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PGI_@SXIEDE@ PGF^DS XIXU@LD E@ @GXIGF D EIXUÃGHID HPSXF E@ ^@EDAFAID

@EIKDIG@ DK_@X E@ DKL@IED

^FSUOFKIF IGEI_IEPDK - @XUÄAIF HPSSIHPKDS FCSIADUØSIF III: A@XUÈF @EPHDHIFGDK @ @X^DÁFX GÈF @XHFKDS@X

_ärz`d Ardge` 3>34

 

@EIKDIG@ DK_@X E@ DKL@IED

^FSUOFKIF IGEI_IEPDK - @XUÄAIF HPSSIHPKDS FCSIADUØSIF III: A@XUÈF @EPHDHIFGDK @ @X^DÁFX GÈF @XHFKDS@X

S`kdtørif e` @stäaif dpr`s`gtdef df Hursf e` ^`edafaid ed PGF^DS ‘ Pgiv`rsiede` Gfrt` ef ^drä, rä, hflf r`q r`quisitf pdrhidk pdrd f dprf dp rfv` v`ititdl dl`g `gtf tf ed ei eish ship ipkikigd gd e` @stä @stäai aif f Hurrihukdr Fcriadtørif III: A`stèf @euhdhifgdk ` @spdáfs gèf @shfkdr`s.

_ärz`d Ardge` 3>34

 

XPLÄSIF IGUSFEPÁÈF..............................................................................................................8 4

K@IUPSDX K@IUPSDX FCSIA FCSIADUØS DUØSIDX... IDX......... ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ .............. ........................5 ................5

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S@AIL@GU S@AIL@GUF F @XHFKDS.. @XHFKDS........ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............... .........................? ................? DUPDÁÈ DUPDÁÈF F ED @TPI^@ @TPI^@ EIS EIS@U @UI_D. I_D.... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ........= ...=

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^KDGF ^KDGF E@ DÁÈF...... DÁÈF............ ............ ............ ............. ............. ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ .................4> ...........4>

HFGXIE@SDÁÐ@X OIGDIX........................................................................................44 S@O@SÊGHIDK CICKIFASÄOIHF..............................................................................43

 

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IGUSFEPÁÈF F pr`s`gt` trdcdkmf é e`hfrr`gt` ed dgäkis` e` t`xtfs, vìe`fs ` p`squisds qu` lfstrdrdl hflf d p`edafaid v`l dtudgef `l värifs kfhdis ` hflf d a`stèf `shfkdr t`l tfed ilpfrtãghid gd ofrldáèf ef p`edafaf, pfis, pfssicikitd t`r uld visèf vis èf dlpkd dlpkd ed `strut `struturd urd deligi deligistr strdti dtivd vd ` p`e p`edaø daøaih aihd d ed` ed`shf shfkd kd ` ef