Practica 10dq-1

 

RG@VB[_@NCN GCO@MGCD CR^ßGMLC NB LÀX@OM FCORD^CN NB B_^RN@M_ _RYB[@M[B_ ORCR^@^DÃG LC^B[@CD NB CYMPM (BG [BV@_@ßG) YC[C DCKM[C^M[@M SFK [mnr`em Emgzãdbz Ocstcóbnc LBN@O@ßG BXYB[@LBG^CD NBD 39 NS Dc ocgt`ncn nb duz cksmrk`nc pmr ugc lubstrc bg fugo`ÿg nb dc dmge`tun nb mgnc sb omgmob omlm su bspbotrm nb cksmro`ÿg. Bd bspbotrm nb cksmro`ÿg bg bd v`s`kdb nb ugc lubstrc l ubstrc trcgspcrbgtb sb pubnb nbtbrl`gcr omlm sb lubstrc bg dc f`eurc s`eu`bgtb.

Bd bstun`m nb dms omdmrbs y dcs prmp`bncnbs lcegàt`ocs nb dms omlpdbams nb lbtcdbs nb trcgs`o`ÿg hc nbsblpbócnm ug `lpmrtcgtb pcpbd bg bd nbscrrmddm nb lmnbdms lmnbrgms nb dms bgdcobs lbtcd-d`ecgnm. Bg ebgbrcd, bd omdmr nb ug omlpdbam nbpbgnb nbd lbtcd bspboìf`om, su bstcnm nb mx`nco`ÿg y dms d`ecgtbs ug`nms cd lbtcd. Ymr dm ebgbrcd, dc prbsbgo`c nb ugc sukocpc n pcro`cdlbgtb ddbgc bg bd lbtcd bs gbobscr`c pcrc qub ug omlpdbam lubstrb omdmr.

Ocs` tmnms dms `mgbs nb lbtcdbs nb trcgs`o`ÿg t`bgbg ugc sukocpc n pcro`cdlbgtb ddbgc. Ymr bablpdm, bd ZOu(H;M)>\ ;+ y bd ZOu(GH?)>\ ;+ omgt`bgbg Ou;+, qub t`bgb ugc omgf`eurco`ÿg bdbotrÿg`oc bdbotrÿg`oc ZCr\?n 0 . Dms `mgbs qub t`bgbg sukocpcs n tmtcdlbgtb vco`cs (omlm bd Cd?+ y ^`>+) m sukocpcs n omlpdbtclbgtb ddbgcs (omlm bd Qg ;+, ?n 39) smg pmr dm ebgbrcd `gomdmrms. Ycrc qub ug omlpubstm tbgec omdmr, nbkb cksmrkbr duz v`s`kdb. Dc duz v`s`kdb sb omlpmgb nb rcn`co`ÿg r cn`co`ÿg bdbotrmlcegàt`oc bdbotrmlcegàt`oc omg dmge`tunbs nb mgnc qub vcg nbsnb cprmx`lcnclbgtb >99 gl hcstc 599 gl Dc duz kdcgoc omgt`bgb tmncs dcs dmge`tunbs nb mgnc nb bstc rbe`ÿg v`s`kdb. Bstc duz sb pubnb n`spbrscr bg ug bspbotrm nb omdmrbs, ocnc ugm nb dms oucdbs t`bgb ugc eclc ocrcotbrìst`oc nb dmge`tunbs nb mgnc.

 

Dc bgbreìc nb àstc m nb oucdqu`br mtrc rcn`co`ÿg bdbotrmlcegàt`oc bs `gvbrsclbgtb prmpmro`mgcd c su dmge`tun nb mgnc

B < hv < h(o/κ)  Rg omlpubstm cksmrkb rcn`co`ÿg v`s`kdb oucgnm bsc rcn`co`ÿg pmsbb dc bgbreìc qub sb gbobs`tc pcrc ddbvcr ug bdbotrÿg nb su bstcnm nb lãs kcac bgbreìc, m bstcnm kcscd, c o`brtm bstcnm bxo`tcnm Ymr tcgtm, dcs bgbreìcs bspboìf`ocs nb dc rcn`co`ÿg qub ugc sustcgo`c cksmrkb nbtbrl`gcg dms omdmrbs qub dc l`slc bxh`kb. Oucgnm ugc lubstrc cksmrkb duz v`s`kdb, bd omdmr qub pbro`k`lms bs dc sulc nb dms omdmrbs rbstcgtbs qub smg rbfdbacnms m trcgsl`t`nms pmr ug mkabtm y qub ddbecg c gubstrms mams. Rg mkabtm mpcom rbfdbac dc duz, bg tcgtm qub ugm trcgspcrbgtb dc trcgsl`tb. _` ug mkabtm cksmrkb tmncs dcs dmge`tunbs nb mgnc nb dc duz v`s`kdb, g`geugc nb bddcs ddbec c gubstrms mams nbsnb bsb mkabtm, bd oucd, bg omgsboubgo`c, sb vb gberm. _` gm cksmrkb duz v`s`kdb, bd mkabtm bs kdcgom m `gomdmrm: s` cksmrkb tmnc dc duz bxobptm dc gcrcgac, bd lctbr`cd sb vb nb omdmr gcrcgac. _`g blkcrem, tclk`àg pbro`k`lms ug omdmr gcrcgac oucgnm ddbec c gubstrms mams duz v`s`kdb nb tmnms dms omdmrbs bxobptm bd czud.

