Pract 4 Desorcion

 

Y@BNLKLJHBL NMBHLNMK I@ E@WHBL HNRYHYPYL Y@BNLKLJHBL I@ LMWMBM I@SMQYME@NYL I@ HNJ@NH@QHM ]PHEHBM X AHL]PHEHBM

KMALQMYLQHL HNY@JQMK HHH SQMBYHBM #9 I@RLQBHLN

SQLD@RLQ? E. B. ÍNJ@K JHKIMQIL BMRYMÝ@IM KÒS@_ MKPENL? AMQQMNBL YLK@IL OPKHL BÈRMQ 

 

Blnt`nhil LAO@YHTL......................................................................................................................................1 HNYQLIPBBHÒN...........................................................................................................................1 EMQBL Y@LQHBL........................................................................................................................1 @]PHSL X EMY@QHMK PYHKH_MIL...........................................................................................0 SQLB@IHEH@NYL.........................................................................................................................4 Q@RPKYMILR LAY@NHILR........................................................................................................7 BÍKBPKLR....................................................................................................................................8 BLNBKPRHÒN..............................................................................................................................1= AHAKHLJQMDHM...........................................................................................................................12

 

LAO@YHTL

 Mpkhbmr kls blnlbheh`ntls `n `k prlb`sl i` maslrbhòn `n nm tlrr` `epmbmim pmrm r`mkhzmr km i`slrbhòn i` melnhmbl i` un shst`em mjum-melnhmbl m amom blnb`ntrmbhòn.

HNYQLIPBBHÒN Eubgls emt`rh Eubgls emt`rhmk` mk`ss uthkhz uthkhzmil milss `n km hni hniust ustrhm rhm quåehb quåehbm m s` `nb `nbu`nt u`ntrmn rmn `n dlr dlrem em i` e`zbkms `n dms` jms`lsm, khquhim l sòkhim. Psumke`nt` s` pln`n `n blntmbtl dms`s i` ihd`r`n ihd`r`nt` t` nmturm nmturmk`zm k`zm pmr pmrm m s`pmrmr s`pmrmr unl i` kls ble blepln pln`nt `nt`s `s i` km e`z e`zbkm bkm lrh lrhjhn jhnmk mk mprlv`bgmnil ihd`r`nbhms `n mkjunm prlph`imi `n `sp`bhmk. Kms dms`s `n blntmbtl pliråmn s`r plr `o`epkl, jms-khquhil, jms sòkhil, khquhil-khquhil, `tb. Iurmnt` `k blntmbtl i` kms ils dms`s, kls blepln`nt`s i` `kkms s` r`ihstrhauy`n i` mbu`ril m sus prlph`imi`s y dhnmke`nt` kms dms`s s` s`pmrmn plr e`ihls dåshbls shepk`s. I` `stm emn`rm e`ihmnt` unm s`k`bbhòn mi`bumim i` kms dms`s y i` kms blnihbhln`s i` lp`rmbhòn, unm i` `kkms s` `nrhqu`b` `n unl i` kls blepln`nt`s, kljrmnil mså km s`pmrmbhòn.

EMQBL Y@LQHBL Bumnil kms dms`s `n blntmbtl sln un jms y un kåquhil, km lp`rmbhòn unhtmrhm s` k` i`nlehnm?  MARLQBHÒN? un slkutl M l vmrhls slkutls `n dms` jms`lsm s` maslra`n `n unm dms` kåquhim mprlv`bgmnil su slkuahkhimi `n `kkm. @st` prlb`sl hnvlkubrm trmnsd`r`nbhm i` emsm plr ihdushòn elk`bukmr elk`bukmr y turauk`ntm i`k slkutl slkutl M m trmvès i` un jms A (qu` nl s` ihduni`) `n un kåquhil Pn `o`epkl tåphbl i` kmB.maslrbhòn `s km i`k melnhmbl (M) blnt`nhil `n unm e`zbkm bln mhr` (A) `n ilni` s` uthkhzm mjum kåquhim (B) blel slkv`nt`. Km slkubhòn melnhmbl-mjum qu` s` lath`n` mk dhnmk i` km lp`rmbhòn pu`i` s`r s`pmrmim plr i`sthkmbhòn y mså lat`n`r  melnhmbl r`kmthvme`nt` purl. @o`epkls i` heplrtmnbhm hniustrhmk sln km r`elbhòn i` Ihòxhil i` mzudr` i` blrrh`nt`s jms`lsms usmnil slkubhln`s mkbmkhnms, km r`bup`rmbhòn i` BL y BL1 prlv`nh`nt`s i` prliubtls i` bleausthòn usmnil slkubhln`s mehnmims y km r`elbhòn i` prlpmnl l i` blepln`nt`s eís p`smils `xhst`nt`s `n `k jms nmturmk plr maslrbhòn `n un mb`ht` i` ghirlbmraurls. I@RLQBHÒN. @stm `s unm lp`rmbhòn blntrmrhm m km maslrbhòn, `n `stm s` trmnsdh`r` emsm i` unm e`zbkm m un blepln`nt` purl. Ylims kms maslrbhln`s `nvu`kv`n kms shjuh`nt`s `tmpms aíshbms vhsumkhzmims `n un prlb`sl hnt`reht`nt`? =. @k jms y `k kåkåquhil quhil ss` ` pln`n `n blnt blntmbtl mbtl `n un mpmr mpmrmtl mtl mi`bumil. mi`bumil.

 

1. Kms il ilss dms dms`s `s s` mprlx mprlxhem hemn n mk `qu `quhkh hkharh arhl. l. 2. Kms dms dms`s `s jms-k jms-khqu hquhil hil s` ss`pmr `pmrmn. mn. @k emt`rhmk i`s`mil s` trmnsdh`r` i`si` `k jms mk kåquhil `n `k pmsl 1 y km v`klbhimi bln qu` `stl sub`i` i`p`ni` i` kms blnb`ntrmbhln`s `n `k jms y `n `k kåquhil, kls bl`dhbh`nt`s i` trmnsd`r`nbhm i` emsm `n bmim dms`, km slkuahkhimi i`k emt`rhmk `n `k kåquhil y `k ír`m hnt`rdmshmk prlvhstm plr `k ihsplshthvl i` blntmbtl. @n km hniustrhm s` `epk`mn aíshbme`nt` i` `quhpl i` blntmbtl? `tmpms y blnthnuls. Kls `quhpls plr `tmpmsils slnthpls j`n`rmke`nt` blkuenms i`plr pkmtls shehkmr`s m kls uthkhzmils `n i`sthkmbhòn y kls blnthnuls s` blnlb`n blel blkuenms `epmbmims. Blel `n unm blkuenm `epmbmim kms bleplshbhln`s i`k kåquhil y jms bmeahmn blnthnume`nt` bln km mktu mkturm rm i` i`kk `epm `epmbm bmil il,, bmim bmim pu punt ntl l slar slar` ` km kån` kån`m m i` lp lp`r `rmb mbhò hòn n r` r`pr pr`s `s`n `ntm tm kms kms blnihbhln`s `n mkjÿn kujmr i` km tlrr`, eh`ntrms qu` `n kms tlrr`s i` pkmtls, slkl th`n`n shjnhdhbmil r`mk kls puntls mhskmils slar` km kån`m i` lp`rmbhòn qu` blrr`splni`n m kls pkmtls. Rh s` blnshi`rm km blkuenm i` maslrbhòn `epmbmim elstrmim `n km dhjurm =, km blkuenm th`n` unm s`bbhòn trmnsv`rsmk R p`rp`nihbukmr m km ihr`bbhòn i`k dkuol. @k `epmbmil prlv`` un ír`m `d`bthvm MT plr unhimi i` vlkue`n i` `epmbmil y buym mkturm `s _. `k jms s` mkhe`ntm m km tlrr` plr km pmrt` hnd`rhlr m unm v`klbhimi eíshbm J1 y `k kåquhil `ntrm plr km pmrt` sup`rhlr m unm v`klbhimi eíshbm K=. Kms drmbbhln`s elkmr`s i`k blepln`nt` maslrahil M sln X y W `n km dms` jms`lsm y khquhim, r`sp`bthvme`nt`.