sist`l sist`ld d `euh `e uhdh dhif ifgd gdk.k. ^` ^`rh rh`c `c``-s` s` qu` qu` f lu luge gef f t` t`l l pd pdss ssde def f pf pfru rul l lf lfl` l`gt gtf f gu gugh ghd d viv`ghidef dgt`s gd mistørid, uld pdge`lid d dged ged luedgef luedgef fs eids ` fs hdgd hdgdis is e` `euhdáèf tiv`rdl qu` s` dedptdr d `std gfvd r`dkiede`. Gftd-s`, qu` d `euhdáèf `shfkdr é `ss`ghidk pdrd hiededgid, hfgsie`rdgef tdk doirldtivd, pfe`lfs pfe`lfs p p`rh`c`r `rh`c`r d igeisp`gsdcikiede igeisp`gsdcikiede` ` e` adrdgtir qu qu` ` f dkugf hm`au` ` p`rldg`ád `shfkd. Ufef eir`itf e`v` s`r pr`s`rvdef p`kd k`i qu` f fre`gd, e`v`gef f @stdef prflfv`r dáð`s pfkìtihdspúckihds qu` vidcikiz`l f dh`ssf ef dkugf.  D a`stèf `shfkdr é ul aêg`rf e` lfe`kf `euhdhifgdk qu` visd `stilukdr ` hffre`gdr eio`r`gt`s eil`gsð`s eds mdcikiede`s, efs tdk`gtfs `, tdlcél ed hflp`têghid `euhdhifgdk, s`lpr` ftilizdgef f `gsigf. X`u fcj`tivf é utikizdr e` prighi pri ghipif pifss ` `strdt `strdtéai éaids ds g`h`ss g`h`ssäri ärids ds pdrd pdrd dhr`sh dhr`sh`gt `gtdr dr d `oi `oihäh hähid id efs efs prf prfh`s h`ssfs sfs e`gtrf ed igstituiáèf. ^drd qu` d a`stèf `shfkdr oughifg` c`l, `kd hfgtd hfl s`is pikdr`s ougedl`gtdis, qu` sèf: a`stèf p`edaøaihd, a`stèf deligistrdtivd, a`stèf `shfkdr oigdgh`ird, a`stèf e` r`hursfs muldgfs, a`stèf e` e` hflugihdáèf ` a`stèf a`stèf e` t` t`lp lpf f ` `o `oih ihiê iêgh ghid idef efss pr prfh fh`s `ssf sfs. s. Ld Ldss g` g`st st` ` trdc trdcdk dkmf mf ir ir`l `lfs fs dc dcfr fred edr  r  prig prighi hipd pdkl kl`g `gt` t` ds eu euds ds a` a`st stð` ð`ss ldis ldis ilpf ilpfrt rtdg dgt` t`ss qu qu` ` sè sèf f d p` p`ed edaø aøai aihd hd ` deligistrdtivd.  D a`stèf p`edaøaihd t`l hflf igtuitf fradgizdr ` pkdg`jdr gd hridáèf ` dpkikihd dp hdáè áèf f e` pr prfj fj`t `tfs fs p` p`ed edaø aøai aihf hfs. s. Jä d a` a`st stèf èf de deli ligi gist strd rdtitivd vd vi visd sd trd trdtd tdrr e` dssu ds sugt gtfs fs qu qu` ` `g `gvf vfkv kv`l `l hded hded r` r`hu hurs rsf f ed ig igst stititui uiáè áèf, f, hf hflf lf ld ldt` t`ri ridi dis, s, oìsi oìsihf hfss `oigdgh`irfs.  D a`stèf `shfkdr é uld p`rsp`htivd, ul ãgaukf e` dtudáèf, ul l`if ` gèf ul oil `l si l`slf, vistf qu` d oigdkiede` ed a`stèf, é d dpr`geizda`l`o`tivd ` siagioihdtivd efs dkugfs.

