdehgçl çl sc pucmc oudltgagodr `rdog `rdogds ds d jd jcy mc Xdujt. _nstgclc quc jd prcsgÿl mc ul snjvcltc cl uld snjuogÿl d mctcregldmd tcepcrdturd cs g`udj d jd prcsgÿl mc vdpnr mcj egsen snjvcltc purn eujtgpjgodmd pnr jd ardoogÿl enjdr mc cstc snjvcltc cl jd snjuogÿl d jd egsed tcepcrdturd.

R4 5 R4² . V4 Xconrm Xco nrmcen cens s quc jd ardoog ardoogÿl ÿl enj enjdr dr mc ul one onepnl pnlclt cltc c cl uld snjuo snjuogÿl gÿl ln tg tgclc clc ulgmdm. ulgmdm. Jds prcsgnlcs, cl odehgn sc pucmcl ecmgr cl euofds ulgmdmcs, onen dteÿsacrds, egjåectrns mc

 

Ecrourgn (eeF`), cto. jn gepnrtdltc cs quc dehds prcsgnlcs cstçl cl jd egsed ulgmdm. Mc cstd anred sc odlocjdrdl sgl prnhjceds. Rrcsgÿl Nseÿtgod; Jd ÿsensgs cs ul aclÿecln quc sc nrg`gld oudlmn mns snjuognlcs mc mgstgltd onlocltrdogÿl sc pnlcl cl onltdotn d trdvçs mc uld ecehrdld scegpcrecdhjc. Mc edlcrd quc snjn pucmcl pdsdr  ogcrtds enjçoujds. Cl cstc odsn jds mc d`ud. Fdstd quc dehds snjuognlcs tcl`dl jd egsed onlocltrdogÿl. _g qucrcens gepcmgr cstc pdsdkc tclmrådens quc dpjgodr uld prcsgÿl snhrc jd snjuogÿl eäs onlocltrdmd pdrd gepcmgr quc jds enjçoujds mc d`ud pclctrcl cl cstd. Cstd prcsgÿl cs jd prcsgÿl nseÿtgod. ]dehgçl jd pnmcens odjoujdr pnr aÿreujd. ∎ 5 E.X.] ∎ cs jd prcsgÿl nseÿtgod, E cs jd enjdrgmdm mc jd snjuogÿl, X cs jd onlstdltc ulgvcrsdj mc jns `dscs, ouyn vdjnr cs mc ( 2,268 dte.jgtrn/²I.enj). y ] cs jd tcepcrdturd dhsnjutd n scd cl `rdmns Icjvgl (²I). Onl cstds ulgmdmcs cs aäogj mdrsc oucltd quc jd prcsgÿl nseÿtgod jd nhtclmrcens cl dteÿsacrds. ]dehgçl jd X jd pnmcens fdjjdr onl cj vdjnr mc (6.?4= K/I.enj). ]nmds jds anreujds cxpucstds cstäl hdsdmds cl snjutns ln gÿlgons. Oudlmn tclcens snjutns gÿlgons jd sgtudogÿl vdråd. vdråd. Jns snjutns gÿlgons sc mgsnogdl mgsnogdl cl gnlcs. Cs mcogr, mc mc uld pdrtåoujd sc `clcrdl 8 n eäs dj mgsnogdrsc. ]clgclmn cl oucltd quc jds prnpgcmdmcs onjg`dtgvds mcpclmcl mcj lûecrn lûecr n mc pdrtåoujd pdrtåoujds s mc snju snjutn, tn, ul snjut snjutn n gÿlgo gÿlgon n `clcr `clcrdrd drd vdrgds pdrtåouj pdrtåoujds ds y sc glor glorceclt cecltdrä drä cj cacotn onjg`dtgvn mc edlcrd prnpnrognldj. Jds aÿreujds cl cstns odsns odsns snl jds egseds ldmd eäs quc d`rc`dens cj adotnr g. Rnr ckcepjn; Cl cj odsn mcj ojnrurn mc snmgn (OjLd). Sld sdj quc sc mgsnogd cl d`ud. Dpdrcocräl mns gnlcs d pdrtgr mc uld enjçoujd. OjLd ↘ Oj- + Ld+ Cj vdjnr mc g cs 8 pnr dpdrcocr mns gnlcs. Mc edlcrd quc sg qugsgçrdens dvcrg`udr cj duecltn chujjnsoÿpgon cl uld snjuogÿl. Jd aÿreujd ∁] 5 Ih . e scrä ∁] 5 Ih . e . g N scd quc cj cacotn mc jd vdrgdogÿl mc jd tcepcrdturd scrä eujtgpjgodmn pnr mns. Cj mnhjc. Onl rcspcotn rcspc otn d jd egsed odltgmdm odltgmdm mc ul snjutn snjutn quc ln cs gÿlgon. Cst Cstc c egsen adotnr g sc usd cl tnmds jds mceäs aÿreujds yd cxpucstds. Jns snjutns gÿlgons snl, tnmds jd sdjcs, jns äogmns aucrtcs y jds hdscs aucrtcs onen jns fgmrÿxgmns mc odjogn, snmgn, ed`lcsgn, jgtgn, cto. ntrns onen jd `juonsd, urcd cto. snl ln gÿlgons. MG_NJSOGNL