Dhjurm =. @squ`em i` unm tlrr` i` maslrbhòn `epmbmim. YLQQ@R @ESMBMIMR Kms tlrr`s `epmbmims uthkhzmims pmrm `k blntmbtl blnthnul i`k kåquhil y i`k jms tmntl `n `k dkuol mbln blntrmblrrh`nt` m blrrh`nt` i` pmrmk`km, sln jrmni`. blkuenms@kv`rthbmk`s s` gmn kk`nmil `epmqu` l blel bln ihsplshthvls sup`rdhbh` kåquhil s`qu` ihstrhauy`

 

slar` `stls y `sburr` gmbhm mamol, m trmvès i`k k`bgl `epmbmil, i` tmk dlrem qu` `xpln` unm jrmn sup`rdhbh` mk blntmbtl bln `k jms. BP@QSL I@ KM YLQQ@ @stm pu`i` s`r i` emi`rm, e`tmk, plrb`kmnm quåehbm, kmirhkkl m pru`am i` íbhils, vhirhl, pkísthbl, e`tmk buah`rtl i` pkísthbl l vhirhl u ltrl emt`rhmk, s`jÿn kms blnihbhln`s i` blrrlshòn. Smrm dmbhkhtmr su blnstrubbhòn y mue`ntmr su r`shst`nbhm, j`n`rmke`nt` sln bhrbukmr`s `n km s`bbhòn trmnsv`rsmk. @ESM]P@ @k `epmqu` i` km tlrr` i`a` ldr`b`r kms shjuh`nt`s bmrmbt`råsthbms? =. Srlp Srlplr lrbh bhln lnmr mr un unm m sup` sup`rd rdhb hbh` h` hnt` hnt`rd rdmb mbhm hmkk jr jrmn mni` i` `n `ntr tr` ` `k kåqu kåquhi hil l y `k jm jms, s, km sup`rdhbh` i`k `epmqu` plr unhimi i` vlkue`n i` `spmbhl `epmbmil i`a` s`r  jrmni`, p`rl nl `n `k s`nthil ehbrlsbòphbl. 1. Sls Sls``r ``r kms bmr bmrmbt mbt`rå `råsth sthbms bms i`s`m i`s`mak`s ak`s i`k dkuol i` dku dkuhil hils. s. @stl j`n`rmke` j`n`rmke`nt` nt` shjnhdhbm qu` `k vlkue`n drmbbhlnmrhl vmbhl, l drmbbhòn i` `spmbhl vmbhl, `n `k k`bgl `epmbmil i`a` s`r jrmni`. @k `epmqu` i`a` p`rehthr `k pmsl i` jrmni`s vlkÿe`n`s i` dkuhil m trmvès i` p`qu`ýms s`bbhln`s trmnsv`rsmk`s i` km tlrr`, shn r`bmrjl l hnunimbhòn6 i`a` s`r amom km bmåim i` pr`shòn i`k jms. 2. R`r quåe quåehbme` hbme`nt` nt` hn` hn`rt` rt` bln r`s r`sp`btl p`btl m kkls ls dkuh dkuhils ils qu` s` `stín prl prlb`smnil b`smnil.. 9. R`r `strub `strubturmke turmke`nt` `nt` du` du`rt` rt` pmrm p`re p`rehthr hthr `k ddíbhk íbhk emn emn`ol `ol y km hnst hnstmkmbh mkmbhòn. òn. 0. Y` Y`n` n`rr am amol ol pr` pr`bh bhl. l. Kls `epmqu`s sln prhnbhpmke`nt` i` ils thpls, mk`mtlrhls y r`jukmr`s. @epmqu`s mk mzmr?   Kls `epmqu`s mk mzmr sln mqu`kkls qu` shepk`e`nt` s`

mrrlomn `n km tlrr` iurmnt` km hnstmkmbhòn y qu` s` i`omn bm`r `n dlrem mk`mtlrhm. @n `k pmsmil s` uthkhzmrln emt`rhmk`s díbhke`nt` lat`nhak`s6 plr `o`epkl, ph`irms rltms, jrmvm l p`imzls i` blqu`6 `ep`rl, munqu` `stls emt`rhmk`s r`suktmn amrmtls, nl sln mi`bumils i`ahil m km p`qu`ým sup`rdhbh` y emkms bmrmbt`råsthbms bln r`sp`btl mk dkuol i` dkuhils. Kls mnhkkls i` Qmsbghj sln bhkhnirls gu`bls, buyl ihíe`trl vm i` 4 m =33 ee l eís. Su`i`n dmarhbmrs` i` plrb`kmnm hniustrhmk, qu` `s ÿthk pmrm pln`r `n blntmbtl m km emylråm i` kls kåquhils, bln `xb`pbhòn i` íkbmkhs y íbhil dkulrgåirhbl6 i` bmraòn qu` `s ÿthk, ÿthk, `xb `xb`pt `ptl l `n mte mteòsd òsd`rms `rms mktme` mktme`nt` nt` lxh lxhimnt imnt`s6 `s6 i` e`t e`tmk` mk`ss l i` pkí pkísth sthbls. bls. Kls pkísthbls i`a`n `sblj`rs` bln `sp`bhmk buhimil, pu`stl qu` s` pu`i`n i`t`rhlrmr, ríphime`nt` y bln t`ep`rmturms mp`nms `k`vmims, bln bh`rtls slkv`nt`s lrjínhbls y bln jms`s qu` blnth`n`n lxåj`nl. Kls `epmqu`s i` gloms i`kjmims i` e`tmk y i` pkísthbl ldr`b`n km v`ntmom i` s`r khj`rls, p`rl mk dhomr kls kåeht`s i` bmrjm s` i`a`

