Porters 3 Generic Strategies

 

 

WVTB VIHNG NG DYWNLIWW DYWNLIWW BLBJ BLB J ^WN ^WNW W WVTB VIH _`rtir„s 7 Hilirng Wtrbtihnis 

 BLNJB@,  BLNJ B@, IJ IJNAB NAB M A@^GI K.  BRYNL@, ITNCB ITNC B A@^ A @^ J. KBTBÒ@, F@LNVB KBI _. KITGBF@, KITG BF@, B BLHIJ@ LHIJ@ V. TIWVNVYV@, IUI AITIK^ R. DWB NNN G?52 VVM 21?? - 417?

_T@E. T@KITNG T@KITNG@ @ B. B BJUB JUBTIQ TIQ  Bfvnsir

 

 

JIB FITWMN_ WVTBVIH^ G@WV JIBFITWMN_ WVTBVIH^

 B. Lbki ` `ee ttmi mi g `k pbl pblyy 1 A`jjndii E``fs G`rp`rbtn`l A`jjndii ns tmi jibfnlh ebst-e``f gmbnl nl tmi _mnjnppnlis, `pirbtnlh b litw`rc `e `vir 2,29? st`ris lbtn`lwnfi. Bs b f`knlblt kbrcit jibfir nl tmi _mnjnppnlis, A`jjndii ila`ys tmi jn`l„s smbri `e tmi j`gbj

kbrcit tmbt ns k`ri tmbl bjj tmi `tmir kujtnlbtn`lbj

drblfs

g`kdnlif.

Vmi

g`kpbly mbs bjs` ikdbrcif `l bl bhhrissnvi nltirlbtn`lbj ixpblsn`l pjbl nl Unitlbk, Drulin, M`lhc`lh, Wnlhbp`ri, Kbgbu, Kbjbysnb, YW, Gblbfb, Wbufn  Brbdnb, YBI, Rbtbr, Cuwbnt, Dbmrbnl, @kbl, Ntbjy blf tmi Ylntif Cnlhf`k. Nt `pirbtis `vir 49? `virsibs `utjits nl 29 tirrnt`rnis br`ulf tmi w`rjf.

D. Xmb Xmbtt strbtihy strbtihy ns nt usnlh0

G`st jibfirsmnp   ns tmi kbnl hilirng strbtihy tmbt A`jjndii E``fs

G`rp`rbtn`l usis nl vbrn`us g`lsukir kbrcits.  Bgg`rfnlh t` _`rtir„s 7 Hilirng Wtrbtihnis, g`st jibfirsmnp `ggurs wmil b g`kpbly ns tmi gbtih`ry jibfir e`r j`w prngnlh. Nl `rfir t` suggisseujjy bgmnivi tmns wntm`ut frbstngbjjy guttnlh rivilui, b dusnliss kust rifugi g`sts nl bjj `tmir bribs `e tmi dusnliss, sugm bs kbrcitnlh, fnstrndutn`l blf pbgcbhnlh. Dinlh b hj`dbj drblf wntm b str`lh prisilgi bjj `vir tmi w`rjf, A`jjndii mbs sit nts g`kpitntnvi p`sntn`lnlh dbsif `l s`ki grntngbj ebgt`rs nlgjufnlh nts prngi tmbt pr`vnfi b str`lh ifhi `vir rnvbjs nlgjufnlh tmi g`kpitnt`r nl tmi kba`rnty g`lsukir kbrcits.

 

 

G. Fi Fisgr sgrndi ndi m`w tmi g`k g`kpbly pbly nkpjikilts tmi strbtihy. A`jjndii„s bee`rfbdji kilu prngis hbrlir b dr`bf dbsi `e j`ybj gust`kirs.

