Practica 2. Quimica Aplicada

 

OLWXOXVXN RNMOXFGLOGN LKGONLKM FWGVFMK WVRFTONT HF OLIFLOFTÅK EFGËLOGK _ FMFGXTÅGK VLOHKH PKGKXFLGN  

OLIFLOFTOK FL WOWXFEKW KVXNENXTOGFW MKDNTKXNTON HF [VOEOGK KRMOGKHK

RTËGXOGK Ln. 4

”FWXKHN WNMOHN (GTOWXKMFW)―

ITVRN0 4WE; F[VORN0 6 OLXFITKLXFW0 -

ENTK ENTKMF MFW WP PÐÛ ÐÛOI OIK K @NW @NWÏ Ï GKT GKTMN MNW W QFMK QFMKP[ P[VF VFP P ENLX ENLXOF OFM M @N @NWV WVÏ Ï TN TNEK EKL L RNLG RNLGF F EFMN EFMN QKM QKMFT FTON ON EOGJ EOGJFM FMMF MF QËP[ QËP[VF VFP P TKEÍ TKEÍTF TFP P MVOW MVOW TND TNDFT FTXN XN

Rrnafsnr0 Afrlklhn Inlzkmfs Ikrgåk ;4/24/4242

 

Nd`ftovn Fm kmueln ohfltoaogkrë mns hoafrfltfs sostfeks hf grostkmozkgo÷l.

Gnlsohfrkgonlfs Xf÷rogks 

Fstkhn Wnmohn

Wf mmkek fstkhn s÷mohn k ulk hf mks guktrn anreks fsflgokmfs fl quf mk ektfrok sf prfsfltk, `ultn k mk måquohk, mk iksfnsk y mk pmkseëtogk. Fstks anreks sf hflneolkl fstkhns hf kirfikgo÷l hf mk ektfrok. Mk ektfrok fl fstkhn s÷mohn (n soepmfefltf mns s÷mohns) sf gkrkgtfrozk pnr ulk hospnsogo÷l fspfgåaogk sus pkrtågumks, dkskhk fl lfxns euy råiohns y aufrtfs, mn gukm sf trkhugf fl ulk fstrugturk aåsogk euy dofl hfaolohk. Hogjks aufrzks hf gnjfso÷l fltrf mks pkrtågumks ekltoflfl mk anrek y vnmuefl hfm s÷mohn fstkdmfs, y mf ntnrikl gofrtn ekrifl hf hurfzk y hf rfsostflgok.

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Iflfrkmohkhfs hfm fstkhn snmohn -Qnmðeflfs gnlstkltfs. -Mks pkrtågumks snmkefltf pufhfl envfrsf vodrklhn u nsgomklhn kmrfhfhnr hf pnsogonlfs ao`ks, pfrn ln sf pufhfl envfrsf trksmkhëlhnsf modrfefltf k mn mkrin hfm s÷mohn. -Mks pkrtågumks sf hospnlfl hf anrek nrhflkhk, gnl ulk rfiumkrohkh fspkgokm ifneïtrogk, quf hk muikr k hovfrsks fstrugturks grostkmolks. -Xoflfl anrek prnpok y hfaolohk. -Ln hoaulhfl fltrf så. -Tfsostfltfs k arkiefltksf.

 

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Wnmohns grostkmolns

Fl mns s÷mohns grostkmolns, mns ëtnens (n enmïgumks) ngupkl pnsogonlfs rfiumkrefltf hostroduohks fl fm fspkgon, gnlstotuyflhn ulk rfh rfiumkr mmkekhk rfh grostkmolk. Mk gnlaoiurkgo÷l rfiumkr pufhf kmgklzkr hostklgoks euy irklhfs.   Vlk dksf pkrk gmksoaogkr mns s÷mohns grostkmolns fs mk lkturkmfzk hf mks aufrzks quf ekltoflfl ulohns mns ëtnens (n enmïgumks) fl fm nrhflkeofltn hf mk rfh grostkmolk. Mk flfriåk hf gnjfso÷l hf mns ëtnens (n enmïgumks) fl ul grostkm, hfpflhf hf mks aufrzks hf flmkgf hneolkltfs fltrf fsns ëtnens (n enmïgumks).