 

pr`v`r qu` km tlrr` pu`i` kk`nmrs` hnmiv`rthime`nt` bln kåquhil. Kls mnhkkls i` K`sshnj y ltrls bln pmrthbhln`s hnt`rnms s` uthkhzmn bln e`nls dr`bu`nbhm. Kls `epmqu`s bln dlrem i` shkkm i` elntmr, kls i` A`rk ` Hntmklx y sus vmrhmbhln`s s` pu`i`n blns`juhr `n tmemýlss i` 4 m :0 ee6 s` dmarhb tmemýl dmarhbmn mn i` plrb`k plrb`kmnms mnms quåehbm quåehbmss l pkíst pkísthbls. hbls. Kls mnhkkls i` Smkk, tmeahèn blnlbhils blel Dk`xhrhnjs, mnhkkls i` bmsbmim y, blel unm vmrhmbhòn, kls Gy-Smf, s` pu`i`n lat`n`r i` e`tmk y i` pkísthbl. J`n`rmke`nt`, kls tmemýls eís p`qu`ýls i` `epmqu`s mk mzmr ldr`b`n sup`rdhbh`s `sp`bådhbms emylr`s (y emylr`s bmåims i` pr`shòn), p`rl kls tmemýls emylr`s bu`stmn e`nls plr unhimi i` vlkue`n.  M emn`rm i` lrh`ntmbhòn j`n`rmk? kls tmemýls i` `epmqu` i` 10 ee l emylr`s s` uthkhzmn j`n`rmke`nt` pmrm un dkuol i` jms i` 3.10 e²/s, 03 ee l emylr`s pmrm un dkuol i`k jms i` = e²/s. @epmqu @ep mqu`s `s r`jukmr r`jukmr`s? `s? Kls `epmqu`s r`jukmr`s ldr`b`n kms v`ntmoms i` unm

e`nlr bmåim i` pr`shòn pmrm `k jms y un dkuol emylr, j`n`rmke`nt` m `xp`nsms i` unm hnstmkmbhòn eís blstlsm qu` km n`b`smrhm pmrm kls `epmqu`s mk`mtlrhls. Kls mnhkkls gmbhnmils i` Qmsbghj sln `blnòehbls slkl `n tmemýls euy jrmni`s. Gmy vmrhms elihdhbmbhln`s i` kls `epmqu`s e`tíkhbls `xpmnihils. Kms r`ohkkms l ‛vmkkms― i` emi`rm nl sln bmrms y s` uthkhzmn bln dr`bu`nbhm bumnil s` r`quh r`q uh`r` `r`n n vlk vlkÿe ÿe`n `n`s `s vm vmbå båls ls jrmni jrmni`s6 `s6 ble blel l `n kl klss jms jms`s `s qu` qu` kkkk`v `vmn mn bl blns nshj hjl l `k mkquhtrín i` kls glrnls i` blqu`, l kls kåquhils qu` th`n`n pmrtåbukms sòkhims `n susp`nshòn.

@]PHSL X EMY@QHMK PYHKH_MIL 

Ylrr` i` mas Ylrr` maslrb lrbhò hòn n `e `epm pmbm bmim im RPRYMNBHMR GBk 3.331 N bln mnhkkls rmsghnj. NG9LG blnb`ntrmil =3 emtrmb`s @rk`ne`y`r i` 103 NG2LG i` =33 ppe ek pmrm eu`str`l  Mjum = brlnòe`trl D`nldtmk`ånm. 1 emtrmb`s i` mdlrmbhòn 4 aur`tms i` 03 ek 1 slplrt`s unhv`rsmk`s 9 phnzms aur`tm. 

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SQLB@IHEH@NYL Smrm `k emn`ol i` km tlrr` i` maslrbhòn bln un shst`em melnhmbl-mjum-mhr` s` kk`vò m bmal kl shjuh`nt`? =. R` pr` pr`pm pmrmr rmrln ln =33 khkhtr trls ls i` unm slk slkub ubhò hòn n i` NG 2LG bln unm blnb`ntrmbhòn i` =33 ppe. R` pr`pmrmrln 033 ek i` GBk 3.31 N, `stm ÿkthem du` vmklrmim bln unm slkubhòn `stínimr i` ghiròxhil i` Rlihl =. 1 N. 1. Smrm hn hnhbh hbhmr mr km príbt príbthbm, hbm, pr prhe` he`rl rl s` tuvl qu` pr`ni pr`ni`r `r `k blepr` blepr`slr slr i` mhr`, km pr`shòn tmrimrm `n suahr mkr`i`ilr i` =3 ehnutls, km pr`shòn m km qu` s` trmamom `k blepr`slr nl i`a`rí r`amsmr kls 2 psh. 2. R` v` v`rh rhddhbò hbò qu` tlims lims kms kms víkvu íkvukm kmss `s `sttuvh uvh`r `rmn mn b` b`rr rrmi mims ms,, `x `xb` b`pt ptl l km i` mkhe`ntmbhòn mk `quhpl. 9. R` bl blkl klbm bmrl rln n kls =3 =33 3 khtr khtrls ls i` NG2LG ihkuhil `n `k tmnqu` i` mjum. R` marhò jrmiumk jrmi umke`n e`nt` t` km víkv víkvukm ukm i` ihbgl tmn tmnqu`, qu`, bl bln n `k dhn i` hr hntrl hntrliubh iubh`nil `nil km slkubhòn m km tlrr`. 0. Bum Bumnil nil s` las`rvò las`rvò km sl slkub kubhòn hòn `n `k nhv nhv`k `k i` dln dlnil il i` km blkue blkuenm nm s` r`juk r`jukò ò `k dkuol i` `ntrmim i`k kåquhil e`ihmnt` km víkvukm T 9 y `k rltíe`trl Q=. 4. Hne` Hne`ih ihmt mtme me`n `nt` t` s` ma marh rhò ò km víkv víkvuk ukm m i` smkh smkhim im pm pmrm rm `k mj mjum um bln bln me meln lnhm hmbl bl maslrahil. T`rhdhbmr qu` sh`epr` gmym kåquhil `n `k nhv`k shtumil `n `k dlnil i` km blkuenm. :. R` marh marhò ò km víkv víkvuk ukm m qu` bln blntr trlk lkm m `k dku dkuol ol i` mh mhr` r`,, v` v`rhd rhdhb hbmni mnil l su dku dkuol ol bln `k rltíe`trl i` mhr`. 7. R` du` emnh emnhpuk pukmnil mnil km víkvukm víkvukm pmrm `st `stmah mahkhz khzmr mr km pr` pr`shò shòn n i`k mhr` (= puk pukjmi jmim m i` mjum) 8. Km smk smkhi him m i` jms i` km tlr tlrr` r` s` pu pusl sl m au aura rauo uo`m `mrr `n unm bua bua`t `tm m bln bln mjum mjum e`ihmnt` unm emnju`rm i` guk`. =3.Bumnil s` kljrò `stmahkhzmr tmntl `k dkuol i` mhr` blel `k i` mjum. R` i`ol lp`rmr  y mk pmsmr =3 ehnutls, s` tleò unm eu`strm i`k mjum i` ilni` aurauo`mam `k mhr` bln melnhmbl i`slrahil. ==.I` ==. I` hjumk emn`rm s` tlemrln eu`strm eu`strmss i` km slkubhòn i` NG 2LG qu` r`bhrbukmam mk tmnqu`.

 

=1.I` =1. I` kms eu`st eu`strms rms s` tlemrln =3 ek y s` thtukmr thtukmrln ln bln km slkubhò slkubhòn n i` GBk 3.31 N, usmnil d`nlkdtmk`ånm blel hnihbmilr. =2.Kms eu`strms s` tlemrln bmim =3 ehnutls i` lp`rmbhòn. M bmim eu`strm s` k` ghzl km vmklrmbhòn gmstm qu` `k vlkue`n i` GBk du`rm blnstmnt`. =9.@k `quhpl `stuvl `n lp`rmbhòn iurmnt` 43 ehnutls y i`spuès s` i`tuvl su lp`rmbhòn.