Bd gcrcgac y bd czud smg omdmrbs omlpdblbgtcr`ms. Csì pubs, ug mkabtm t`bgb ug omdmr bspboìf`om bspboìf`om pmr ugc nb nms rczmgbs1 (3) rbfdbac m trcgsl`tb duz nb bsb omdmr: (;) cksmrkb duz nbd omdmr omlpdblbgtcr`m. Dms omdmrbs omlpdblbgtcr`ms sb pubnbg nbtbrl`gcr uscgnm ugc rubnc ormlãt`oc nb p`gtmr. Dc rubnc lubstrc dms omdmrbs nbd bspbotrm v`s`kdb, nbd rmam cd v`mdbtc. Dms omdmrbs omlpdblbgtcr`ms, omlm bd gcrcgac y bd czud, cpcrbobg omlm ouócs mpubstcs ugc c mtrc mtr c bg dc rubnc.

 

_ckblms qub dc bgbreìc edmkcd nbd `mg lbtãd`om lãs dms d`ecgnms bs lãs kcac (lãs bstckdb) oucgnm dms d`ecgnms smg ctrcìnms hco`c bd obgtrm lbtãd`om. Cd l`slm t`blpm, s`g blkcrem, bx`stb ugc `gtbrcoo`ÿg nb rbpuds`ÿg bgtrb dms bdbotrmgbs lãs bxtbrgms nbd lbtcd y dcs ocrecs gbect`vcs nb dms d`ecgnms. Bstc `gtbrcoo`ÿg sb omgmob omlm oclpm or`stcd`gm. Bd oclpm or`stcd`gm ocusc qub dc bgbreìc nb dms bdbotrmgbs n nbd `mg lbtãd`om culbgtb. _`g blkcrem, gm tmnms dms mrk`tcdbs n nbd `mg lbtãd`om sb omlpmrtcg nb dc l`slc lcgbrc kcam dc `gfdubgo`c nbd oclpm or`stcd`gm. Rg rcsem ocrcotbrìst`om bs bd hbohm nb qub dms mrk`tcdbs n nbd `mg lbtãd`om gm t`bgbg tmnms dc l`slc bgbreìc. Ycrc bgtbgnbr dc rczÿg, nbkblms omgs`nbrcr dc fmrlc nb dms mrk`tcdbs n csì omlm dc mr`bgtco`ÿg nb sus dÿkudms bg rbdco`ÿg omg dms d`ecgnms. Bg bd `mg lbtãd`om c`sdcnm, dms o`gom mrk`tcdbs n t`bgbg dc l`slc bgbreìc. _`g blkcrem, dms mrk`tcdbs nz ; y nx ; -y ; t`bgbg dÿkudms mr`bgtcnms c dm dcrem nb dms babs x, y y z qub cpugtcg hco`c dms d`ecgnms qub sb cprmx`lcg, bg tcgtm qub dms mrk`tcdbs nxy,nyz y nxz, t`bgbg dÿkudms mr`bgtcnms bgtrb dms babs c dm dcrem nb dms oucdbs dms d`ecgnms sb cprmx`lcg. Ymr omgs`eu`bgtb, dms bdbotrmgbs nb dms mrk`tcdbs nx ; -y ; y nz ; bxpbr`lbgtcg rbpuds`mgbs lãs fubrtbs qub dms nb dms mrk`tcdbs mr k`tcdbs y nyz. Bg omgsboubgo`c sb prmnuob ugc sbpcrco`ÿg m nbsnmkdcl`bgtm nb bgbreìc bgtrb dms trbs mrk`tcdbs n nb lãs l ãs kcac bgbreìc y dms nms nb lãs cdtc bgbreìc. Chmrc omgobgtrcrblms gubstrc ctbgo`ÿg bg bstb nbsnmkdcl`bgtm nb dc bgbreìc nb dms mrk`tcdbs n pmr bfbotm nbd oclpm or`stcd`gm, rbprbsbgtcnm bg dc s`eu`bgtb f`eurc.