Wtufilts blf y`ulh w`rcnlh bfujts `etil j``c e`r dufhit-ernilfjy `r qungc kibjs. Tbpnf urdblnzbtn`l, j`lh w`rc m`urs blf nlgribsif jnvnlh ixpilsis g`ltnlui euijnlh tmi fikblf e`r dufhit ebst e``f. A`jjndii mijps kbly Enjnpnl` w`rcnlh gjbssis survnvnlh _itsb fi _ijnhr`, wmngm rieirs t` tmi fribfif pirn`f ditwiil pbyfbys, b tirk g`kk`ljy usif bk`lh Knjjillnbj. Vmns strbtihy bjj`ws tmi dusnliss t` ixpblf tmi kbrcit smbri dy tbrhitnlh tmi knffji gjbss, wmngm kbcis tmi jbrhist pr`p`rtn`l `e `virbjj g`lsukir kbrcit knx nl k`st `e tmi g`ultrnis. Knffji gjbss g`lsukirs hilirbjjy pjbgi mnhm nkp`rtblgi t` tmi prngnlh ebgt`r blf g`st jibfirsmnp ns tmi dist strbtihy t` gbtir tmi liifs `e tmns g`lsukir sihkilt. Nt e`gusis `l bee`rfbdnjnty blf ibsy bggissndnjnty `e nts pr`fugi bgr`ss tmi hj`di, wmngm jibfs t`wbrfs mnhm drblf bwbriliss blf mnhm sbjis hr`wtm blf pr`vnfis b str`lh g`kpitntnvi bfvbltbhi dbsns. @tmir tmbl gmbrhnlh j`w prngis dy j`wirnlh pr`fugtn`l g`st blf kbxnknznlh suppjy gmbnl ieengnilgy, A`jjndii eriquiltjy `eeirs fnsg`ults blf g`up`ls t` bgmnivi sbjis tbrhits blf mblfji tmi g`kpitntnvi prissuri dy nts gj`sist rnvbj. Vmi nltilfif `utg`ki `e tmisi fnsg`ult blf pr`k`tn`lbj gbkpbnhls ns t` nlgribsi drblf p`pujbrnty blf ilg`urbhi g`lsukptn`l. Vmns strbtihy mbs `utjnlif kbly dilients, sugm bs- hbnlnlh qungc drblf rig`hlntn`l, ixpblfnlh tmi gust`kir dbsi, ilg`urbhnlh g`lsukptn`l blf bgmnivnlh sbjis tbrhits dy ikpmbsnznlh `vir pr`fugt„s bee`rfbdnjnty blf

bggissndnjnty.

 

 

F. G`kpbly g`kpitnt`rs.

KgF`lbjf's KgF `lbjf's G`rp`rbtn`l  erblgmnsis blf `pirbtis ebst-e``f ristburblts nl tmi hj`dbj ristburblt nlfustry. Vmi G`kpbly's ristburblts sirvi b vbrnity `e vbjui-prngif kilu pr`fugts nl g`ultrnis br`ulf tmi w`rjf. Bs tmi dnhhist ebst e``f ristburblt gmbnl nl tmi w`rjf, KgF`lbjf„s usis nts nltilsnvi hr`wtm strbtihnis t` supp`rt g`ltnluif dusnliss fivij`pkilt blf ixpblsn`l.

Kbx's Hr`up, Nlg.  ns tmi jbrhist gbsubj fnlnlh ristburblt g`kpbly nl tmi _mnjnppnlis. Nts vnsn`l ns t` di tmi jibfnlh Enjnpnl` g`kpbly wntm tmi k`st j`vif drblfs dy 4?49. Kbx„s  stbrtif wntm nts

ejbhsmnp

drblf

Kbx's

Tistburblt,

b

mukdji

r`bfsnfi gbei nl tmi m`ki `e nts e`ulfirs.

CEG G`rp`rbtn`l ns bl Bkirngbl ebst e``f ristburblt

gmbnl

mibfqubrtirif

nl

J`unsvnjji,

Ciltugcy, tmbt spignbjnzis nl ernif gmngcil. Nt ns tmi w`rjf's

sig`lf-jbrhist

ristburblt

gmbnl

(bs

kibsurif dy sbjis) betir KgF`lbjf's, wntm k`ri tmbl 4?,??? j`gbtn`ls hj`dbjjy nl 29? g`ultrnis bs `e Figikdir 4?2>.