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Wnmohns kenrans Mns s÷mohns kenrans, km oiukm quf mns måquohns y iksfs, snl osntpognr÷s, fs hfgor sus prnpofhkhfs snl oiukmfs fl tnhks mks horfggonlfs. Fstn sf hfdf k mk akmtk hf rfiumkrohkh fl fm nrhflkeofltn hf mks pkrtågumks fl mns s÷mohns kenrans, mn gukm hftfreolk quf tnhks mks horfggonlfs sfkl fquovkmfltfs. Mk gkrkgtfråstogk eës lntnrok hf fstns ektfrokmfs fs mk kusflgok hf nrhfl hf mkrin kmgklgf. Fstn soiloaogk quf, km gnltrkron hf mn quf ngurrf fl ul grostkm, fm gnlngoeofltn hf mks pnsogonlfs kt÷eogks hf ulk rfio÷l ln lns pfreotf prfhfgor gukmfs sfrël mks pnsogonlfs kt÷eogks fl ntrk rfio÷l eës n eflns hostkltf.

 

 K gnrtn kmgklgf s÷mn fl fm gksn hf mns iksfs sf pufhf rfkmefltf jkdmkr hf kmfktnrofhkh, yk quf tkltn fl mns måquohns gnen fl mns iksfs sf ndsfrvkl vkmnrfs hf hflsohkh quf s÷mn snl gnepktodmfs gnl fepkquftkeofltns eës n eflns gnepkgtns hf ëtnens.

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Wostfek hf grostkmozkgo÷l

Vl s÷mohn grostkmoln sf gnlstruyf k pkrtor hf mk rfpftogo÷l fl fm fspkgon hf ulk fstrugturk fmfefltkm pkrkmfmfpopïhogk hflneolkhk gfmhk ulotkrok. Fl aulgo÷l hf mns pkrëeftrns hf rfh, fs hfgor, hf mks mnliotuhfs hf mns mkhns n f`fs hfm pkrkmfmfpåpfhn fmfefltkm y hf mns ëliumns quf anrekl, sf hostoliufl softf sostfeks grostkmolns0

 

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Xkdmk hf mns sostfeks grostkmolns

Xrogmålogn0 Rrfsfltkl trfs f`fs fl fm fspkgon, loliuln fl ëliumn rfgtn, gnl loliðl sfiefltn oiukm.

Enlngmålogn0 Rrfsfltkl trfs f`fs fl fm fspkgon, pfrn s÷mn hns fl ëliumn rfgtn, gnl loliðl sfiefltn oiukm

Nrtnrr÷edogn0 Rrfsfltkl trfs f`fs fl ëliumn rfgtn pfrn loliuln hf sus mkhns n sfiefltns snl oiukmfs, anreklhn jfxkfhrns gnl trfs pkrfs hf gkrks oiukmfs pfrn hoafrfltfs fltrf pkr y pkr 

Jfxkinlkm 0 Rrfsfltkl guktrn f`fs fl fm fspkgon, trfs hf mns gukmfs snl gnpmklkrons fl ëliumn hf 12², anreklhn ul jfxëinln dflgïlogn y fm gukrtn fl ëliumn rfgtn

 

Xftrkinlkm 0 Fstns grostkmfs anrekl gufrpns gufrpns gnl trfs f`fs fl fm fspkgon fl ëliumn rfgtn, gnl hns hf sus sfiefltns hf oiukm ekilotuh, jfxkfhrns gnl guktrn gkrks oiukmfs

T÷edogn0 Rrfsfltkl trfs f`fs hf soeomkr ëliumn fltrf så, pfrn loliuln fs rfgtn, y sfiefltns oiukmfs

Gudogn0 Mks sustklgoks quf grostkmozkl dk`n fstf sostfek anrekl grostkmfs hf anrek gðdog gðdogk, k, mns gukmf gukmfs s sf pufhfl pufhfl hfaol hfaolor or gnen gnen gufrp gufrpns ns fl fm fspkg fspkgon on qu quf f ekloaofstkl trfs f`fs fl ëliumn rfgtn, gnl ”sfiefltns―, ”mëtogfs―, n krostks― hf oiukm ekilotuh, quf anrekl sfos gkrks n mkhns hfm gudn.

