Portafoliooo Biofisica

 

DMYH_WM@N@ @H KXN]N^XMC INGXCPN@ INGXCPN @ @H GMHDGMNW AÍ@MGNW GN__H_N @H AH@MGMDN

GNPH@_N @H OMLIMWMGN.

XDMYH_M@N@ @H KXN]N^XMC

INGXCPN@ @H AH@MGMDN

Phan: prlyhgtl imdnc `h omliásmgn  GNPH@_N: OMLIMWMGN

HWPX@MNDPH: JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  PNKCH 

@LGHDPH: @_. GHGMC BXKL ICL_HW ONCWHGN AWg.

VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: >-7

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

MM

 

@H@MGNPL_MN @h`mgl hsth trnonjl trnonjl prmdgmpncahdth n @mls, plr bnohrah `n`l cn vm`n y phramtmrah hc bnohr cchkn`l bnstn hsth alahdtl `h am ilrangm÷d glal hstu`mndth `h ah`mgmdn. N am an`rh, plr shr hc pmcnr aîs maplrtndth y plr `halstrnrah smhaprh su gnrmþl y nplyl mdgld`mgmldnc smd maplrtnr duhstrns `mihrhdgmns `h lpmdmldhs. N am pn`rh, n phsnr `h duhstrn `mstndgmn iásmgn, smhdtl quh hstîs gldamkl smhaprh. N am `lgtlr `h gnth`rn plr nplrtnr sus gldlgmamhdtls n duhstrn ilrangm÷d glal glal aí`mgls aí`mgls h mapnrtmals gldlgmamhdtl `urndth hsth trnyhgtl.

su

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

MMM

NK_N@HGMAMHDPL N am inamcmn, plr bnohrah `n`l cn lplrtudm`n` `h ilranrah hd hstn prhstmkmlsn udmvhrsm`n` y bnohr sm`l am nplyl `urndth tl`l hsth tmhapl.

@h andhrn hsphgmnc nc @r. Ghgmc Iclrhs Oncshgn AWg, plr bnohrah kumn`l, dl slcl hd cn hcnolrngm÷d `h hsth trnonjl, smdl n cl cnrkl `hc shahstrh y ormd`n`l hc nplyl pnrn h`ugnrah y shkumr guctmvnd`l ams vnclrhs. N cn Xdmvhrsm`n` @h Kunynqumc, plr bnohrah shrvm`l tndtns lplrtudm`n`hs y hdrmquhghrah hd gldlgmamhdtl.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

MY

Gldthdm`l MD@MGH @H NVHD@MGHW L NDHRLW ................... ......................................... ...................................... ................ RR RRYMMM YMMM _HWXAHD.......................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................................ ...................RRMR MDP_L@XGGM×D .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... .................................... .............. 7? @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ........................................ ..................78 XDM@N@ >....................................... ............................................................ ........................................... ............................................ ......................... ... 78 V_MDGMVMLW @H CN OMLIÁWMGN. ................. ....................................... ........................................... ................................... .............. 78 _NANW @H CN OMLIMWMGN ......................... ............................................... ............................................ ................................ .......... 78 CN IL_ANGM×D @HC XDMYH_WL ] HC L_MKHD @H CN YM@N................. 79 CN OMLIÁWMGN ] CN AH@MGMDN AL@H_DN. CN GMHDGMN: AÍPL@L GMHDPÁIMGL............................... GMHDPÁIMGL.......... ............................................ ............................................. ........................................... ................................... .............. 79 HWP_XGPX_N @H CN ANPH_MN. ........................ .............................................. ........................................... .....................7; Hchgtr÷d ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ......................... ... 72 Vrlt÷d ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ......................... ... 72  Dhutr÷d ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ......................... ... 72 Vlsmtr÷d l hchgtr÷d plsmtmvl ................................... ......................................................... ........................................... .....................72  DMYHCHW @H L_KNDMZNGM×D @H CN ANPH_MN, BNWPN HC GXH_VL BXANDL .......................................... ................................................................ ........................................... ............................................ ................................. .......... 7= >.  Dmvhc Dmvhc nt÷amgl.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ................................. ........... 7=  