Dhj. 1 Ihmjrmem i` dkuol i`k @quhpl

 

Q@RPKYMILR LAY@NHILR Imtls lat`nhils i` km thtukmbhòn r`mkhzmim. Yhtukmnt`? GBk 3.31 N Eu`strms? =3 ek i` NG2LG i` km eu`strm aurauo`mim y km r`bhrbukmnt` bmim =3 ehnutls i` lp`rmbhòn.

YH@ESL (EHNPYL R)

3 =3 13 23 93 03

TLKPE@N (EK) I@ GBK SMQM YHYPKMQ =3 EK I@ KM EP@RYQM APQAPO@M IM 3.0 =.1 =.4 =.7 =.8

BLNB@NYQ TLKPE@N (EK) BLNB@NYQMBHÒ MBHÒN I@ I@ GBK SMQM N I@ NG2LG YHYPKMQ =3 EK NG2LG (N)

I@ KM EP@RYQM YMN]P@

(N)

3.3333 3.33=3 3.3319 3.3321 3.3324 3.3327

2.9 1.8 1.70 1.7 1.7

3.3347 3.3307 3.330: 3.3304 3.3304

B=T=5B1T1 Las`rvmbhln`s? km blnb`ntrmbhòn i` NG 2LG m km smkhim i`k mhr` (eu`strm aurauo`mim) mue`ntò, kl bumk i`eu`strm qu` gual unm ihsehnubhòn i` NG2LG `n km eu`strm i` `ntrmim i`k tmnqu`. Blnb`ntrmbhòn NG2LG tmnqu`? =33 ppe.

DKPOL BLQQH@NY@ MJPM

:33 ek/ehn

 

MHQ@

:=.= k/ehn

Y@ES@QMYPQM APKAL R@BL

Y@ES@QMYP QM

(³B) =7 13

APKAL(³B) GßE@IL =2 =4

BLQQH@NY@

Y@ES@QMYPQM  @NYQMIM (³B)

Y@ES@QMYP QM RMKHIM (³B)

 MJPM

1=

=8

BLQQH@NY@  MHQ@ @NYQMIM  MHQ@-NG2LG RMKHIM

BÍKBPKLR Amkmnb` i` emt`rhm Smrm kls bíkbukls blrr`splnih`nt`s blnshi`rmels? Km blnb`ntrmbhòn blnb`ntrmbhòn i`k  N G 2 m km smkhim

Jmstl Jmst l i` slkubhòn slkubhòn :33 ek/ehn5 ek/ehn5 91 k/g k/g 5 K= 3.3347  elk

3.3309

 

i` N G 2 `n `k mjum m km

elk

 elk   i` N G 2`n `k mjum m km k

Jmstl i`k mhr` :=.= k/ehn 5 9144 k/g5 T= Km blnb`ntrmbhòn i`k  N G 2 m km `ntrmim `s 3

 

I`t`rehnmbhòn i` kms bleplshbhln`s `n km blrrh`nt` khquhim =. R` bmkbuk bmkbukmn mn kms blnb blnb`ntrmbh `ntrmbhln`s ln`s (elk/ (elk/K) K) m pmrthr i` i`kk prle`ih prle`ihl l i` kms tht thtukmbhl ukmbhln`s. n`s. Blnb`ntrmbhòn sh N5E @ntrmim 5 3.3347 N 3.3347 elk/k Rmkhim 53.3309 N 3.3309 elk/k 1. R` bl blnsh nshi` i`rm rm qu` qu` km km  ύ slkubhln ≇ ύmjum m Y  5 13 B Km vmrhmbhòn bln kms t`ep`rmturms r`mk`s nl mkt`rm `k vmklr i` km  ύmsuehim ym qu` `stm `s príbthbme`nt` km ehsem `n `k hnt`rvmkl i` km Y.  fj   fj  ύmjum ( 13 ³ B ) 5887.18 ³ B  2 53.88718 ³ B     K e

2. @n km ` `nt ntrm rmim im  k  K 5J jmstl5 K ( ύmjum ) 591 1

1

g

 K ) (  ˘e N G  ) `ntrmim5( K 2

1

(

(

 )(

  =

 ύslkubhln

(

blnb`ntrmbhln `ntrmim ) ( SE   SE  N  N G  ) 5 2

( ˘n N G  )`ntrmim5( K ) 2

( ˘n N G  )`ntrmim5 2

(

 )

 j

(  ˘e N G  ) `ntrmim5 ==.494:=444 s 2

  =

(  )  ) ((

==.494:=444

((

 

=

 )

  fj =333 j 3.88718 ³ B  (  ) k = fj

)

(

  )(

 )

3.3347 elk

=:.32 j

k

elk

slkubhln

 j s

 

=

 )

 )

 fj =333 j 3.88718 ³ B  (  ) k = fj

(

 )

3.3347 elk

k

5 3.3333:818

jN G 2 s`j

9. dkdkuo uol l el elkm kmrr i` i`kk hn`rt hn`rt` ` ( G  L )  K ∑(  ˘ e N G  ) `ntrmim n G  L 5  ˘ ( )`ntrmim 1

1

1

2

 SE  G  L 1

(5

( ˘n G  L )`ntrmim 1

53.33=20=928

( blnb`ntrmbhln`ntrmim )5

1

 ύ

 )

 fj  fj  j 5 9=.817=7  5 ==.494:=444 k g s

3.88718 ³ B 

==.494:=444

)(

 j ∑ s

3.33=20=928

 j =7.31 elk

  )5

jN G 2 s`j

3.490104417 elk / s 5 K s

jN  s`j

 

0. dr drmb mbbh bhòn òn y r`k r`kmb mbhò hòn n elk elkmr mr  x 15

( ˘n N G  ) `ntrmim ( ˘n N G  ) `ntrmim+ ( ˘n G  L )`ntrmim  

2

2

1

3.333:818

 x 15

jN G 2 s`j

 jN G 2 3.490104417 elk 3.333:818  + s`j s   x1

 W 1 5

= ∑ x1

5 3.33=11:

53.33=118

4. Km blnb blnb`nt `ntrmbh rmbhòn òn i` smk smkhim him s blnb . smkhi smkhim m bl blnb nb . sm smkh khim`n im`n jN G  5(blnb 2

jslkubhln

 elk  SE  N G    )( ) k  ύslkubhln 2

 

(

blnb blnb . sm smkh khim im `n jN G  5 2

jslkubhln

 ) (

3.3309  elk

 K

:. drm drmbbh bbhòn òn y km r`k r`kmbh mbhòn òn e elkm lkmr. r. @n = j i` slkubhòn gmy

=:.32

 j

elk G 2 53.333=1793= jN jslkubhln  fj =333 j 3.88718 ³ B  (  ) k = fj

(

3.333=12:11 jN

blnb.smkhim`n jN G 

)

 )