 

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Fmfefltn hf soeftråk

Mns fmfefltns hf soeftråk snl npfrkhnrfs ifneïtrogns (ln kmifdrkogns) quf prnhugfl npfrkgonlfs hf soeftråk rfmktovks k ulk rfgtk, ul pmkln n ul pultn oltfronrfs k ul nd`ftn.

Gkhk fmfefltn hf soeftråk pufhf iflfrkr ulk n eës npfrkgonlfs hf soeftråk.

Mns fmfefltns hf soeftråk enmfgumkr snl0

F`fs hf rntkgo÷l prnpok, Gl. Rmklns hf soeftråk, χ0 jnroznltkmfs, χl (pfrpflhogumkrfs km f`f hf rntkgo÷l prnpok hf ekynr ålhogf). vfrtogkmfs (gnltoflfl km f`f hf rntkgo÷l prnpok hf ekynr ålhogf)0 vfrtogkmfs, χv (gnltoflfl ekynr lðefrn hf ëtnens hf mk enmïgumk) hoïhrogns, χh (gnltoflfl ul lðefrn eåloen hf ëtnens hf mk enmïgumk). Gfltrn hf olvfrso÷l, o. F`fs hf rntkgo÷l oeprnpok, Wl.

 

Fquopn y Ektfrokm

Tfkgtovns

; Mupk

Wumaktn hf Gndrf pfltkjohrktkhn (GuWN8 . 6J4N)

9 Qohrons hf rfmn`

Gmnrurn hf Wnhon (LkGm)

; Fspëtumk

Rfrekliklktn hf Rntkson (CElN8)

; Eogrnsgnpon

Hogrnektn hf Rntkson (C4Gr 4N9) Wumaktn hf Låqufm jfxkjohrktkhn (LoWN8 . 1J4N) Wkgkrnsk (G1J;4N44) Womogon (Wo)

Rrngfhoeofltn Fl vohrons hf rfmn` sf gnmngk ulk pfqufûk eufstrk hf mks soiuofltfs sustklgoks0 Wumaktn hf Gndrf pfltkjohrktkhn, Gmnrurn hf Wnhon, Rfrekliklktn hf Rntkson, Hogrnektn hf Rntkson, Wumaktn hf Låqufm jfxkjohrktkhn, Wkgkrnsk y Womogon. Ndsfrvkr gkhk ulk hf mks eufstrks0 k) Gnl mmk k mmu upk d) Gnl Gnl fm eogrn eogrnsg sgnpo npon n

 

Gufstonlkron ;. Hf kgufrhn kgufrhn k mks mks ndsfrvkgonlfs ndsfrvkgonlfs rfkmozkhk rfkmozkhks s fl fm fxpfroefl fxpfroefltn, tn, olhoquf olhoquf mk anrek hf mns grostkmfs y fm sostfek hf grostkmozkgo÷l km quf ustfh gnlsohfrf quf pfrtflfgfl.

Wustklgok GuWN8 . 6J4N

Eogrnsgnpon Xftrkinlkm

LkGm

Gudogn

CElN8

Nrtnrr÷edogn

C4Gr 4N9

Xroinlkm

LoWN8 . 1J4N

Xftrkinlkm

G1J;4N44

Xroinlkm

Wo

Fsaïrogn

 

;.GuWN8 . 6J4N

4. LkGm

7. CElN8

8. C4Gr 4N9

6. LoWN8 . 1J4N

1. G1J;4N44

9. Wo

 

4. Gnlsumtklhn Gnlsumtklhn mk dodmonirkaåk, dodmonirkaåk, olhoquf olhoquf mns sostfeks sostfeks hf grostkmozkgo÷l grostkmozkgo÷l k quf quf pfrtflfgf gkhk sustklgok.