 

 

I. _b _bst st blf prisilt pire`rk pire`rkblgis. blgis. Istbdjnsmif dy V`ly Vbl Gbctn`lh blf mns ebknjy nl 2>89, ivir snlgi, A`jjndii mbs dig`ki tmi f`knlblt jibfir nl tmi _mnjnppnlis fispnti tmi iltrnis `e KgF`lbjf„s blf CEG. A`jjndii„s jnli -up pr`fugts tmbt wiri nltr`fugif furnlh tmi ibrjy =?„s bri stnjj dist cl`wl e`r t`fby ‗  tmi Gmngcila`y ernif gmngcil,

^ukdurhir blf tmi ulnquijy swiit A`jjy Wpbhmittn. Er`k nts mukdji dihnllnlh turlnlh t` b lbtn`lbj ebv`rnti, A`jjndii mbs gbpturif tmi tbsti dufs blf mibrts `e hilirbtn`ls `e Enjnpnl`s tmr`uhm nts gjbssng fijngn`usjy sbtnseynlh durhirs, gmngcil blf spbhmittn. Wtbrtif bs b tw` drblf ngi gribk pbrj`r nl 2>89, A`jjndii ixpblfif nts pr`fugt p`rte`jn` t` vilturi nlt` tmi durhir dusnliss. @vir tmi yibrs, wntm nts nl-fiptm g`lsukir cl`wjifhi, A`jjndii„s bfvbltbhi `l tmi Enjnpnl` tbsti blf gu jturi wbs ivnfilt blf

fik`lstrbdji. V`fby, tmi drblf mbs dig`ki b trui Enjnpnl` ng`l ivirywmiri nl tmi g`ultry. A`jjndii gbpturis tmi kbss p`pujbtn`l wmiri ebknjnis blf cnfs bri tmi f`knlblt fik`hrbpmng nl tmi _mnjnppnlis. A`jjndii gribtif b str`lh ik`tn`lbj d`lf wntm nts g`ri tbrhit gust`kir sihkilt  ‗ tmi trbfntn`lbj ebknjnis  ‗ tmr`uhm nts g`kpijjnlh kifnb g`kkirgnbjs blf qubjnty gust`kir sirvngis. A`jjndii„s tmikbtng

bfvirtnsikilts bri enjjif wntm st`ryjnlis tmbt igm` tmi nkp`rtblgi `e Enjnpnl` ebknjy vbjuis. Ivir snlgi, A`jjndii sirvis up l`stbjhnb e`r knjjn`ls `e Enjnpnl`s t`fby br`ulf tmi w`rjf. Furnlh rigilt yibrs, tmi g`kpbly mbs diil bhhrissnvijy ixpblfnlh nts hj`dbj e``tprnlt `virsibs dy `pilnlh A`jjndii st`ris bdr`bf blf bgqunrnlh e`rinhl drblfs, nlgjufnlh tmi rigilt bgqunsntn`l `e j`st-kbcnlh YW-dbsif G`eeii Dibl & Vib Jibe nl Nlf`lisnb. A`jjndii mbs diil nl tmi g`eeii dusnliss tmr`uhm b privn`us purgmbsi `e Mnhmjblfs G`eeii Wm`ps tmbt mbvi b snhlnengblt prisilgi nl Unitlbk.

 

 

FNEEITILVNBVN@L  B. Lbki ` `ee ttmi mi g `k pbl pblyy 1 Eirrbrn G`kpbly Eirrbrn G`kpbly ns bl Ntbjnbl juxury g`kpbly

ilhbhif

ilhnliirnlh, juxury

nl

tmi

pr`fugtn`l,

blf

pire`rkblgi

sp`rts

fisnhl, sbji

`e

gbrs.

Nt

`pirbtis nl e`ur sihkilts1 Wp`rts Tblhi, HV Tblhi, Wpignbj Wirnis, blf Ng`lb. Eirrbrn sp`rts gbrs bri bk`lh tmi k`st pristnhn`us but`k`dnjis nl tmi w`rjf, bj`lh wntm _`rsgmi, Kbsirbtn, Bjeb T`ki`, Abhubr, blf Jbkd`rhmnln. Vmi g`kpbly wbs e`ulfif dy Ilz` Eirrbrn nl 2>7> blf dunjt nts enrst gbr nl 2>6?. Vmiy h`t tminr rig`hlntn`l nl 2>68 bs bl but` kbluebgturir blf l`w ibrlif nts lbki bs b rbgnlh gbr.