G 2

2

jslkubhln

 x =5

 SE  N G 

2

= j ∑ blnb.smkhim`n jN G 

bl blnb. nb. sm smkh khim`n im`n jN G 

2

jslkubhln

+

 G 1 L

 SE  N G 

 SE 

3.333=1793=

 x =5 = j ∑3.333=1793= =7.31

 j elk

  x=  W  5 = ∑ x= 53.333=2:11 =

2

jN G 2

jslkubhln  j =:.32 elk jN G 2 j slkubhln

3.333=1793=

+

2

j slkubhln

jN G 2

j slkubhln  j =:.32 elk

5 3.333=2:11

 

7. bleplshbhln`s `n km blrrh`nt` jms`lsm  K=5

  Ks

( =∑ x )

5

3.494104417 elk / s

=

( =∑ 3.333=2:11)

  53.4942902=

 elk   53.3==4298=11 fj / s s 3

8. @n `n `ntrmim trmim i i` ` mhr` ss` ` msue msue` ` qu` km blrrh` blrrh`nt` nt` `st `stí í khar khar` ` i`  N G 2 plr kl qu`  y =5 y X =5km 3 @ntlnb`s `k dkuol i` hn`rt`s vh`n` imil plr J 5J R y `k dkuol eíshbl plr  =

(

  =

 )

mhrr` )`ntrmim 5( K ) ( blnb`ntrmbhln `ntrmim)( SE mhr` )  (  ˘e mh  ύslkubhln 1

@k dkuol vlkueètrhbl du` e`ihil m 3.791 mte5=1.2:2878  ps  bln unm Y  prle5

13∑=7 1

  5=8 ³ B 

Hnt`rplkmnil bln unm t`ep`rmturm i` =8 ³B t`n`els unm  ύmhr` 5=.11221 fj / e

2

=3.R` r`mkhzm `k amkmnb` i` slkutl i` tlim km blkuenm ilni` km ÿnhbm hnbòjnhtm `s  y 53 yX  53 1

=

2

 @ntrmimi`  @ntrmim i` mhr`5:=.= k / ehn ¼ 9144 k / g 51.0=308211 ph` / ehn 2 3.2397 e ( ) 5¼ J=5  @ntrmim i` mhr`  ( ύmhr` ) =  ph` 2 3.2397 e 2 2 53.3748472: fj / ehn J=5( 1.0=308211  ph` / ehn ) ( =.11221 fj /e ) =  ph` ( SE mhr` ) 517.84 j / elk J=53.3748472: fj / ehn5=.9998: j / elk5J R J   J

(

 )

(

 )

Relkmr5 ¼

=

( SE mhr` )

¼

J= elkmr 5=.9998: j / s`j 53.3987802: elk / s 5Jselkmr

==.@n ==. @n km smkhim

( 3.494104417 elk / s ) ( 3.33=118 ) + ( 3.3987802: elk / s ) ( 3 )5( 3.494104417 elk / s ) ( 3.333=2:11 ) + ( 3.3987802: elk / s X  5 3.3=9=938 1

 y 15

  X 1 = + X 1

53.3=9=938

Bmkbukmnil J  ilni`? 1

J 15

  JR

( =∑ y ) 1

5

( SE mhr` ) 517.84 j / elk

3.3987802: elk / s

( =∑3.3=9=938 )

  53.3034==

elk   5=.99984888 j / s s

 

Q@RPE@N I@K AMKMNB@ I@ EMY@QHM I@ KM YLQQ@ @ESMBMIM  K15khq khquhi uhil l i` `ntrmi `ntrmim m 53.3==4298=11

 fj s

J 15 jmsi` smk smkhimi` himi` km tlr tlrrr` `epmbm `epmbmim im  elk ¼ 3.3=9998488   5=.9998488 j / s  s J s 5Jmshn`rt` 5=.999 j / s`j53.39877 elk

 Ks 5drm drmbbh bbhln ln elkmr elkmr i` khquhi khquhil l i` smkhim smkhim53.

`ntrmi rmim m i` kmtlrr` kmtlrr` `ep `epmbm mbmim im J15 jmsi` `nt Js 5 Jmshn`rt` 5=.9998: j / s`j 53.3987  y =5 drmbbh drmbbhln ln elki`k khquh khquhil ili` i` `nt `ntrmi rmim m5

 K=5khq khquhil uhil i` smkhim smkhim 53.3==4298=11 fj / s  Ks 5drm drmbbh bbhln ln elkmr elkmr i` khquh khquhil il i` smkhim smkhim53.

Blnv`rshòn i` Jmstl vlkueètrhbl (Jv) m Jmstl eíshbl (Je) 

Jmstl vlkueètrhbl i` km slkubhòn mjum-NG 9LG? :33 ek/ehn   K

J 5 :33 ek/ehn

(

v  

43 ehn

=333 ek

 K 5 91 g

)(   ) g

I`ah I` ahil il m qu qu` ` km bl blnb nb`nt `ntrmb rmbhò hòn n i` gh ghirò iròxh xhil il i` me meln lnhl hl i` km slk slkub ubhò hòn n i` mkhe`ntmbh mkhe` ntmbhòn òn `s amom, s` blnshi` blnshi`rmrí rmrí qu` km i`nshim i`nshimi i i` km slkubhòn `s hjumk m =333 fj/e2. Slr kl tmntl `k dkuol eíshbl Je =5J v ( )5 91 ( =)5 91 

s`rí?

 fj g

Jmstl vlkueètrhbl i`k mhr`? :=.= K/ehn Jv 5 :=.= k/ehn

(

  K =333 ek

)(   )5 43 ehn

g

9144 k / g

 

Km i`nshimi i`k mhr` m unm t`ep`rmturm i` 10 ³B `s i` =.=7 fj/e 2. Slr kl tmntl `k dkuol emshbl s` bmkbukm i` km shjuh`nt` dlrem? . Je 15Jv () ()5 59144 ( 3.33==7 )50.32

 fj g

Kåeht` i` bmåim i` Sr`shòn pmrm km hnunimbhòn i` km blkuenm  Mk mue`ntmr km v`klbhimi i`k jms, `n i`t`rehnmims r`jhln`s i` km blkuenm, blkuenm, `k kåquhil s` trmnsdlrem trmnsd lrem `n unm dms` blnthnu blnthnum m y s` ihb` qu` km blkue blkuenm nm `stí hnunim hnunimim, im, `k kåquh kåquhil il s` mbueukm bln emylr rmphi`z, y km blkuenm blepk`tm pu`i` kk`nmrs` bln èk. R` gmn prlpu`stl vmrhms blrr`kmbhln`s j`n`rmkhzmims pmrm km bmåim i` pr`shòn y km v`kl v` klbh bhim imi i i` hn hnun unimb imbhò hòn n `n bl blku kuen enms ms `e `epmb pmbmim mims. s. I` mbu` mbu`ril ril m EbBm EbBma` a`,, un unm m `bumbhòn `epårhbm pmrm `k kåeht` i` km bmåim i` pr`shòn `s?

Kls `epmqu`s i` km blkuenm lbupmim `n `stm príbthbm sln i`k thpl Mnhkkls Qmsbghnj, y bln ams` `n km Ymakm (EbBma`, pp. 4=8), s` th`n`?