Mksbrvb qub dc n`fbrbgo`c nb bgbreìc bgtrb dms nms omgaugtms nb mrk`tcdbs n bstã `gn`ocnc omlm N. (Dc n`fbrbgo`c nb bgbreìc, N, sb nbsor`kb c vbobs omlm dc bgbreìc nb nbsnmkdcl`bgtm nb oclpm or`stcd`gm.) Bxcl`gblms chmrc oÿlm bd lmnbdm nbd oclpm or`stcd`gm bxpd`oc dms omdmrbs qub sb mksbrvcg bg dms omlpdbams nb lbtcdbs nb trcgs`o`ÿg. Dc n`fbrbgo`c nb bgbreìc bgtrb dms mrk`tcdbs n, rbprbsbgtcnc pmr N, bs nbd l`slm mrnbg nb lceg`tun qub dc bgbreìc nb ug fmtÿg nb duz v`s`kdb. Ymr tcgtm, ug omlpdbam nb lbtcd nb trcgs`o`ÿg pubnb cksmrkbr duz v`s`kdb, dc oucd bxo`tc c ug bdbotrÿg nb dms mrk`tcdbs n nb lãs kcac bgbreìc hco`c dms nb lãs cdtc bgbreìc. Bd `mg Z^`(H;M)6\ ?+ prmpmro`mgc ug bablpdm sbgo`ddm pmrqub bd t`tcg`m(@@@) t`bgb sÿdm ug bdbotrÿg ?n. Bd Z^`(H;M)6\ ?+ t`bgb ug smdm lãx`lm nb cksmro`ÿg bg dc rbe`ÿg v`s`kdb nbd bspbotrm. Bstb lãx`lm omrrbspmgnb c 239 gl (;?2 jA/lmd). Dc duz nb bstc dmge`tun nb mgnc ocusc qub bd bdbotrÿg n pcsb nbd omgaugtm nb mrk`tcdbs n nb lãs kcac bgbreìc cd omgaugtm nb lãs cdtc bgbreìc. Dc cksmro`ÿg nb rcn`co`ÿg nb 239 gl qub prmnuob bstc trcgs`o`ÿg hcob qub dcs sustcgo`cs qub omgt`bgb g bd `mg Z^`(H;M) 6\ ?+ sbcg nb omdmr pñrpurc.

Dc lceg`tun nb dc n`fbrbgo`c nb bgbreìc, N, y bg omgsboubgo`c bd omdmr nb ug omlpdbam nbpbgnbg tcgtm nbd lbtcd omlm nb dms d`ecgtbs qub dm rmnbcg. Ymr bablpdm, bd ZFb(H;M)6\ ?- bs nb omdmr v`mdbtc odcrm, bd ZOr(H;M) 6\ ?+ bs v`mdbtc y bd ZOr(GH?)6\ ?+ bs clcr`ddm. clcr `ddm. Dms d`ecgtbs sb pubnbg mrnbgcr sbeñg su ocpco`ncn pcrc culbgtcr dc n`fbrbgo`c nb bgbreìc, N. Dc qub s`eub bs ugc d`stc ckrbv`cnc nb d`ecgtbs omlugbs n`spubstms bg mrnbg nb N orbo`bgtb, Bstc d`stc sb omgmob omlm sbr`b bspbotrmqu`l`oc. O4H;M4GH?4bg4OG- 

 

Dms d`ecgnms qub bstãg bg bd bxtrblm `zqu`brnm nb dc sbr`b bspbotrmqu`l`oc bspbotrmqu`l`oc sb nbgml`gcg d`ecgnms nb oclpm nàk`d: dms nbd bxtrblm cdtm sb omgmobg omlm d`ecgnms nb oclpm fubrtb. Dc f`eurc s`eu`bgtb lubstrc nb lcgbrc bsqublãt`oc dm qub suobnb cd nbsnmkdcl`bgtm nb oclpm or`stcd`gm oucgnm sb oclk`c bd d`ecgnm bg ugc sbr`b nb omlpdbams nb ormlm(@@@).

Hcy qub rbomrncr qub oucgnm ug lbtcd nb trcgs`o`ÿg sb `mg`zc, dms bdbotrmgbs nb vcdbgo`c s sb bxtrcbg bg pr`lbr tàrl`gm. Ymr tcgtm, dc omgf`eurco`ÿg bdbotrÿg`oc bxtbrgc nbd ormlm bs ZCr\?n2 >s3 : dc nbd Or ?+ bs ZCr\?n? . Mksbrvb qub c lbn`nc qub culbgtc bd oclpm qub babrobg dms sb`s d`ecgnms o`rougncgtbs, tclk`àg culbgtc bd nbsnmkdcl`bgtm nb dms mrk`tcdbs n nbd lbtcd. Yubstm qub bd bspbotrm nb cksmro`ÿg bstã rbdco`mgcnm omg bstc sbpcrco`ÿg nb bgbreìc, bstms omlpdbams smg nb n`st`gtms omdmrbs.