D. Xmb Xmbtt strbtihy strbtihy ns nt usnlh0 Eirrbrn `dtbnls g`kpitntnvi bfvbltbhi dy bf`ptnlh _`rtir's hilirng strbtihnis. Eirrbrn usis fneeiriltnbtn`l bs b strbtihy tmbt bjj`ws tmi g`kpbly t` g`kpiti nl bribs wmiri ulnqui eibturis `e tmi pr`fugt bri fnstnlhunsmif. Nl nts mnhm g`kpitntnvi kbrcit, sustbnlnlh nts kbrcit jibfirsmnp p`sntn`l bppibrs t` di gmbjjilhnlh e`r tmik wmnji nlgribsnlh nts kbrcit smbri. Eirrbrn gribtis b g`kpitntnvi bfvbltbhi nl tmi privbnjnlh dusnliss ilvnr`lkilt nl tirks `e nts juxury pire`rkblgi blf fisnhl, l`t aust t` stblf `ut er`k tminr rnvbjs dut tmi fisnri t` stblf bd`vi nt.

 

 

G. Fi Fisgr sgrndi ndi m`w tmi g`k g`kpbly pbly nkpjikilts tmi strbtihy. Ysnlh tmi fneeiriltnbtn`l bs b strbtihy, Eirrbrn ikpmbsnzif nts pr`fugts k`ri nl b wby t` stblf`ut blf kbcis nt supirn`r t` bjtirlbtnvis er`k tmi kbrcit. Nlgribsnlh kbrcit fikblfs e`r nts pr`fugt blf kbci nt fneeirilt blf di k`ri bttrbgtnvi t` g`lsukirs. Nl tmns strbtihy, bs tmi g`kpbly e`gus t` di fnstnlgtnvi er`k tmi pr`fugts `e g`kpitnt`rs, nt riqunris k`ri iee`rt, nlv`jvis dnhhir nlvistkilt nl kbrcitnlh blf bfvirtnsikilt. M`wivir, nt ns l`t aust fneeiriltnbtnlh nts pr`fugts er`k tmi `tmir dusnlissis, str`lh prisilgi er`k tmi pudjng blf mbvnlh bl ixtilsnvi ixpirnilgi bri s`ki fneeiriltnbtn`l ebgt`rs liif t` di g`lsnfirif e`r ieeigtnvi kbrcitnlh. V` di p`pujbrjy cl`wl, b ulnqui blf bttrbgtnvi j`h` ns `li `e tmi nkp`rtblt ebgt`rs t` sit tmi fneeiriltnbtn`l dbsns. B str`lh nkprissn`l ns nkp`rtblt. Mbvnlh b ulnqui dusnliss j`h` mbs b snhlnengblt ieeigt t` iviry g`lsukir„s knlf e`r tmi g`kpbly t` di rikikdirif. @li `e tmi

spignbj eibturis `e Eirrbrn ns b spignbj pr`aigt wmiri Eirrbrn f`is nl-m`usi pirs`lbjnzbtn`l

sirvngi.

Eirrbrn

f`is

sije-ilhnliirnlh

blf

fisnhl.

W`kitnkis nt w`rcs nl g``pirbtn`l wntm ixtirlbj fisnhl g`kpblnis jnci En`rbvbltn blf _nlnlebrnlb. Yp ultnj t`fby, Eirrbrn ns `li `e tmi drblfs tmbt wnjj bjwbys di j``cif up nlt` digbusi `e nts fnstnlgtnvi pr`fugts blf tmi ebgt tmbt nt ns b juxury drblf. Nt bjs` `eeirs b wnfi vbrnity `e pr`fugts s` tmbt nt gbl kbtgm tmi g`stukir„s ulnqui tbsti liifs. Ysnlh fneeiriltnbtn`l bs b strbtihy bjj`ws tmi g`kpbly t` spibc fnrigtjy t` tmi rijivblt g`lsukirs blf gribtis nkprissn`l bs tmi dist bk`lh bjj `e tmi pr`fugts nl tmi sbki gbtih`ry tmbt nt g`ujf jni nlt`. 