?. Dmvhc alchgucnr..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ............................ ....... 06 7.  Dmvhc Dmvhc lrknducnr lrknducnr ........................ .............................................. ............................................ ........................................... ......................... .... 06 0.  Dmvhc Dmvhc ghcucnr......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... .................................... .............. 06 8.  Dmvhc Dmvhc tmsucnr.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... .................................... .............. 06 9. ×rkndls ............................................ .................................................................. ........................................... ....................................... ..................0> ;. Wmsthan `h ÷rkndls l npnrntls ................................... ........................................................ ................................... .............. 0> GCNWMIMGNGM×D CLW GLAVXHWPLW ^XÁAMGLW. ............................... ...................................... ....... 0> Pnocn phrm÷`mgn ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................ ........... 0? HWPN@LW @H CN ANPH_MN: ................................ ...................................................... ........................................... .....................07

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

Y

W÷cm`l ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ......................... ... 07 Cáqum`l .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................................ ......................... ... 00 Knshlsll ......................................... Knshls .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ......................... ... 00 Vcnsan .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ......................... ... 00 IHD×AHDLW OMLIÁWMGLW................................................ .................................................................... ................................... ..............08 PHDWM×D WXVH_IMGMNC..................... ............................................ ............................................. ....................................... .................08 V_HWM×D BM@_LWPÎPMGN BM@_LWPÎPMGN.. ..................... ........................................... ........................................... ................................... .............. 09 N@BHWM×D ] GLBHWM×D. ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ....................................... .................0; N@BHWM×D................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................................... .....................0; Pmpls `h ahgndmsals `h n`bhsm÷d hdtrh anthrmnchs ......................................... ......................................... 0; GLBHWM×D ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................................... .....................02 NGGM×D GNVMCN_ ] GNVMCN_M@N@ ........................................... ................................................................ .....................0= NGGM×D GNVMCN_............................... ..................................................... ............................................ ........................................ ..................0= GNVMCN_M@N@ .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... .................................... .............. 86 @MIXWM×D .................... .......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................................... .....................86 @MIXWM×D WMAVCH .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................. ....... 8> LWALWMW ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ......................... ... 8> Ah`ml bmplt÷dmgls ......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ..................... 8> Ah`ml bmphrt÷dmgl............................................. .................................................................... ........................................ .................8> Ah`ml mslt÷dmgl ......................................... .............................................................. ............................................ .......................... ... 8> @MIH_HDGMNW HDP_H CN @MIXWM×D WMAVCH ] CN LWALWMW ................ 8> @MÎCMWMW .................. ......................................... ............................................ ........................................... ............................................ ......................... ... 8? N@WL_GM×D.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ........................................ ..................8? IHD×AHDL IMWMGL^XÁAMGL......................................... ............................................................. ................................ ...........87 ANKDMPX@HW ] AH@M@NW ......................................... .............................................................. ....................................... ..................80 PMVLW @H ANKDMPX@HW ...................................... ............................................................ ........................................... .....................80 HC WMWPHAN MDPH_DNGMLDNC @H XDM@N@HW (WM) ( WM)................................... ................................... 88