 

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K@IU K@IUPS PSDX DX FCSI FCSIA ADUØS ØSID IDX X F prfh`ssf e` `euhdáèf ef mfl`l ofi ilpr`shigeìv`k pdrd d `vfkuáèf

fs arupfs arupfs sfhid sfhidis is ` eds sfhi` sfhi`ede ede`s. `s. D p`e p`edaf dafaid aid s` igihif igihifu u gd Aréhid Aréhid Dgt Dgtiad iad qudgef ds r`spfstds r`spfstds r`kiaifsds jä gèf `rdl f suoih suoihi`gt`. i`gt`. F p`gsdl`gtf hrìtihf jugtf ed rdzèf, g`st` hfgt`xtf, cushdl r`spfge`r ds igqui`tdáð`s ei vigds. Fs oikøsfofs `gtèf hfl`ádl d s` qu`stifgdr dh`hrhd ef pfr qu` `gsigdr6 Fu, pdrd qu` `gsigdr6 @ qudk é d l`kmfr ofrld6 (DSDGMD, 3>>?) Jä gd Iede` Léeid, f `spiritudkislf hristèf hfgorfgtd hfl f igt`htudkislf ar`af, fge` ofi hfgsie`rdef d oé ldis siagioihdtivd qu` d rdzèf. Dvdgádgef pdrd d Iede` Ied e` Lfe`rg Lfe`rgd, d, gf p`rìfe p`rìfef f eds ard ardge ge`s `s gdv gdv`ad `adáð áð`s, `s, f Crd Crdsik sik ofi e`s e`shfc hfc`rt `rtf, f, hfkfg hf kfgizd izdef ef ` jug jugtf tf vi` vi`rdl rdl fs j`s j`suìt uìtds, ds, qu` `rd `rdl l hf hfgsi gsie`r e`rdef defss fs prf prfo`s o`ssfr sfr`s `s edqu`kd épfhd, s`augef Xdvidgi, ‛d mistørid ed `euhdáèf crdsik`ird s` igihid `l 4059, hfl d hm`aded ef pril`irf arupf e` j`suìtds“ (XD_IDGI, ( XD_IDGI, 3>>=, p.3?). Ldss of Ld ofii sfl` sfl`gt gt` ` d pdrt pdrtir ir e` 4109 4109,, dp dpøs øs d `x `xpu puks ksèf èf ef efss j` j`su suìt ìtds ds,, qu qu` ` hfl`ádrdl ardge`s luedgáds pdrd d `euhdáèf tdgtf pdrd fs `gsigfs prilärifs ` s`huge s`h ugeäri ärifs fs hfl hflf f tdlcél tdlcél gd ofrldá ofrldáèf èf efs prf prfo`s o`ssfr sfr`s. `s. @ss @ss` ` p`rìfe p`rìfef f oih oihfu fu ldrhdef p`kd r`ofrld pflcdkigd, qu` tfrgfu f @stdef e`t`gtfr ed `euhdáèf ` hrifu ds dukds réaids qu` e`v`ridl suprir ds eishipkigds dgt`s fo`r`hieds gfs `xitigtfs hfkéa hf kéaif if j`suìt j`suìtds, ds, l`s l`slf lf dssil dssil,, p`r p`rh`c h`c`u`u-s` s` qu` d `eu `euhdá hdáèf èf gf Crd Crdsik sik `stdvd `stdvd pdrd pd rded ed ` pr pr`h `his isdv dvd d e` ul uld d sfk fkuá uáèf èf.. @gtè @gtèf f `l 41 4113 13,, fs `stu `stuef efss l` l`gf gfr` r`ss adgmdrdl dlpkitue` ` p`g`trdáèf hfl d igstituiáèf, ef hmdldef ‛sucsìeif kit`rärif“ pdrd ldgugt`gáèf efs `gsigfs prilärif ` s`hugeärif. . Futrfs Futrfs ldrhfs mistørihf mistørihfss pdrd d `euhdá `euhdáèf èf gf Crdsi Crdsik,k, ofi `l 4935 hfl f surail`gtf ed dssfhidáèf Crdsik`ird e` @euhdáèf ` `l 4 98> hfl d hridáèf ef Ligistérif ed @euhdáèf ` ed Xdúe` ^úckihd, ` e`se` `gtèf d `euhdáèf v`l pdssdgef pfr ardge`s luedgáds. Lds ofi sø `l 4989 qu` ofi hridef f pril`irf hursf e` p`edafaid ef Crdsik, cushdgef hflf fcj`tivf d `euhdáèf e` hridgáds efs dgfs igihidis ` tdlcél d a`stèf `euhdhifgdk. Hfgtuef, `l 49?= dpøs d k`i g. 0.05> d odhukede` e` p`edafaid adgmfu gfvfs `spdáfs e` dtudáèf. F prfh`ssf mistørihf p`kf qudk pdssfu d p`edafaid, hfl suds luedgáds ` djust`s dfs eio`r`gt`s lfl`gtfs viviefs gf pdìs, `xpdgeiu f hdlpf e` trdcdkmf ef p`edaf p`e dafaf. af. Mfj` Mfj` v`l v`lfs fs d p`eda p`edafa faid id hflf hflf uld sfl sfld d e` téh téhgih gihds, ds, pri prighì ghìpif pifs, s, létf lé tfef efss ` o` o`rr rrdl dl`g `gtd tdss e` `e `euh uhdá dáèf èf ` ef `g `gsi sigf gf,, qu qu` ` dj djue uedl dl d `g `gt` t`ge ge`r `r d

 

0 `euhdáèf `euh dáèf r`kdh r`kdhifgde ifgdefs fs d deligistrdá deligistrdáèf èf e` `shfkds, `shfkds, `gtr` futrd futrdss

tdgtd tdgtdss dréds dréds..

Tudgef odkdlfs `l p`edafaf, kfaf s` v`l d ilda`l ef prfo`ssfr `l l`gt`, lds f qu` g`l tfefs sdc`l, é qu` `st` prfoissifgdkpfe` dtudr `l futrd dréds qu` gèf s`jdl d efhêghid, hflf a`stfr `shfkdr, sup`rvisfr, hffre`gdefr fu fri`gtdefr `euhdhifgdk. _dk` k`lcrdr qu` gèf é sø gd `shfkd qu` f p`edafaf pfe` `x`rh`r ougáèf, pfis f hursf hursf e` p p`eda `edafaid faid

trdz tdl tdlcél cél d prfcdcik prfcdcikiede` iede` e` e` dtudáèf dtudáèf gèfgèf-`shf `shfkdr, kdr,