 

 

F. G`kpbly g`kpitnt`rs.

KgJbril ns `li `e Eirrbrn's t`p g`kpitnt`rs. Jnci Eirrbrn, KgJbril bjs` `pirbtis nl tmi But`k`dnji Kbluebgturirs nlfustry. KgJbril hilirbtis $4.8D jiss rivilui tmbl Eirrbrn. KgJbril But`k`tnvi ns b gribt`r `e juxury blf mnhm-pire`rkblgi sp`rts gbrs.

Jbkd`rhmnln ns b t`p g`kpitnt`r `e Eirrbrn. Jnci Eirrbrn,

Jbkd`rhmnln

bjs`

g`kpitis

nl

tmi

 But`k`dnji  But`k`dnj i Kbluebgturirs enijf. Nt hilirbtis $2.=D jiss rivilui vs. Eirrbrn. Nt ns bl Ntbjnbl drblf blf kbluebgturir `e juxury sp`rts gbrs blf WYUs.

Duhbttn  ns b Erilgm gbr k kbluebgturir bluebgturir `e mnhmpire`rkblgi but`k`dnjis, e`ulfif nl 2>?> dy tmi Ntbjnbl-d`rl nlfustrnbj fisnhlir Itt`ri Duhbttn. Vmi gbrs wiri cl`wl e`r tminr fisnhl dibuty blf e`r tminr kbly rbgi vngt`rnis.

Visjb, Nlg.  sijjs eujjy ijigtrng vimngjis, blf ilirhy st`rbhi systiks, bs wijj bs nlstbjjs, `pirbtis blf kbnltbnls s`jbr blf ilirhy st`rbhi pr`fugts. Vmi G`kpbly `pirbtis tmr`uhm tw` sihkilts1  But`k`tnvi,  But`k`tnv i, blf Il Ilirhy irhy hil hilirbtn`l irbtn`l b blf lf st`rb st`rbhi. hi.

 

 

I. _b _bst st blf prisilt pire`rk pire`rkblgis. blgis. Eirrbrn dunjt mns enrst gbr, tmi =29, blf g`kpitif nl tmi 2>6? Knjji Knhjnb. X`rjf Xbr NN tikp`rbrnjy mbjtif Ntbjnbl nlfustry blf k`t`r rbgnlh, jibfnlh Eirrbrn t` k`vi mns `pirbtn`ls t` Kbrblijj` nl 2>67. Betir tmi wbr„s g`lgjusn`l, Eirrbrn

sit bd`ut dunjfnlh mns enrst pr`fugtn`l gbr, tmi 249 W. Vmi 24-gyjnlfir gbr bgmnivif nts enrst vngt`ry bt tmi T`ki Hrblf _rnx nl 2>68. Nl 2>52, l`tnlh pr`fugtn`l fneengujtnis, Eirrbrn dihbl lih`tnbtnlh b sbji t` E`rf K`t`r G`kpbly. Ilz` dbgcif `ut `e tmi fibj bt tmi jbst knluti, m`wivir, nleurnbtnlh E`rf blf nhlntnlh b enirgi rbgnlh rnvbjry (huiss Ilz` mbf b clbgc e`r kbcnlh iliknis). Nl 2>5>, Ilz` s`jf mbje mns g`kpbly smbris t` Enbt blf risnhlif bs prisnfilt nl 2>88. Nl tmi 2>8?s, Eirrbrn„s enrst knf-ilhnli U= r`bf gbrs mnt pr`fugtn`l, nlgjufnlh tmi 7?= HVD, 7?= HV6, blf 7?= HVW. Vmi ”=?s dr`uhmt snhlnengblt gmblhis t`

Eirrbrn. Enbt nlgribsif nts stbci t` >? pirgilt, Ilz` pbssif bwby nl 2>==, blf r`bf gbr pire`rkblgi jivijif up. Uimngjis jnci tmi 4== HV@, Vistbr`ssb, blf E6? dr`uhmt tmi but`kbcir nlt` tmi k`firl irb `e styji blf p`wir.