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

YM

HC WMWPHAN MDPH_DNGMLDNC.......................................... ............................................................... ............................ ....... 89 IXH_ZN ] HDH_KÁN. ...................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................................... ......................... .... 8; IXH_ZN .................... .......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................................... .....................8; HDH_KÁN ............................................ .................................................................. ........................................... ....................................... ..................82 HCNWPMGM@N@ ] _HWMWPHDGMN @H CLW PHJM@LW BXANDLW. ............... 82 Anthrmn y hdhrkán .................................. ....................................................... ........................................... ............................................ ......................... ... 8= CN ANPH_MN HD DXHWP_L VCNDHPN........................................... ......................................................... .............. 8= CLW ÎPLALW ] CLW HCHAHDPLW .......................................... ............................................................... .....................9> CLW GLAVXHWPLW ................... ......................................... ........................................... ........................................... ............................. ....... 9> V_LVMH@N@HW @H CN ANPH_MN ... ........................ ........................................... ............................................ ......................... ... 9? HDH_KÁN......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ......................... ... 9? Xdm`n`hs `h ah`m`n .................................... ......................................................... ........................................... ................................. ........... 97 ¼@h `÷d`h prlvmhdh cn hdhrkán quh gldsuamals< gldsuamals< ....................... ............................................ .....................97 Gcnsmimgngm÷d `h cns iuhdths `h hdhrkán ........................................... ............................................................. ..................90 Pmpls `h hdhrkán ............................... ..................................................... ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 9900 V_MAH_N CH] @H CN PH_AL@MDÎAMGN ......................................... ................................................... .......... 98 WHKXD@N CH] @H CN PH_AL@MDÎAMGN .................................................. ..................................................98 PH_GH_N CH] @H CN PH_AL@MDÎAMGN ......................................... ................................................... .......... 99 PH_AL@MDÎAMGN HD CLW WH_HW YMYLW..................................... YMYLW................................................... .............. 9; Hc guhrpl buandl y cn thaphrnturn .............................. .................................................... .................................... .............. 92 Cn thralrrhkucngm÷d `h cls ndmanchs ............................ .................................................. .................................... .............. 9= _HWXAHDHW @H YM@HLW @H CN XDM@N@ > .......................................... .................................................... .......... ;? PN_HN NXP×DLAN # > ............................................................ ................................................................................... .......................... ... ;;?? HC OMDK ONDK –HC L_MKHD @HC XDMYH_WL‑. .............................................. .............................................. ;? MDP_L@XGGMLD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ................................. ........... ;? @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................... .............. ;7 GLDGCXWM×D ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................... .............. ;9

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

YMM

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # ? ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... .....................;; PHAN: GMHDGMNW NC @HWDX@L-HYLCXGMLD WH H^XMYLGL @N_[MD,  DNPMLDNC KHLK_NVBMG .......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ .......................... ... ;; MDP_L@XGGM×D.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ................................. ........... ;; @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................... .............. ;2 GLDGCXWM×D ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................... .............. 26 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # ? ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... .....................2> PHAN: DMYHCHW @H L_KNDMZNGM×D @H CN ANPH_MN ] CLW WH_HW YMYLW ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................................ ..................2? MDP_L@XGGM×D.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ................................. ........... 2? @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................... .............. 2? GLDGCXWM×D ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................... .............. 20 V_HKXDPN............................................ .................................................................. ........................................... ....................................... ..................20 l ¼G÷al sh ilranrld cls shrhs vmvls V_LVMH@N@HW IMWMGL^XÁAMGNW @HC NKXN (N@BHWM×D, GLBHWM×D, PHDWM×D WXVH_IMGMNC ] GNVMCN_M@N@) ... ........................ ........................................... .................................... .............. => MD_L@XGGM×D ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... .................................... .............. =>

