PPSDM 2021

 

XK]^ ^ZL

]gfruatcgot, Xbkfgcgot, kon ^kbgot Ckokjgcgot

Ct ]k`ug/Futurk/Jgtt Ackjg

>

Ilm Kokbysas kon teg ^kbgot Ckokjgcgot Xrlfgss

 

BGK]OAOJ LMIGF^ATGV Flcpkoy‑s Vtrktgjaf Jlkbs

Zego ylu doase stunyaoj teas fekptgr, ylu selubn mg kmbg tl9

>-; >-= >-6 >-> >-7 >-4

Ngdog tkbgot ckokjgcgot, kon gxpbkao wekt Ngdog tkbgot tkbgot ckokjgcgot-lragotgn ckokjgrs nl. Gcpblygg Flcpgtgofags kon Mgekvalrs ]gquargn dlr Flcpkoy tl Kfeagvg  ^egsg Vtrktgjaf Jlkbs

Nasfuss teg prlfgss l ilm kokbysas, aofbunaoj Nasfuss teg wey at as acplrtkot. Gxpbkao kon usg kt usg kt bgkst tergg cgtelns l flbbgftaoj ilm kokbysas aolrcktalo. Gxpbkao elw ylu wlubn wratg k ilm ngsfraptalo, Gxpbkao elw kon wekt slurfgs ylu wlubn usg.

t  k o  on      f r u a t   ] g c g  g f o o     k t t     X b cgo

     b

Gxpbkao elw Gxpbkao  elw tl wratg k ilm spgfadfktalo.

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Javg gxkcpbgs l flcpgtgofy-mksgn ilm Javg gxkcpbgs kokbysas.

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v     o     g      a          o      b      l      

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r     N    ^      g    k    a       

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E] Xlbafags kon Xrkftafgs ]gquargn tl Xrlnufg Gcpblygg Flcpgtgofags kon Mgekvalrs       s

ego Nkacbgr lpgogn ats Cgrfgngs-Mgoz

Z

      o     a     t      g      l     k       g     b      y     ]     l      g

    b     p       c      G

c    

g        o       

k       o       n        

 t       

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  l    c   p    g

   o    s    k   a   t    l     o

kssgcmby pbkot ao Kbkmkck, ats ckokjgrs ekn

k nabgcck. ^egar strktgjy wks tl frgktg k eajepgrlrckofg pbkot tekt Nkacbgr flubn tego gxtgon

ZEG]G K]G ZG OLZ . . .

tl ltegr pbkots ao Kcgrafk, Vlute Krafk, Mrkzab, kon

Ckokjgrs selubn `olw wekt k ilm gotkabs

Jgrckoy. ^eg nabgcck wks tekt weabg pbkot ckokjgrs flubno‑t earg, trkao, lr pky tegar gcpblyggs watelut

sl eucko rgslurfg ckokjgcgot rgkbby stkrts

`olwaoj wekt gkfe gcpblygg wks gxpgftgn tl nl,

ckao purplsg l teas fekptgr as tl selw ylu

mglrg ngfanaoj wel tl rgfruat kon earg lr at, wate ngtgrcaoaoj wekt teg ilm gotkabs. ^eg elw tl kokbyzg ilms kon wratg ilm ngsfrap-

ao teas pbkot sgb-ckokjaoj tgkcs kssgcmbgn teg

talos. Zg nasfuss sgvgrkb tgfeoaqugs lr

vgeafbgs, kon sl wlr`grs‑ tks`s cajet fekojg gvgry

kokbyzaoj ilms kon gxpbkao elw tl wratg ilm

nky. Elw nl ylu earg pglpbg welsg ilm nutags krg kbwkys fekojaoj • Ilm KoKbysAs Kon ^EG ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^ X]lFGss  

 

11

BGK]OAOJ LMIGF^ATG >-;

^kbgot Ckokjgcgot Ckok jgcgot Xrlfgss

Ngdog tkbgot ckokjgcgot, Ngdog tkbgot kon gxpbkao wekt tkbgot ckokjgcgot-lragotgn ckokjgrs nl.

Dlr ckoy pglpbg, Fekptgrs >‖;6 rgprgsgot teg egkrt l teas mll`, spgfafkbby rgfruatcgot, sgbgftalo, trkaoaoj, kpprkaskb, fkrggr pbkooaoj, kon flcpgosktalo. Ckokjgrs trknatalokbby trknatalok bby vagw tegsg kftavatags ks k sgrags l stgps9 ;. Ngfang wekt plsatalos tl bb, terluje ilm kokbysas, pgrsloogb pbkooaoj, kon lrgfkstaoj. =. Muabn k pllb l ilm kppbafkots, my rgfruataoj aotgrokb lr gxtgrokb fkonanktgs. 6. Lmtkao kppbafktalo lrcs kon pgrekps ekvg aoatakb sfrggoaoj aotgrvagws. >. Wsg sgbgftalo tllbs ba`g tgsts, aotgrvagws, mkf`jrluon fegf`s, kon peysafkb gxkcs tl angotay vakmbg fkonanktgs. 7. Ngfang tl welc tl ck`g ko lgr. 4. Lragot, trkao, kon ngvgblp gcpblyggs sl tegy ekvg teg flcpgtgofags tl nl tegar ilms. :. Kpprkasg gcpblyggs tl kssgss elw tegy‑rg nlaoj. 5. Flcpgosktg gcpblyggs tl ckaotkao tegar cltavktalo.

tkbgot ckokjgcgot ^eg jlkb-lragotgn kon aotgjrktgn prlfgss ld pbkooaoj, rgfruataoj, ngvgblpaoj, ckokjaoj, kon flcpgosktaoj gcpblyggs.

^eas stgpwasg vagw ck` ck`gs gs sgosg. Dlr gxkcpbg, gxkcpbg, teg gcpblygr g cpblygr oggns ilm fkonanktgs fk onanktgs mglrg sgbgftaoj welc tl earg. ^eg prlmbgc wate teg stgpwasg vagw as twllbn. Darst, teg prlfgss usukbby aso‑t rgkbby stgpwasg. Dlr gxkcpbg, ckokjgrs nlo‑t iust trkao gcpblyggs (stgp 4 kmlvg) kon tego kpprkasg elw tegy‑rg tegy‑rg nlaoj (stgp :). Aostgkn (tl usg lur lu r gxkcpbg), teg kpprkaskb cky wgbb kbsl bllp mkf` tl sekpg teg gcpblygg‑s sumsgqugot trkaoaoj. Vl, rst, rktegr teko vagw tegsg gajet E] kftavatags ks stgpwasg, at as mgst tl vagw tegc elbastafkbby„  mgfkusg teg stgps aotgrkftavgby kgft gkfe ltegr kon wlr` tljgtegr. ^eg sgflon prlmbgc as tekt lfusaoj iust lo gkfe stgp cky fkusg teg ckokjgr tl cass teg lrgst lr teg trggs. At‑s olt iust gkfe stgp mut teg rgsubts ylu lmtkao my kppbyaoj tegc tljgtegr tekt‑s acplrtkot. Vl, sgflon, at‑s acplrtkot tl rgcgcmgr tekt gkfe kon gvgry stgp selubn mg lfusgn lo kfeagvaoj, ao uoaslo, slcg spgfaf rgsubt (sufe ks, sky, acprlvaoj acprl vaoj fustlcgr sgrvafg). ]gfljoazaoj kbb kbb teas, teg trgon tlnky as tl vagw tegsg gajet kftavatags olt stgpwasg mut ks pkrt l k fllrnaoktgn tkbgot ckokjgcgot glrt.= Zg wabb ngog tkbgot ckokjgcgot  ks teg elbastaf, aotgjrktgn kon rgsubts- kon jlkb-lragotgn prlfgss l pbkooaoj, rgfruataoj, sgbgftaoj, ngvgblpaoj, ckokjaoj, kon flcpgosktaoj gcpblyggs.6 Zekt nlgs teas cgko ao prkftafg< ^eg ckokjgr ck okjgr wel tk`gs k tkbgot ckokjgcgot kpprlkfe tgons tl tk`g kftalos sufe ks teg lbblwaoj9 ;. Eg lr seg stkrts wate teg rgsubts kon ks`s, ‒Zekt rgfruataoj, tgstaoj, trkaoaoj, lr pky kftalo selubn A tk`g tl prlnufg teg gcpblygg flcpgtgofags wg oggn tl kfeagvg lur flcpkoy‑s jlkbs. Kon, tl gosurg teg kftavatags krg kbb lfusgn lo teg skcg gons, teg ckokjgr wabb tk`g stgps tl fllrnaoktg teg tkbgot ckokjgcgot uoftalos (rgfruataoj kon trkaoaoj, lr gxkcpbg). Nlaoj sl ltgo aovlbvgs usaoj tkbgot ckokjgcgot sltwkrg.

^kbgot Ckokjgcgot Vldtwkrg Gcpblygrs usg tkbgot ckokjgcgot sltwkrgwky tl egbp gosurg teg tektflcpkoy‑s tegar tkbgotE] ckokjgcgot kftavatags krg kacgn ao k fllrnaoktgn tl kfeagvg kacs. Dlr gxkcpbg, Lrkfbg skys ats ^kbgot ^kbgot Ckokjgcgot suatg egbps teg ckokjgr tl earg teg mgst tkbgot, prlvang rgkb-tacg rgkb-tacg gvkbuktalos l wlr` wlr`lrfg lrfg pgrlrckofg, kon ‒PkSbajo kon

 

;88 

XK]^ = • ]GF]WA^CGo^, XbKFGCGo^, Kon ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^

ngvgblp ylur wlr`lrfg wate ylur tkbgot ckokjgcgot c kokjgcgot jlkbs.–> Vab`  Vab`] ]lkn ^gfeolbljy‑ ^gfeolbljy‑ss ^kbgot Ckokjgcgot Vlbutalo aofbungs kppbafkot trkf`aoj, lomlkrnaoj, pgrlrckofg ckokjgcgot, kon flcpgosktalo supplrt. At egbps teg ckokjgr tl ‒ . . . rgfruat, ckokjg, kon rgtkao ylur mgst gcpblyggs.–7   Z B G  N   

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BGK]OAOJ LMIGF^ATG >-= Nasfuss teg prlfgss l ilm Nasfuss teg kokbysas, aofbunaoj wey at as acplrtkot.

 ilm kokbysas ^eg prlfgnurg dlr ngtgrcaoaoj teg nutags kon s`abb rgquargcgots ld k ilm kon teg `aon ld pgrslo wel selubn mg eargn dlr at.

 ilm ngsfraptalos ngsfraptalos K bast ld k ilm‑ ilm‑ss nutags, rgsplosamabatags, rgplrtaoj rgbktaloseaps, wlr`aoj flonatalos, kon supgrvaslry rgsplosamabatags„log prlnuft ld k  ilm kokbysas.

^eg Mksafs l Ilm Kokbysas ^kbgot ckokjgcgot stkrts wate uongrstkonaoj wekt ilms oggn tl mg bbgn, kon teg eucko trkats kon flcpgtgofags gcpblyggs oggn tl nl telsg ilms ggftavgby.

Zekt As Ilm Kokbysas< Lrjkoazktalos flosast l plsatalos tekt ekvg tl mg stkgn. ^eg lrjkoazktalo fekrt (sgg Dajurg >-;) >-;) selws teg tatbg l gkfe supgrvaslr‑s plsatalo kon, my cgkos l floogftaoj baogs, wel as kffluotkmbg tl welc, wel eks kutelraty lr gkfe krgk, kon wel as gxpgftgn tl flccuoafktg wate welc. Ilm kokbysas as teg prlfgnurg terluje weafe ylu ngtgrcaog teg nutags l teg flcpkoy‑s plsatalos kon teg fekrkftgrastafs l teg pglpbg tl earg lr tegc. 4 Ilm kokbysas prlnufgs aolrcktalo lr wrataoj  ilm ngsfraptalos (k bast l wekt teg ilm gotkabs) gotkabs) kon ilm (lr ‒pgrslo–) spgfafktalos  (wekt `aon l pglpbg tl earg lr teg ilm). Tartukbby gvgry pgrsloogb-rgbktgn kftalo„  aotgrvagwaoj kppbafkots, kon trkaoaoj kon kpprkasaoj gcpblyggs, lr aostkofg„rgquargs `olwaoj wekt teg ilm gotkabs kon wekt eucko trkats log oggns tl nl teg ilm wgbb. :  Iust kmlut gvgry gcpblygr tlnky„rlc tlnky„rlc Ckrraltt tl Karmom„usgs ilm kokbysas kon teg  ilm ngsfraptalos ngsfraptalos tekt tekt stgc stgc rlc rlc at.5 ^eg supgrvaslr lr eucko rgslurfgs spgfakbast olrckbby flbbgfts log lr clrg l teg lbblwaoj typgs l aolrcktalo vak teg ilm kokbysas9 ◌ 

 ilm spgfadfktalos spgfadfktalos K bast ld k ilm‑ ilm‑ss ‒eucko rgquargcgots,– tekt as, teg rgquasatg gnufktalo, s`abbs, pgrslokbaty, kon sl lo„koltegr prlnuft ld k ilm kokbysas.

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Zlr` kftavatags. kftavatags. Aolrcktalo kmlut teg ilm‑s kftukb wlr` kftavatags, sufe ks fbgkoaoj, sgbbaoj, tgkfeaoj, lr pkaotaoj. ^eas bast cky kbsl aofbung elw, wey, kon wego teg wlr`gr pgrlrcs gkfe kftavaty. Eucko mgekvalrs. mgekvalrs. Aolrcktalo kmlut eucko mgekvalrs teg ilm rgquargs, ba`g sgosaoj, flccuoafktaoj, bataoj wgajets, lr wkb`aoj bloj nastkofgs. Ckfeaogs, tllbs, gquapcgot, kon wlr` kans. kans . Aolrcktalo rgjkrnaoj tllbs usgn, cktgrakbs prlfgssgn, `olwbgnjg ngkbt wate lr kppbagn (sufe ks okofg lr bkw), kon sgrvafgs rgongrgn (sufe ks fluosgbaoj lr rgpkaraoj).

Xrgsangot

 Tafg Xrgsangot-Vkbgs

Vkbgs Ckokjgr  Gkstgro Navasalo

Vkbgs Ckokjgr Zgstgro Navasalo

 Tafg Xrgsangot-Xrlnuftalo Xrgsangot-Xrlnuftalo

 Tafg Xrgsangot-Daokofg

Xbkot Ckokjgr

Ckokjgr Aotgrokb Kunats

Vkbgs ^gkc Vupgrvaslr   Kutl Xkrts

Vkbgs ^gkc Vupgrvaslr  Gbgftrafkbs

DAJW]G >-;  >-;  Lrjkoazktalo Fekrt

Xrlnuftalo Vupgr va vaslr

Kffluotaoj Vupgr va vaslr  

 

FEKX^G] > • Ilm KoKbysAs Kon ^EG ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^ X]lFGss 

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;8;

Xgrlrckofg stkonkrns. stkonkrns. Aolrcktalo kmlut teg ilm‑s pgrlrckofg stkonkrns (ao tgrcs l qukotaty lr qukbaty bgvgbs lr gkfe ilm nuty, lr aostkofg). Ilm flotgxt . Aolrcktalo kmlut sufe ckttgrs ks peysafkb wlr`aoj flonatalos, wlr` sfegnubg, aofgotavgs, kon, lr aostkofg, teg oucmgr l pglpbg wate welc teg gcpblygg wlubn olrckbby aotgrkft. Eucko rgquargcgots. rgquargcgots. Aolrcktalo sufe ks `olwbgnjg lr s`abbs (gnufktalo, (gnufktalo, trkaoaoj, wlr` gxpgragofg) kon rgquargn pgrslokb kttramutgs (kptatungs, pgrslokbaty, aotgrgsts).

Wsgs ld Ilm Kokbysas Aodlrcktalo

Ks Dajurg >-= succkrazgs, >-= succkrazgs, ilm kokbysas as acplrtkot mgfkusg at supplrts iust kmlut kbb eucko rgslurfg ckokjgcgot kftavatags. Aolrcktalo kmlut wekt nutags teg ilm gotkabs kon wekt eucko fekrkftgrastafs krg rgquargn tl pgrlrc tegsg nutags egbps ckokjgrs ngfang wekt slrt l pglpbg tl rgfruat kon earg. earg. ]GF]WA^CGO^ KON VGBGF^ALO

@olwaoj k ilm's nutags as ogfgsskry lr ngtgrcaoaoj, lr gxkcpbg, wegtegr k sgbgftalo tgst as k vkban prgnaftlr l suffgss suff gss lo teg ilm. Durtegrclrg, tl flcpby wate teg KNK, gcpblygrs selubn `olw gkfe ilm‑s  gssgotakb ilm uoftalos„weafe rgquargs k ilm kokbysas. GGL FLCXBAKOFG

XG]DL]CKOFG KXX]KAVKB

K pgrlrckofg kpprkaskb flcpkrgs ko gcpblygg‑s gcpblygg‑s kftukb pgr-

lrckofg eas lr egr tegsg nutagsnutags wate teg pgrlrckofg pgrlrckof stkonkrns. Ckokjgrs usg ilm kokbysas tllbgkro wekt konilm's stkonkrns krg. g stkonkrns. Flcpgosktalo (sufe ks skbkry kon mlous) usukbby ngpgons lo teg  ilm‑ss rgquargn s`abb kon gnufktalo bgvgb,  ilm‑ bgvgb, skgty ekzkrns, ngjrgg l rgsplosamaba rgsplosamabaty ty,, kon sl lo„kbb kftlrs ylu kssgss terluje ilm kokbysas. FLCXGOVK^ALO

^eg ilm ngsfraptalo basts teg ilm‑ ilm‑ss spgfaf nutags kon rgquasatg s`abbs„teus s`abbs„teus paoplaotaoj wekt trkaoaoj teg ilm rgquargs. ^]KAOAOJ

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Flonuftaoj k Ilm Kokbysas ^egrg krg sax stgps ao nlaoj k ilm kokbysas l k ilm, ks lbblws. V^GX ;9  Angotay teg usg tl weafe teg aolrcktalo wabb mg put mgfkusg teas wabb ngtgrcaog

elw ylu flbbgft teg aolrcktalo. Vlcg nktk flbbgftalo tgfeoaqugs„ba`g aotgrvagwaoj teg gcpblygg„krg jlln lr wrataoj ilm ngsfraptalos. Ltegr tgfeoaqugs, ba`g teg plsatalo

 Ilm kokbysas

 Ilm ngsfraptalo kon  ilm spgfa﬋fktalo

]gfruataoj kon sgbgftalo ngfasalos

GGL flcpbakofg

Xgrd rdl lrc rck k ofg ofg kpprk rkas ask kb

DAJW]G >-=  >-=  Wsgs ld Ilm Kokbysas Aodlrcktalo

Ilm g vk Ilm vkbu buk kta tal lo„wk jg jg kon skbkry ngfasalos (flcpgosktalo)

 ^rkaoaoj  ^rkaoao j rgquargcgots rgquargcgots

 

;8= 

XK]^ = • ]GF]WA^CGo^, XbKFGCGo^, Kon ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^

kokbysas qugstalookarg wg ngsframg bktgr, prlvang oucgrafkb rktaojs lr gkfe ilm0 tegsg fko mg usgn tl flcpkrg ilms lr flcpgosktalo purplsgs. V^GX =9 ]gvagw ]gbgvkot Mkf`jrluon Aolrcktalo Kmlut teg Ilm, Vufe ks Lrjkoazktalo

lrjkoazktalo fekrt K fekrt tekt selws teg lrjkoazktalowang nastramutalo ld wlr`, wate tatbgs ld gkfe plsatalo kon aotgrfloogftaoj baogs tekt selw wel rgplrts tl kon flccuoafktgs wate welc.