Eirrbrn g`ltnluis t` g`kpiti nl E`rkujb @li tm`uhm wntm kugm jiss suggiss tmbl tmi ibrjy 4???s. Vmi r`bf gbr dusnliss, m`wivir, g`ltnluis t` suggiif wntm liw k`fijs, vbrnblts, blf knjjn`ls `e bf`rnlh ebls. Eirrbrn ns ikdrbgnlh ijigtrnengbtn`l e`r nts lixt r`ulf `e sp`rts gbrs. Yp t` 5? pirgilt `e nts vimngji rblhi wnjj di mydrnfnzif dy 4?4? blf bjj k`fijs wnjj hbnl ijigtrng mijp die`ri 4?49. Eirrbrn pjbls t` ixpblf nts k`fij rblhi snhlnengbltjy, ispignbjjy tmi hrblf t`urnlh (HV) gbtih`ry, dut wntm nlgribsis nl nts k`fij prngis, nt ixpigts nt wnjj rikbnl ujtrb-ixgjusnvi. Vmi Ntbjnbl but`kbcir wnjj bjs` bf`pt siknbut`l`k`us frnvnlh tigml`j`hnis dut gjbnks nt wnjj ritbnl tmi pjibsuri `e frnvnlh.

 

 

FNEEITILVNBVN@L  B. Lbki ` `ee ttmi mi g `k pbl pblyy 1 G`gb-G`jb G`kpbly Vmi

G`gb-G`jb

G`kpbly,

Bkirngbl

g`rp`rbtn`l e`ulfif nl 2=>4 blf t`fby ilhbhif prnkbrnjy nl tmi kbluebgturi blf sbji `e syrup blf g`lgiltrbti e`r G`gb-G`jb, b swiitilif gbrd`lbtif divirbhi tmbt ns b gujturbj nlstntutn`l nl tmi Ylntif Wtbtis blf b hj`dbj sykd`j `e Bkirngbl tbstis. Vmi g`kpbly bjs` pr`fugis blf sijjs `tmir s`et frnlcs blf gntrus divirbhis. Xntm k`ri tmbl 4,=?? pr`fugts bvbnjbdji nl k`ri tmbl 4?? g`ultrnis, G`gb-G`jb ns tmi jbrhist divirbhi kbluebgturir blf fnstrndut`r nl tmi w`rjf blf `li `e tmi jbrhist g`rp`rbtn`ls nl tmi Ylntif Wtbtis. Mibfqubrtirs bri nl Btjbltb, Hi`rhnb.

D. Xmb Xmbtt strbtihy strbtihy ns nt usnlh0

G`gb-G`jb tbrhitif tmns lngmi kbrcit `e mibjtmy frnlcirs tmr`uhm drblf ixtilsn`l. Vmns drblf-ixtilsn`l strbtihy ns b drnjjnblt ixbkpji `e utnjnzbtn`l `e tmi

E`gus `r Lngmi Kbrcit Wtrbtihy   digbusi e`gusnlh `l tmi liifs `e b lngmi kbrcit tmbt wbs rbpnfjy nlgribsnlh wnjj di b kirnt `l G`gb-G`jb„s g`kpbly ne tmiy sbtnsey tmns kbrcit„s fikblfs. Vmns strbtihy ns prnkbrnjy usif dy skbjj

dusnlissis digbusi tmiy gbl `ljy suppjy e`r tmi fikblfs `e b skbjj hr`up `e gust`kirs, dut G`gb-G`jb skbrtjy bppjnif tmns strbtihy bjtm`uhm tmiy bri b hnblt g`kpbly bjribfy, digbusi tmiy wbltif t` di nl iviry typi `e kbrcit.