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

YMMM

@HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................... .............. =? N@BHWM×D ................... ......................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................ ..................=? GLBHWM×D ................... ......................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................ ..................=7 PHDWM×D WXVH_IMGMNC..................... ............................................ ............................................. ....................................... .................=8 GNVMCN_M@N@ ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ................................. ........... =9 GLDGCXWM×D ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................... .............. =; PN_HN NXP×DLAN #7 ........................................ ............................................................. ............................................ .......................... ... =2 IHD×AHDLW IÁWMGLW ALCHGXCN_HW ] ......................................... ....................................................... .............. =2 WX _HCNGM×D GLD CLW V_LGHWLW OMLC×KMGLW ............................ ....................................... ........... =2 MDP_L@XGM×D ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... .................................... .............. =2 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................... .............. == GLDGCXWM×D ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ >67 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # 0 ............................................................ ................................................................................... ......................... >6 >677 HDH_KMN GMDÍPMGN ] HDH_KMN VLPHDGMNC: PHL_MN ............................>60 MDP_L@XGGM×D.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... >60 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ >68 Hdhrkmn gmdítmgn........................................ ............................................................. ........................................... .................................. ............>68 Hdhrkán plthdgmnc ........................................ ............................................................. ........................................... ............................... ......... >69 GLDGCXWM×D ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ >62 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # 0 ............................................................ ................................................................................... ......................... >6 >6== ANKDMPX@HW IÁWMGNW IXD@NAHDPNCHW IXD@NAHDPNCHW ................... ......................................... .............................. ........ >6= MDP_L@XGGM×D.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... >6= @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ >>6 Cn cldkmtu` ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ..................................... ................>>6 Cn ansn ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................>>> Pmhapl .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................ >>? Phaphrnturn ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ...................................... ................>>?

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

MR

GLDGCXWM×D ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ >>7 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # 8 ............................................................ ................................................................................... ......................... >> >>00 WMKDLW YMPNCHW....................................................... ............................................................................. ......................................... ...................>>0 MDP_L@XGGM×D.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... >>0 @HWN__LCCL ..................... @HWN__LCCL ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ >>0 GLDGCXWMßD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ >>; Plan `h prhsm÷d nrthrmnc y smkdls vmtnchs ............................. ................................................... .................................. ............ >>; MDP_L@XGGMLD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... >>; @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ >>; Pígdmgn `h mdsuicngm÷d y tlan `h prhsm÷d nrthrmnc plr pucsl. ......................... >>; Gld`mgmldhs `hc pngmhdth ...................................................... ........................................................................... .......................... ..... >>; Gld`mgmldhs `hc hqumpl ....................... ............................................. ............................................. ...................................... ............... >>2 Gld`mgmldhs `hc loshrvn`lr loshrvn`lr .............................................. .................................................................... .............................. ........ >>2 GLDGCXWM×D ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ >>= @mihrhdgmn hd cn tlan `h smkdls vmtnchs hdtrh hc aí`mgl y cn hdihrahrn ......... >?6 Hdihrahrn......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................>?6 Aí`mgl .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................ >?6 _HWXAHD @H HDH_KÁN. CH]HW @H CN PH_AL@MDÎAMGN .....................>?> HDH_KMN ] AHPNOLCMWAL ..................................................... ........................................................................... ........................ >?> MDP_L@XGGMßD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... >?> @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ >?? P_NONJL OMLCLKMGL .......................................... ............................................................... ......................................... .................... >?? CNW CH]HW @H CN PH_AL@MDNAMGN ....... ............................ ........................................... ........................... ..... >?7 V_MAH_N CH] @H CN PH_AL@MDNAMGN ......................................... ................................................. ........ >?7 WHKXD@N CH] @H CN PH_AL@MDNAMGN ................................................ ................................................>?7 HDH_KMN ] AHPNOLCMWAL .......................................... ............................................................... .............................. ......... >?8 GLDGCXWMLD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ >?;