Fekrts kon Xrlfgss Fekrts 1 At as acplrtkot tl uongrstkon teg ilm‑s flotgxt. Dlr gxkcpbg, lrjkoazktalo fekrts selw teg lrjkoazktalowang lrjkoazktalowang navasalo l wlr`, kon wegrg teg  ilm ts ao teg lvgrk lvgrkbb bb lrjkoazkta lrjkoazktalo. lo. K prlfgss fekrt prlvangs k ngtkabgn pafturg l teg wlr`lw. ^eus, ao teg prlfgss fekrt ao Dajurg >-6, >-6, teg qukbaty flotrlb fbgr` selubn rgvagw flcplogots rlc suppbagrs, fegf` flcplogots jlaoj tl teg pbkot ckokjgrs, kon javg aolrcktalo rgjkrnaoj teg te g flcplogots‑ flcplogots ‑ qukbaty tl tegsg ckokjgrs. Daokbby, Daokbby, ko gxastaoj ilm ngsfraptalo cky prlvang k stkrtaoj plaot lr rgvasaoj teg ilm ngsfraptalo.

prlfgss fekrt K wlr`lw fekrt tekt selws teg lw ld aoputs tl kon lutputs drlc k pkrtafubkr ilm.

wlr`lw kokbysas K ngtkabgn stuny ld teg lw ld wlr` drlc ilm tl ilm ao k wlr` prlfgss.

]gvagwaoj teg lrjkoazktalo fekrt, prlfgss fekrt, kon ilm ngsfrapngsfraptalo egbps teg ckokjgr angotay wekt k ilm‑s nutags kon ngckons krg olw. Elwgvgr, at nlgs olt koswgr qugstalos ba`g ‒Nlgs elw teas ilm rgbktgs tl ltegr ilms ck`g sgosg-6  Xrlfgss Fekrt dlr Kokbyzaoj k Ilm‑s Zlr`lw Vlurfg9 Egongrslo, ]afekrn A., Flcpgosktalo Ckokjgcgot ao k @olwbgnjg Mksgn Zlrbn , 1te Gn., © =886, p.;6:. ]gpraotgn kon Gbgftrloafkbby rgprlnufgn rgprln ufgn my pgrcassalo l Xgkrslo Gnufktalo, Aof.,

Wppgr Vknnbg ]avgr, Ogw Igrsgy.

Aodlrcktalo aoput drlc pbkot ckokjgr 

Flcplogots aoput drlc suppbagrs

 Ilm uongr stuny„ stuny„ [ukbaty Flotrlb Fbgr` 

Aodlrcktalo lutput tl pbkot ckokjgr  rgjkrnaoj flcplogot qukbaty 

Xrlnuft qukbaty lutput  tl pbkot ckokjgr  ckokjgr 

 

FEKX^G] > • Ilm KoKbysAs Kon ^EG ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^ X]lFGss 

 

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Ao flonuftaoj k wlr`lw kokbysas, teg ckokjgr cky usg k lw prlfgss prlfgss fekrt fekrt0 teas basts ao lrngr gkfe stgp l teg prlfgss. ^eg ckokjgr cky flovgrt teas stgp-my-stgp lw prlfgss fekrt aotl k nakjrkccktaf prlfgss fekrt. ^eas selws, wate krrlws kon farfbgs, gkfe stgp ao teg prlfgss. ^eg wlr`lw kokbysas kt Kcgrafko Ktbkotaf bgn tl k rggojaoggraoj  l  l ats fbkacs prlfgssaoj lpgrktalo. Musaogss prlfgss rggojaoggraoj  cgkos rgngsajoaoj musaogss prlfgssgs, usukbby my flcmaoaoj stgps sl tekt sckbb cubtauoftalo tgkcs, ltgo usaoj aolrcktalo tgfeolbljy, nl teg ilms lrcgrby nlog my k Musaogss Xrlfgss ]ggojaoggraoj musaogss prlfgss rggojaoggraoj ]gngsajoaoj musaogss prlfgssgs, usukbby my flcmaoaoj stgps, tgkcs sl tekt sckbb cubtaduoftalo prlfgss usaoj aodlrcktalo tgfeolbljy nl teg  ilms dlrcgrby nlog my k sgqugofg ld ngpkrtcgots.

sgqugofg l ngpkrtcgots ngpkrtcgots.. ^eg mksaf rggojaoggraoj kpprlkfe kpprlkfe as tl9 ;. Angotay k musaogss prlfgss tl mg rgngsajogn (sufe ks prlfgssaoj ko aosurkofg fbkac) =. Cgksurg teg pgrlrckofg l teg gxastaoj prlfgssgs prlfgssgs 6. Angotay lpplrtuoatags tl acprlvg tegsg prlfgssgs >. ]gngsajo kon acpbgcgot k ogw wky l nlaoj teg wlr` 7. Kssajo lwogrseap l sgts l lrcgrb lrcgrby y sgpkrktg tks`s tl ko aonavanukb lr k tgkc wel usg ogw flcputgrazgn systgcs tl supplrt teg ogw krrkojgcgot Ks kt Ktbkotaf Kcgrafko, rggojaoggraoj usukbby rgquargs rgngsajoaoj aonavanukb  ilms.. Dlr  ilms Dlr gxkcpbg, gxkcpbg, wlr`grs wlr`grs nlaoj nktg stkcpaoj stkcpaoj cust olw olw `olw elw tl usg teg ogw nktg-stkcpaoj ckfeaog. Gkrby gflolcasts goteusakstafkbby ngsframgn wey spgfakbazgn ilms wgrg clrg gdfagot (ks ao, ‒prkftafg ck`gs pgrgft–). ^lnky, clst kjrgg tekt spgfakbazgn Ilm ]gngsajo

 ilm gobkrjgcgot gobkrjgcgot Kssajoaoj wlr`grs knnatalokb skcg-bgvgb kftavatags.

 ilm rltktalo rltktalo Vystgcktafkbby clvaoj wlr`grs drlc log ilm tl koltegr.

 ilm gorafecgot gorafecgot ]gngsajoaoj ilms ao k wky tekt aofrgksgs teg lpplrtuoatags dlr teg wlr`gr tl gxpgragofg dggbaojs ld rgsplosamabaty, kfeagvgcgot, jrlwte, kon rgfljoatalo.

 ilms fko mkf`rg, lr aostkofg my skppaoj clrkbg clrkbg.. Gxpgrts typafkbby sujjgst tergg wkys tl rgngsajo spgfakbazgn ilms tl ck`g tegc clrg fekbbgojaoj. Ilm gobkrjgcgot  cgkos kssajoaoj wlr`grs knnatalokb skcg-bgvgb kftavatags. ^eus, teg wlr`gr wel prgvalusby loby mlbtgn teg sgkt tl teg bgjs cajet kttkfe teg mkf` tll. Ilm rltktalo cgkos systgcktafkbby clvaoj wlr`grs rlc log ilm tl koltegr. Xsyfelbljast Drgngraf` Egrzmgrj krjugn tekt teg mgst wky tl cltavktg wlr`grs as terluje wekt eg fkbbgn ilm gorafecgot. Ilm gorafecgot cgkos rgngsajoaoj ilms ao k wky tekt aofrgksgs teg lpplrtuoatags lr teg wlr`gr tl gxpgragofg ggbaojs l rgsplosamabaty, kfeagvgcgot, jrlwte, kon rgfljoatalo„kon tegrglrg clrg cltavktalo. At nlgs teas my gcplwgraoj  teg   teg wlr`gr„lr aostkofg, my javaoj teg wlr`gr teg s`abbs kon kutelraty tl aospgft teg wlr`, aostgkn l ek ekvaoj vaoj supgrvaslrs nl tekt. Egrzmgrj skan gcplwgrgn gcplwgr gn gcpblyggs wlubn nl tegar ilms wgbb mgfkusg tegy wkotgn tl, kon qukbaty kon prlnuftavaty wlubn rasg. ^ekt peablslpey, ao log lrc lr koltegr, as teg teglrgtafkb mksas lr teg tgkc-mksgn sgb-ckokjaoj ilms ao ckoy flcpkoags krluon teg wlrbn tlnky. V^GX 69  Vgbgft ]gprgsgotktavg Xlsatalos Ogxt, wate k ilm tl kokbyzg, teg ckokjgr jgo-

grkbby sgbgfts k skcpbg l plsatalos tl lfus lo. Dlr gxkcpbg, at as usukbby uoogfgsskry tl kokbyzg kokbyzg teg ilms l kbb teg rc‑s rc‑s =88 kssgcmby wlr`grs0 wlr`grs0 aostgkn k skcpbg l ;8 ilms wabb nl. V^GX >9 Kftukbby Kokbyzg teg Ilm ^eg

kftukb ilm kokbysas aovlbvgs jrggtaoj gkfe ilm elbngr0 mragy gxpbkaoaoj teg ilm kokbysas prlfgss kon teg pkrtafapkots‑ rlbgs ao teas prlfgss0 spgonaoj kmlut ;7 caoutgs aotgrvagwaoj teg gcpblygg tl jgt kjrggcgot lo k mksaf succkry l teg ilm0 angotayaoj teg ilm‑s mrlkn mrlkn krgks l rgsplosamaba rgsplosamabaty ty,, sufe ks ‒fkbbaoj lo pltgotakb fbagots–0 kon tego aotgrkftavgby angotayaoj spgfaf nutags/tks`s wateao gkfe krgk usaoj log l teg cgtelns wg ngsframg iust mgblw. mgblw.;= V^GX 79 Tgray teg Ilm Kokbysas Aolrcktalo wate teg Zlr`gr Xgrlrcaoj teg Ilm kon

wate Eas lr Egr Accgnaktg Vupgrvaslr ^eas wabb egbp florc tekt teg aolrcktalo (lr aostkofg, lo teg ilm‑s nutags) as flrrgft kon flcpbgtg kon k on egbp tl jkao tegar kffgptkofg. kf fgptkofg. V^GX 49 Ngvgblp k Ilm Ngsfraptalo kon Ilm Vpgfadfktalo  ^eg ilm ngs ngsfra frapta ptalo lo basts teg nutags,

kftavatags, kon rgsplosamabatags l teg ilm, ks wgbb ks ats acplrtkot gkturgs, kftavatags, gkturgs, sufe ks wlr`aoj spgfa fafkta fktalo lo succkrazgs teg pgrslokb qukbatags, trkats, s`abbs, kon mkf`flonatalos. ^eg ilm spg jrluon rgquargn lr jgttaoj teg ilm nlog.

 

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XK]^ = • ]GF]WA^CGo^, XbKFGCGo^, Kon ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^

Cgtelns lr Flbbgftaoj Ilm Kokbysas Aolrcktalo

BGK]OAOJ LMIGF^ATG >-6

^egrg krg ckoy wkys (aotgrvagws lr qugstalookargs, lr aostkofg) tl flbbgft ilm aolrcktalo.;6 ^eg mksaf rubg as tl usg telsg tekt mgst t ylur purplsg. ^eus ko aotgrvagw cajet mg mgst lr frgktaoj k bast l ilm nutags. ^eg clrg qukotatktavg ‒plsatalo kokbysas qugstalookarg– cky mg mgst lr qukotayaoj gkfe ilm‑s vkbug lr pky purplsgs. Mglrg kftukbby kokbyzaoj teg ilm, `ggp sgvgrkb teaojs ao caon.

Gxpbkao kon usg kt usg kt bgkst tergg cgtelns l flbbgftaoj ilm kokbysas aolrcktalo.

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Ck`g teg ilm kokbysas k ilaot gdlrt gdlrt my k eucko rgslur rgslurfgs fgs ckokjgr ckokjgr, teg wlr`gr wlr`gr,, kon teg supgrvaslr. ^eg eucko rgslurfg ckokjgr cajet lmsgrvg teg wlr`gr nlaoj teg ilm, kon ekvg teg supgrvaslr kon wlr`gr flcpbgtg ilm qugstalookargs. ^eg supgrvaslr kon wlr`gr tego vgray teg E] ckokjgr‑s bast l ilm nutags. Ck`g surg teg qugstalos kon teg prlfgss krg fbgkr  tl teg gcpblyggs. Wsg sgvgrkb ilm kokbysas cgtelns. Dlr gxkcpbg, gxkcpbg, k qugstalookarg cajet cass k tks` teg wlr`gr pgrlrcs iust lffksalokbby. ^egrglrg at‑s prungot tl lbblw up teg qugstalookarg wate k selrt aotgrvagw. aotgrvagw.

^eg Aotgrvagw Ilm kokbysas aotgrvagws rkojg rlc uostrufturgn (‒^gbb cg kmlut ylur ilm–) tl eajeby strufturgn logs wate euonrgns l spgfaf atgcs tl fegf` l. Ckokjgrs cky flonuft aonavanukb aotgrvagws wate gkfe gcpblygg gcpblygg,, jrlup aotgrvagws wate jrlups l gcpblyggs wel ekvg teg skcg ilm, kon/lr supgrvaslr aotgrvagws wate log lr clrg `olwbgnjgkmbg supgrvaslrs. Wsg jrlup aotgrvagws wego k bkrjg oucmgr l gcpbly gcpblyggs ggs krg pgrlrcaoj sacabkr lr angotafkb angotafkb wlr`, saofg teas fko mg k quaf` kon aogxpgosavg wky tl jktegr aolrcktalo. Ks k rubg, teg wlr`grs‑ accgnaktg supgrvaslr kttgons teg jrlup sgssalo0 a olt, ylu fko aotgrvagw teg supgrvaslr sgpkrktgby. ^eg aotgrvagwgg selubn uongrstkon teg rgkslo lr teg aotgrvagw. aotgrvagw. ^egrg‑s k tgongofy lr wlr`grs tl vagw sufe aotgrvagws, rajetby lr wrlojby, ks ‒gdfagofy gvkbuktalos.– A sl, aotgrvagwggs cky egsatktg tl ngsframg tegar ilms kffurktgby. ^QXAFKB [WGV^ALOV

^ypafkb aotgrvagw qugstalos aofbung teg lbblwaoj9

Zekt as teg ilm mgaoj pgrlrcgn< Zektt gxkftby krg teg ckilr nutags l ylur plsatalo< Zek

At a egpdu t pg gvgrk cautg prar t fgftaj i kka adrckta gxpkaaj teg prfg tekt u wa g dwaj.

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FEKX^G] > • Ilm KoKbysAs Kon ^EG ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^ X]lFGss 

 

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Zekt peysafkb blfktalos nl ylu wlr` ao< Zekt krg teg gnufktalo, gxpgragofg, s`abb, Pkon koy fgrtafktalo kon bafgosaojS rgquargcgots< Ao wekt kftavatags nl ylu pkrtafapktg< Zekt krg teg ilm‑s rgsplosamabatags kon nutags< Zekt krg teg mksaf kffluotkmabatags lr pgrlrckofg stkonkrns tekt typay ylur wlr`< Zekt krg ylur rgsplosamabatags< Zekt krg teg govarlocgotkb kon wlr`aoj flonatalos aovlbvgn< Zekt krg teg ilm‑s peysafkb, gcltalokb, kon cgotkb ngckons< Zekt krg teg egkbte kon skgty flonatalos< Krg ylu gxplsgn tl koy ekzkrns lr uousukb wlr`aoj flonatalos< Ckoy ckokjgrs usg qugstalookargs tl juang teg aotgrvagw. Dajurg >-> prgsgots log gxkcpbg. At aofbungs qugstalos rgjkrnaoj ckttgrs ba`g teg jgogrkb purplsg l teg ilm, supgrvaslry rgsplosamabatags, ilm nutags, kon s`abbs rgquargn. V^]WF^W]GN AO^G]TAGZV

^eg aotgrvagw‑s wang usg rggfts ats knvkotkjgs. At‑s k sacpbg kon quaf` wky tl flbbgft aolrcktalo. V`abbgn aotgrvagwgrs fko kbsl uogkrte acplrtkot kftavatags tekt lffur lffksalokbby, lr aolrckb flotkfts olt lo teg lrjkoazktalo fekrt. ^eg gcpblygg fko kbsl vgot rustrktalos tekt cajet ltegrwasg jl uooltafgn. Nastlrtalo l aolrcktalo as teg ckao prlmbgc. ;>  Ilm kokbysas ltgo prgfgngs fekojaoj k ilm‑s pky rktg. Gcpblyggs tegrglrg ltgo vagw at ks pky-rgbktgn, kon gxkjjgrktg slcg rgsplosamabatags weabg caoacazaoj ltegrs. Ao log stuny, rgsgkrfegrs bastgn plssambg ilm nutags gategr ks sacpbg tks` stktgcgots (‒rgflrn pelog cgsskjgs kon ltegr rlutaog aolrcktalo–) lr ks kmabaty stktgcgots (‒kmabaty tl rgflrn pelog cgsskjgs kon ltegr rlutaog aolrcktalo–). ]gsplongots wgrg clrg ba`gby tl rgplrt pgrlrcaoj teg kmabaty-mksgn vgrsalos l teg stktgcgots. ^egrg cky mg k tgongofy lr pglpbg tl aoktg tegar ilm‑s acplrtkofg wego kmabatags krg aovlbvgn, tl acprgss teg pgrfgptalos l ltegrs.;7 X]LV KON FLOV

AO^G]TAGZAOJ JWANGBAOGV ◌ 

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^l jgt teg mgst aolrcktalo plssambg9

Gstkmbase rkpplrt wate teg aotgrvagwgg. @olw teg pgrslo‑s okcg, spgk` uongrstkonkmby, mragy rgvagw teg aotgrvagw‑s purplsg, kon gxpbkao elw teg pgrslo wks felsgo lr teg aotgrvagw. Wsg k strufturgn juang tekt basts qugstalos. ^eas gosurgs ylu‑bb angotay frufakb qugstalos kegkn l tacg kon tekt kbb aotgrvagwgrs aotgrvagwgrs (a clrg teko log) flvgr kbb teg rgquargn qugstalos. (Elwgvgr, kbsl ks`, ‒Zks tegrg koyteaoj wg nano‑t flvgr wate lur qugstalos->  >->  Ilm Kokbysas [ugstalookarg dlr Ngvgblpaoj Ilm Ngsfraptalos Vlurfg9 Knkptgn rlc www.tsu.gnu/XNDDabgs/ Eucko%=8]gslurfgs/ E]%=8Dlrcs/IK[%=8 DL]C\rgv%=8 ;88581%=8k.pn 0 www .ngbkwkrgpgrsloogb.flc/ fbkss/lrcs/ikq/ikq.setcb00 fbkss/lrcs/ikq/ikq.setcb www.ue.gnu/euckorgslurfgs/lrcs/IK[. nlf00 www.tostktg.gnu/ nlf er/nlfucgots/.../Ilm%=8 er/ nlfucgots/.../Ilm%=8 Kokbysas%=8[ugstalookarg .nlf (kbb .nlf  (kbb kffgssgn Iuby =>, =8;6).

ILM KOKBQVAV [WGV^ALOOKA]G* XW]XLVG KON AOV^]WF^ALOV Mgfkusg ol log `olws teg ilm ks wgbb ks teg pgrslo nlaoj at, wg krg ks`aoj ylu tl flcpbgtg teas dlrc. ^eg purplsg as tl lmtkao furrgot aodlrcktalo lo ylur ilm mksgn lo k rgvagw ld ilm nutags kon rgsplosamabatags. rgsplosamabatag s. Zg krg olt ks`aoj ylu kmlut ylur ilm pgrdlrckofg0 loby wekt ylur ilm rgquargs ylu tl nl. GCXBLQGG NK^K NK^K (XBGKVG X]AO^)9 Qlur Okcg9

^lnky‑s nktg

Gcpblygg AN9 Blfktalo/Ngpkrtcgot9 Qlur Ilm ^atbg9

Ilm Flng9

Elw bloj ekvg ylu mggo ao ylur furrgot plsatalo9 Zlr` ^gbgpelog Oucmgr9 Vupgrvaslr‑s Vupgrvas lr‑s Okcg9

Vupgrvaslr‑ Vupgrvasl r‑ss ^atbg9

VWCCK]Q LD NW^AGV/]GVXLOVAMABA^AGV Javg k mragd ngsfraptalo ld teg ckao duoftalo/purplsg ld ylur ilm. ^eas stktgcgot selubn mg k mragd succkry ld teg rgsplosamabatags bastgn ao teg ogxt sgftalo.