hdpd hd pdhi hitd tdge gef f pdrd pdrd e`s` e`s`lp lp`g `gmd mdrr ul uld d ou ougá gáèf èf e` l` l`ei eide defr fr ` drti drtihu hukd kdef efrr ed dpr`geizda`l. Gfs úktilfs dgfs, f dpdr`hil`gtf e` `spdáfs `euhdhifgdis gèf ofrldis dcriu pdrd f ^`edafaf gfvds fpfrtugiede`s e` dtudáèf. Ki Kicã cãg` g`f f (3 (3>> >>4) 4) ei eizz qu qu` ` fs vd vdst stfs fs hd hdlp lpfs fs e` dtud dtudáè áèf f ef p` p`ed edaf afaf af vèfe`se` hfgstruáèf hivik, øraèfs lugihipdis, `stdeudis ` o`e`rdis, mftéis, FGAs, igstituiáð`s e` hdpdhitdáèf prfoissifgdk, dss`ssfrid e` `lpr`sds, lus`us, mfsp mf spititdi dis, s,`g `gtr tr` ` fu futr trfs fs.. Eidg Eidgt` t` eiss eissf f p` p`rh rh`c `c`l `lfs fs d ardg ardge` e` g` g`h` h`ss ssie iede de` ` e` e`s`gvfkv`r dáð`s `euhdtivds gfs ldis eiv`rsfs `spdáfs, pfis f dtf e` `gsigdr gèf s` odz dp`gds gf igt`rifr eds `shfkds.

 

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S@AIL@GUF @XHFKDS F r`ail`gtf `shfkdr é ul ldgudk prätihf, e` hdrät`r k`adk qu` e`v` s`r 

`kdcfrdef p`kd a`stèf hfl d pdrtihipdáèf e` tfed d hflugiede` `shfkdr. X`gef dssil, é ul hfgjugtf e` gfrlds qu` e`oig`l ds hflp`têghids deligistrdtivds, eieätihds ` p`edaøaihds.

4. Tudk d ougáèf ef r`ail`gtf gf dlci`gt` `shfkdr6   @k` `stdc`k`h` ds r`ards pdrd qu` hded p`ssfds qu` t`gmd dkaul hdraf gd `shfkd pfssd sdc`r f qu` km` hdc` r`dkizdr, `vitdgef qu` f a`stfr hfgh`gtr` tfeds ds fre` fre`gs gs.. F fc fcj` j`tiv tivf f ef r` r`ai ail` l`gt gtf f é f hu hulp lpri ril` l`gt gtf f ed edss dá dáð` ð`ss `e `euh uhdt dtiv ivds ds `stdc`k`hieds gf ^SFJ@UF ^FKÌUIHF ^@EDAØAIHF ed `shfkd. ^fe`-s` `gt`ge`r  qu` f r`ail`gtf `shfkdr é `ss`ghidk pdrd uld igstituiáèf `shfkdr qu` cushd d qukiede` ef `gsigf guld p`rsp`htivd e`lfhrätihd.  D `shfkd hfgh`gtrd ` igstituhifgdkizd, gf r`ail`gtf `shfkdr, s`us prighìpifs ` prfh`eil`gtfs cds`defs gd k`aiskdáèf ef Xist`ld @euhdhifgdk Crdsik`irf, e`se` d Hfgsti Hfg stitui tuiáèf áèf dt dté é fs pdr`h` pdr`h`r`s r`s gfrldt gfrldtivf ivfss ef Hfg Hfgs`k s`kmf mf @st @stdeu deudk dk e` @eu @euhdá hdáèf, èf, s`gef `k`s: • Hfgstituiáèf O`e`rdk e` 49==2 • K`i e` Eir`triz`s ` Cds`s ed @euhdáèf Gdhifgdk ‘ K`i gº 9895/9?2 • ^kdgf Gdhifgdk e` @euhdáèf - K`i gº 4>.413/3>>4 `2 • ^rfj`tf e` K`i =>80/3>4>2 • ^dr`h`r`s gfrldtivfs ef H@@.

3. Tudis dsp`htfs sèf hfgt`lpkdefs `l ul r`ail`gtf `shfkdr6 E`v`l s`r hfgsie`rdefs dsp`htfs k`aiskdtivfs e` dhfref hfl sud dpkihdáèf gf pdìs, `stdef ` lugihìpif, k`vdgef `l hfgsie`rdáèf fs prighìpifs deftdefs p`kd X`hr`t X`h r`tdri drid d e` @stdef @stdef ed @euhd @euhdáè áèf, f, `st `st`s `s hf hfgst gstitu itu`l `l d cd cds` s` pdr pdrd d prf prflfv lfv`r `r d eishussèf, d r`ok`xèf ` d tflded e` e`hisèf p`kfs l`lcrfs ed `shfkd. F r`ail` `shfkdr e`v` s`r pdutdef `l uld a`stèf e` pdrtihipdáèf `o`tivd e` prfo`ssfr`s, dkugfs, pdis, hflugiede`, e` ofrld e`lfhrätihd, ärd qu` r`sukt` `l ul `gsigf e` qudkiede`, vdkfr, ofrtdk`hil`gtf ` dutfgflid. Fs dsp`htfs hfgt`lpkdefs `l ul r`ail` `shfkdr, e`t`rligd fs mfrärifs qu` fs dkugfs hm`adl ` sd`l, r`ards e` eir`itfs ` e`v`r`s e` tfefs ed hflugiede` `shfkdr ` igofrldáð`s e`tdkmdeds sfcr` oughifgdl`gtf e` hded hdlpf ed `shfkdr. ^fis, e` dhfref hfl f eir`tfr, f ofhf é f dkugf, `, f prfo`ssfr e`v` trdcdkmdr e` ldg`ird trdgquikd pdrd hfghr`tizdr d dpr`geizda`l ed l`kmfr ldg`ird pfssìv`k.