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

R

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # 9 ............................................................ ................................................................................... ......................... >? >?22 _HWXAHD @H YM@HL #> ....................................... ............................................................. ......................................... ...................>?2 CN H@XPHGN ‗  CN @MHPN WNCX@NOC WNCX@NOCH H ................................. ...................................................... ......................... >? >?22 MDP_L@XGGMßD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... >?2 @HWN__LCCL ..................... @HWN__LCCL ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ >?2 GLDGCXWMLD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ >76 _HWXAHD @HC YM@HL #? .......................... ................................................. ............................................ ................................. ............ >7 >7>>  DXP_MGM×D: NCMAHDPNGM×D NCMAHDPNGM×D WNCX@NOC WNCX@NOCH H ........... ................................. ..................................... ...............>7> MDP_L@XGMßD ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... .................................. ............ >7> @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ >7> GLDGCXWMLD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ >70 _HWXAHDHW @H CNW GCNWHW G CNWHW @H CN XDM@N@ > ......................................... .........................................>79 GCNWH#> ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................ >79 GCNWH#? ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................ >7; GCNWH#7 ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................ >72 GCNWH#0 ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................ >7= GCNWH#8 ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................ >06 XDM@N@ ? .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ........................>0> Phralahtrán ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................ >0> PH_A×AHP_LW .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... >07 Hsgncns thralaítrmgns........................................ ............................................................. ............................................ ......................... >07 Phralaítrmgn hd cls smsthans omlc÷kmgls...................................................... omlc÷kmgls............................................................... ......... >00 GNCL_MAHP_ÁN..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ >08 GNCL_......................................... .............................................................. ............................................ ............................................ .......................... ..... >08 GLDPNGPL PÍ_AMGL .......................................... ............................................................... ......................................... .................... >0 >0;; Vrmdgmpmls khdhrnchs `h cn gnclrmahtrán .................................... ......................................................... ......................... >0; Xdm`n`hs `h ah`m`ns `hc gnclr .................................................... ....................................................................... ...................>0;

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RM

GNCL_ÁN (G) ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................>02 GNCL_ HWVHGÁIMGL .......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ......................... >02 Ilraucn `hc gnclr hsphgáimgl .......................................... ............................................................... ................................. ............ >0= V_LVNKNGM×D @HC GNCL_ .................... .......................................... ........................................... .............................. ......... >0= GLD@XGGM×D .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... .................................. ............>0= GLDYHGGM×D ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ >86 _N@MNGM×D........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ..................................... ................>8> GLD@XGPMYM@N@ PÍ_AMGN.......................................... ............................................................... .............................. .........>8? HDH_KÁN ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ........................ >8? P_NONJL ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ......................................... ...................>87 @MIH_HDGMNW HDP_H GNCL_ ] PHAVH_NPX_N ................ ................................... ...................>87 _HCNGM×D HDP_H GNCL_, H HC C P_NONJL ] CN HDH_KÁN ..................... .....................>80 PHAVH_NPX_N PHAVH_NPX _N ] HWGNCNW PH_ALAÍP_MGNW ........................................ ........................................ >88 PHAVH_NPX_N PHAVH_NPX _N..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... .............................. ......... >88 HWGNCNW PH_ALAÍP_MGNW ......................................... .............................................................. .............................. ......... >89 Hsgncns thralaítrmgns........................................ ............................................................. ............................................ ......................... >8; AHGNDMWAL @H V_LVNKNGM×D @H GNCL_ .......................................... ............................................... ..... >8; HDPNCVMN ] CN HDP_LVÁN............................................ ................................................................. .............................. ........ >8 >822 Hdtrlpán......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................ >82 Hdtrlpán y thral`mdîamgn .............................. ..................................................... ............................................ .......................... ..... >8= Hdtncpmn ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................ >8= _hnggmldhs quáamgns hd`ltíramgns y hxltíramgns ......................................... ......................................... >96 Ihd÷ahdls thral`mdîamgls, blahlstîtmgls `h rhkucngm÷d `hc guhrpl buandl.... >96 PHAVH_NPX_N PHAVH_NPX _N..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... .............................. ......... >9> _N@MNGM×D........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ..................................... ................>9> HYNVL_NGMLD ] WX@L_ ...................................................... ............................................................................ ........................ >9> Hvnplrngm÷d ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ...................................... ................>9>