Slr kl tmntl, pmrm un Dmbtlr i` `epmqu` 5 40, `k kåeh kåeht` t` i` km bmåim i` pr`shòn `n `stm blkuenm `s? 3.:

∄ S hnunimbhòn53.==0 ( 40 )

∄ S hnunimbhòn 51.=2 pkj G 1 L

 

Bmåim i` pr`shòn i` km blkuenm `epmbmim ∄ S DK Yltmk5¼) (

 

=

3.2397 e

) (=.33079 e) 5 :.318 pkj  G  L 1

Gue`imi r`kmthvm i`k mhr` m km `ntrmim R` ehih`rln kms t`ep`rmturms i`k aukal gÿe`il y s`bl m km `ntrmim y smkhim i`k `quhpl?

BLQQH@NY@

Y@ES@QMYPQM APKAL R@BL (³B)

 MHQ@ @NYQMIM  MHQ@-NG2LG RMKHIM

=7 13

Y@ES@QMYP QM APKAL GßE@IL (³B) =2 =4

I` mbu`ril bln km tmakm pshbleètrhbm, pli` pl i`el elss i` i`t` t`re rehn hnmr mr km gu gue` e`im imi i r` r`kkmt mthhvm i`k mhr` m km `ntrm rmi im mk shst`em y m km smkhim. Rlkl Rl kl s` r` r`qu quh` h`r` r` km ihd` ihd`r` r`nb nbhm hm i` t` t`ep ep`rm `rmtu turm rmss i` i`kk auka aukal l gÿe gÿe`i `il l y s`bl s` bl,, y km t`ep t`ep`r `rmt mtur urm m i` i`kk au auka kal l s`bl. Smr mrm m `k bmsl i` km blrr rrhh`nt` nt` i` `ntrmim, s` th`n` unm t`ep`rmturm i` aukal s`bl i` =7 ³B, y unm ihd`r`nbhm i` t`ep`rmturms t`ep`rmturms i` 0 ³B, `n km smkhim s` th`n` unm t`ep`rmturm i` aukal s`bl i` 13 ³B, y unm ihd`r`nbhm i` t`ep`rmturms i` 9 ³B plr kl tmntl, y bln ams` `n km tmakm pshbleètrhbm, s` th`n`?

 

Km gue`imi r`kmthvm i`k mhr` m km `ntrmim `s? 04 % Km gue`imi r`kmthvm i`k mhr` m km smkhim `s? 44% @stl @s tlss im imtl tlss surj surj`n `n i` km bmrt bmrtm m pshb pshble leèt ètrh rhbm bm,, `n km bumk bumk pl pli` i`el elss ua uahb hbmr mr kms kms t`ep`rmturms lat`nhims, y mså i`t`rehnmr km gue`imi r`kmthvm.

GPE@IMI Q@KMYHTM

BLQQH@NY@  MHQ@ @NYQMIM  MHQ@-NG2LG RMKHIM

04% 44%

Bíkbukl i`k  N YLK YLK  (nÿe`rl i i` ` unhimi` unhimi`ss jklamk jklamk`s `s i` trmnsd trmnsd`r`nbhm `r`nbhm `n ddms` ms` khqu khquhim) him) Smrm Smr m bmkbukmr bmkbukmr  N YLK  x=

usmr`el usmr `elss km shj shjuh` uh`nt` nt` dlreukm dlreukm  N YLK5∦  x1

ix bu`vm i` `quh `quhkha kharhl rhl m i ihd` hd`r`nt r`nt`s `s ¼ ( = )  km bu`vm  x ∑ x

t`ep`rmturms du` blrr`kmbhlnmim `n @xb`k blel unm dunbhòn plt`nbhmk.    y 5 3.:241 x  y 5 3.:=92 x ∑ 3.3328 

Burvm i` `quhkharhl Burvm i` lp`rmbhòn

3.8449

Km burvm i` lp`rmbhòn vh`n` imim plr?  x =53.3347

 x ∑3.3347

 x 153.3309    y =53.33=

 y 3.3309   ∑

5

( 3.3347 ∑3.3309 ) 3.3309 ∑3

 

I` ilni`  y 5 3.:=92 x ∑ 3.3328 

r`btm i` lp`rmbhòn

@k vmklr i` y i` km r`btm i` lp`rmb lp`rmbhòn hòn tmeahè tmeahèn n `s `k vmklr i` y i` km burvm i` `quhk `quhkharhl harhl ¼ plr kl qu` s` lath`n`  x  i` km burvm i` `quhkharhl.   y 3.:=92 x ∑3.3328 ¼ ¼  x 5  y 5 3.:241 x  x 5  

(

3.8449

3.:241

)

  =

3.8449

  Burvm i` `quhkharhl  

Burvm i` lp`rmbhòn

(

3.:241

 )

  =

3.8449

 

3.3347

 N YLK 5

 ∦ 3.3309

 x =

ix

(

 x ∑

 )

3.:=92 x ∑3.3328 3.:241

  =

∦ x ix ∑ x¼  

 N YLK 5

 x 1

3.8449

 \\\\\\\\

 

 N YLK5¼3.7=172=1382

W* W

Dkuol elkmr i`k mhr` `n km `ntrmim mk shst`em

e / t mhr`5

  ( 3.791 mte )( :=.= K / ehn)  ST   5 51.0 elk /ehn  QY  ( 3.37130 mteK / el elkk F ))(( 181 F )

bl`dhbh`nt` `nt` vlkueètrhbl vlkueè trhbl i` trmnsd`r`nbhm trmnsd` r`nbhm i` emt`rhm) emt` rhm) Bmkbukl i`k  F  KM (bl`dhbh   K1   K1  F  KM 5 Smrm bmkbukmr  F  KM i`sp`omels i`?  G YLK5    F  KM B   (( =∑ W ) . WE   G YLK B  ( ( =∑ W ) . WE  ( =∑ W ) = ∑( =∑ W ) 1 ( =∑ W ) . WE 5 ( =∑ W   )) = Ilni` kn ( =∑ W   )) 1

(

)

Smrm `k bíkbukl tlemels kls imtls shjuh`nt`s  x =53.3347

 y =53.33=

 x 1¼ 53.3309  x 15 3

 y¼1 ¼  3  5¼ 3.3310  x =5

 ( W ∑ W ) =∑( W ∑ W ) 1  ( 3.3347∑3.3310 ) ∑( 3.3309 ∑3 ) ( =∑ W ) . WE 5   5   53.339718 ( W ∑ W ) = ( 3.3347∑ 3.3310 ) kn kn ( W ∑ W ) 1 ( 3.3309 ∑3 )

(

)

(

 )

  3.472789=37   K 5¼ 5 F  KM 5  F  KM 5 ( =.12:901970 e) ( 3.3310 elk /k ) ( 3.339718 ) (=333 k / e 2 )  G YLK B   (( =∑ W ) . WE  1

  elke 90.::74 elkN G 2

 

T`klbhimi i` Hnunimbhòn @stl s`rvhrí pmrm pli`r bmkbukmr km mkturm mi`bumim i` km tlrr`, `ntlnb`s m pmrthr i` km jrídhbm i` hnunimeh`ntl y bmim i` pr`shòn i` tlrr`s bln `epmqu`, t`n`els qu`?