 

1 Tudgef ul prfo`ssfr gfvf hm`ad gd `shfkd, `k` pr`hisd hfgm`h`r `st` efhul`gtf pdrd qu` sdicd hflf hflf r`dair e`gtrf e`ss` dl dlci`gt`. ci`gt`. É ul efhul`gtf e eigãlihf, igãlihf, qu` s`au` fs e`tdkm`s ` ds hdrdht`rìstihd ed `shfkd, hfl drtihukdáèf qu` tfefs e`v`l s`auir gf eid-d-eid ed. F qu` é `sp`hìoihf e` hded igstituiáèf, hflf gfrlds e` hfgvivêghid, e`v` s`r  e`oigief gfs `spdáfs e` eishussèf hfk`tivd e` `shfkd, hfl d hlfgugiede` `shfkdr. E`pfis e` prfgtf, f euhul`gtf e`v` pdssdr pfr dprfvdáèf ef hfgs`kmf `shfkdr ` pfr mflfkfadáèf `l ul fraèf r`aifgdk ed s`hr`tärid e` `euhdáèf `stdeudk fu lugihipdk.

 

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DUP UPDÁ DÁÈF ÈF ED @T @TPI PI^@ ^@ EI EIS@ S@UI UI_ _D  D a`stèf deligistrdtivd `xist` pdrd dss`aurdr d ldgut`gáèf ef `spdáf oìsihf

` ef pdtrilõgif ed `shfkd, d delfgistrdáèf efs r`husfs pdrd qu` d `shfkd `st`jd fradgizded `l fefs fs s`us s`tfr`s. Ufed dtudáèf ed a`stèf deligistrdtivd ` suds `strdtéaids e`v`l `stdr pr`s`gt`s gf ^SFJ@UF ^@EDAØAIHF ` gf S@AIL@GUF @XHFKDS. D pfsturd e` kie`rdgád ef a`tfr é g`h`ssärif pdrd f r`kdhifgdl`gtf ` suh`ssf ed hflugiede` `shfkdr, `k` e`v` s`r ul kìe`r prfdtivf, e`eihdef, `stä s`lpr` dc`rtf d pdrtihipdáèf ` df eiäkfaf, tdlcél e`v` `stä pr`s`gt` eurdgt` pkdg`jdl`gtfs fo`r`gh`gef dpfif ` fri`gtdáèf.

4. E`shr`vd qudis sèf ds prighipdis dtricuiáð`s ef(d) eir`tfr(d) ed `shfkd. F ei eir` r`ititfr fr é ul de deli ligi gist strd rdef efrr qu` qu` t`l t`l ul uld d ougá ougáèf èf deli deligi gist strd rdtitivd vd ` igstituhifgdk. Dtrdvés eds dáð`s deligistrdtivds, edr hfgeiáð`s de`qudeds pdrd f e`s`gvfkvil`gtf e`s`gvfkvil`g tf eds dáð`s p`edaøaihds. Xèf luitds ds dtricuiáð`s ed a`stèf deligistrdtivd `shfkdr, dkaulds e`kds sèf d defáèf e` `strdtéaihds a`r`ghidis qu` odvfr`h`l d pr`v`gáèf e` prfck`lds gd ugiede` `shfkdr, ` e` tfef f oughifgdl`gtf ed `shfkd2 dhflpdgmdl`gtf ` hulpri hul pril`g l`gtf tf ed k`s k`saik aikdáè dáèf, f, eds gfr gfrlds lds `eu `euhdh hdhifg ifgdis dis22 cus cushd hd p`k p`kf f pde pderèf rèf e` qudkiede` e` `gsigf2 prfpfrhifgdr ul dlci`gt` qu` p`rlit` î `shfkd hulprir sud lissèf, fs s`us fcj`tivfs ` ds suds l`tds, ougedl`gtdef gfs s`us vdkfr`s, edgef supfrt` e` sup`rvisèf, adrdgtid e` oughigdl`gtf ` e` ldgut`gáèf efs eiv`rsfsf r`hursfs e` igord`struturd.  Ds r`spfgsdcikied r`spfgsdcikiede`s e`s e`ss` prfoissifgdk e`gtrf e` uld igstituiáèf e` `gsigf gèf sèf pfuhds: é e`k` d ougáèf e` ldgt`r f cfl oughifgdl`gtf ed `shfkd `l suds `so`rds oìsihd, ldt`ridk, pfkìtihd, oigdgh`ird, p`edaøaihd ` `lfhifgdk. Udlcél odz pdrt` ef pdp`k ef eir`tfr `shfkdr ― hflf ul kìe`r ― igh`gtivdr, lftivdr ` igspirdr, eidridl`gt`, tdgtf d sud `quip` qudgtf fs s`us dkugfs.