Rg omgtbm nb bdbotrmgbs bg bd omkcdtm(@@@) gms n`ob qub tbgblms t bgblms sb`s bdbotrmgbs pmr omdmocr bg dms mrk`tcdbs ?n.

@lce`gblms qub cn`o`mgclms bstms bdbotrmgbs ugm pmr ugm c dms mrk`tcdbs n nbd `mg OmF6 ?- . Dms pr`lbrms trbs moupcg dms mrk`tcdbs nb lãs kcac bgbreìc omg bsp`gbs pcrcdbdms. Bd oucrtm bdbotrÿg pmnrìc moupcr ug mrk`tcd nb lãs kcac bgbreìc cpcrbãgnmsb omg ugm nb dms qub yc y c bstãg prbsbgtbs. Bstm ncrìc pmr rbsudtcnm ugc ecgcgo`c nb bgbreìc nb N bg omlpcrco`ÿg omg su omdmoco`ÿg bg ugm nb dms mrk`tcdbs nb lãs cdtc bgbreìc. _`g blkcrem, bstm omstcrìc ugc ocgt`ncn nb bgbreìc `eucd c dc bgbreìc nb cpcrbcl`bgtm nb bsp`gbs. Yubstm qub bd F bs ug d`ecgnm nb oclpm nàk`d, N bs pbqubóc y dc n`spms`o`ÿg lãs bstckdb bs cqubddc bg dc oucd bd bdbotrÿg sb omdmoc bg bd mrk`tcd nb bgbreìc lcymr. Nb lcgbrc s`l`dcr, bd qu`gtm bdbotrÿg qub cerbeclms moupc ug mrk`tcd nb lãs cdtc bgbreìc.

 

Mksbrvb v`nbms rbdco`mgcnms1 (R[D nb ymutukb)

https1//ymutu.kb/0GzB[EvGo2P  https1//ymutu.kb/0GzB[EvGo2P  3?.; Bffbot mf d`ecgns mg spd`tt`ge mf n-mrk`tcds `g trcgs`t`mg lbtcd omlpdbxbs ZHD @K Ohbl`stry\   —  

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https1//ymutu.kb/pQBaV[qb-G> https1//ymutu.kb/pQBaV[qb-G>   ;8. Orystcd f`bdn thbmry    —  

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https1//ymutu.kb/cckxwbl`u2s  Omdmurs mf Ommrn`gct`mg https1//ymutu.kb/cckxwbl`u2s  Ommrn`gct`mg Omlpmugns cgn Fcotmrs Cffbot`ge 39Nq   —  

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Omg tmnms dms mrk`tcdbs moupcnms pmr cd lbgms ug bdbotrÿg, bd sbxtm sb nbkb cpcrbcr y moupc ug mrk`tcd nb lãs kcac bgbreìc. Bg bd ocsm nbd omlpdbam ZOm(OG)6\ ?- , bd nbsnmkdcl`bgtm nb oclpm or`stcd`gm bs luohm lcymr. Dc bgbreìc nb cpcrbcl`bgtm nb bsp`gbs bs lbgmr qub N, nb lmnm qub dms bdbotrmgbs sb cpcrbcg bg dms mrk`tcdbs nb lãs kcac bgbreìc. Bd omlpdbam ZOmF6\ ?- sb nbsor`kb omlm ug omlpdbam nb bspìg cdtm: bs nbo`r, dms bdbotrmgbs bstãg n`spubstms nb lcgbrc qub pubncg pbrlcgbobr gm cpcrbcnms hcstc nmgnb sbc pms`kdb. Ymr mtrc mt rc pcrtb, bd `mg ZOm(OG)6\ ?- sb nbsor`kb omlm ug omlpdbam nb bspìg kcam. Bstcs nms n`spms`o`mgbs bdbotrÿg`ocs n`st`gtcs sb pubnbg n`st`geu`r fão`dlbgtb s` sb l`nbg dcs prmp`bncnbs lcegàt`ocs nbd omlpdbam, omlm yc sb hc nbsor`tm. Bd bspbotrm nb cksmro`ÿg tclk`àg lubstrc rcsems ocrcotbrìst`oms qub `gn`ocg dc n`spms`o`ÿg nb dms bdbotrmgbs.