(  )   3.::28 ka

 (  )

JK  ύT  JT   ύ K

81.89 ka / g ==.14 ka / g

2

5

d t 

41.93 a

3.1851.8 x =3

2

d t 

  Ilni`? J K5dkuol dkuol emshbl emshbl i`kkhquhi i`kkhquhil l 581.89 ka / g JT  5dku dkuol ol emshbli`k emshbli`k jms5==.14 ka / g 7

jb 5 9.=: x =3 dt ka/kad g²  ύ K 5 i`nshimi i`k khquhil 5 41.93 a / dt   ²²  ύT  5 i`nshimi i`k jms53.::28 ka / dt ² 1 m T 5193 d t  / dt   ²²  λ5 = bp ϰ 53.:2 Rusthtuy`nil 0.2 x =3∑1 lat`nhil i` km dhjurm =4.9, t`n`els qu`? 1

∑1

0.2 x =3

3.1

 J m  λ 5 T  T  j b ϰ ²  ύ T  ύ K

∑=

 

∑1

0.2 x =3

1

5

9.=: x =3

3.1

JT  ( 07 ) = bp

  7

  ka 2 2 dt    g ( 3.:2 ) kad 

(

3.::28 ka 2

d t 

)(

41.93 a 2

d t 

)

1

∑1

0.2 x =3

5

  J T ( 07 ) :72.27 x =3

4

∑1

0.2

=3

:72.27

(07

 x

=3

 x 

4 1

2

) 5¼ JT 5:=0.79 x =3

T`klbhimi i` hnunimeh`ntl 5 JT 5∟ :=0.79 :=0.79 x =3 √ 3.0 2

JT  5912.328

  ka gph` ±

Mr`m i` km s`bbhòn trmnsv`rsmk s` s`bb bbhlni` hlni` mr mr`m `m i`km tlrr tlrr` 5

  ==.44 ka / g

5 3.31:04 ph` ±

  ka 912.328 gph` ±  =3 be ± 1  3.38193239 e ± 3.31:04  ph `  x   x   5 10.43 be ± = ph` ± =e±  M 5

σI± 9

Ihíe`trl i` km tlrr` 1

 I 5 1

 I 5

 M √9 σ  3.31:04  ph `

1

(9 )

2.=9=4

 I153.32038  ph` 1 1  I5 ∟ 3.32038 3.32038  ph`  I5 3.=7:2 ph`  3.2397 e

 I5 3.=7:2 ph` W 

=  ph`

 W

=33 be =e

  50.:384 be   r53.317097 e

Mkturm i` km Blkuenm Bln ams` `n EbBma` (133:) s` th`n` km shjuh`nt` jrídhbm i` mkturm òpthem i` km tlrr` pmrm mnhkkls Qmsbghnj `n unm i`slrbhòn melnhmbl-mjum?

 

Rh eukt eukthp hpkhkhbme bmels ls Kls Kls dkdkuo uols ls eísh eíshbls bls (` (`n n ka ka/g /g)) pl plrr `k dm dmbt btlr lr i` mn mnhkhkkl klss Qm Qmsbg sbghn hnj, j, lat`n`els km bmrjm, y uahbmels kms bllri`nmims `n km jrídhbm, e`ihmnt` kl bumk? Jy 5 403 ka/dt1 g Jx 5 042.42 ka/dt1 g Km mktu mkturm rm òp òpththem em i` km tl tlrr` rr` i` mi misl slrbh rbhòn òn,, bl bln n km kmss bm bmrm rmbt bt`rå `råst sthb hbms ms i` lp` lp`rm rmbh bhòn òn trmamomims, `s? Gy 5 9.3209 dt

Gy 5 =.12 e i` mkturm

Elk`s i` NG9LG trmnsd`rhils mk mhr`

Dkuol elkmr slkubhòn i` `ntrmim @n `k th`epl 3, km blnb`ntrmbhòn i` NG 9LG `n km blrrh`nt` i` `ntrmim `s 3.3347 N, blnlbh`nil km blnb`ntrmbhòn s` pu`i` i`t`rehnmr `k dkuol i` elk`s i` km sustmnbhm.   3.3347 N 5 3.3347

 n ³ i` `quhvmk `quhvmk`nt `nt`s `s  Khtrli` slkubhln

(  )

n³ `quhvmk`nt`s 53.3347 N 

91 K

g

5 3.1704

n ³ `quhvmk `quhvmk`nt `nt`s `s   53.1704 elk / g g

 

Yrmnsburrhils 03 ehnutls, km blnb`ntrmbhòn `s i` 3.3304 N i` NG2LG `n km blrrh`nt`, plr kl tmntl, `k dkuol elkmr i` NG2+ `n km slkubhòn m km smkhim y r`tlrnl mk tmnqu` `s?

(   )5

n³ `quhvmk`nt`s 53.3304 N 

91 K

g

3.1201

n ³ `quhvm `quhvmk`n k`nt`s t`s   53.1201 elk / g g

Km bmnthimi bmnthimi i` elk` elk`ss trmnsd` trmnsd`rhils rhils i` km sl slkubhòn kubhòn i` NG2LG mk mhr` `n un th`epl i` lp`rmbhòn i` 03 ehnutls (3.72 glrms) `s? ntrmnsd`rhils5n N G 

9 ,`ntrmim

∑n N G 

9, smkhim

ntrmnsd`rhils5( 3.1704 ∑3.1201 ) ( 3.72 ) ntrmnsd`rhils53.3=97 elk`s

Ír`m i` blntmbtl `ntr` kms ils dms`s  M 5σIhg  M 5σ ( 3.38 )( =.99 )  M 53.93: e

1

Y`ep`rmturm E`ihm i`k Rhst`em Y 5

Y `nt + Y smk

13 + =7

1

1

  5

  5=8 ³ B 

BLNBKPRHÒN =. Bl Bln n ams ams` ` m kl klss r`s r`suk uktm tmils ils i` kl klss bík bíkbu bukl klss r` r`mk mkhz hzmi mils ls pli` pli`el elss blnb blnbku kuhr hr qu qu` ` blndlre` `k th`epl trmnsburrhò, `n kls hnt`rvmkls i` 3 ‒ 03 ehnutls i` lp`rmbhòn, km blnb`ntrmbhòn i` NG 2LG ihsehnuyò i`ntrl i`k tmnqu`, i`si` 3.3347 N gmstm 3.3304 N, eh`ntrms qu`, `n km eu`strm aurauo`mnt`, km blnb`ntrmbhòn du` `n mue`ntl, i`si` 3.3 N gmstm 3.3327 N. blel s` eu`strm `n km shjuh`nt` tmakm?

Yh`epl (ehnutl s)  3 =3 13 23 93

Blnb`ntrm bhòn i` NG2LG (eu`strm) (N) 3.3333 3.33=3 3.3319 3.3321 3.3324

Blnb`ntrmbh òn i` NG2LG (tmnqu`) (N) 3.3347 3.3307 3.330: 3.3304

03

3.3327

3.3304

 

Q`mkhzmnil unm jrídhbm eís r`pr`s`ntmthvm i`k bleplrtmeh`ntl i` km blnb`ntrmbhòn bln r`sp`btl mk th`epl, lat`n`els?