422 EJ _DODXN_D

 

RXC GLANXEC

]XDHDKN ONJDHNXD]GQN MC TSGEGOD @CLCXDJ L² 8

. RXDO]GOD L² 1 ODXCO]GXG[DOGNL MC DOGMN_ W HD_C_. ECMGOGNLC_ MC RF

Jnrcld Rçrcz Qdjclogd 4.4?2.13?.62, c-edgj; jnrcpv602042Bfntedgj.one

@rupn OQ; 824428^807 OCDM Ghd`uç OCDM mc jd präotgod Ghd`uç

]utnr mc jdhnrdtnrgn; OC_DX @DJGOGD

Slgvcrsgmdm Ldognldj Dhgcrtd y d Mgstdlogd Ghd`uç ]njged, Lnvgcehrc mc 824?

 

Nhkctgvns; Odrdotcrgzdr jds snjuognlcs onen dogmds n häsgods utgjgzdlmn ul glmgodmnr äogmn ‟ häsgon, cstgedlmn su RF.  Dmqugrgr mcstrczds mcstrczds cl jd gltcrprctdogÿl cl jns mgacrcltcs mgacrcltcs tgpns mc äogmn-häsgon onl su rcspcotgvn RF. Glstrugrlns Glstrugrl ns cl mgacrclogdr mgacrclogdr jds snjuognlcs snjuognlcs äogmds äogmds y häsgods y dsnogdrjns dsnogdrjns onl jns jns cjcotrnjgtns aucrtcs y mçhgjcs.

Edron ]cÿrgon; Jd tcnråd mc Hrnlstcm ‟ Jnwry mcaglc jns äogmns onen jds sustdlogds quc mnldl gnlcs fgmrnlgns, F?N+ (prntnlcs) y jds hdscs onen jds sustdlogds quc rcoghcl gnlcs fgmrnlgns. fgmrnlgns. Mc cstd edlcrd, edlcrd, snjn cxgstc cj dogmn, dogmn, sg jd hdsc cstä prcscltc prcscltc y vgocvcrsd. _c`ûl jd tcnråd mc Hrnlstcm Jnwry jd coudogÿl `clcrdj pdrd uld rcdoogÿl dogmnhdsc, sc pucmc mcsorghgr dså; FD + F8N  

Dogmn G

Hdsc GG

5

F?N+ + D Dogmn GG

Hdsc G

Cl cstd coudogÿl D- cs jd hdsc onlku`dmd mc FD. Rnr ntrn jdmn F? N+ cs cj dogmn onlku`dmn mc F8N.

Jns äogmns y hdscs sc ojdsgagodl cl aucrtcs y mçhgjcs. Jns äogmns y hdscs aucrtcs snl dqucjjds sustdlogds quc sc mgsnogdl (gnlgzdl) tntdjecltc. Rdrd jns äogmns aucrtcs, jd onlocltrdogÿl mc gnlcs fgmrnlgns cs euy `rdlmc. Jns äogmns y hdscs mçhgjcs snl jds sustdlogds quc cl snjuognlcs dounsds sc mgsnogdl (gnlgzdl) (gnlgzdl) pdrogdjecltc. Rdrd jns äogmns mçhgjcs jd onlocltrdogÿl onlocltrdogÿl mc gnlcs fgmrnlgns (F?N+) cs euy pcqucôd. Sl dogmn mc Hrnlstcm ‟ Jnwry mnldrd gnlcs fgmrnlgns (F?N+) d oudjqugcr hdsc ouyn dogmn onlku`dmn scd eäs mçhgj quc cj dogmn mnldltc. _c mcaglc cj pF onen cj jn`drgten mcogedj lc`dtgvn mc jd onlocltrdogÿl mc jns gnlcs fgmrnlgns.

 

RF 5 -jn` (F?N+) Jds snjuognlcs dounsds dounsds mc jns äogmns tgclcl ul RF:0 y jds snjuognlcs häsgods ul RF