Bastaoj ld Ilm Nutags Zekt nl ylu nl lo ylur ilm< Xbgksg bast ylur ilm‑s spgfa﬋f nutags/rgsplosamabatags ao teg spkfg mgblw. Ao nlaoj sl9 Xbgksg bast teg clst acplrtkot nutags/rgsplosamabatags ﬋rst. Zratg k sgpkrktg stktgcgot dlr gkfe nuty/rgsplosamabaty. teg ylu gon spgon ld gkfe kpprlxacktg pgrfgot ld ylur wlr`nky (=7%, :%,Ktgtf.) lostktgcgot tekt nuty.pbgksg aonafktg teg kpprlxacktg Xbgksg pbkfg ko kstgras` (*) ogxt tl teg nutags tekt ylu flosangr tl mg kmslbutgby gssgotakb tl teas  ilm.

(Knn knnatalokb nutags ks ogfgsskry) Krg tegrg nutags ylu krg olw pgrdlrcaoj tekt krg olt olw ao ylur ilm ngsfraptalo< Ad sl pbgksg bast tegc lo mkf` ld teas pkjg. (Flotaougn)

 

FEKX^G] > • Ilm KoKbysAs Kon ^EG ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^ X]lFGss 

 

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DAJW]G >->  >->  Flotaougn  Caoacuc Bgvgb ld Gnufktalo (lr Gquavkbgot Gxpgragofg) ^eas Ilm ]gquargs Zekt as teg caoacuc bgvgb ld gnufktalo ogfgsskry tl pgrdlrc ylur ilm< Vgbgft loby log pbgksg9 ;. Gbgcgotkry gnufktalo. =. Vlcg eaje sfellb. 6. K eaje sfellb napblck lr gquavkbgot (J.G.N.). >. K dlrckb vlfktalokb trkaoaoj prljrkc (kpprlxacktgby log ygkr), ko kpprgotafgseap, lr slcg dlrckb flbbgjg gnufktalo. 7. Ko ksslfaktg‑s ngjrgg (KK, KV). 4. K mkfegblr‑s ngjrgg (MK, MV). :. K ckstgr‑s ngjrgg (CK, CV, CMK, CXK). 5. K nlftlrktg ngjrgg (Xe.N., CN, IN, GGN). 1. Krg ylu rgquargn tl mg bafgosgn lr fgrta﬋gn tl pgrdlrc ylur wlr`< P S Qgs P S Ol Bast typg ]gquargn ^rkaoaoj lo Ilm Zekt as teg bgvgb ld lo-teg-ilm lr fbkssrllc trkaoaoj slcglog rgquargs tl nl ylur ilm< Xbgksg sgbgft log felafg mgblw9 ;. Ol knnatalokb trkaoaoj rgquargn. =. K nky lr twl. 6. K wgg`. >. K clote. 7. Vgvgrkb clotes. 4. Log ygkr. :. ^wl ygkrs lr clrg. VWXG]TAVL]Q ]GVXLOVAMABA^AGV Nl ylu supgrvasg ltegrs ks pkrt ld ylur ilm< Ad sl pbgksg mrag﬍y ngsframg teg okturg ld ylur supgrvaslry rgsplosamabatags. XEQVAFKB ILM NGCKONV Xbgksg mrag﬍y ngsframg teas ilm‑s ckao peysafkb ngckons. Dlr gxkcpbg, nlgs at aovlbvg Vattaoj< Zkb`aoj< Vtkonaoj< Badtaoj< Ngtkabgn rgpgtatavg cltalos< Fbacmaoj< Gtf. Zlr`aoj Flonatalos9 Govarlocgotkb kon Vkdgty Ilm Ngckons Xbgksg bast teas ilm‑s wlr`aoj flonatalos, sufe ks9 kar-flonatalogn ld﬋fg wlr`0 lutnllr lr aonllr gxtrgcg egkt lr flbn0 wgt0 olasg0 ilm ekzkrns0 wlr`aoj ao gbgvktgn flonatalos0 gtf. GCXBLQGG FLCCGO^V As tegrg koy ltegr aodlrcktalo aodlrcktalo tekt wlubn mg acplrtkot ao uongrstkonaoj uongrstkonaoj ylur ilm< Ad sl, pbgksg javg us ylur flccgots mgblw. VWXG]TAVL]‑V ]GTAGZ Mksgn lo ylur uongrstkonaoj ld teg ilm ks at furrgotby gxasts, pbgksg rgvagw teg gcpblygg‑s rgsplosg kon prlvang ylur lwo flccgots ao teg spkfg mgblw. Xbgksg nl olt fekojg teg gcpblygg‑s rgsplosgs.

* Flpyrajet Jkry Ngssbgr Ngssbgr,, XeN

 

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XK]^ = • ]GF]WA^CGo^, XbKFGCGo^, Kon ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^

Ao prkftafg, teg qugstalookarg ltgo kbbs mgtwggo tegsg twl gxtrgcgs. Ks abbustrktgn ao Dajurg >->, >->, k typafkb ilm kokbysas qugstalookarg cajet aofbung sgvgrkb lpgogongn qugstalos (sufe ks ‒Javg k mrag ngsfraptalo l teg ckao uoftalo/purplsg l ylur ilm.–) ks wgbb ks strufturgn qugstalos (flofgroaoj, lr aostkofg, gnufktalo rgquargn). [ugstalookargs ekvg prls kon flos. ^eas as k quaf` kon gdfagot wky tl lmtkao aolrcktalo rlc rlc k bkrjg oucmgr l gcpblyggs0 at‑s at‑s bgss flstby teko aotgrvagwaoj nlzgos nlz gos l wlr`grs, lr aostkofg. Elwgvgr, ngvgblpaoj kon tgstaoj at (pgrekps my ck`aoj surg teg wlr`grs uongrstkon teg qugstalos) fko mg tacg-flosucaoj. Kon K on ks wate aotgrvagws, gcpblyggs cky nastlrt tegar koswgrs.

Lmsgrvktalo Nargft lmsgrvktalo as gspgfakbby usgub wego ilms flosast l lmsgrvkmbg peysafkb kftavatags„kssgcmby-baog wlr`gr kon kffluotaoj fbgr` krg gxkcpbgs. Elwgvgr, Elwgvgr, at‑s usukbby olt kpprlpraktg wego teg ilm gotkabs k blt l cgotkb kftavaty (bkwygr, ngsajo gojaoggr). Olr as at usgub a teg gcpblygg loby lffksalokbby gojkjgs ao acplrtkot kftavatags, sufe ks k oursg wel ekonbgs gcgrjgofags g cgrjgofags.. ]gkftavaty „teg wlr`gr‑s fekojaoj wekt eg lr seg olrckbby nlgs mgfkusg ylu krg wktfeaoj„as koltegr prlmbgc. Ckokjgrs ltgo usg nargft lmsgrvktalo l msgrvktalo kon aotgrvagwaoj tljgtegr. tljgteg r. Log kpprlkfe kpprlkfe as tl lmsgrvg teg wlr`gr lo teg ilm nuraoj k flcpbgtg wlr` fyfbg. (^eg fyfbg as teg tacg at tk`gs tl flcpbgtg teg ilm0 at flubn mg k caoutg lr ko kssgcmby-baog wlr`gr lr ko elur, k nky, lr blojgr lr flcpbgx ilms.) Egrg ylu tk`g oltgs l kbb teg ilm kftavatags. ^ego, ks` teg pgrslo tl fbkray lpgo plaots kon tl gxpbkao wekt wekt ltegr kftavatags eg lr seg pgrlrcs tekt ylu nano‑t lmsgrvg.

Xkrtafapkot Nakry/Bljs nakry/blj Nkaby bastaojs ckng my wlr`grs ld gvgry kftavaty ao weafe tegy gojkjg kbloj wate teg tacg gkfe kftavaty tk`gs.

Koltegr cgteln as tl ks` wlr`grs tl `ggp k nakry/blj nakry/blj00 egrg lr gvgry kftavaty gojkjgn ao, teg gcpblygg rgflrns teg kftavaty (kbloj wate teg tacg) ao k blj. Vlcg rcs javg gcpblyggs plf`gt naftktaoj ckfeaogs kon pkjgrs. ^ego rkonlcby nuraoj teg nky, tegy pkjg teg wlr`grs, wel naftktg wekt tegy krg nlaoj kt tekt tacg.

[ukotatktavg Ilm Kokbysas ^gfeoaqugs [ukbatktavg cgtelns ba`g aotgrvagws kon qugstalookargs krg olt kbwkys suatkmbg. Dlr gxkcpbg, a ylur kac as tl flcpkrg ilms lr pky purplsgs, k cgrg bastaoj l nutags cky olt sudfg. Qlu Qlu cky oggn tl sky tekt, ao ggft, ggf t, ‒Ilm K as twafg ks fekbbgojaoj fe kbbgojaoj ks Ilm M, kon sl as a s wlrte twafg twaf g teg pky p ky.– .– ^l ^l nl teas, t eas, at egbps tl ekvg qukotatktavg rktaojs lr gkfe  ilm. ^eg plsatalo kokbysas  ilm. kokbysas qugstalookarg qugstalookarg kon teg Ngpkrtcgot l Bkmlr kpprlkfe kpprlkfe krg krg qukotatktavg cgtelns lr nlaoj teas. plsatalo kokbysas qugstalookarg (XK[) K qugstalookarg usgn tl flbbgft qukotakmbg nktk flofgroaoj teg nutags kon rgsplosamabatags ld vkralus ilms.

XLVA^ALO KOKBQVAV [WGV^ALOOKA]G ^eg plsatalo kokbysas qugstalookarg (XK[)  as k vgry plpubkr qukotatktavg ilm kokbysas tllb, flosastaoj l k qugstalookarg flotkaoaoj ;1> atgcs.;4 ^eg ;1> atgcs (sufe ks ‒wrattgo cktgrakbs–) gkfe rgprgsgot k mksaf gbgcgot tekt cky pbky k rlbg ao teg ilm. ;: ^eg atgcs gkfe mgbloj tl log l vg XK[ mksaf kftavatags9 (;) Ekvaoj Ngfasalo-Ck`aoj/Flccuoafktalo/Vlfakb ]gsplosamabatags, (=) Xgrlrcaoj V`abbgn Kftavatags, (6) Mgaoj Xeysafkbby Kftavg, (>) Lpgrktaoj Tgeafbgs/ Gquapcgot, kon (7) Xrlfgssaoj Aolrcktalo. ^eg okb XK[ ‒sflrg– rggfts teg ilm‑s rktaoj lo gkfe l tegsg vg kftavatags. ^l jgt telsg sflrgs, teg ilm kokbyst ngfangs a gkfe l teg ;1> atgcs (sufe ks log lo usaoj ‒wrattgo cktgrakbs–) kppbags tl teg ilm kon, a sl, tl wekt gxtgot. Dlr gxkcpbg, wateao teg ‒Xrlfgssaoj Aolrcktalo– kftavaty sgftalo, ko atgc lo teg gxtgot tl weafe teg ilm rgquargs usaoj ‒wrattgo cktgrak cktgrakbs– bs–

sufe ks mll`s kon rgplrts cajet jgt k rktaoj l >. Vaofg teg XK[ sfkbg rkojgs rlc ; tl 7, k > sujjgsts tekt wrattgo cktgrakbs nl pbky k sajoafkot rlbg ao teas ilm. ^eg kokbyst fko usg ko lobaog vgrsalo l teg XK[ (sgg www.pkq.flc www.pkq.flc)) lr gkfe ilm eg lr seg as kokbyzaoj.

 

FEKX^G] > • Ilm KoKbysAs Kon ^EG ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^ X]lFGss 

 

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Log l teg XK[‑s strgojtes as ao kssajoaoj ilms tl ilm fbkssgs lr pky purplsgs. Zate rktaojs lr gkfe ilm‑s ngfasalo-ck`aoj, s`abbgn s`abbg n kftavaty, peysafkb kftavaty, kftavaty, vgeafbg/gquapcgot lpgrktalo, kon aolrck aolrcktalo-prlfgss talo-prlfgssaoj aoj fekrkftgrastafs fekrkftgrastafs,, ylu fko qukotatktavgby flcpkrg ilms rgbktavg tl log koltegr,;5 kon tego fbkssay ilms lr pky purplsgs. ;1 Gxpgrts kt teg W.V. Ngpkrtcgot l Bkmlr nan cufe l teg gkrby wlr` ngvgblpaoj ilm kokbysas. kokbysas.=8 ^egy usgn tegar rgsubts tl flcpabg wekt wks lr ckoy ygkrs teg mambg l ilm ngsfraptalos, teg Naftalokry l Lffu pktalokbb ^atbgs . ^eas ckcclte mll` flotkaogn ngtkabgn aolrcktalo lo vartukbby  pktalok gvgry ilm ao Kcgrafk. Aotgrogt-mksgn tllbs ekvg bkrjgby rgpbkfgn teg Naftalokry .=;  Elwgvgr, teg W.V. Ngpkrtcgot l Bkmlr ilm kokbysas prlfgnurg rgckaos k jlln gxkcpbg l elw tl qukotatktavgby rktg, fbkssay, kon flcpkrg ilms. Ks ^kmbg >-;  >-;  selws, teg NLB cgteln usgs k sgt l stkonkrn kftavatags fkbbgn wlr`gr uoftalos  tl ngsframg wekt k wlr`gr cust nl wate rgspgft tl nktk, pglpbg, kon teaojs. Zate rgspgft tl nktk, lr aostkofg, teg uoftalos aofbung syotegsazaoj kon flpyaoj. Dlr pglpbg, tegy aofbung cgotlraoj kon supgrvasaoj. Dlr teaojs, mksaf uoftalos aofbung ckoapubktaoj kon ekonbaoj. Gkfe wlr`gr uoftalo eks ko acplrtkofg rktaoj. ^eus, ‒fllrnaoktaoj– as ;, wegrgks ‒flpyaoj– as 7. A ylu wgrg kokbyzaoj teg ilm l k rgfgptaloast/fbgr`, lr gxkcpbg, ylu cajet bkmgb teg ilm 7, 4, : tl rgprgsgot flpyaoj nktk, spgk`aoj/ sajokbaoj pglpbg, kon ekonbaoj teaojs. Qlu cajet flng k psyfeaktraf kang ao k elspatkb ;, :, 7 ao rgbktalo tl nktk, pglpbg, kon teaojs. Ao prkftafg, ylu wlubn sflrg gkfe tks` NGXK]^CGO^ LD BKML] (NLB) X]LFGNW]G

tekt teg wlr`gr pgrlrcgn ks pkrt l eas lr egr ilm ao tgrcs l nktk, pglpbg, kon teaojs. ^ego ylu wlubn usg teg eajegst flcmaoktalo (sky >, 4, 7) tl rktg teg lvgrkbb  ilm, saofg teas as teg eajegst eajegst bgvgb bgvgb tekt tekt ylu ylu wlubn gxpgft k suffgssub ilm aofucmgot tl kttkao. A ylu wgrg sgbgftaoj k wlr`gr lr tekt >, 4, 7 ilm, ylu‑n gxpgft eac lr egr tl mg kmbg tl kt bgkst flcputg (>), spgk`/sajokb spgk`/sajokb (4), kon tgon (7). A ylu wgrg flcpkraoj  ilms lr pky purplsgs, k >, 4, 7 ilm selubn rko` eajegr (sgg ^kmbg >-;) >-;) teko k 4, 5, 4  ilm.. ^eg ckokjgr  ilm ckokjgr fko tego prgsgot prgsgot k succkry l teg ilm kbloj kbloj wate ats 6-najat 6-najat rktaoj rktaoj lo k lrc sufe ks ao Dajurg >-7. >-7.==

Lobaog Ilm Kokbysas Cgtelns=6 Gcpblygrs kbsl usg lobaog ilm kokbysas cgtelns. Egrg teg eucko rgslurfg ngpkrtcgot jgogrkbby nastramutgs stkonkrnazgn ilm kokbysas qugstalookargs tl jgljrkpeafkbby nasmursgn gcpblyggs lobaog, wate aostruftalos tl flcpbgtg teg lrcs kon rgturo tegc my k pkrtafubkr nktg. ^eg ilm kokbyst cky tego flovgog, lobaog, ilm gxpgrts tl ^KMBG >-; 

Mksaf Ngpkrtcgot ld Bkmlr Zlr`gr Duoftalos nktk

Mksaf Kftavatags

Xgpg

^eaj

8 Vyotegsazaoj

8 Cgotlraoj

8 Vgttaoj up

; Fllrnaoktaoj

; Ogjltaktaoj

; Xrgfasalo wlr`aoj

= Kokbyzaoj

= Aostruftaoj

= Lpgrktaoj/flotrlbbaoj

6 Flcpabaoj

6 Vupgrvasaoj

6 Nravaoj/lpgrktaoj

> Flcputaoj

> Navgrtaoj

> Ckoapubktaoj

7 Flpyaoj

7 Xgrsuknaoj

7 ^gonaoj

4 Flcpkraoj

4 Vpgk`aoj/sajokbaoj

4 Dggnaoj/lmgkraoj

: Vgrvaoj

: Ekonbaoj

5 ^k`aoj aostruftalos/egbpaoj Oltg9 Ngtgrcaog gcpblygg‑s ilm ‒sflrg– lo nktk, pglpbg, kon teaojs my lmsgrvaoj eas lr egr ilm kon ngtgrcaoaoj, lr gkfe l teg tergg fktgjlrags, weafe l teg mksaf uoftalos abbustrktgs teg pgrslo‑s ilm. ‒8– as eaje0 ‒4,– ‒5,– kon ‒:– krg blws ao gkfe flbuco.

 

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XK]^ = • ]GF]WA^CGo^, XbKFGCGo^, Kon ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^

DAJW]G >-7  >-7  Vkcpbg ]gplrt Mksgn lo Ngpkrtcgot ld Bkmlr Ilm Kokbysas ^gfeoaqug

 Ilm Kokbysas Vfegnubg Vfegnubg NLWJE CAUG]

;. Gstkmbasegn Ilm ^atbg =. Aon. Kssajo

(mk`g prln.)

6. VAF Flng(s) kon ^atbg(s)

=87; Mrgkn kon ltegr mk`gry prlnufts

>. ILM VWCCK]Q9 Lpgrktgs caxaoj ckfeaog tl cax aojrgnagots dlr strkajet kon splojg (ygkst) nlujes kfflrnaoj tl gstkmbasegn dlrcubks, nargfts ltegr wlr`grs ao dgrcgotktalo ld nluje, kon furbs nluje aotl pagfgs wate ekon futtgr futtgr..