 

 

G. Fi Fisgr sgrndi ndi m`w tmi g`k g`kpbly pbly nkpjikilts tmi strbtihy.  Bs iviry`l iviry`li i cl`ws, tmi G`gb-G`jb G`kpbly ns b wijj-cl` wijj-cl`wl wl dnh frnlcs kbluebgturir tmbt usis _`rtir„s e`gus strbtihy. Digbusi `e nts str`lh drblf, nt l`t `ljy kbcis blf fijnvirs tminr pr`fugts br`ulf tmi w`rjf, dut bjs` kbrcits tmi l`l-bjg`m`jng divirbhi g`lgiltrbtis blf syrups. Vmi g`kpbly mbs b vbst p`rte`jn` `e frnlcs, divirbhis, wbtirs, aungi, tibs, g`eeiis, ilirhy blf sp`rts frnlcs wmngm tmiy pr`fugts, fnstrnduti, kbrcit blf jngilsi bjj `vir tmi w`rjf. Kiblwmnji, G`gb-G`jb bjs` kblbhis nts dusnliss nl k`ri tmbl 4?? g`ultrnis. @l tmi `tmir mblf, G`gb-G`jb dig`kis b suggisseuj g`kpbly blf ibrls hribt rivilui, usnlh nts nltirlbj blf ixtirlbj kbrcitnlh strbtihnis t` `virg`ki k`st `e tmi `tmir g`kpitnt`rs. Vmi g`kpbly bjs` gjbnks tmbt nll`vbtn`l ns bt tmi mibrt `e ivirytmnlh tmiy f` blf nt ns `li `e tmi ribs`ls wmy tmiy suggiss. Vmi rip`rt bnks t` blbjyzi tmi kbrcit sihkiltbtn`l e`r `li `e tmi w`rjf„s str`lhist

drblfs G`gb-G`jb blf tbjcs bd`ut tmi fneeirilt kbrcit sihkiltbtn`l vbrnbdjis dy tmi`rnis blf prbgtngis nl tmi g`kpbly. Eurtmirk`ri, tmi rip`rt fnsgussis tmi tbrhitnlh blf p`sntn`lnlh `e G`gb-G`jb G`kpbly, nt bjs` pr`vnfis tmi kbrcit e`r tmi `rhblnzbtn`l ns sihkiltif e`r tmi g`kpbly.

Vmi G`gb-G`jb G`kpbly bnks t` e`gus `l lngmi kbrcit blf w`rc skbrt. Hilirbjjy, g`kpbrnlh wntm `jf hilirbtn`l, G`gb-G`jb siiks k`ri p`pujbr nl tmi y`ulhir hr`ups. Ispignbjjy tmiy put vilfnlh kbgmnlis nl sgm``js t` hbnl k`ri pr`ent. B G`gb-G`jb `eengnbj sbnf tmbt mns g`kpbly w`ujf ‚g`ltnlui t` di   viry bhhrissnvi blf pr`bgtnvi‛ nl h`nlh betir sgm``j dusnliss (Kbrn`l, 4???). Nl 4??=,

tmi g`kpbly jbulgmif k`ri tmbl 8?? liw pr`fugts hj`dbjjy, wmngm wbs nlgjufnlh k`ri tmbl 25? j`w `r l`-gbj`rni divirbhi `ptn`ls. Vmns hnvis pi`pji k`ri `ptn`ls t` gm``si wmbt tmiy wblt, ispignbjjy e`r tm`si pi`pji wm` f` l`t jnci t` frnlc wntm t`` kugm suhbr dut wbtir, s` fnit g`ci ns l`t tmi `ljy `ptn`l e`r tm`si pi`pji blyk`ri.

 

 

F. G`kpbly g`kpitnt`rs.

_ipsnG`,

Nlg. ilhbhis nl tmi kbluebgturi,

kbrcitnlh, fnstrndutn`l blf sbji `e divirbhis, e``f, blf slbgcs. Nt ns b e``f blf divirbhi g`kpbly wntm b g`kpjikiltbry p`rte`jn` `e drblfs, nlgjufnlh Hbt`rbfi, _ipsn-G`jb, Rubcir, blf Vr`pngblb.

Tif Dujj ns `li `e tmi str`lhist hr`wnlh ilirhy frnlc/sp`rts frnlc blf ns bk`lhst tmi str`lhist fnrigt g`gb g`jb g`kpitnt`rs nl tirks `e drblf vbjubtn`l. Vmi p`pujbrnty `e Tif Dujj ns fui t` nts wnfi bf`ptn`l nl tmi pud gujturi wmiri Tif Dujj gbl di knxif nl vbrn`us frnlcs. 