3. E`shr`vd d dtudáèf e`ss` prfoissifgdk qudgtf df dt`geil`gtf dfs dkugfs ` dfs efh`gt`s. F eir` eir`tf tfrr e` e`v` v` cu cush shdr dr dt dt`g `ge` e`rr ds `x `xia iaêg êghi hids ds e` tfef tfefss fs s` s`tf tfr` r`ss qu qu` ` `gvfkv`l `ssd prätihd, e`se` oughifgärifs, `struturd oìsihd ed `shfkd dté `l r`kdáèf dfs pdis ` dkugfs. É ilpr`shigeìv`k qu` `k` odáád d prflfáèf ef `gvfkvil`gtf ed

 

9 hflu hf lugi gied ede` e` `shf `shfkd kdr, r, od odz` z`ge gef f us usf f ed kie` kie`rd rdgá gád d ` ef efss l` l`if ifss e` hflu hflugi gihd hdáè áèf f eispfgìv`is, hfl cds` gd hffp`rdáèf ` hflprflissf, odvfr`h`gef d qudkiede` eds r`kdáð`s igt`rp`ssfdis, ` ldgtél f okuxf e` igofrldáð`s dtudkizdef ` r`aukdr `gtr` d eir`áèf, fs prfo`ssfr`s, pdis ` d hflugiede`. F eir`tfr `x`rh` uld ilpfrtdgt` ougáèf gf hftieidgf `shfkdr. @gtr` suds fcriad fcr iadáð` áð`s, s, pfe`lf pfe`lfss e`s e`stdh tdhdr dr d rftigd rftigd gf s`t s`tfr fr del deligis igistrd trdtiv tivf f ` oig oigdgh dgh`ir `irf, f, f trdcdkmf `l prfk ef e`s`gvfkvil`gtf p`edaøaihf, d hffre`gdáèf ef hfrpf efh`gt` ` dté d igt`ardáèf odlìkid-`shfkd. X`u pdp`k hfrr`spfge` df e` ul kìe`r, pfe`gef igoku`ghidr d tfefs e` ldg`ird pfsitivd fu g`adtivd. E`ss` lfef, `k` é e` `xtr`ld ilpfrtãghid pdrd f eid d eid e` uld igstituiáèf `shfkd `sh fkdr. r. Istf Istf é, `k` e`v e`v` ` e`s`gv e`s`gvfkv fkv`r `r sud sudss mdc mdciki ikiede ede`s `s hf hfgst gstdgt dgt`l` `l`gt` gt`,, hf hfl l f fcj`tivf e` odvfr`h`r d qudkiede` ed `euhdáèf fo`r`hied p`kd `shfkd, dssil hflf `stilukdr ds `quip`s qu` g`kd trdcdkmdl ` d igt`ardáèf `gtr` tfefs, ighkusiv` pdis ` r`spfgsäv`is.

 

4>

5

^KDGF E@ DÁÈF

E`shriáèf situdáèf prfck`ld

ed  D `shfkd lugihipdk e` `gsigf ougedl`ggtdk I ‛K`r ` Xdc`r“, v`l pdssdgef pfr prfck`lds gd dkil`gtdáèf eds hridgáds, pfis tfefs fs eids sèf `gvidefs p`kd pr`o`iturd k`aul`s, orutds ` v`reurds qu` dhdcdl `strdadgef, pfrqu` ds hridgáds gèf afstdl ` gèf qu`r`l s` dkil`gtdr e` ofrld ldis sdueäv`k.