7. ZL]@ XG]DL]CGN ]K^AOJV9

Zlr`gr Duoftalos

Zlr` Dagbn

N

X

(^)

Nktk

Xglpbg

^eaojs

7

4

=

Fll`aoj, Dlln Xrgpkraoj 

4. ZL]@G] ^]KA^V ]K^AOJ (tl mg ﬋bbgn ao my kokbyst)9 ^rkaoaoj tacg rgquargn Kptatungs ^gcpgrkcgots Aotgrgsts Xeysafkb ngckons Govarlocgot flonatalos

nasfuss  n asfuss kon okbazg teg `olwbgnjg, s`abbs, kmabatags, kon ltegr fekrkftgrastafs nlaoj teg  ilm rgquargs rgquargs..=> Zatelut k ilm kokbyst kftukbby sattaoj tegrg wate teg gcpblygg lr supgrvaslr supgrv aslr,, tegrg‑s k fekofg tegy wlo‑t flvgr flvgr acplrtkot plaots pl aots lr tekt casuongrstkonaojs casuong rstkonaojs krasg. ^egrglrg, ^egrglrg, kbb aostruftalos selubn mg fbgkr, kon tgst teg prlfgss rst. ^eg W.V. Okvy usgn Aotgrogt-mksgn ilm kokbysas. =7 ^l `ggp kcmajuatags tl k caoacuc, at ekn teg gcpblyggs flcpbgtg strufturgn lobaog ilm kokbysas lrcs stgp my stgp kon nuty my nuty, ks lbblws9 ◌ 

◌ 

◌ 

Darst, teg lobaog lrc basts k sgt l wlr` kftavatags (sufe ks ‒Jgttaoj Aolrcktalo Aolrcktalo– – kon ‒Cloatlr Xrlfgssgs–) rlc teg Ngpkrtcgot l Bkmlr L*OG^ wlr` kftavatags bast (sgg Dajurg >-4). >-4).=4 Ogxt, teg lrc nargfts gcpblyggs tl sgbgft telsg wlr` kftavatags tekt krg acplrtkot tl tegar ilm. ^ego, teg lrc ks`s tegc tl bast kftukb nutags l tegar ilms tekt t gkfe l telsg sgbgftgn wlr` kftavatags. Dlr gxkcpbg, supplsg ko gcpblygg felsg ‒Jgttaoj Aolrcktalo– ks ko acplrtkot wlr` kftavaty. Olw eg lr seg wlubn bast ogxt tl ‒Jgttaoj Aolrcktalo– spgfaf ilm nutags, sufe ks ‒mraoj ogw lrngrs rlc lur vgonlrs tl teg mlss‑s kttgotalo.–

Kjkao, teg ckao fkvgkt fkvgkt wate lobaog ilm kokb kokbysas ysas as tl strap teg prlfgss l kcmajuatags kcmajuatags.. =: ^eg Okvy‑s lobaog cgteln prlvgn ggftavg.

 

FEKX^G] > • Ilm KoKbysAs Kon ^EG ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^ X]lFGss 

 

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DAJW]G >-4  >-4  L*OG^ Jgogrkbazgn Zlr` Kftavatags Fktgjlrags Oltg9 ^eg W.V. Okvy gcpblyggs wgrg ks`gn tl aonafktg a tegar  ilms rgquargn tegc tl gojkjg ao wlr` kftavatags sufe ks9 Jgttaoj Aolrcktalo0 Aolrcktal o0 Cloatlraoj Xrlfgssgs0 Angotayaoj Lmigfts0 Aospgftaoj Gquapcgot0 kon

Gstacktaoj [ukotakm [ukotakmbg bg Fekrkftgrastafs. Vlurfg9 Drlc L*OG^ Zgm satg, www.logtlobaog.lrj.. www.logtlobaog.lrj

CyBkm Ckokjgcgot  Ckokjgcgot Kppby At! Ad ylur prldgsslr eks kssajogn teas kftavaty, jl tl teg Kssajocgots sgftalo ld www.pgkrslo.flc/ cybkm/ckokjgcgot  tl flcpbgtg teg vangl gxgrfasg. cybkm/ckokjgcgot

  ZB G  N   

   L      O

J       G 

      @

M  

K  V  G

BGK]OAOJ LMIGF^ATG >-> Gxpbkao elw ylu wlubn wratg Gxpbkao elw k ilm ngsfraptalo, kon wekt slurfgs ylu wlubn usg.

Zrataoj Ilm Ngsfraptalos ^eg clst acplrtkot prlnuft l ilm kokbysas as teg ilm ngsfraptalo. K ilm ngsfraptalo as k wrattgo stktgcgot l wekt teg wlr`gr kftukbby nlgs, elw eg lr seg nlgs at, kon wekt teg ilm‑s wlr`aoj flonatalos krg. Qlu usg teas aolrcktalo tl wratg k ilm spgfafktalo0 teas basts teg `olwbgnjg `olwbgnjg,, kmabatags, kon s`abbs rgquargn tl pgrlrc teg ilm =5 sktaskftlraby.

E] ao Kftalo kt teg Eltgb Xkras

Ao rgvagwaoj teg Eltgb Xkras‑s gcpblycgot systgcs, teg E] ckokjgr wks flofgrogn tekt vartukbby kbb teg flcpkoy‑s ilm ngsfraptalos wgrg lut ld nktg, kon tekt ckoy ilms ekn ol ngsfraptalos kt kbb. Veg `ogw tekt watelut kffurktg ilm ngsfraptalos, kbb egr acprlvgcgot gddlrts wlubn mg ao vkao. ^l sgg elw teas wks ekonbgn, sgg teg fksg lo pkjg ;=: ld teas fekptgr.

Navgrsaty Fluots Qlu cajet kssucg tekt ilm ngsfraptalos krg loby l usg ao musaogss sgttaojs, mut tekt‑s olt teg fksg. Dlr gxkcpbg, lr lr pkrgots wel wkot teg t eg mgst fkrg lr tegar `ans, ` ans, wrataoj up k ilm ngsfraptalo mglrg earaoj k feabn-fkrg wlr`gr flubn mg quatg usgub. Dlr aostkofg, mgfkusg wekt feabnrgo bgkro wego tegy‑rg vgrybgkroaoj tegar uturg kfkngcaf kon fkrggr suffgss, kfabatktaoj gkrby-feabnelln bgyluoj kroaojprgnafts as k frufakb tks` lr ckoy fkrg=1 javgrs.  Kon ygt mgfkusg gw pkrgots teao` terluje kon wratg k ilm ngsfraptalo mglrg rgfruataoj tegar feabn-fkrg feabn-f krg wlr`grs, wlr`grs, ckoy earg teas acplrtkot pgrslo olt fbgkrby fbgk rby frystkbbazaoj wekt tegy wkot teas pgrslo tl nl„aofbunaoj, lr aostkofg, kfabatktaoj bgkroaoj.

 

;;= 

XK]^ = • ]GF]WA^CGo^, XbKFGCGo^, Kon ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^

K wgbb-telujet-lut ilm ngsfraptalo cajet mgogt gvgrylog aovlbvgn. ^eg pkrgot„  `olwaoj tekt supplrtaoj gkrby-feabnelln bgkroaoj as sl acplrtkot„cajet put clrg glrt aotl onaoj kon trkaoaoj teg feabn‑s fkrgjavgr (17% l welc krg wlcgo). ^eg feabn cajet mgogt rlc k clrg ourturaoj bgkroaoj govarlocgot. Kon teg fkrgjavgr wlubn jkao a, ktgr rgfljoazaoj elw ckoy fekbbgojaoj tks`s seg as rgsplosambg lr, teg pkrgot wlubn rkasg egr skbkry rlc teg furrgot oktalokb kvgrkjg l kmlut $;1,888 pgr ygkr„iust kmlut teg plvgrty bgvgb lr k kcaby l tergg. ▨ ^egrg as ol stkonkrn lrckt lr wrataoj k ilm ngsfraptalo. Elwgvgr, clst ngsfraptalos flotkao sgftalos tekt flvgr9 ;. =. 6. >. 7. 4. :.

Ilm angotafktalo Ilm succkry ]gsplosamabatags kon nutags Kutelraty Kutel raty l aofucmgot Vtkonkrns l pgrlrcko pgrlrckofg fg Zlr`aoj flonatalos Ilm spgfafktalo Dajurgs >-: kon >-: kon >-5 >-5 prgsgot  prgsgot twl skcpbg lrcs l ilm ngsfraptalos.

Ilm Angotafktalo Ks ao Dajurg >-:, >-:, teg ilm angotafktalo sgftalo (lo tlp) flotkaos sgvgrkb typgs l 68 aolrcktalo.  ^eg  ilm tatbg t atbg spgfags teg okcg l teg ilm, sufe ks aovgotlry flotrlb fbgr` . ^eg Dkar Bkmlr Vtkonkrns Kft (DBVK) stktus sgftalo angotags ang otags teg ilm ks gxgcpt lr ologxgcpt. (Wongr teg DBVK, fgrtkao plsatalos, prackraby kncaoastrktavg kon prlgssalokb, krg gxgcpt rlc teg kft‑s lvgrtacg kon caoacuc wkjg prlvasalos.) Nktg as teg nktg teg ilm ngsfraptalo wks kpprlvgn. ^egrg cky kbsl mg k spkfg tl aonafktg wel kpprlvgn teg ngsfraptalo kon pgrekps log selwaoj teg ilm‑s ilm‑s blfktalo ao tgrcs l kfabaty/nava kfabaty/navasalo salo kon ngpkrtcgot. ^eas sgftalo cajet kbsl aofbung teg supgrvaslr‑s tatbg kon aolrcktalo rgjkrnaoj skbkry kon/lr pky sfkbg. ^egrg cajet kbsl mg spkfg lr teg pky jrkng/bgvgb l teg ilm, a tegrg as log. Dlr gxkcpbg, k rc cky fbkssay prljrkccgrs ks prljrkccgr AA, prljrkccgr AAA, kon sl lo. Vlcg ilm tatbgs krg quatg frgktavg. Dlr gxkcpbg, Xaotgrgst fkbbs ats ngsajogrs Xaxgb Xusegrs, kon ats aotgros Xaotgros.6; Log stuny flofbungn tekt gcpblyggs wel pkrtafapktg ao rgtatbaoj tegar ilms kon wel ekvg clrg ngsfraptavg ilm tatbgs tgon tl mg clrg sktasgn kon tl ggb clrg rgfljoazgn.6= ZEK^‑V AO K OKCG (L] AO K ILM ^A^BG)<

^eg W.V. ekn Okvyngsfraptavg Okvy nas flvgrgnilm nasflvgrgn tekttatbgs teg ekrn wky . Drlc teg Ok Okvy‑s vy‑s gkrbagst nkys,Ao skablr skablrs trknatalokbby sufe wky. ks ‒gbgftrafako‑s cktg rst fbkss.– pkrts tl strap ats ilm tatbgs l jgongr-spgfaf bkmgbs flotkaoaoj ‒cko– lr ‒cgo,– teg Okvy ngfangn tl jrlup kbb skablrs wate teg skcg pky rktg tljgtegr, wate teg skcg (mbkon) ilm tatbg sufe ks ‒pgtty ldfgr rst fbkss.–66 Ko uprlkr gosugn. K pgtatalo wate lvgr ;88,888 sajokturgs jlt tl teg Zeatg Elusg. ^eg Okvy rgturogn tl ats trknatalokb ilm tatbgs.

Ilm Vucckry ^eg ilm succkry selubn succkrazg teg gssgofg l teg ilm, kon selubn aofbung loby ats ckilr uoftalos lr kftavatags. ^eus (ao Dajurg >-:), >-:), teg tgbgskbgs rgp ‒ . . . as rgsplosambg lr sgbbaoj flbbgjg tgxtmll`s. . . .– Dlr teg ilm l ckabrllc supgrvaslr, ‒teg ckabrllc supgrvaslr rgfgavgs, slrts, kon ngbavgrs kbb aoflcaoj ckab prlpgrby, kon eg lr seg ekonbgs kbb lutjlaoj ckab aofbunaoj teg kffurktg kon tacgby plstaoj l sufe ckab.–6> Vlcg gxpgrts stktg atgc rgqugotby selubn ogvgr mg aofbungn ao k uogquavlfkbby ilm ngsfraptalotekt as k‒log ―flp-lut fbkusg‑ ba`gluon ―ltegrtekt nutags, ks 67 kssajogn,‑–  saofg teas bgkvgs lpgo teg okturg l teg ilm. Daokbby, stktg ao teg succkry tekt teg gcpblygg as gxpgftgn tl fkrry lut eas lr egr nutags gdfagotby, kttgotavgby, kon flosfagotalusby.

 

FEKX^G] > • Ilm KoKbysAs Kon ^EG ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^ X]lFGss 

 

ILM ^A^BG9  ^gbgskbgs ]gsprgsgotktav ]gsprgsgotktavg g

ILM FLNG9 

]GFLCCGONGN VKBK]Q J]KNG9

GUGCX^/OLOGUGCX^ V^K^WV9

ILM DKCABQ9  Vkbgs

GGLF9

Vkbgs Zlr`grs

NATAVALO9  Eajegr Gnufktalo

]GXL]^V ^L9

Nastraft Vkbgs Ckokjgr 

NGXK]^CGO^9  Ao-Elusg Vkbgs

BLFK^ALO9

Mlstlo

NK^G9

;;6

;8888; Ologxgcpt

 Kprab =8;6

VWCCK]Q (Zratg k mragd succkry ld ilm.)

 ^eg pgrslo ao teas plsatalo plsatalo as rgsplosambg dlr dlr sgbbaoj flbbgjg flbbgjg tgxtmll`s, sldtwkrg, kon cubtacgnak prlnufts prlnufts tl prldgsslrs, prldgsslrs, vak aoflcaoj kon lutjlaoj tgbgpelog fkbbs, kon tl fkrry lut sgbbaoj strktgjags tl cggt skbgs jlkbs ao kssajogn tgrratlrags ld sckbbgr flbbgjgs kon uoavgrsatags. Ao knnatalo, teg aonavanukb ao teas plsatalo wabb mg rgsplosambg dlr jgogrktaoj k ngsajoktgn kcluot ld gnatlrakb bgkns kon flccuoafktaoj tl teg pumbaseaoj jrlups prlnuft dggnmkf` kon ckr`gt trgons lmsgrvgn ao teg kssajogn tgrratlr y. VFLXG KON ACXK A CXKF^ F^ LD ILM

Nlbbkr rgsplosamabatags (munjgt kon/lr rgvgoug)

 ^eg pgrslo ao teas plsatalo as rgsplosambg rgsplosambg dlr jgogrktaoj kpprlxacktgby kpprlxacktgby $= cabbalo ao rgvgoug, dlr cggtaoj lpgrktaoj gxpgosg munjgt ld kpprlxacktgby $>888, kon k skcpbaoj munjgt ld kpprlxacktgby ;8,888 uoats. Vupgrvaslry rgsplosamabatags (nargft kon aonargft) Olog Ltegr  ]G[WA]GN @OLZBGNJG KON GUXG]AGOFG (@olwbgnj (@olwbgnjg g kon gxpgragofg ogfgsskry tl nl ilm)

]gbktgn wlr` gxpgragofg

Xralr skbgs lr pumbaseaoj gxpgragofg prgdgrrgn. Log ygkr ld flcpkoy gxpgragofg ao k fustlcgr sgrvafg lr ckr`gtaoj  duoftalo wate mrlkn `olwbgnjg ld flcpkoy prlnufts kon sgrvafgs as ngsarkmbg. Dlrckb gnufktalo lr gquavkbgot  Mkfegblr‑s ngjrgg wate strloj kfkngcaf pgrdlrckofg lr wlr` gquavkbgot gxpgragofg. V`abbs Cust ekvg strloj lrjkoazktalokb kon pgrsuksavg s`abbs. Cust ekvg gxfgbbgot vgrmkb kon wrattgo flccuoafktalos s`abbs kon cust mg XF prl﬋fagot. Ltegr  Bacatgn trkvgb rgquargn (kpprlx 7%)

(Flotaougn )

DAJW]G >-:  >-:  Vkcpbg Ilm Ngsfraptalo, Xgkrslo Gnufktalo Vlurfg9 ]gpraotgn kon gbgftrloafkbby rgprlnufgn rgprlnufgn my pgrcassalo pgr cassalo l Xgkrslo Gnufktalo, Aof., Wppgr Vknnbg ]avgr ]avgr,, Ogw Igrsgy. Igrsgy.

]gbktaloseaps ^egrg cky mg k ‒rgbktaloseaps– stktgcgot stktgcgot (olt ao Dajurg >-:) >-:) tekt selws teg ilmelbngr‑s rgbktaloseaps wate ltegrs aosang kon lutsang teg lrjkoazktalo. ^eg lbblwaoj prgsgots slcg abbustrktavg rgbktaloseaps lr k eucko rgslurfg ckokjgr.64

 

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XK]^ = • ]GF]WA^CGo^, XbKFGCGo^, Kon ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^

X]ACK]Q ]GVXLOVAMABA^AGV (Bast ao lrngr ld acplrtkofg kon bast kcluot ld tacg spgot lo tks`.)

Nravaoj Vkbgs (48%)

Kfeagvg qukotatktavg skbgs jlkb dlr kssajogn tgrratlr y ld sckbbgr flbbgjgs kon uoavgrsatags. Kfeagvg Ngtgrcaog skbgs pralratags kon strktgjags dlr tgrratlry kon ngvgblp k pbko dlr acpbgcgotaoj telsg strktgjags. Flonuft ;7‖=8 prldgsslr aotgrvagws pgr nky nuraoj teg kfkngcaf skbgs ygkr tekt kfflcpbasegs telsg pralratags. Flonuft prlnuft prgsgotktalos (aofbunaoj tgxts, sldtwkrg, kon Zgm Zgm satg)0 gddgftavgby krtafubktg kutelr‑s fgotrkb vasalo ld `gy tatbgs0 flonuft skbgs aotgr vagws usaoj teg XVV clngb0 flonuft wkb`-terluje ld mll`s kon tgfeolbljy. Gcpbly tgbgpelog sgbbaoj tgfeoaqugs kon strktgjags. Vkcpbg prlnufts tl kpprlpraktg dkfubty, ck`aoj strktgjaf usg ld kssajogn skcpbaoj munjgts. Fblsg fbkss tgst knlptalos dlr ﬋rst gnatalo prlnufts. Ogjltaktg fustlc pumbaseaoj kon spgfakb pkf`kjaoj kjrggcgots wateao flcpkoy juangbaogs. Aoataktg kon flonuft ao-pgrslo dkfubty prgsgotktalos kon sgbbaoj traps ks kpprlpraktg tl ckxacazg skbgs wate teg strktgjaf usg ld trkvgb munjgt. Kbsl usg aotgrokb rgslurfgs tl supplrt teg tgrratlry skbgs jlkbs. Xbko kon gxgfutg ao-tgrratlry ao-tgrratlr y spgfakb sgbbaoj gvgots kon mll`-dkars. Ngvgblp kon acpbgcgot ao-tgrratlry prlcltalokb fkcpkajos kon tkrjgtgn gckab fkcpkajos. Xumbaseaoj (gnatlrakb/ckr`gtaoj) =7%

]gplrt, trkf`, kon sajo gnatlrakb prligfts. Jktegr kon flccuoafktg sajoa﬋fkot ckr`gt dggnmkf` kon aodlrcktalo tl pumbaseaoj jrlups.  ^grratlry Ckokjgcgot ;7%  ^rkf`  ^ rkf` kon rgplrt rgplrt kbb pgonaoj kon fblsgn fblsgn musaogss ao kssajogn kssajogn nktkmksg. Ckaotkao rgflrns ld fustlcgr skbgs aotgr vagws kon knlptalo satuktalos ao kssajogn nktkmksg. Ckokjg lpgrktaoj munjgt strktgjafkbby. Vumcat tgrratlry ataogrkrags, skbgs pbkos, kon skbgs dlrgfksts ks kssajogn. Xrlvang supgralr fustlcgr sgrvafg kon ckaotkao prldgssalokb mll`stlrg rgbktalos ao kssajogn tgrratlry tgrratlr y. Ngfasalo-Ck`aoj ]gsplosamabatags dlr ^eas Xlsatalo9

Ngtgrcaog teg strktgjaf usg ld kssajogn skcpbaoj munjgt tl clst gddgftavgby jgogrktg skbgs rgvgoug rgvgoug tl gxfggn skbgs jlkbs. Ngtgrcaog teg pralraty ld fustlcgr kon kffluot flotkfts tl kfeagvg ckxacuc skbgs pltgotakb. Ngtgrcaog wegrg ao-pgrslo prgsgotktalos kon spgfakb sgbbaoj gvgots wlubn mg clst gddgftavg tl jgogrktg teg clst skbgs.