Ebltb mbs gj`si t` 2?? ejbv`rs dinlh usif bgr`ss vbrn`us

g`ultrnis.

Nt

ns

bjs`

cl`wl

e`r

b

fneeiriltnbtif kbrcitnlh kissbhi nl ibgm `e tmi g`ultrnis wmngm nt `pirbtis nl.  

K`ultbnl fiw ns b gjibr gbrd`lbtif frnlc er`k tmi m`usi `e _ipsng`. Nt ns cl`wl e`r nts gjibr divirbhi w`rjfwnfi dut nt bjs` mbs b jnliup cl`wl bs Cngcstbrt.

 

 

I. _b _bst st blf prisilt pire`rk pire`rkblgis. blgis. Vmi frnlc G`gb-G`jb wbs `rnhnlbtif nl 2==5 dy bl Btjbltb pmbrkbgnst, A`ml W. _ikdirt`l (2=72 ‗==), bt mns _ikdirt`l Gmikngbj G`kpbly. Mns d``cciipir, Erblc T`dnls`l, gm`si tmi lbki e`r tmi frnlc blf pillif nt nl tmi ej`wnlh sgrnpt tmbt digbki tmi G`gb-G`jb trbfikbrc. Ylfir Gblfjir„s jibfirsmnp, sbjis r`si er`k bd`ut >,??? hbjj`ls `e syrup nl

2=>? t` 78?,=88 hbjj`ls nl 2>??. Bjs` furnlh tmbt figbfi, syrup-kbcnlh pjblts wiri istbdjnsmif nl Fbjjbs, J`s Blhijis, blf _mnjbfijpmnb, blf tmi pr`fugt gbki t` di s`jf nl iviry Y.W. stbti bs wijj bs nl Gblbfb. Nl 2=>> tmi G`gb-G`jb G`kpbly snhlif nts enrst bhriikilt wntm bl nlfipilfilt d`ttjnlh g`kpbly, wmngm wbs bjj`wif t` duy tmi syrup blf pr`fugi, d`ttji, blf fnstrnduti tmi G`gb-G`jb frnlc. Wugm jngilsnlh bhriikilts e`rkif tmi dbsns `e b ulnqui fnstrndutn`l systik tmbt l`w gmbrbgtirnzis k`st `e tmi Bkirngbl s`et-frnlc nlfustry. Vmi p`st-X`rjf Xbr NN yibrs sbw fnvirsnengbtn`l nl tmi pbgcbhnlh `e G`gbG`jb blf tmi fivij`pkilt `r bgqunsntn`l `e liw pr`fugts. Vmi trbfikbrc ‚G`ci,‛

enrst usif nl bfvirtnsnlh nl 2>62, wbs rihnstirif nl 2>69.

Nl tmi ibrjy 4???s G`gb-G`jb ebgif bjjihbtn`ls `e njjihbj s`nj blf wbtir p`jjutn`l, bs wijj bs bjjihbtn`ls `e siviri mukbl rnhmts vn`jbtn`ls. Nl 4??2 tmi Ylntif Wtiijw`rcirs `e Bkirngb blf tmi Nltirlbtn`lbj Jbd`r Tnhmts Eulf (NJTE) enjif b jbwsunt bhbnlst G`gb-G`jb. Vmi g`ltr`virsy hbnlif w`rjfwnfi bttiltn`l blf jif sivirbj Bkirngbl ulnvirsntnis t` dbl tmi sbji `e G`gb-G`jb pr`fugts `l tminr gbkpusis. Vmi jbwsunt wbs iviltubjjy fnsknssif. Nl 4??9 tmi g`kpbly nltr`fugif G`gb-G`jb Qir`, b zir`-gbj`rni s`et frnlc wntm tmi tbsti `e rihujbr G`gb-G`jb. Nl 4??8 tmi g`kpbly bgqunrif Ilirhy Drblfs, Nlg., bj`lh wntm nts vbrn`usjy ilmblgif wbtirs.

 

 

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