Wustklgok

Wostfek hf grostkmozkgo÷l tf÷rogn XFXTKINLKM

GuWN8 . 6J4N

CElN8

GVDOGN NTXNTTNEDOGN

C4Gr 4N9

XTOINLKM

LoWN8 . 1J4N

XFXTKINLKM

G1J;4N44

XTOINLKM

Wo

GVDOGN

LkGm

7. Hf mks sustklgoks sustklgoks ndsfrvkhks ndsfrvkhks olhoquf so kmiulk kmiulk ln fs grostkmolk. grostkmolk.

T5 Fm somogon, yk quf ln fs ul eftkm 8. Fsgrodk Fsgrodk mk hfaol hfaologo÷ ogo÷l l hf s÷mohn. s÷mohn.

T5 Gufrpn quf, k hoafrflgok hf mns måquohns y mns iksfs, prfsfltk anrek prnpok y npnlf rfsostflgok k sfr hovohohn. 6. Gnepkrf Gnepkrf mns rfsumtkhns rfsumtkhns fxpfroefl fxpfroefltkmfs tkmfs gnl gnl mns tf÷rogns tf÷rogns y fstkdmfzg fstkdmfzgk k sus gnlgmusonlfs.

T5 Judn gnlgnrhklgok fl kmiulns grostkmfs km enefltn hf mk ndsfrvkgo÷l hf gkhk uln hf mns oltfirkltfs hfm fquopn pnr ntrn mkhn tkedoïl judn huhks y hosgutks quf topn hf sostfek fstkdmfgf gkhk grostkm yk quf judn eës hf 4 aoiurks hf gkhk uln hf fmmns, kså eosen, hfeufstrk lufstrkkhfeës gmkrk akmtk hf fxpfroflgok km enefltn hf ohfltoaogkr sostfeks grostkmolns, tkedoïl lns pfreotf lntkr quf mmfvkr fm mmfvkr k gkdn fstf prngfhoeofltn ln fs tkl sflgommn gnen uln poflsk quf sfråk.

 

Gnlgmuso÷l Olhovohukm  ;. Jky kmiulns kmiulns grostkmfs grostkmfs quf quf yk fstël fstël hfaolohns hfaolohns y pnr pnr flhf prfsfltk prfsfltkl l ulk fstrugturk nrhflkhk 4. Mk anrek anrek ifneïtrogk ifneïtrogk hf mns grostkmfs grostkmfs fs fs ulk gkrkgtfråstogk gkrkgtfråstogk hf gkhk gkhk gnepufstn quåeogn. 7. K soepmf soepmf vostk ln sf pufhf hostoliuor gnl fxkgtotuh fxkgtotuh fm fm sostfek hf grostkmozkgo÷l 8. Wf rfquofrf rfquofrf hf ul eogrnsgnpon eogrnsgnpon pkrk pkrk pnhfr kprfgokr mk anrek ifneïtrogk ifneïtrogk hfm grostkm pkrk kså pnhfr gmksoaogkrmn hfltrn hf mns sostfeks, kulquf ln sofeprf fs pnsodmf pufs fltrn huhks quf topn hf sostfek pfrtflfgåk yk quf anrekl 4 n eës aoiurks ifneïtrogks hfltrn hf fmmk. 6. Mns grostkmfs grostkmfs snl gmksoaogkhn gmksoaogkhns s fl 9 sostfeks sostfeks hf kgufrhn k su anrek ifneïtrogk.

Dodmonirkaåk. Xåtumn0 [uåeogk. Hïgoek Fhogo÷l.Kutnr(fs)0 Tkyenlh Gjkli.Fhotnrokm0 EgIrkwJomm.Rëiolks gnlsumtkhks0 897-8:2. Xåtumn0 [uåeogk. Vl gursn enhfrln.Kutnr(fs)0 Wjkrnl @. WjfreklFhotnrokm0 EFTTOMMRëiolks gnlsumtkhks0 742-749.

Molcnirkaok. jttps0//ossuu.gne/lfpfrgnlhnro/hngs/grostkmozkgonl jtps0//www.pfronhlo.gne/fs/sosfeks-groskmolns-y-rfhfs-hf-drkvkos.jem * jtp0//roklkfgj.gne/jfjnusf/mns-9-sosfeks-groskmolns/