Vum Vu mcat attg tgn n My My99 Ia Iac c Vc Vcat ate, e, Nas astr traf aftt Vk Vkbg bgss Cko kokj kjgr gr

Nkt ktg g9 Kpra rabb ;8, =8 =8;6 ;6

Kpprlvkb9

Nktg9

Eucko ]gslurfgs9

Nktg9

Flrplrktg Flcpgosktalo9

Nktg9

DAJW]G >-:  >-:  Flotaougn  ]gplrts tl9  Tafg prgsangot l gcpblygg rgbktalos. Vupgrvasgs9  Eucko rgslurfg rgslurfg fbgr`, tgst kncaoastrktlr, kncaoastrktlr, bkmlr rgbktalos nargftlr, kon log sgfrgtkry. Zlr`s wate9  Kbb ngpkrtcgo ngpkrtcgott ckokjgrs kon gxgfutavg ckokjgcgot. Lutsang teg flcpkoy9  Gcpblycgot kjgofags, gxgfutavg rgfruataoj rcs, uoalo rgprgsgotktavgs, stktg kon gngrkb gcpblycgot ldfgs, kon vkralus vgonlrs.6:

 

FEKX^G] > • Ilm KoKbysAs Kon ^EG ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^ X]lFGss 

 

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DAJW]G >-5  >-5  Ckr`gtaoj Ckokjgr Ngsfraptalo drlc Vtkonkrn Lffupktalokb Fbkssadfktalo Vlurfg9 W.V. Ngpkrtcgot l Bkmlr Bkmlr,, Murgku l Bkmlr Vtktastafs.

]gsplosamabatags ]gsplosamabata gs kon Nutags ^eas as teg egkrt l teg ilm ngsfraptalo. At selubn prgsgot k bast l teg ilm‑s rgsplosamabatags kon nutags. Ks ao Dajurg >-:, >-:, bast gkfe l teg ilm‑s ckilr nutags sgpkrktgby, sgpkrk tgby,

Vtkonkrn Lffupktalokb Fbkssadfktalo (VLF) Fbkssags kbb wlr`grs aotl log ld =6 ckilr jrlups ld ilms tekt krg sumnavangn aotl caolr jrlups ld ilms kon ngtkabgn lffupktalos.

kon ngsframg at ao k gw sgotgofgs. Ao teg jurg, lr aostkofg, teg ilm‑s nutags aofbung ‒kfeagvg qukotatktavg skbgs jlkb . . . – kon ‒ngtgrcaog skbgs pralratags. . . .– ^ypafkb ^ypafkb nutags lr ltegr ilms cajet aofbung ck`aoj kffurktg plstaojs tl kffluots pkykmbg, ckaotkaoaoj kvlrkmbg purfeksg prafg vkrakofgs, kon rgpkaraoj prlnuftalo-baog tllbs kon gquapcgot. ^eas sgftalo cky kbsl ngog teg ilmelbngr‑s kutelraty bacats. Dlr gxkcpbg, teg  ilmelbngr  ilmelbn gr cajet ek ekvg vg kutelraty kutelraty tl kpprl kpprlvg vg purfeksg purfeksg rgqugsts rgqugsts up up tl $7,888, jrkot tacg l lr bgkvgs l kmsgofg, nasfapbaog ngpkrtcgot pgrsloogb, rgflccgon skbkry aofrgksgs, kon aotgrvagw kon earg ogw gcpblyggs. Wsukbby, teg ckokjgr‑s mksaf qugstalo egrg as, ‒Elw nl A ngtgrcaog wekt teg ilm‑s nutags krg kon selubn mg-5. >-5. ^eg gcpblygr fko usg stkonkrn ngsfraptalos ba`g tegsg tl angotay k ilm‑s nutags kon rgsplosamabatags, sufe ks ‒Ngtgrcaog teg ngckon lr prlnufts.– ^eg gcpblygr cky kbsl usg ltegr plpubkr slurfgs l ilm ngsfraptalo aolrcktalo, sufe ks www.ilmngsfraptalo.flc www.ilmngsfraptalo.flc.. Koltegr sacpbg slbutalo as iust tl Jlljbg teg ilm ngsfraptalo ylu wkot, my sggaoj lobaog wekt ltegrs krg nlaoj. ^eus, slcglog wrataoj  ilm ngsfrapta ngsfraptalos los lr lr ckr`gtaoj ckokjgr wlubn rgknaby on rgbgvkot lobaog ngsfraptalos usaoj cgtelns ba`g tegsg9 ◌ 

◌ 

◌ 

Jl tl ettp9//earaoj.clostgr.flc . ^ego fbaf` ]gslurfg Fgotgr, tego ]gfruataoj kon Earaoj Knvafg, tego Ilm Ngsfraptalos. ^ego on teg Ckr`gtaoj kon Vkbgs Ckokjgr Vkcpbg Ilm Ngsfraptalo.65 Jl tl www.fkrggrpbkoogr.flc www.fkrggrpbkoogr.flc.. ^ego fbaf` Ilm Ngsfraptalos, tego sfrlbb nlwo tl teg ilm ngsfraptalo ylu‑rg aotgrgstgn ao. 61 L*OG^ lobaog, ks oltgn, as koltegr lptalo lr onaoj ilm nutags. Zg prgsgot ko gxkcpbg ao teg E] ^llbs lr Baog Ckokjgrs kon Vckbb Musaogssgs gkturg kt teg gon l teas sgftalo.

 

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XK]^ = • ]GF]WA^CGo^, XbKFGCGo^, Kon ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^

^]GONV VEKXAOJ E]9 NAJA^KB KON VLFAKB CGNAK 

^eko`s tl slfakb cgnak sufe ks Bao`gnAo, baog ckokjgrs cko kjgrs tlnky fko nl teaojs lr weafe tegy lrcgrby rgquargn E] ckokjgrs. Dlr gxkcpbg, (tl pkrkperksg wekt slcglog plstgn lo Bao`gnAo)9 A elpg slcg l ylu A^ rgfruatgrs lut tegrg fko egbp cg tl mgttgr uongrstkon uongrstko n wekt A oggn tl put aotl teg ilm ngsfraptalos tekt A‑c wrataoj lr teg L*OG^ ngvgblpgrs kon ngvgblpcgot ckokjgrs A‑c rgfruataoj lr . ^eg rst l ckoy rgpbags rgpbags bastgn ;= tks`s aofbunaoj9 (;) Nl tgfeoafkb s`abbs cktfe teg ngsargn ilm; Aoflrrgft9 Gosurgs tekt stungots bgkro te-jrkng Gojbase wate teg kac l pkssaoj teg rgquargn flcclo gxkc. Flccgot9 Zekt teg tgkfegr nlgs as kcmajulus, kon teg gxpgftgn prlfgss kon rgsubts l teg tgkfegr‑s kftalos krgo‑t fbgkr. Flrrgft9 Vtunags pkst flcclo Gojbase gxkcs tl uongrstkon wekt tegy typafkbby aovlbvg0 prgpkrgs ygkrby, wgg`by, kon nkaby bgsslo pbkos0 prgsgots gkfe nky‑s bgsslo fbgkrby wate lbblw-up qugstalos tl gosurg bgkroaoj0 kncaoastgrs wgg`by tgsts tl florc bgkroaoj0 kon fluosgb stungots log-lo-log ao fbkss bgsslos ks ogfgsskry.

@OLZ QLW] GCXBLQCGO^ BKZ Zrataoj Ilm Ngsfraptalos ^ekt Flcpby wate teg KNK   ZB G  N   

   L      O

J       G 

      @

M  

K  V  G

^eg bast l ilm nutags as frufakb tl gcpblygrs‑ glrts tl flcpby wate teg Kcgrafkos wate Naskmabatags Kft (KNK). Wongr teg KNK, teg aonavanukb cust ekvg teg rgquasatg s`abbs, gnufktalokb mkf`jrluon, kon gxpgragofg tl pgrlrc teg ilm‑s gssgotakb uoftalos. ^eg GGLF skys, ‒Gssgotakb uoftalos krg teg mksaf ilm nutags tekt ko gcpblygg cust mg kmbg tl pgrlrc, wate lr watelut rgkslokmbg kfflcclnktalo.– >= Dkftlrs tl flosangr aofbung9 ◌  ◌  ◌  ◌ 

Zegtegr teg plsatalo gxasts tl pgrlrc tekt uoftalo ^eg oucmgr l ltegr gcpblyggs kvkabkmbg tl pgrlrc teg uoftalo ^eg ngjrgg l gxpgrtasg lr s`abb rgquargn tl pgrlrc teg uoftalo Zegtegr gcpblyggs ao teg plsatalo krg kftukbby rgquargn tl pgrlrc teg >6

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uoftalo Zekt teg ngjrgg l gxpgrtasg lr s`abb rgquargn tl pgrlrc teg uoftalo as >>

Ks ko gxkcpbg, koswgraoj fkbbs kon nargftaoj vasatlrs tl teg prlpgr ldfgs cajet mg gssgotakb uoftalos lr k rgfgptaloast. ^eg GGLF skys at wabb flosangr mlte teg gcpblygr‑ss iunjcgot kmlut weafe uoftalos krg gssgotakb, kon k wrattgo gcpblygr‑ wrattg o ilm ngsfraptalo prgpkrgn mglrg knvgrtasaoj lr aotgrvagwaoj lr k ilm ks gvangofg l gssgotakb gss gotakb uoftalos. Ltegr gvangofg aofbungs teg kftukb wlr` gxpgragofg l prgsgot lr pkst gcpblyggs ao teg ilm, teg tacg spgot pgrlrcaoj k uoftalo, kon teg flosgqugofgs l olt rgquaraoj tekt uoftalo. A teg naskmbgn aonavanukb aonavanukb fko‑t pgrlrc pgrlrc teg ilm ks furrgotby strufturgn, teg gcpblygr as rgquargn tl ck`g k ‒rgkslokmbg kfflcclnktalo,– uobgss nlaoj sl wlubn prgsgot ko ‒uonug ekrnseap.– ^eg GGLF skys rgkslokmbg kfflcclnktalo cky aofbung9 ◌  ◌  ◌  ◌  ◌ 

kfquaraoj lr clnayaoj gquapcgot lr ngvafgs, pkrt-tacg lr clnagn wlr` sfegnubgs, kniustaoj lr clnayaoj gxkcaoktalos, trkaoaoj cktgrakbs, lr plbafags, prlvanaoj rgkngrs kon aotgrprgtgrs, kon ck`aoj teg wlr`pbkfg rgknaby kffgssambg tl kon uskmbg my pglpbg wate naskmabatags.

▨

 

 

FEKX^G] > • Ilm KoKbysAs Kon ^EG ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^ X]lFGss 

;;:

Vtkonkrns ld Xgrdlrckofg kon Zlr`aoj Flonatalos K ‒stkonkrns l pgrlrckofg– sgftalo basts teg stkonkrns teg flcpkoy gxpgfts teg gcpblygg tl kfeagvg lr gkfe l teg ilm ngsfraptalo‑s ckao nutags kon rgsplosamabatags. Log wky tl sgt stkonkrns as tl oase teg stktgcgot, ‒A wabb mg flcpbgtgby sktasgn wate ylur wlr` wego . . . .– . – ^eas sgotgofg, flcpbgtgn lr gkfe nuty nuty,, selubn prlnufg k uskmbg sgt l pgrlrckofg stkonkrns. Dlr gxkcpbg9 Nuty9 Kffurktgby Xlstaoj Kffluots Xkykmbg  ;. Xlst kbb aovlafgs rgfgavgn wateao teg skcg wlr`aoj nky. =. ]lutg kbb aovlafgs tl teg prlpgr ngpkrtcgot ckokjgrs lr kpprlvkb ol bktgr teko teg nky lbblwaoj rgfgapt. 6. Flccat ko kvgrkjg l ol clrg teko tergg plstaoj grrlrs pgr clote.

Daokbby, teg ilm ngsfraptalo cky bast teg ilm‑s wlr`aoj flonatalos, sufe ks olasg bgvgb lr ekzkrnlus flonatalos. ACX]LTAOJ XG]DL]CKOFG9 E] ^LLBV DL] BAOG CKOKJG]V

 KON VCKBB VCKBB MWVAOGVVGV 

Wsaoj L*OG^ Zatelut tegar lwo ilm kokbysts lr gvgo E] ckokjgrs, ckoy sckbb sckbb musaogss lwogrs kfg twl eurnbgs wego nlaoj ilm kokbysgs. Darst, clst oggn k clrg strgkcbaogn kpprlkfe teko telsg prlvangn my qugstalookargs ba`g Dajurg >->. >->. Vgflon as teg flofgro tekt, ao wrataoj tegar ilm ngsfraptalos, tegy‑bb lvgrbll` nutags tekt selubn mg kssajogn. Zekt tegy oggn as ko gofyfblpgnak bastaoj kbb teg plssambg plsatalos tegy cajet gofluotgr, aofbunaoj k bast l teg nutags olrckbby kssajogn tl tegsg plsatalos. plsatalos. ^eg sckbb musaogss lwogr eks kt bgkst tergg lptalos. ^eg Vtkonkrn Lffupktalokb Fbkssafktalo, cgotalogn gkrbagr, prlvangs ngtkabgn ngsfraptalos l teluskons l  ilms kon tegar eucko rgquargcgots. rgquargcgots. Zgm Zgm satgs ba`g www.ilmngsfraptalo.flc www.ilmngsfraptalo.flc prlvang  prlvang fustlcazkmbg ngsfraptalos my tatbg kon aonustry. Kon teg Ngpkrtcgot l Bkmlr‑s L*OG^ as k tearn kbtgroktavg. Zg‑bb lfus egrg lo elw tl wratg k ilm ngsfraptalo usaoj L*OG^ (ettp9//lobaog.logtfgotgr.lrj (ettp9//lobaog.logtfgotgr.lrj). ).>7 At as rgg tl usg. L*OG^ ^eg W.V. Ngpkrtcgot l Bkmlr‑s lobaog lffupktalokb aolrcktalo ogtwlr`, fkbbgn L*OG^,, gokmbgs koylog L*OG^ koylog tl sgg teg clst acplrtkot fekrkftgrastafs l vkralus lffupktalos, ks wgbb ks teg gxpgragofg, gnufktalo, kon `olwbgnjg rgquargn tl nl gkfe ilm wgbb. Mlte teg te g Vtkonkrn Lffupktalokb Fbkssafktalo kon L*OG^ bast teg spgfaf nutags ksslfaktgn wate oucgrlus lffupktalos. L*OG^ kbsl basts s`abbs, aofbunaoj mksaf s`abbs sufe ks rgknaoj kon wrataoj, prl  prlfgss fgss s`abb s`abbss sufe ks fratafkb teao`aoj, kon trkosgrkmbg s`abbs sufe ks pgrsuksalo kon ogjltaktalo.>4 Ko L*OG^ ilm bastaoj kbsl aofbungs aolrcktalo lo wlr`gr rgquargcgots (rgquargn `olwbgnjg, lr aostkofg), lffupktalo rgquargcgots (sufe ks flcpabaoj, flnaoj, kon fktgjlrazaoj nktk, lr aostkofg), kon gxpgragofg rgquargcgots (aofbunaoj (aofbuna oj gnufktalo kon ilm trkaoaoj). Gcpblygrs kon fkrggr pbkoogrs kbsl usg L*OG^ tl fegf` teg  ilm‑ss bkmlr  ilm‑ bkmlr ckr` ckr`gt gt fekrkf fekrkftgra tgrastaf stafss, sufe sufe ks gcpb gcpbly lycgot cgot pr prligft ligftalos alos kon gkroa gkroaojs ojs nkt nktk. k.>: ^eg stgps ao usaoj L*OG^ tl kfabatktg wrataoj k ilm ngsfraptalo lbblw. V^GX ;.  ]gvagw Qlur Xbko. Angkbby,

teg ilms ylu oggn selubn lw rlc ylur ngpkrtcgotkb lr flcpkoy pbkos. Nl ylu ylu pbko tl gotgr lr gxat musaogssgs< Zekt nl ylu gxpgft ylur skbgs tl mg ao teg ogxt gw ygkrs< Zekt ngpkrtcgots wabb ekvg tl mg gxpkongn lr rgnufgn< Zekt Zekt `aons l ogw plsatalos wabb ylu oggn< V^GX =. Ngvgblp ko Lrjkoazktalo Fekrt.  Vtkrt wate teg lrjkoazktalo ks at as olw. ^ego

prlnufg k fekrt selwaoj elw ylu wkot at tl bll` ao k ygkr lr twl. Cafrlslt Ldfg kon ltegrs lgr rgg tllbs. >5

 

;;5 

XK]^ = • ]GF]WA^CGo^, XbKFGCGo^, Kon ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^

V^GX 6.  Wsg k Ilm Kokbysas [ugstalookarg.  Ogxt,

jktegr aolrcktalo kmlut gkfe  ilm‑s  ilm ‑s nut nutags. ags. (Q (Qlu lu fko usg ilm kokby kokbysas sas qug qugsta staloo lookarg kargs, s, suf sufe e ks tel telsg sg selw selwo o ao Dajurgs >-> kon >-> kon >-1. >-1.)) V^GX >.  Lmtkao Ilm Nutags rlc L*OG^. ^eg bast l ilm nutags ylu uoflvgrgn terluje

teg ilm kokbysas ao stgp 6 cky lr cky olt mg flcpbgtg. Zg‑bb tegrglrg usg L*OG^ tl flcpabg k clrg flcpbgtg bast. (]ggr tl teg K, M, kon F gxkcpbgs pafturgn.)

Vlurfg9 ]gpraotgn my pgrcassalo ld L*OG^ LoBaog.

K (kmlvg)

M (kmlvg)

F (kmlvg)

 

FEKX^G] > • Ilm KoKbysAs Kon ^EG ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^ X]lFGss 

 

;;1

Vtkrt my jlaoj tl www.logtlobaog.lrj/>1 (K). Egrg, fbaf` lo Daon Lffupktalos. Kssucg ylu wkot tl frgktg ilm ngsfraptalos lr k rgtkab skbgspgrslo. @gy ]gtkab Vkbgs  ao teg Aonustry @gywlrn nrlp-nlwo mlx. ^eas mraojs ylu tl teg Lffupktalos cktfeaoj ‒rgtkab skbgs– pkjg (M).78 Fbaf`aoj lo teg ]gtkab Vkbgspgrslos succkry prlnufgs teg ilm succkry kon spgfaf lffupktalokb nutags lr rgtkab skbgspgrslos (F).7; Dlr k sckbb stlrg, ylu cajet wkot tl flcmaog teg nutags l teg ‒rgtkab skbgspgrslo– skbgspgrslo– wate telsg l ‒rst-baog supgrvaslrs/ supgrvaslrs/ ckokjgrs l rgtkab skbgs wlr`grs.– V^GX 7.  Bast teg Ilm‑ Ilm‑ss Eucko ]gquargcgots rlc L*OG^.  Ogxt, rgturo tl kon teg succkry lr ]gtkab skbgspgrslos  (F). Egrg, fbaf`, lr gxkcpbg, @olwbgnjg, V`abbs, Kmabatags.

Wsg teas aolrcktalo tl egbp ngvgblp n gvgblp k ilm spgfafktalo lr ylur ilm. Wsg teas aolrcktalo lr rgfruataoj, sgbgftaoj, kon trkaoaoj ylur gcpblyggs. V^GX 4.  Daokbazg teg Ilm Ngsfraptalo. Daokbby, pgrekps usaoj Dajurg >-1 ks k juang, wratg

ko kpprlpraktg ilm succkry lr teg ilm. ^ego usg teg aolrcktalo lmtkaogn prgvalusby p rgvalusby ao stgps > kon 7 tl frgktg k flcpbgtg bastaoj l teg tks`s, nutags, kon eucko rgquargcgots l gkfe l teg ilms ylu wabb oggn tl bb.   ▨ DAJW]G >-1  >-1  Vacpbg Ilm Ngsfraptalo [ugstalookarg

Mkf`jrluon Nktk dlr Ilm Ngsfraptalo

Vlurfg9 Flpyrajet Jkry Ngssbgr, XeN.

 Ilm ^atbg

Ngpkrtcgot

 Ilm Oucmgr

Zrattgo my

^lnky‑s Nktg

Kppbafkmbg NL^ Flngs

A. Kppbafkmbg NL^ Ng﬋oatalo(s)9

AA. Ilm Vucckry9   (Bast teg clrg acplrtkot lr rgjubkrby pgrdlrcgn tks`s.)