JQÍDHBM I@ Q@RPKYMILR 3.3=

3.3= 3.3=     )    N     (      N     Ò    H    B    M    Q    Y    N    @    B    N    L    B

3.3=

3.3=

3.3=

3.3=

3.3=

3.3=

3

3

93

03

3.3= 3

3

3 3 3 33 3

3 3 =3

13

23

`epl (EHNPYLR) VNG VN G9LG LGUU `n `n kå kåq quhi hil l au aurauo` o`mn mnt` t`

VNG VN G9LG LGUU `n `n `k `k tmn tmnq qu`

@st` bleplrtmeh`ntl blndhrem qu` km i`slrbhòn s` kk`vò m bmal, y pmrt` i`k NG 2+  du` r`thrmil i` km blrrh`nt` kåquhim pmrm s`r mtrmpmil `n km blrrh`nt` i` mhr`. X gmbh`nil r`d`r`nbhm m `stls imtls lat`nhils s` i`t`rehnò km bmnthimi i` elk`s trmnsd`rhils, trmnsd`r`nbhm50.=7 0.=7 % lat`nh`nil un % i` trmnsd`r`nbhm 1. Sm Smrm rm `k amk amkmn mnb` b` s` tle tleò ò `n bu` bu`nt ntm m km `v `vmp mplr lrmb mbhò hòn n y blni blni`n `nsm smbh bhòn òn i`k ihslkv`nt` kåquhil, `n `st` bmsl `k mjum s` tleò `n bu`ntm plr kl tmntl s` ehihò km bmnthimi i` mjum qu` `ntrm `n `k mhr`, ym qu` un mue`ntl i` km gue`imi r`kmthvm mue`ntm km t`ep`rmturm i`k jms y mså ehsel km `ntmkphm i`k kåquhil. 2. Q` Q`sp sp`b `btl tl mk jm jmst stl l vlku vlkueè eètr trhb hbl l i` me meam amss blrr blrrh` h`nt nt`s `s y km bmåi bmåim m i` pr pr`s `shò hòn n prliubhim plr `k mhr` bumnil mkbmnzm unm v`klbhimi `n km qu` `k blntmbtl bln `k mjum `s euy amol, km tlrr` plr `ni` bleh`nzm m hnunimrs`6 plr kl tmntl bln ams` mk dmbtlr i` kls tuals Qmsbghnj lbupmils, km bmåim i` pr`shòn kåeht` pmrm km hnunimbhòn `s i` ∄ Shnunimbhòn51.=2 pkj G  L, `k `quhpl du` lp`rmil m = pkj i` G 11 L  L    , plr kl tmntl i`bhels qu` trmamomels i`ntrl i`ntrl i`k rmnjl mb`ptma mb`ptmak` k` pmrm qu` nl s` prliuo`rm `k hnunimeh`ntl i` km tlrr`. 1

 

9. Smrm i`t`re rehhnmr kms gue ue` `imi mi` `s r`kmthvms i` kms blr lrrh rh` `nt`s s` ehih`rln kms t`ep`rmturms i` aukal Mhr` @ntrmim s`bl y aukal gÿe`il m km `ntrmim y Mhr`-NG2LG smkhim i`k `quhpl y bln myuim i` km Rmkhim bmrt bm rtm m psh pshbl ble eètrh ètrhbm bm y un unm m tmak tmakm m pshbleètrhbm, s` i`t`rehnò unm ihd`r`nbhm i` =3% `n emsm i` mjum, `ntr` meams blrrh`nt`s. @st` =3% `n emsm i` mjum r`pr`s`ntm km bmnthimi i` mjum y NG 2LG maslrahim `n km blrrh`nt` i` mhr`. Blrrh`nt`

Gue`imi Q`kmthvm 04% 44%

0. Bln `k eèt eètlil lil EbBma EbBma` ` s` i`t`re i`t`rehnò hnò km mkt mkturm urm t`òrh t`òrhbm bm i` km tlrr` ssh`nil h`nil `stm `stm i` =.12e =.1 2e p`rl bln blnlbh lbh`nil `nil qu qu` ` km mkturm r`m r`mkk i` km tlr tlrr` r` `s =.99e nls ime imels ls bu`ntm qu` gmy un `rrlr i`k =:.3:% pmrm `k vmklr i` km mkturm i` km blkuenm,kl qu` hnihbm qu` km tlrr` th`n` un tmemýl emylr mk qu` r`mke`nt` tuvhels qu` n`b`shtmr `stl pu`i` s`r i`ahil m km ihkubhòn i` km eu`strm. 4. Km v`klbh v`klbhimi imi i`k mh mhr` r` pmrm km blni blnihbhòn hbhòn i` hn hnunimbh unimbhòn, òn, s` i`t i`t`rehnò `rehnò,, e`ihmn e`ihmnt` t` km blrr`kmbhòn blrr`km bhòn i` Rg`rw Rg`rwlli lli `t mk (=872). @n `st` eètlil du` n`b`smrhl i`t`rehnmr  kms bllri`nmims X i`i`km kmjrídhbm. Km i` bllri`nmim p`rehthò i`t`rehnmr, emt`eíthbme emt`e íthbme`nt`, `nt`,W`kyvmklr v`klbh v`klbhimi imi hnunim hnunimbhòn bhònX i` mhr`, lat`nhèn lat`nhènils` ils`   ka un vmklr i`? J T 5912.328 gph` ±

@stm v`klbhimi `s km qu` s` n`b`shtm pmrm mkbmnzmr km blnihbhòn i` hnunimbhòn `n km blkuenm i` 9.3209 dt l =.12 e i` mkturm. :. Bln ams` m kls r`suk r`suktmi tmils ls lat` lat`nhi nhils, ls, blnbku blnbkuhel helss qu` km i`s i`slrbh lrbhòn òn s` kk`vò m 0.=7 %   i` emsm i` slkutl tltmk trmnsd`rhim, `n un p`rhlil i` 03 bmal bln un 0.=7 ehnutls i` lp`rmbhòn. Kms blnihbhln`s i` km tlrr` du`rln òpthems mså blel kls dkuols i` mhr` y kåquhil pmrm `vhtmr unm hnunimbhòn. R` i`smrrlkkò 2   - G1L m trmvès smthsdmbtlrhme`nt` km príbthbm i` i`slrbhòn i` un shst`em ሾ i`k dunbhlnmeh`ntl i`k `quhpl i` maslrbhòn.

AHAKHLJQMDHM 

Ebbma`, Lp`rmbhln`s Pnhtmrhms @n Hnj`nh`råm ]uåehbm. 9ª @ihbhòn. Eb JrmwGhkk. @xp`rhe`ntmk ‛Drmnbhsbl I` Ehrmnim―, I`pmrtme`ntl I` @n`rjèthbm. Ilbue`ntl hepr`s hep r`sl. l. Ebbma` Ebbma`,Lp ,Lp`rmb `rmbhln hln`s `s Pnh Pnhtmr tmrhms hms @n Hnj`nh Hnj`nh`rå `råm m ]uåehb ]uåehbm. m. 9ª @ih @ihbhò bhòn. n. Eb JrmwGhkk