^rfpfstd sfkuáèf

e` Odr`lfs d s`ldgd ed dkil`gtdáèf sdueäv`k ` eivieir`lfs d s`ldgd e` dhfref hfl d pirãlie` dkil`gtdr qu` s`rid: hded eid s`rä s`rä ppdrd ppdrd dpr`ge` dpr`ge`r, r, sfcr sfcr` ` ul arup arupf f ed pirã pirãlie lie`. `. @x: s`au s` auge gedd-o` o`ir ird d `stu `stued edrè rèf f sf sfcr cr` ` fs hd hdrc rcfi fier erdt dtfs fs ` ds dssi sil l suh`ssivdl`gt`. F prfo`ssfr e` hded turld e`v`rä `gsigdr  lfstrdgef ` e`o`itfs ` jfafs kúeihfs sfcr` f dssugtf, pdrd dtrdir d dt`gáèf ` f afstdr efs dkugfs. Gd s`xtd-o`ird odr`lfd d ‛O ‛O`i `ird rd ed dkil kil`gtd `gtdáè áèf f sdu dueä eäv` v`k“ k“ fge ge` ` hd hde ed turl turld d dpr`s`gtdrä sfcr` ul dkil`gtf e` hded arupf ed pirãlie`

dkil`gtdr pdrd tfed d `shfkd ` e`pfis t`r`lfs e`austdáèf efs dkil`gtfs `shfkmiefs.   Fcj` Fcj`ti tivf vfss ef Hridr f mäcitf hfrr`tf e` dkil`gtdáèf pdrd qu` ds hridgáds hfl`h`l d s` dkil`gtdr e` ofrld l`kmfr ` ldis sdueäv`k ` pkdgf e` dáèf r` r`hhfgm fgm`ád `ádl d vdr dri` i`e ede` de` e` dk dkil il` `gtfs gtfs qu` `xis ist` t`l l ` dpr`gedl d ilpfrtãghid e` hded ul pdrd f gfssf hfrpf Dcfreda`l É pr` r`hhisf s`r hridef gd hridgád f mäcitf hfrr`tf e` dkil dkil`g `gtd tdáè áèf, f, k` k`vd vdrr f dk dkug ugf f d `g `gt` t`ge ge`r `r d il ilpf pfrt rtãg ãghi hid d ef efss t`ørihfmäcitfs dkil`gtdr`s, f vdkfr qu` fs dkil`gtfs têl pdrd d gfssd l`tfeøkfaihd sdúe`, hfgshi`gtizdgef-fs pdrd uld dkil`gtdáèf sdueäv`k ` gdturdk. D dpr`geizda``l ef hflpfrtdl`gtf dkil`gtdr igihids` gd igoãghid, t`gef d odlìkid ` tfef fhfgt`xtf sfhifhukturdk fge` fg e` ds r` r`o` o`iá iáð` ð`ss fh fhfr frr` r`l, l, ul pd pdp` p`kk e` e`t` t`rl rlig igdg dgt` t` gf

S`hursf Hfgsie`rdáð`s Oigdis

prfh`s prf h`ssf sf e` ardge ofr ofrldá ldáèf mäc mäcitf s dki dkil`g l`gtdr tdr`s `s ed hri hridgá dgád, t`g t`gef ef `st`s `st`s ard ge` ` èfprfcd prfefs cdkied kiede` e`itfs e` pr`vd pr` vdk`h k`h`r` `r`l l gd vied vied, d deuktd. S`hfgm`h`-s`, mfj`, qu` uld dkil`gtdáèf sdueäv`k eurdgt` d igoãghid é eupkdl`gt` c`géoihd, pfis, pfr ul kdef, odhikitd f e`s`gvfkvil`gtf igt`k`htudk ` f hr`shil`gtf de`qudef pdrd d iede`, `, pfr futrf pr`vig ig` ` uld séri` e` pdtfkfaids r`kdhifgdeds hfl uld dkil`gtdáèf ighfrr`td ` e`s`quikicrded, hflf hfl f d dg`lid dg`lid,, fc` fc`sie siede` de`,, e` e`sgu sgutriá triáèf, èf, här häri`s i`s e`g e`gtär tärids ids,, dtrdsf e` hr`shil`gtf, `gtr` futrds (S@AF `t dk., 3>>5) Xkie Xkie`s `s sf sfcr cr` ` dk dkil il`g `gtd tdáè áèf, f, kikivr vrfs fs ` hf hflp lput utde defr fr`s `s pd pdrd rd p`squisd, hde`rgfs, käpis, dkaugs dkil`gtfs pdrd lfstrdr dfs dkugfs ` jfafs kúeihfs. Hflpr``ge`r ds c`go`itfrids efs dkil`gtfs, hfgm`h`r ldis sfcr` f dssugtf pdrd qu` gèf sfcr` ` `strdau` ldis dkil`gtfs gd `shfkd.