AAA. ]gplrts ^l9 AT. Vupgrvasgs9  T.. Ilm Nutags9  T (Mrag﬍y ngsframg, dlr gkfe nuty, wekt gcpblygg nlgs kon, ad plssambg, elw gcpblygg nlgs at. Velw ao pkrgotegsgs kt gon ld gkfe nuty teg kpprlxacktg  pgrfgotkjg ld tacg ngvltgn tl nuty.) K. Nkaby Nutags9

M. Xgralnaf Nutags9   (Aonafktg wegtegr wgg`by, cloteby, qukrtgrby, gtf.)

F. Nutags Xgrdlrcgn kt Arrgjubkr Aotgrvkbs9

 

;=8 

XK]^ = • ]GF]WA^CGo^, XbKFGCGo^, Kon ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^

CyBkm Ckokjgcgot ^kb` Ckokjgcgot ^kb` Kmlut At =  =  Ad ylur prldgsslr eks kssajogn teas, jl tl teg Kssajocgots sgftalo ld www.pgkrslo.flc/cybkm/ ckokjgcgot  tl flcpbgtg tegsg nasfussalo qugstalos. Xaf` k ilm tekt slcglog wate welc ylu krg ckokjgcgot dkcabakr as nlaoj, sufe ks k mus nravgr, cgfekoaf, kon sl lo. ]gvagw teg L*OG^ aodlrcktalo dlr tekt ilm. ^l wekt gxtgot nlgs teg pgrslo sggc tl ekvg wekt at tk`gs tl nl tekt ilm, mksgn lo teg L*OG^ aodlrcktalo< Elw nlgs tekt flrrgsplon tl elw eg lr seg as kftukbby nlaoj<   Z B G  N   

   L      O

J       G 

      @

M  

K  V  G

BGK]OAOJ LMIGF^ATG >-7 Gxpbkao elw tl wratg k ilm Gxpbkao elw spgfadfktalo.

Zrataoj Ilm Vpgfadfktalos ^eg ilm spgfafktalo tk`gs teg ilm ngsfraptalo kon koswgrs teg qugstalo, ‒Zekt eucko trkats kon gxpgragofg krg rgquargn tl nl teas ilm ggftavgby-: (‒]G[WA]GN >-: (‒]G[WA]GN @OLZBGNJG KON GUXG]AGOFG–) lo pkjgs ;;6 ‖ ;;> ;;> „at as as pkrt pkrt l teg ilm ilm ngsfrapt ngsfraptalo. alo.7=

Vpgfafktalos dlr ^rkaogn vgrsus Wotrkaogn Xgrsloogb Zrataoj ilm spgfafktalos lr trkaogn kon gxpgragofgn gcpblyggs as rgbktavgby strkajetlrwkrn. Egrg ilm spgfafktalos tgon tl lfus lo kftlrs sufe ks bgojte l prgvalus sgrvafg, qukbaty l rgbgvkot trkaoaoj, kon prgvalus ilm pgrlrckofg. ^eg prlmbgcs krg clrg flcpbgx wego ylu‑rg bbaoj ilms wate uotrkaogn pglpbg (wate teg aotgotalo l trkaoaoj tegc lo teg ilm). Egrg ylu cust spgfay qukbatags qukbatags sufe ks peysafkb trkats, pgrslokbaty, aotgrgsts, lr sgoslry s`abbs tekt acpby slcg pltgotakb lr Daaj i wate utrkag gcpgg rgquarg agtadaj teg pgrk trkat tekt prgaft pgrdrckfg.

pgrlrcaoj teg ilm lr lr trkaokmabaty. ^eus, lr k ilm tekt rgquargs ngtkabgn ckoapubktalo, ylu cajet wkot slcglog wel sflrgs eaje lo k tgst l ojgr ngxtgraty. ngxtgraty. Gcpblygrs angotay teg ilm‑s eucko rgquargcgots gategr terluje k sumigftavg, iunjcgotkb kpprlkfe kpprlkfe lr terluje stktastafkb kokbysas (lr mlte).

Vpgfafktalos Mksgn lo Iunjcgot Clst ilm spgfafktalos sacpby rggft teg gnufktgn jugssgs l pglpbg ba`g supgrvaslrs kon eucko rgslurfg ckokjgrs. ^eg mksaf prlfgnurg egrg as tl ks`, ‒Zekt nlgs at tk`g ao tgrcs l gnufktalo, aotgbbajgofg, trkaoaoj, kon teg ba`g tl nl teas  ilm wgbb= nagrgot elurby gotry-bgvgb ilms. 76 Jgograf wlr` mgekvalrs tekt eg luon tl mg acplrtkot tl kbb ilms aofbungn telrlujeogss, kttgonkofg, uorubaogss Pbkf` lS, kon sfegnubaoj gxamabaty (lr aostkofg, lgrs tl stky bktg wego stlrg as musy). Koltegr stuny, l lvgr :,888 gxgfutavgs, luon tekt frufakb tlp-bgkngr mgekvalrs aofbungn9 tk`gs aoataktavg, prkftafgs sgbngvgblpcgot, naspbkys eaje aotgjraty, nravgs lr rgsubts, kon ngvgblps ltegrs.7>

 

 

FEKX^G] > • Ilm KoKbysAs Kon ^EG ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^ X]lFGss 

;=;

▨ E] KON ^EG JAJ GFLOLCQ NL JAJ ZL]@G]V OGGN ILM VXGFADAFK^ALOV) cgksurg tegsg fkonanktgs‑ sumsgqugot ilm pgrlrckofg, kon (7) stktastafkbby kokbyzg teg rgbktaloseap mgtwggo teg eucko trkat (ojgr ngxtgraty) kon ilm pgrlrckofg. Qlur kac as tl ngtgrcaog wegtegr teg trkat prgnafts pgrlrckofg. Zey as teas clrg nggosambg teko teg iunjcgotkb kpprlkfe< Darst, a teg trkat nlgso‑t prgnaft pgrlrckofg, wey usg at< Vgflon, gqukb gqu kb rajets bkws prleamat usaoj trkats tekt ylu fko‑t fko‑t prlvg nastaojuase mgtwggo eaje kon blw ilm il m pgrlrcgrs. Mut, ao prkftafg, prkftaf g, clst gcpblygrs rgby lo iunjcgotkb kpprlkfegs.

^eg Ilm-]gquargcgots Cktrax  ilm-rgquargcgots  ilm-rgquar gcgots cktrax K clrg flcpbgtg ngsfraptalo ld wekt teg wlr`gr nlgs kon elw kon wey eg lr seg nlgs at0 at fbkrags gkfe tks`‑s purplsg kon gkfe nuty‑s rgquargn `olwbgnjg, s`abbs, kmabatags, kon ltegr fekrkftgrastafs.

tks` stktgcgot Zrattgo atgc tekt selws wekt  teg  teg wlr`gr nlgs lo log pkrtafubkr ilm tks`0 elw  teg  teg wlr`gr nlgs at0 teg `olwbgnjg, s`abbs,  s`abbs, kon  kptatungs kptatungs   rgquargn  tl  tl nl at0 kon teg purplsg teg  purplsg ld teg tks`.

Kbteluje clst gcpblygrs usg ilm ngsfraptalos kon spgfafkta spgfafktalos los tl succkrazg tegar  ilm-rgquar gquargcgot gcgotss cktra cktrax x  as kbsl plpubkr.74   ilms‑ nutags kon rgsplosama rgsplosamabatags, batags, teg  ilm-r K typafkb cktrax basts teg lbblwaoj aolrcktalo, ao vg flbucos9 Flbuco ;9 Gkfe l teg ilm‑s lur lr vg ckao ilm nutags (sufe ks plst kffluots  pkykmbg) Flbuco =9 ^eg tks` stktgcgots lr teg ckao tks`s ksslfaktgn wate gkfe ckao  ilm nuty Flbuco 69 ^eg rgbktavg acplrtkofg  l gkfe ckao ilm nuty Flbuco >9 ^eg tacg spgot lo gkfe ckao ilm nuty Flbuco 79 ^eg `olwbgnjg, s`abbs, kmabaty, kon ltegr eucko fekrkftgrasta fekrkftgrastafs fs (@VKL) rgbktgn tl gkfe ckao ilm nuty7: ^eg ckao stgp ao frgktaoj k ilm-rgquargcgots cktrax aovlbvgs wrataoj teg tks` stktgcgots. Gkfe tks` stktgcgot ngsframgs wekt teg wlr`gr nlgs lo gkfe l k ckao  ilm nuty‑s nuty‑s sgpkrktg sgpkrktg ilm tks`s kon kon elw teg wlr`gr nlgs at.

 

;== 

XK]^ = • ]GF]WA^CGo^, XbKFGCGo^, Kon ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^

Gcpblygg Gojkjgcgot Juang dlr Ckokjgrs Ks oltgn gkrbagr, teg ckokjgr selubn olt ajolrg, weabg wrataoj teg ilm spgfafktalo, ngsarkmbg lo-teg-ilm mgekvalrs tekt kppby tl kbclst koy ilm mut tekt cajet olt olrckbby surkfg terluje k ilm kokbysas. Gcpblygg gojkjgcgot as ko gxkcpbg. ^eg eucko rgslurfg flosubtaoj flcpkoy Ngvgblpcgot Nacgosalos Aotgroktalokb flonuftgn k stuny l 6,588 gcpblyggs, kon angotagn sgvgrkb pgrslokb fekrkftgrastafs tekt sggcgn tl prgnaft teg ba`gbaelln slcglog wlubn mg gojkjgn. 75 ^egsg trkats aofbungn knkptkmabaty kn kptkmabaty,, pkssalo lr wlr`, gcltalokb gcltal okb ckturaty, ckturaty, plsatavg nasplsatalo, naspl satalo, sgbknvlfkfy, kon kfeagvgcgot lragotktalo. K sgosambg sujjgstalo as tl sgg` lut pglpbg wel kbrgkny ekvg rgflrns l mgaoj gojkjgn gcpblyggs. Mgfkusg pkst mgekvalr as ltgo teg mgst prgnaftlr l uturg mgekvalr, log sujjgstalo as tekt a ylu wkot tl earg pglpbg wel krg clrg ba`gby tl mgflcg gojkjgn gcpblyggs, ‒ . . . bll` lr gxkcpbgs l gojkjgcgot ao ltegr krgks l bag.– 71  Dlr gxkcpbg, sgg` lut fkonanktgs wate k ngclostrktgn flccatcgot tl sgrvg ltegrs, sufe ks oursgs, vgtgrkos, kon vlbuotkry rst rgsplongrs.

BGK]OAOJ LMIGF^ATG >-4 Javg gxkcpbgs l flcpgtgofyJavg gxkcpbgs mksgn ilm kokbysas.

DAJW]G >-;8  >-;8  E] Ckokjgr Flcpgtgofy Clngb Vlurfg9 ^eg VE]C Mlny l Flcpgtgofy kon @olwbgnjg. ©=8;>, Vlfagty lr Eucko ]gslurfg ]gsl urfg Ckokjgcgot, Kbgxkonrak, TK. Wsgn wate pgrcassalo. Kbb rajets rgsgrvgn.

Wsaoj Flcpgtgofags Clngbs Ckoy pglpbg stabb teao` l k ‒ilm– ks k sgt l spgfaf nutags slcglog fkrrags lut lr pky, mut teg flofgpt l ilm as fekojaoj. Flcpkoags tlnky flotaoug tl kttgo tegar eagrkrfeags, squggzaoj lut ckokjgrs, kon bgkvaoj teg rgckaoaoj wlr`grs wate clrg  ilms tl nl. nl. Fekojgs ba`g tegsg tgon tgon tl mbur wegrg log ilm stkrts stkrts kon koltegr gons. gons. Ao satuktalos ba`g tegsg, rgbyaoj lo k bast l ilm nutags tekt atgcazgs spgfaf teaojs ylu gxpgft teg wlr`gr tl nl as ltgo acprkftafkb.48 Ckoy gcpblygrs krg tegrglrg usaoj k nagrgot ilm kokbysas kpprlkfe. Aostgkn l bastaoj teg ilm‑s nutags, tegy bast, ao flcpgtgofy clngbs (lr prlbgs), teg `olwbgnjg, s`abbs, kon gxpgragofg slcglog oggns tl nl teg ilm. Vufe clngbs lr prlbgs (sgg Dajurg >-;8) >-;8) bast teg flcpgtgofags gcpblyggs cust mg kmbg tl gxeamat tl jgt tegar ilms nlog. 4; Ao VE]C Mlny ld Flcpgtgofy & @olwbgnjg ^C

Mgekvalrkb Flcpgtgofags  ^gfeoafkb Flcpgtgofy  Flcpgtgofy 

Bgkngrseap & Okvajktalo

Musaogss  Kfucgo

Gteafkb Xrkftafg

Fratafkb Gvkbuktalo

Flosubtktalo

]gbktaloseap Ckokjgcgot

Jblmkb & Fubturkb Gddgftavgogss

Gddgftavg Aonavanukb Xgrdlrckofg

Flccuoafktalo

E] Gxpgrtasg (E] @olwbgnjg Nlckaos)

Xglpbg

Lrjkoazktalo

Zlr`pbkfg

Vtrktgjy 

 ^kbgot Kfquasatalo & ]gtgotalo Gcpblygg Gojkjgcgot

Vtrufturg ld teg E] Duoftalo Lrj. Gddgftavgogss & Ngvgblpcgot

E] ao teg Jblmkb Flotgxt Navgrsaty & Aofbusalo

Bgkroaoj  & Ngvgblpcgot  ^ltkb ]gwkrns

Zlr`dlrfg Ckokjgcgot Gcpblygg ]gbktalos  ^gfeolbljy  & Nktk

]as` Ckokjgcgot Flrplrktg Vlfakb ]gsplosamabaty  Gcpblycgot Bkw & ]gjubktalos*

*Kppbafktalo loby tl gxkcaoggs tgstaoj wateao teg W.V.

Vuffgssdub Musaogss Lutflcgs

Musaogss & E] Vtrktgjy 

E] Duoftalokb  Krgks

 

 

FEKX^G] > • Ilm KoKbysAs Kon ^EG ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^ X]lFGss 

;=6

frgktaoj k flcpgtgofy clngb lr E] ckokjgrs, teg Vlfagty lr Eucko ]gslurfg Ckokjgcgot ngsframgs k flcpgtgofy ks k ‒fbustgr l eajeby aotgrrgbktgn kttramutgs– (sufe ks rgsgkrfe ngsajo `olwbgnjg, fratafkb teao`aoj s`abbs, kon ngnuftavg rgksloaoj kmabatags) tekt javg rasg tl teg mgekvalrs (sufe ks fratafkb gvkbuktalo) slcglog wlubn oggn tl pgrlrc k javgo ilm (ao teas fksg, E] ckokjgr) ggftavgby. 4= ^eg flcpgtgofy clngb lr prlbg tego mgflcgs teg juangplst lr rgfruataoj, sgbgftaoj, trkaoaoj, gvkbuktaoj, kon ngvgblpaoj gcpblyggs lr gkfe ilm. 46  Ao ltegr wlrns, teg ckokjgr eargs ogw gcpblyggs usaoj tgsts tekt cgksurg teg prlbg‑s bast l flcpgtgofags, trkaos gcpblyggs wate flursgs tekt ngvgblp tegsg flcpgtgofags, kon kpprkasgs pgrlrckofg my kssgssaoj teg wlr`gr‑s flcpgtgofags. ^eg kfflcpkoyaoj Vtrktgjaf Flotgxt gkturg abbustrktgs. ▨ ACX]LTAOJ XG]DL]CKOFG9 ^EG V^]K^GJAF FLO^GU^ 

Nkacbgr Kbkmkck

flcpgtgofy-mksgn ilm flcpgtgofy-mksgn kokbysas

My =8=8, Nkacbgr aotgons tl usg ats gxpkongn ^usfkbllsk, ^usfkbllsk, Kbkmkck dkftlry flcpbgx tl stkrt muabnaoj eymran kon (gvgotukbby) gbgftraf VWTs.4>  ^ekt‑s k stgp at flubn tk`g mgfkusg ats lrajaokb dkftlry tegrg, weafe fkcg lo baog kmlut =8 ygkrs mgdlrg, eks mggo sl suffgssdub. Ao pbkooaoj ats lrajaokb Kbkmkck Cgrfgngs-Mgoz dkftlry, Jgrckoy-mksgn Nkacbgr‑s strktgjy wks tl ngsajo k eaje-tgfe dkftlry.47 ^eg pbkot gcpeksazgs gcpeksazgs iust-ao-tacg  iust-ao-tacg aovgotlry  aovgotlry cgtelns, sl aovgotlrags stky ogjbajambg nug tl teg krravkb ‒iust ao tacg– ld pkrts. At kbsl lrjkoazgs gcpblyggs aotl wlr` tgkcs, tgkcs, kon gcpeksazgs tekt kbb gcpblyggs cust ngnafktg tegcsgbvgs tl flotaoulus acprlvgcgot  (sgg`aoj   (sgg`aoj flotaoulusby tl on mgttgr wkys tl nl teaojs). Vufe k prlnuftalo strktgjy rgquargs fgrtkao gcpblygg flcpgtgofags (s`abbs kon mgekvalrs). Dlr gxkcpbg, at rgquargs cubtas`abbgn kon gxambg gcpblyggs wel krg gkjgr tl wlr` fllpgrktavgby ao tgkcs. tgkc s. Flcpgtgofy-mksgn Flcpgtgofy-mks gn ilm kokbysas kokbysas pbkygn  pbkygn ko acplrtkot rlbg ao teas dkftlry. Juangbaogs egrg rgjkrnaoj welc tl earg kon elw tl trkao tegc krg mksgn clrg lo teg flcpgtgofags slcglog oggns tl nl teg ilm (sufe ks ‒kmabaty tl wlr` fllpgrktavgby lo k tgkc–) teko lo basts ld ilm nutags. Mgfkusg gcpblyggs nlo‑t ekvg tl dlbblw ngtkabgn ilm ngsfraptalos selwaoj wekt ‒cy ilm– as, at‑s gksagr dlr gcpblyggs tl clvg drlc ilm tl ilm wateao tegar tgkcs. Olt mgaoj pajgloelbgn kbsl goflurkjgs wlr`grs tl bll` mgylon tegar lwo ilms tl on wkys tl acprlvg teaojs. Dlr aostkofg, log tgkc dluon k $8.=6 pbkstaf prloj tekt wlr`gn mgttgr teko teg log dlr $=.78 teg pbkot wks usaoj tl `ggp fkr nllrs lpgo nuraoj pkaotaoj. Muabnaoj ats clngro ‒flotaoulus acprlvgcgot– pbkot cgkot Nkacbgr oggngn gcpblyggs wel telujet dlr tegcsgbvgs. Lrjkoazaoj ats ilms krluon wlr`gr flcpgtgofags kon usaoj flcpgtgofy-mksgn ilm kokbysas egbpgn kokbysas  egbpgn Nkacbgr kfeagvg ats strktgjaf kacs egrg.

Ngsframaoj teg ilm ao tgrcs ld cgksurkmbg, lmsgrvkmbg, mgekvalrkb flcpgtgofags (`olwbgnjg, s`abbs, kon/lr mgekvalrs) tekt ko gcpblygg

CyBkm Ckokjgcgot ^kb` Ckokjgcgot ^kb` Kmlut At >  > 

nlaoj tekt ilm cust gxeamat tl nl teg ilm wgbb.

wlubn ylu bll` dlr ao k prlspgftavg Kbkmkck pbkot gcpblygg< Zey<

Ad ylur prldgsslr eks kssajogn teas, jl tl teg Kssajocgots sgftalo ld www.pgkrslo.flc/ cybkm/ckokjgcgot tl cybkm/ckokjgcgot  tl flcpbgtg tegsg nasfussalo qugstalos. Vpgfafkbby, wekt flcpgtgofags

Elw tl Zratg Flcpgtgofags Vtktgcgots ^eg prlfgss lr angotayaoj k ilm‑s rgquargn flcpgtgofags (flcpgtgofy-mksgn ilm kokbysas„ngsframaoj teg ilm ao tgrcs l cgksurkmbg cgksurkmbg,, lmsgrvkmbg, mgekvalrkb mgekvalrkb flcpgtgofags) as sacabkr tl k trknatalokb ilm kokbysas. ^eus, ylu cajet aotgrvagw ilm aofucmgots kon ks` kmlut ilm rgsplosamabatags kon kftavatags, kon rgquargn s`abbs kon `olwbgnjg. Mut aostgkn l flcpabaoj basts l ilm nutags, ylur kac as tl oase teg stktgcgot, ‒Ao lrngr tl pgrlrc teas ilm flcpgtgotby, teg gcpblygg selubn mg kmbg tl. . . . – Wsg ylur `olwbgnjg l teg ilm tl koswgr teas, lr teg wlr`gr‑s lr supgrvaslr‑s aosajets, lr usg aolrcktalo rlc k slurfg sufe ks L*OG^, lr rlc teg Ngpkrtcgot l Bkmlr‑s Ldfg l Xgrsloogb Ckokjgcgot (sgg www.lpc.jlv www.lpc.jlv). ). ^ego, lr gkfe flcpgtgofy wratg k flcpgtgofy . stktgcgot aofbungs tergg gbgcgots.44 Log as teg okcg kon k K jlln stktgcgot flcpgtgofy mrag ngsfraptalo l teg flcpgtgofy, sufe ks ‒Xrligft Ckokjgcgot„frgktaoj kffurktg kon ggftavg prligft sfegnubgs.– ^eg sgflon as k ngsfraptalo l teg lmsgrvkmbg lmsgrvkmbg mgekvalrs  tekt rgprgsgot prlfagofy ao teg flcpgtgofy, sufe ks ‒flotaoulusby ckokjg prligft

 

;=> 

XK]^ = • ]GF]WA^CGo^, XbKFGCGo^, Kon ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^

DAJW]G >-;;  >-;;  V`abbs Cktrax Oltg9 ^eas as ko gxkcpbg l k s`abbs cktrax lr tgfeoafkb/ gojaoggraoj prlnuft ngvgblpcgot gcpblyggs. ^eg mbug oucmgrgn mlxgs selw teg bgvgb rgquargn lr gkfe s`abb lr tegsg prlnuft ngvgblpcgot gcpblyggs. Ko kfflcpkoyaoj `gy wlubn prlvang spgfaf gxkcpbgs lr gkfe bgvgb l gkfe

s`abb, watebgvgb nadfubty aofrgksaoj gkfe s`abb stkrtaoj kt Bgvgblr ;. Dlr gxkcpbg, Bgvgb ; lr ^gfeoafkb Gxpgrtasg/V`abbs cajet sky ‒eks lr as ao prlfgss l kfquaraoj teg mksaf `olwbgnjg `olwbgn jg ogfgsskry tl nl teas typg l ilm, ilm,– – weabg Bgvgb 4 cajet sky,, ‒Fkpkmbg l flonuftaoj kon sky supgrvasaoj eajeby flcpbgx kokbytafkb tks`s rgquaraoj knvkofgn tgfeoafkb `olw-elw kon s`abbs.– Vlurfg9 Flpyrajet Jkry Ngssbgr, XeN.

Bgvgb 4

4

4

4

4

4

Bgvgb 7

7

7

7

7

7

Bgvgb >

>

>

>

>

>

Bgvgb 6

6

6

6

6

6

Bgvgb =

=

=

=

=

=

Bgvgb ;

;

;

;

;

;

ras`s kon ngpgongofags my ck`aoj tacgby ngfasalos.– ^earn krg  prlfagof  prlfagofy y bgvgbs. bgvgbs. Dlr 4: gxkcpbg (lr prligft ckokjgcgot rlc blw tl eaje)9 ◌ 

◌ 

Xrldfagofy Bgvgb ;. Angotay prligft ras`s kon ngpgongofags kon flccuoafktg rlutaogby tl stk`gelbngrs Xrldfagofy Bgvgb =. Ngvgblp systgcs tl cloatlr ras`s kon ngpgongofags kon rgplrt fekojgs

◌ 

Xrldfagofy Bgvgb  Kotafapktg  fekojaoj ngpgongofags kon6.tk` tk`g g prgvgotavg kftalo flonatalos kon acpkft tl ras`s kon

Mratase Xgtrlbguc‑s Xgtrlbguc‑s (MX‑s) gxpblrktalo navasalo gxgfutavgs wkotgn tl seat gcpblyggs rlc k ilm nutags‖lragotgn ‒tekt‑s-olt-cy-ilm– kttatung tl log tekt cltavktgn gcpblyggs tl lmtkao teg s`abbs rgquargn tl kfflcpbase mrlkngr rgsplosamabatags.45 ^egar slbutalo wks k s`abbs cktrax ba`g tekt tekt ao Dajurg >-;;. >-;;. ^egy ekn s`abbs cktrafgs lr gkfe ilm lr ilm kcaby (sufe ks nrabbaoj ckokjgrs). Ks ao Dajurg >-;;, >-;;, gkfe cktrax bastgn (;) teg typgs l s`abbs rgquargn tl nl tekt ilm, sufe ks tgfeoafkb gxpgrtasg, kon (=) teg caoacuc s`abb rgquargn lr prlfagofy kt gkfe bgvgb. ^eg jurg‑s oltg selws elw tl kftukbby usg teg cktrax. MX‑s tkbgot tkbgot ckokjgcgot glrts ao teas uoat uoa t flubn olw lfus lo rgfruataoj, earaoj, ear aoj, trkaoaoj, kpprkasaoj, kon rgwkrnaoj gcpblyggs mksgn lo teg sgt l s`abbs gcpblyggs oggn tl pgrlrc teg ilm ao qugstalo. MX GUKCXBG

   >      ]    G    ^    X    K    E     F

Fekptgr ]gvagw Fekptgr Vgftalo Vucckrags   >-;. Gcpblygrs tlnky ltgo vagw kbb teg

stk‖trkao‖rgwkrn kftavatags ks pkrt l k saojbg stk‖trkao‖rgwkrn aotgjrktgn tkbgot ckokjgcgot prlfgss.  ^kbgot ckokjgcgot as teg elbastaf, aotgjrktgn, kon rgsubts kon jlkb-lragotgn prlfgss l pbkooaoj, rgfruataoj,, sgbgftaoj, ngvgblpaoj, ckokjaoj, kon rgfruataoj flcpgosktaoj gcpblyggs . ^k`aoj kjgcgot pgrspgftavg cgkos9 `ggpkaotkbgot caonckotekt teg tkbgot ckokjgcgot tks`s krg pkrts l k saojbg aotgrrgbktgn tkbgot ckokjgcgot prlfgss0 ck`gg surg tkbgot ckokjgcgot ngfasalos sufe ks ck`

stkdoj kon pky krg jlkb-nargftgn0 usg teg skcg ‒prlbg– lr lrcubktaoj rgfruatcgot pbkos lr k ilm ks ylu nl lr ck`aoj sgbgftalo, trkaoaoj, kpprkaskb, kpprkask b, kon pkycgot ngfasalos lr at0 kon aotgjrktg kbb teg tkbgot ckokjgcgot uoftalos.   >-=.  Ilm kokbysas as teg prlfgnurg terluje weafe ylu ngtgrcaog tegfekrkftgrastafs nutags l teg plsatalos kon teg fekrkftgrast afsngpkrtcgot‑s l teg pglpbg tl earg lr tegc. Ilm ngsfraptalos krg k bast l wekt teg ilm gotkabs, weabg ilm spgfafktalos angotay wekt wekt `aon l pglpbg tl earg lr teg

 

FEKX^G] > • Ilm KoKbysAs Kon ^EG ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^ X]lFGss 

 

;=7

 ilm. ^eg ilm kokbysas  ilm. kokbysas atsgb atsgb aovlbvgs aovlbvgs flbbgftaoj aolrcktalo lo ckttgrs sufe ks wlr` kftavatags0 rgquargn eucko mgekvalrs0 kon ckfeaogs, tllbs, kon gquapcgot usgn. ^eg mksaf stgps ao ilm kokbysas kokb ysas aofbung ngfanaoj lo teg usg l teg ilm kokbysas aolrcktalo, rgvagwaoj rgbgvkot mkf`jrluon aolrcktalo, kokbyzaoj teg ilm, vgrayaoj teg aolrcktalo, kon ngvgblpaoj ilm ngsfraptalos kon ilm spgfafktalos.

pgrsloogb. Dlr trkaogn gcpblyggs, ylu‑rg bll`aoj prackraby lr trkats ba`g gxpgragofg. Dlr uotrkaogn pgrsloogb, ylu selubn angotay trkats tekt cajet prgnaft suffgss lo teg ilm ilm.. Clst ilm spgfafktalos flcg rlc teg gnufktgn jugssgs l pglpbg ba`g supgrvaslrs, kon krg mksgn clstby lo iunjcgot. Vlcg gcpblygrs usg stktastafk stktastafkbb kokbysgs tl angotay prgnaftlrs lr eucko trkats tekt rgbktg tl suffgss lo teg ilm. Eucko trkats tekt cky prgnaft teg ilm

  >-6. ^egrg krg vkralus cgtelns lr flbbgftaoj ilm kokbysas

fkonanktgs‑ ba`gbaelln ba`gbaelln tl mg gojkjgn  kon  kon tekt teg ckokjgr cajet tegrglrg tegrglrg wkot tl aofbung ao teg  ilm spgfafk spgfafktalo talo aofbun aofbungg knkptk knkptkmabat mabaty y, pkssalo pkssalo lr lr wlr`, gcltalokb ckturaty, plsatavg nasplsatalo, sgb-knvlfkfy sgb-knv lfkfy,, kfeagvgcgot lragotktalo, kon k wlr` eastlry tekt aofbungs k ngclostrktgn flccatcgot tl sgrvg ltegrs ltegrs..   >-4. Zate flcpgtgofags clngbs kon prlbgs, teg kac as tl frgktg ngsfraptalos l wekt as rgquargn lr gxfgptalokb pgrlrckofg ao k javgo rlbg lr ilm, ao tgrcs l rgquargn flcpgtgofags, flcpgtgofags, `olwbgnjg, `olwbgnjg, kon gxpgragofg. Gkfe ilm‑s prlbg tego mgflcgs teg mgofeckr` lr frgktaoj rgfruatcgot, sgbgftalo, trkaoaoj, kon gvkbuktalo kon ngvgblpcgot pbkos lr gkfe ilm. Flcpgtgofy-mksgn ilm kokbysas  cgkos ngsframaoj teg ilm ao tgrcs l cgksurk cgksurkmbg mbg,, lmsgrvkmbg, mgekvalrkb flcpgtgofags (sufe ks s`abbs).

aolrcktalo.  ^egsg aofbung aotgrvagws, aotgrvagws, qugstalookargs, lmsgrvktalo, pkrtafapkot nakry/bljs, kon qukotatktavg tgfeoaqugs sufe ks plsatalo kokbysas qugstalookargs. Gcpblygrs aofrgksaojby flbbgft aolrcktalo rlc gcpblyggs vak teg Aotgrogt.   >->. Ckokjgrs selubn `olw elw tl wratg ilm ngsfraptalos. Zeabg tegrg as ol stkonkrn lrckt, clst ngsfraptalos flotkao sgftalos tekt flvgr ilm angotafktalo, angotafk talo, k ilm succkry succkry,, k bastaoj l rgsplosamabatags kon nutags, teg ilm aofucmgot‑s kutelraty, kon pgrlrckofg stkonkrns. At cky kbsl flotkao aolrcktalo rgjkrnaoj teg ilm‑s wlr`aoj flonatalos kon teg ilm spgfafktalos. Ckoy gcpblygrs usg Aotgrogt slurfgs sufe ks www.ilmngsfraptalo .flc tl .flc  tl kfabatktg wrataoj ilm ngsfraptalos.   >-7. Ao wrataoj ilm spgfadfktalos, nastaojuase mgtwggo spgfafktalos lr trkaogn vgrsus uotrkaogn

Nasfussalo [ugstalos   >-;. Zey, ao succkry, selubn ckokjgrs teao`

l stkdoj, trkaoaoj, kpprkasaoj, kpprkasaoj, kon pkyaoj gcpblyggs ks k tkbgot ckokjgcgot prlfgss<   >-=. Zekt atgcs krg typafkbby aofbungn ao teg ilm ngsfraptalo<   >-6. Zg nasfussgn sgvgrkb cgtelns lr flbbgftaoj  ilm kokbysas nktk„qugstalookargs, teg plsatalo kokbysas qugstalookarg, kon sl lo. Flcpkrg kon flotrkst tegsg cgtelns, gxpbkaoaoj wekt gkfe as usgub lr kon bastaoj teg prls kon flos l gkfe.

  >->. Ngsframg teg typgs l aolrck aolrcktalo talo typafkbby typafkbby

luon ao k ilm spgfafktalo.   >-7. Gxpbkao elw ylu wlubn flonuft k ilm kokbysas.   >-4. Nl ylu teao` kbb flcpkoags fko rgkbby nl

watelut ngtkabgn ilm ngsfraptalos< Zey lr wey olt<   >-:. Gxpbkao elw ylu wlubn frgktg k ilmrgquargcgots cktrax lr k ilm.   >-5. Ao k flcpkoy wate loby =7 gcpblyggs, as tegrg bgss oggn lr ilm ngsfraptalos< Zey lr wey olt<

Aonavanukb kon Jrlup Kftavatags   >-1. Zlr`aoj aonavanukbby lr ao jrlups, lmtkao flp-

ags l ilm ngsfraptalos lr fbgrafkb fbgrafkb plsatalos kt teg flbbgjg lr uoavgrsaty wegrg ylu stuny, lr teg rc wegrg ylu wlr`. Zekt typgs l aolrcktalo nl tegy flotkao< Nl tegy javg ylu goluje aolrcktalo gxpbkao wekt ilm aovlbvgs elw tl nl at-;8. Zlr`aoj aonavanukbby lr ao jrlups, usg L*OG^ tl ngvgblp k ilm ngsfraptalo lr ylur prlgsslr

ao teas fbkss. Mksgn lo tekt, usg ylur iunjcgot tl ngvgblp k ilm spgfafktalo. Flcpkrg ylur flofbusalos wate telsg l ltegr stungots lr jrlups. jrlups. Zgrg tegrg koy sajoafkot nagrgofgs< Zekt nl ylu teao` kffluotgn lr teg nagrgofgs<   >-;;. Kppgonafgs K kon kt teg gon l teas mll` (pkjgs 4;>‖46>) bastMteg `olwbgnjg slcglog

stunyaoj lr teg E]FA (Kppgonax K) lr VE]C (Kppgonax M) fgrtafktalo gxkc oggns tl ekvg ao gkfe krgk l eucko rgslurfg ckokjgcgot

 F  E  K  X  ^   G  ]   > 

 

;=4 

XK]^ = • ]GF]WA^CGo^, XbKFGCGo^, Kon ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^

(sufe ks ao Vtrktgjaf Ckokjgcgot  G  kon Zlr`lrfg Zlr`lrfg Xbkooaoj). Ao jrlups       @ l sgvgrkb stungots, nl lur teaojs9 M   K  V  G (;) rgvagw Kppgonax K kon/lr M0 (=) angotay teg cktgrakb ao teas fekptgr tekt rgbktgs tl teg Kppgonax K kon/lr Kppgonax M rgquargn `olwbgnjg basts0 (6) wratg lur cubtapbg-felafg gxkc qugstalos lo teas cktgrakb   Z B G  N   

   L      O

J     

tekt ylu mgbagvg wlubn mg suatkmbg lr aofbusalo ao teg E]FA gxkc kon/lr teg VE]C gxkc0 kon (>) a tacg pgrcats, ekvg slcglog rlc ylur tgkc plst ylur tgkc‑s qugstalos ao rlot l teg fbkss, sl tekt stungots ao kbb tgkcs fko koswgr teg gxkc qugstalos frgktgn my teg ltegr tgkcs.

Gxpgragotakb Gxgrfasg ^eg Aostruftlr‑s Ilm Ngsfraptalo Zrattgo kon flpyrajetgn my Jkry Ngssbgr, XeN.

Xurplsg9 ^eg purplsg l teas gxgrfasg as tl javg ylu gxpggxpgragofg ao ngvgblpaoj k ilm ngsfraptalo, my ngvgblpaoj log lr ylur aostruftlr. ]gquargn Wongrstkonaoj9  Qlu selubn uongrstkon teg cgfekoafs l ilm kokbysas kon mg telrlujeby kcabakr wate teg ilm kokbysas qugstalookargs. (Vgg Dajurgs >-> kon >-> kon >-1 >-1.) .) Elw tl Vgt Wp teg Gxgrfasg/Aostruftalos9  Vgt up jrlups l sgvgrkb stungots lr teas gxgrfasg. Ks ao kbb gxgrfasgs ao teas mll`, teg jrlups selubn mg sgpkrktgn kon selubn olt flovgrsg wate gkfe ltegr. Ekb l teg jrlups ao teg fbkss wabb ngvgblp teg ilm ngsfraptalo usaoj teg ilm kokbysas qugstalookarg (Dajurg (Dajurg >->), >->), kon teg ltegr ekb l teg jrlups wabb ngvgblp at usaoj teg ilm ngsfraptalo qugstalookarg >-1). Gkfe stungot selubn rgvagw eas lr egr qugs   > (Dajurg >-1).      ] talookarg (ks kpprlpraktg) mglrg ilaoaoj eas lr egr jrlup.

   G    ^    X      K    E     F

>-;=. Gkfe jrlup selubn nl k ilm kokbysas kokbysas l teg

Dajurg >-> ilm >-> ilm kokbysas qugstalookarg lr teas purplsg,, kon ekb wabb usg teg Dajurg >-1 ilm purplsg >-1 ilm ngsfraptalo qugstalookarg.   >-;6. Mksgn lo teas aolrcktalo, gkfe jrlup wabb ngvgblp ats lwo ilm ngsfraptalo kon ilm spgfafktalo lr teg aostruftlr.   >-;>. Ogxt, gkfe jrlup selubn fellsg k pkrtogr jrlup, log tekt ngvgblpgn teg ilm ngsfraptalo kon ilm spgfafktalo usaoj teg kbtgroktg cgteln. (K jrlup tekt usgn teg ilm kokbysas qugstalookarg selubn mg pkargn wate k jrlup tekt usgn teg ilm ngsfraptalo qugstalookarg.)   >-;7. Daokbby, wateao gkfe l tegsg ogw flcmaogn jrlups, flcpkrg kon frataqug gkfe l teg twl sgts l ilm ngsfraptalos kon  ilm spgfafktalos spgfafktalos.. Nan gkfe ilm kokb kokbysas ysas cgteln prlvang prlvang nagrgot typgs l aolrcktalo< Zeafe sggcs supgralr< Nlgs log sggc clrg knvkotkjglus knvkotkjglus lr slcg typgs l ilms teko ltegrs<

aostruftlr‑ss ilm9 Ekb l teg jrlups wabb usg teg aostruftlr‑

 Kppbafktalo Fksg ^eg Dblln Zrattgo kon flpyrajetgn my Jkry Ngssbgr, XeN. Ao Kujust =8;:, eurrafkog Ckrak eat Cakca, Dblrank, kon teg Lptack Kar Dabtgr Flcpkoy. Ckoy gcpblyggs‑ elcgs wgrg ngvkstktgn. Lptack dluon tekt at ekn tl earg kbclst tergg flcpbgtgby ogw frgws, log dlr gkfe seadt. ^eg prlmbgc wks tekt teg ‒lbn-tacgrs– ekn `olwo tegar  ilms sl sl wgbb tekt ol log ekn ekn gvgr mltegrgn tl nrkw up ilm ngsfraptalos dlr tegc. Zego kmlut 68 ogw gcpblyggs mgjko tk`aoj tegar pbkfgs, tegrg wks jgogrkb flodusalo kmlut wekt tegy selubn nl kon elw tegy selubn nl at. ^eg lln quaf`by mgfkcg lbn ogws tl teg rc‑s lut-ld-stktg fustlcgrs, welktwkotgn gxfusgs. teg rc‑s prgsangot, wks eas wats‑btgrs, gon. olt Eg ekn kmlutXeab 68 Ckoo, ogw gcpblyggs,

;8 lbn-tacgrs, kon eas lrajaokb dkftlry supgrvaslr, Ckymgbbaog. Eg ngfangn tl cggt wate Baonk Ba onk Blwg, k flosubtkot drlc teg blfkb uoavgrsaty‑s musaogss sfellb. Veg accgnaktgby ekn teg lbn-tacgrs bb lut k ilm qugstalookarg tekt bastgn kbb tegar nutags. Krjucgots gosugn kbclst kt lofg9 Mlte Xeab kon Ckymgbbaog telujet teg lbn-tacgrs wgrg gxkjjgrktaoj tl ck`g tegcsgbvgs bll` clrg acplrtkot, kon teg lbn-tacgrs aosastgn tekt teg basts dkatedubby rggftgn tegar nutags. Cgkoweabg, teg fustlcgrs fbkclrgn dlr tegar btgrs. [ugstalos

  >-;4. Velubn Xeab kon Baonk ajolrg teg lbn-tacgrs‑ prltgsts kon wratg teg ilm ngsfraptalos ks tegy sgg t< Zey< Zey olt< Elw wlubn ylu jl kmlut rgslbvaoj teg naddgrgofgs<   >-;:. Elw wlubn yluolw< ekvg flonuftgn teg ilm kokbysas< Zekt selubn Xeab nl

 

FEKX^G] > • Ilm KoKbysAs Kon ^EG ^KbGo^ CKoKJGCGo^ X]lFGss 

 

;=:

Flotaouaoj Fksg Fkrtgr Fbgkoaoj Flcpkoy Zrattgo kon flpyrajetgn my Jkry Ngssbgr, XeN.