 

44

HFGXIE@SDÁÐ@X OIGDIX @l vir virtue tue` ` efs odt odtfs fs l`ghif l`ghifgde gdefs, fs, pfe pfe`l `lfs fs hfg hfgsie sie`rd `rdrr qu` hflp`t hflp`t` ` d a`stèf `shfkdr e`t`rligdr f s`gtief ` d lfvil`gtdáèf hdpdz`s e` sust`gtdr ` `stilukdr d hukturd gd `shfkd, e` lfef qu` fri`gt` pdrd r`suktdefs. Fs r`suktdefs pfsitivfs e` uld `shfkd sø sèf r`dkl`gt` adrdgtiefs, dtrdvés e` ul trdcdkmf hfk`tivf, hffre`gdef p`kd `quip` eir`tivd ` qu` `gvfkvd d tfefs: hfrpf hfrp f deligistr deligistrdtivf, dtivf, oughifgäri oughifgärifs, fs, prfo` prfo`ssfr` ssfr`s, s, `stue `stuedgt`s dgt`s,, Hfgs Hfgs`kmf `kmf @shfkdr @shfkdr ` futrds igstituiáð`s qu` ldgt`gmdl r`kdáèf eir`td fu igeir`td hfl d `shfkd. ^fis d `shfkd `x`rh` ul ilpfrtdgt`, `strdtéaihf ` ougedl`gtdk pdp`k sfhidk, pfis d l`sld e`v` e` v` s`r ul

da`g da`gt` t` tr trdg dgso sofr frld ldef efr, r, qu` qu` k` k`vd vd `l hf hfgt gtd d ds g`h g`h`s `ssi sied ede` e`ss `

hdrêghids ef l`if `l qu` `stiv`r igs`ried, s`gef uld ofgt` e` hfgm`hil`gtfs ` igofrldáð`s pdrd tfefs qu` g`kd cushdl uld l`kmfrid gd qudkiede` e` vied ` ul dp`ro`iáfdl`gtf hflf igeivìeuf ` s`r muldgf hfgshi`gt`.  D A`stèf @shfkdr hflpr``ge` d A`stèf Deligistrdtivd ` Oigdgh`ird, A`stèf ^`edaøaihd ` e` S`hursfs Muldgfs.  D `shfkd é ul kfhdk qu` s` `x`rh` d hiededgid ` pfr issf, é g`h`ssärif qu` tf tfef efss qu` qu` dki dki `stè `stèf, f, hfgm hfgm`á `ádl dl fs eir` eir`itf itfss ` e` e`v` v`r` r`ss ouge ougedl dl`g `gtd tdis is `g `gqu qudg dgtf tf p`ssfds, pdrd qu` s`jd pfssìv`k hridr uld cfd hfgvivêghid `gtr` tfefs.

 

43

S@O@SÊGHIDK CICKIFASÄOIHF  DSDGMD, Ldrid Kúhid e` Drrued. Mistørid ed `euhdáèf p`edafaid:  a`rdk ` Crdsik. 8 `e. r`v ` dlpk. X^: Lfe`rgd, 3> 3>>?. >?.

`

ed

FKI_@ISD, @ldgu`kk`. S`ail`gtf @shfkdr.  Eispfgìv`k `l: mttps://www.igof`shfkd.hfl/`euhdhdf/r`ail`g mttps://www.igof`shfkd.hf l/`euhdhdf/r`ail`gtf-`shfkdr/. tf-`shfkdr/. Dh`ssf `l: >= e` Jugmf e` 3>3>.

^righi ^rig hipd pdis is hf hfgh gh`i `itf tfss e` a`st a`stèf èf `s `shf hfkd kdr. r.  Eispfgìv`k `l:mttp://www.hfgg`ht`shfkds.hfl.cr/ckfa/prighipd `l:mttp://www.hfgg`ht`s hfkds.hfl.cr/ckfa/prighipdi-hfgh`itfs-e`-a`std i-hfgh`itfs-e`-a`stdf-`shfkdr. f-`shfkdr.  Dh`ssf `l: >9 e` Jugmf Jugmf e` 3>3>. XD_IDGI, E`rl`vdk Mistørid ie`ids gf Crdsik.   3ª `e. r`v. ` dlp.‘ Hdlpigds, Hdlp igds, .X^. Du Dutfr`s tfr`seds Dssfh Dssfhidefs, idefs,p`edaøaihds 3>>=.

F Tu` é ^`edafaid6 Hfgh`itf, Mistørihf ` ldis.   Eispfgìv`k `l:mttps://www.`eitfrd3c.hfl.cr/ckfa/f-qu`-`-p`edaf `l:mttps://www.`eitfrd3c.hf l.cr/ckfa/f-qu`-`-p`edafaid-hfgh`itf-mistfrihf-`-tue aid-hfgh`itf-mistfrihf-`-tueffldis. Dh`ssf `l: >= e` Jugmf e` 3>3>. KI_SF: A@XUÈF @XHFKDS @ OFSLDÁÈF E@ A@XUFS@X