^eg Ilm Ngsfraptalo Mksgn lo egr rgvagw ld teg stlrgs, Igooadgr flofbungn tekt log ld teg rst ckttgrs seg ekn tl kttgon tl aovlbvgn ngvgblpaoj ilm ngsfraptalos dlr egr stlrg ckokjgrs. Ks Igooadgr tgbbs at, egr bgsslos rgjkrnaoj ilm ngsfraptalos ao egr mksaf ckokjgcgot kon E] ckokjgcgot flursgs wgrg aosudfagot tl flovaofg egr ld teg pavltkb rlbg ilm ngsfraptalos kftukbby pbky ao teg scllte duoftaloaoj ld ko gotgrprasg. Ckoy tacgs nuraoj egr rst dgw wgg`s lo teg ilm, Igooadgr dluon egrsgbd ks`aoj log ld egr stlrg ckokjgrs wey eg wks valbktaoj wekt seg `ogw tl mg rgflccgongn flcpkoy plbafags kon prlfgnurgs. ]gpgktgnby, teg koswgrs wgrg gategr ‒Mgfkusg A nano‑t `olw at wks cy ilm– lr ‒Mgfkusg A nano‑t `olw tekt wks teg wky wg wgrg supplsgn tl nl at.– Igooadgr `ogw tekt k ilm ngsfraptalo, kbloj wate k sgt ld stkonkrns kon prlfgnur prlfgnurgs gs tekt spgfagn wekt wks tl mg nlog kon elw tl nl at wlubn jl k bloj wky tlwkrn kbbgvaktaoj teas prlmbgc. Ao jgogrkb, teg stlrg ckokjgr as rgsplosambg rgsplosamb g dlr nargftaoj kbb stlrg kftavatags ao sufe k wky tekt qukbaty wlr` as prlnufgn, fustlcgr

rgbktalos kon skbgs krg ckxacazgn, kon prltkmabaty as ckaotkaogn terluje gddgftavg flotrlb ld bkmlr, suppby, kon gogrjy flsts. Ao kfflcpbaseaoj tekt jgogrkb kac, k spgfaf stlrg ckokjgr‑s nutags kon rgsplosamabatags aofbung qukbaty flotrlb, stlrg kppgkrkofg kon fbgkobaogss, fustlcgr rgbktalos, mll``ggpaoj kon fkse ckokjgcgot, flst flotrlb kon prlnuftavaty, nkckjg flotrlb, prafaoj, aovgotlry flotrlb, splttaoj kon fbgkoaoj, ckfeaog ckaotgokofg, purfeksaoj, gcpblygg skdgty, ekzkrnlus wkstg rgclvkb, eucko rgslurfg kncaoastrktalo, kon pgst flotrlb. ^eg qugstalos tekt Igooadgr ekn tl knnrgss dlbblw. [ugstalos

  >-;5. Zekt selubn mg teg dlrckt kon okb dlrc ld teg stlrg ckokjgr‑s ilm ngsfraptalo<   >-;1. As at prkftafkb tl spgfady stkonkrns kon prlfgnurgs ao teg mlny ld teg ilm ngsfraptalo, lr selubn tegsg mg `gpt sgpkrktg<   >-=8. Elw selubn Igooadgr jl kmlut flbbgftaoj teg aodlrcktalo rgquargn dlr teg stkonkrns, prlfgnurgs, kon ilm ngsfraptalo<   >-=;. Zekt, ao ylur lpaoalo, selubn teg stlrg ckokjgr‑s ckokjgr‑s ilm ngsfraptalo bll` ba`g kon flotkao<

^rkosbktaoj Vtrktgjy aotl E] Xlbafags kon Xrkftafgs Fksg* ,§ *^eg kfflcpkoyaoj strktgjy ckp dlr teas fekptgr as ao CyBkm Ckokjgcgot0 teg lvgrkbb ckp lo teg aosang mkf` flvgr ld teas tgxt lutbaogs teg rgbktaloseaps aovlbvgn.

Acprlvaoj Xgrdlrckofg kt teg Eltgb Xkras ^eg Ogw Ilm Ngsfraptalos ^eg Eltgb Xkras‑s flcpgtatavg strktgjy as ‒^l usg supgralr jugst sgrvafg tl naddgrgotaktg teg Eltgb Xkras prlpgrtags, kon tl tegrgmy aofrgksg teg bgojte ld stky kon rgturo rktg ld jugsts, kon teus mllst rgvgougs kon prltkmabaty.– E] ckokjgr Bask Fruz cust olw dlrcubktg duofduof talokb plbafags kon kftavatags tekt supplrt teas flcpgtatavg strktgjy kon mllst pgrdlrckofg my gbafataoj teg rgquargn gcpblygg mgekvalrs kon flcpgtgofags. Ks ko gxpgragofgn eucko rgslurfg nargftlr, teg Eltgb Xkras‑s Bask Fruz `ogw tekt rgfruatcgot kon sgbgftalo prlfgssgs aovkrakmby aouaou gofgn gcpblygg flcpgtgofags kon mgekvalr kon, terluje tegc, teg flcpkoy‑ss mlttlc baog. Gvgryteaoj kmlut teg wlr`dlrfg„ats flbbgftavg flcpkoy‑ s`abbs, clrkbg, gxpgragofg, kon cltavktalo„ngpgongn lo kttrkftaoj kon tego sgbgftaoj teg rajet gcpblyggs. Ao rgvagwaoj teg Eltgb Xkras‑s gcpblycgot systgcs, seg wks tegrgdlrg flofgrogn tekt vartukbby kbb teg flcpkoy‑s ilm ngsfraptalos wgrg lut ld nktg, kon tekt ckoy ilms ekn ol ngsfraptalos kt kbb. Veg `ogw tekt watelut kffurktg ilm ngsfraptalos, kbb egr acprlvgcgot gddlrts wlubn mg ao vkao. Kdtgr kbb, ad ylu nlo‑t `olw k ilm‑s nutags, rgsplosargsplosamabatags, kon eucko rgquargcgots, elw fko ylu ngfang welc tl earg lr elw tl trkao tegc< ^l frgktg eucko rgslurfg plbafags kon prkftafgs tekt wlubn prlnufg gcpblygg flcpgtgofags kon mgekvalrs oggngn tl kfeagvg teg eltgb‑s strktgjaf kacs, Bask‑s tgkc rst ekn tl prlnufg k sgt ld uskmbg ilm ngsfraptalos. K mragd kokbysas, flonuftgn wate egr flcpkoy‑s FDL, rgaodlrfgn tekt lmsgrvktalo. ^egy felsg ngpkrtcgots kfrlss teg eltgb §

 Zrattgo kon flpyrajetgn my Jkry Ngssbgr, XeN.

fekao tekt nan kon nan olt ekvg upnktgn ilm ngsfraptalos. Zeabg tegy uongrstlln tekt ckoy ltegr dkftlrs cajet mg aougofaoj teg rgsubts, tegy mgbagvgn tekt teg stktastafkb rgbktaloseaps tegy lmsgrvgn nan sujjgst tekt ekvaoj ilm ngsfraptalos ekn k plsatavg aougofg lo vkralus gcpblygg mgekvalrs kon flcpgtgofags. Xgrekps ekvaoj teg ngsfraptalos dkfabatktgn teg gcpblygg sgbgftalo prlfgss, lr pgrekps teg ngpkrtcgots wate teg ngsfraptalos iust ekn mgttgr ckokjgrs. Ao koy fksg, Bask rgfgavgn teg jl-kegkn tl ngsajo ogw ilm ngsfraptalos dlr teg fekao. Zeabg teg rgsubtaoj ilm ngsfraptalos aofbungn oucgrlus trknatalokb nutags kon rgsplosamabatags, clst kbsl aofbungn sgvgrkb flcpgtgofags uoaqug tl gkfe ilm. Dlr gxkcpbg, ilm ngsfraptalos dlr teg drlot-ngs` fbgr`s aofbungn flcpgtgofags sufe ks ‒kmbg tl fegf` k jugst ao lr lut ao ao vg caoutgs lr bgss.– Clst sgrvafg gcpblyggs‑ ngsfraptalos aofbungn teg flcpgtgofy, ‒kmbg tl gxeamat pktagofg kon jugst supplrtavgogss gvgo wego musy wate ltegr kftavatags.– Bask `ogw tekt aofbunaoj tegsg flcpgtgofags wlubn ck`g at gksagr dlr egr tgkc tl ngvasg usgdub gcpblygg sgbgftalo, trkaoaoj, kon gvkbuktalo prlfgssgs. [ugstalos

Ao tgkcs lr aonavanukbby9   >-==. Mksgn lo teg eltgb‑s stktgn strktgjy strktgjy kon lo wekt ylu bgkrogn egrg ao Fekptgr > ld Ngssbgr Eucko ]gslurfg Ckokjgcgot , bast kt bgkst dlur clrg acplrtkot gcpblygg mgekvalrs acplrtkot dlr teg Eltgb Xkras‑s stkdd tl gxeamat.   >-=6. Ad tacg pgrcats, spgon slcg tacg pralr tl fbkss lmsgrvaoj teg drlot-ngs` fbgr` kt k blfkb eltgb. Ao koy fksg, frgktg k ilm ngsfraptalo dlr k Eltgb Xkras drlot-ngs` fbgr`.

 F  E  K  X  ^   G  ]   > 

 

;=5 

XK]^ = • ]GF]WA ^CGO^, XBKFGCGO^, KON ^KBGO^ CKOKJGCGO^

CyBkm Ckokjgcgot Jl tl www.pgkrslo.flc/cybkm/ckokjgcgot  dlr Kutl-jrkngn wrataoj qugstalos www.pgkrslo.flc/cybkm/ckokjgcgot dlr ks wgbb ks teg dlbblwaoj Kssastgn-jrkngn wrataoj qugstalos9   >-=>. 

Zekt as ilm kokbysas< Elw fko ylu ylu ck`g usg l teg aolrcktalo at prlvangs<   >-=7.  Gxpbkao wekt k flcpgtgofags clngb as kon wekt teg clngb wlubn wlubn bll` ba`g lr teg ilm l uoavgrsaty prlgsslr.   >-=4.  CyBkm Ckokjgcgot loby„flcprgegosavg wrataoj kssajocgot lr teas fekptgr.

CyBkm Ckokjgcgot  Ckokjgcgot ^ry At! Elw wlubn ylu kppby teg flofgpts kon s`abbs ylu bgkrogn ao teas fekptgr< Ad ylur prldgsslr eks kssajogn teas kftavaty, jl tl teg Kssajocgots sgftalo ld www.pgkrslo.flc/cybkm/ckokjgcgot tl flcpbgtg teg sacubktalo.

XG]VLOKB AOTGO^L]Q AOTGO^L]Q KVVGVVCGO^V KV VGVVCGO^V

X

A

K

 

XG]VLOKB AOTGO^L]Q KVVGVVCGO^

Elw jlln krg ylu kt sazaoj up log‑s s`abbs< Jl tl www.pgkrslo.flc/cybkm/ckokjgcgot  tl flcpbgtg teg Xgrslokb Aovgotlry Kssgsscgot rgbktgn tl teas fekptgr fekptgr..

@gy ^grcs tkbgot ckokjgcgot, 11  ilm kokbysas, ;88  ilm ngsfraptalo, ;88  ilm spgfafktalos, ;88 lrjkoazktalo fekrt, ;8= prlfgss fekrt, ;8=

   >      ]    G    ^    X    K    E     F

wlr`lw kokbysas, ;8= musaogss prlfgss rggojaoggraoj,  ;86  ilm gobkrjgcgot, ;86  ilm rltktalo, rltktalo, ;86  ilm gorafecgot, ;86

nakry/blj, ;85 plsatalo kokbysas qugstalookarg (XK[),  ;85 Vtkonkrn Lffupktalok Lf fupktalokbb Fbkssafktalo (VLF), ;;7  ilm-rgquargcgots cktrax, ;=;

tks` stktgcgot, ;=; flcpgtgofy-mksgn ilm kokbysas, ;=6

Gonoltgs ;. Nkacbgr as gxpkonaoj teas pbkot0 sgg Jkab @kbaols`a, ‒Nkacbgr KJ tl Aovgst $;M ao KB Cgrfgng Cgrfgngs-Mgoz s-MgozFlccgrfakb Dkfabaty,– Lftlmgr =8, =8;:, Xrlpgrty Gxgfutavg, Gxgfutavg, ettps9//www .fpgxgfutavg.flc/plst/nkacbgr.fpgxgfutavg.flc/plst/ nkacbgrkj-tl-aovgst-;m-ao-kb-cgrfgngskj-tlaovgst-;m-ao-kb-cgrfgngsmgoz-kfabatags/,, Dgmrukry =, =8;5. mgoz-kfabatags/ =. Vgg, lr gxkcpbg, ^loa ^loa Elnjgs Ng^uofq kon Byoo Vfecant, ‒Gxkcaoaoj Aotgjrktgn ^kbgot Ckokjgcgot,– ^N ^N,, Vgptgcmgr =8;6, pp. 6;‖670 kon ^. O. @raseoko kon Euje Vfubbalo, ‒^kbgot Ckokjgcgot kon Nyokcaf Tagw l ^k ^kbgot bgot ao Vckbb kon Cgnauc Gotgrprasgs,– Eucko ]gslurfg Ckokjgcgot ]gvagw, ]gvagw, =: (=8;:), pp. >6;‖>>;. 6. www.tkbgot\ckokjgcgot;8; .flc,, kffgssgn Ngfgcmgr ;8, =88:0 .flc kon www.kstn.lrj/ Xumbafktalos/Mbljs/KV^NMblj/=881/87/Elw-NlQluNgog-^kbgot-Ckokjgcgot,  kffgssgn Iuog ;4, =8;>. Vgg kbsl Oa``a Nrags, ‒^kbgot Ckokjgcgot, rlc Xegolcgolo tl

^eglry9 Aotrlnuftalo tl teg Vpgfakb Assug,– Eucko ]gslurfg Ckokjgcgot ]gvagw, ]gvagw, =6 (=8;6),

Vgg Xkrmunykb Vaoje, ‒Ilm Kokbysas lr k Fekojaoj Zlr`pbkfg,– Eucko ]gslurfg  ;5 (=885), Ckokjgcgot ]gvagw p. 5:. ettps9//www.grg.ogt/elw-tlwratg-k-rlf`aoj-ilm-ngsfraptalolr-rgfruatcgot/ kffgssgn Dgmrukry =, =8;5. ]afekrn Egongrslo, Flcpgosktalo Ckokjgcgot9 ]gwkrn ]gwkrnaoj aoj  (Wppgr Vknnbg Xgrdlrckofg (Wppgr Xgrdlrckofg ]avgr, OI9 Xrgotafg Ekbb, ;11>), pp. ;61‖;78. Vgg kbsl ^. K. Vtgtz gt kb., ‒Ogw ^raf`s lr ko Lbn Nlj9 Tasukbazaoj Ilm Kokbysas ]gsubts,– Xumbaf Xgrsloogb Ckokjgcgot 65, Ckokjgcgot 65, ol. ; (Vpraoj =881), pp. 1;‖;88. Mksgn lo ]lo Cabbgr, ‒Vtrgkcbaoaoj Fbkacs Xrlfgssaoj,– gZgg`   =6, ol. =7 (Iuog ;1, =884), pp. 66, 67. ]lo Cabbgr, ‒Vtrgkc baoaoj

=4:‖=:;. >. pp. ettps9//jl.lrkfbg.flc/BX3645:7 57>:&srf;3 kn9pks9ma9nj9efc&srf=3wwc` ;48484p8886:f888=&VF3sf`w 3ZZC@;48484X8886:F888=,   3ZZC@;48484X8886:F888=, kffgssgn Dgmrukry =, =8;:. 7. www.sab`]lkn^gfe.flc www.sab`]lkn^gfe.flc,, kffgssgn Ngfgcmgr ;8, =88:0 ettp9//www.sab`rlkn.flc/, kffgssgn Dgmrukry =, =8;:. 4. Dlr k jlln nasfussalo l ilm kokbysas, sgg Ikcgs Fbadlrn, ‒Ilm Kokbysas9 Zey Nl At, kon Elw Velubn At Mg Nlog), pp. 6=;‖6>80 kon ‒Ilm Kokbysas,– www.pkq.flc/aongx .fc, pp. =8‖==.

5.

1.

;8.

;6. Dlr k rgfgot gxkcpbg, sgg, lr gxkcpbg, Drgngraf` X. Clrjgslo, Gnatgn my Vtgvgo J. ]ljgbmgrj ^eg VKJG Gofyfbl pgnak ld Aonustrakb kon LrjkoaLrjkoazktalokb Xsyfelbljy, =on Xsyfelbljy, =on gn., ettps9//csu.gnu/~clrjgslo/ clrjgslo\=8;:m.pn ,, kffgssgn clrjgslo\=8;:m.pn  Dgmrukry =, =8;5. ;>. Zk Zkyog yog Fksfal, Kppbagn Xsyfelbljy ao Eucko ]gslurfg Ckokjgcgot (Wppgr kjgcgot  (Wppgr Vknnbg ]avgr, OI9 Xrgotafg Ekbb, ;115), p. ;>=. Nastlrtalo l aolrcktalo as k pltgotakb prlmbgc wate kbb sgbrgplrt cgtelns l jktegraoj aolrcktalo. Vgg, lr gxkcpbg, ettp9//kpps.lpc.jlv/KN^/ FlotgotDabgs/Kssgsscgot NgfasaloJuang8:;58:.pn,   NgfasaloJuang8:;58:.pn, kffgssgn Lftlmgr ;, =8;;. ;7. Drgngraf` Clrjgslo gt kb., kb., ‒Vgb Xrgsgotktalo Xrlfgssgs ao Ilm Kokbysas9 Kokbysas9 K Dagbn Gxpgracgot Aovgstajktaoj Aoktalo ao KmabaAovgstajktaoj tags, ^ks`s, kon Flcpgtgofags,– Ilurokb ld Kppbagn Xsyfelblj Xsyfelbljy y  51, ol. > (Olvgcm (Olvgcmgr gr >, =88>), pp. 4:>‖4540 kon Drgngraf` Clrjgslo kon Vtgpego