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RMM

Wu`lr ......................................... .............................................................. ............................................ ............................................ .......................... ..... >9> PH_AL__HKXCNGM×D PH_AL__HK XCNGM×D ............................................ .................................................................. ..................................... ...............>9? Phralrrhkucngm÷d hd shrhs buandls ..................................................... .............................................................. ......... >9? Vrlghsls `h ncmahdtngm÷d ............................... ...................................................... ............................................ .......................... ..... >9? Mdkhstm÷d........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ......................................... ...................>9? @mkhstm÷d .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................................... ...................>9? Inshs.......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ............................................ .......................... ..... >97 Noslrgm÷d ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................>90 HWP_NPHKMNW AHPNO×CMGNW @H CLW WH_HW YMYLW ..............................>98 NDNOLCMWAL .................... .......................................... ........................................... ........................................... .................................. ............>98 Iudgmldhs `hc ndnolcmsal ....................... .............................................. ............................................ ................................. ............ >98 ¼^XÍ HW GNPNOLCMWAL< ............................ ................................................... ............................................ .......................... ..... >98 Iudgmldhs `hc gntnolcmsal ............................. .................................................... ............................................ .......................... ..... >99 Htnpns `hc gntnolcmsal........................................... ................................................................. ......................................... ................... >99  DXP_MHDPHW V_MDGMVNCHW V_MDGMVNCHW ..................... ........................................... ............................................ .............................. ........ >99 Kcúgm`ls, gnrolbm`rntls ......................................... ............................................................... ......................................... ................... >9; Vrlthádns........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ......................................... ...................>9; Krnsns..................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ ........................................... ........................ >92 Ymtnamdns ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................>92 Amdhrnchs ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................>92 Nkun .................... .......................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ .......................... ..... >92 Wmsthans omliásmgls ahgîdmgls: ahgîdmgls: Iuhrzn y Hdhrkán H dhrkán .......................................... .................................................. ........ >92 IXH_ZN.................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................ ........................................... ........................ >92 IXH_ZNW MDPH_DNW ] IXH_ZNW HRPH_DNW ........................................ .......................................... >9= PMVLW @H IXH_ZNW WHKÚD NVCMGNGM×D V_ÎGPMGN............................ ............................ >9= >º. Iuhrzn Iuhrzn _hsmsthdgmn .................................. ....................................................... ........................................... .................................. ............ >9= ?º. Iuhrzn Iuhrzn Yhclgm`n`. ...................................... ........................................................... ........................................... ........................... ..... >9=

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RMMM

7º. Iuhrzn Iuhrzn Aîxman .................................................... .......................................................................... ...................................... ................ >9 >9== 0º. Iuhrzn Iuhrzn Khdhrnc y Iuhrzn Hsphgáimgn ................................................. .......................................................... ......... >9= HDH_KÁN......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................ >;6 HCNWPMGM@N@ ] _HWMWPHDGMN @H CLW PHJM@LW BXANDLW .............. >;6 Imorns glcîkhdns................................................. ...................................................................... ........................................... ......................... >;6 Imorns hcîstmgns. ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... .............................. .........>;6 ¼^XÍ HW HC GLCÎKHDL< .......................... ................................................ ............................................ .............................. ........ >;> Glcîkhdl pnrn cn pmhc ......................................... .............................................................. ............................................ ......................... >;7 Glcîkhdl pnrn aúsgucls y nrtmgucngmldhs ........................ ............................................... ............................... ........ >;7 ¼^XÍ HW CN HCNWPMDN< ........................................... ................................................................. ..................................... ...............>;0 CH]HW @H DH[PLD ........................... ................................................. ............................................. ...................................... ...............>;0 V_MAH_N CH] @H DH[PLD L CH] @H CN MDH_GMN. ........................... ............................... >;0 WHKXD@N CH] @H DH[PLD L CH] @H IXH_ZN .................................... ....................................>;0 PH_GH_N CH] @H DH[PLD L CH] @H NGGM×D ] _H _HNGGM×D NGGM×D ............ >;8 _HWMWPHDGMN ] HWP_XGPX_N @H CLW AÚWGXCLW ] BXHWLW .............>;8 HWP_XGPX_N @H CLW AÚWGXCLW ................................................... ............................................................ ......... >;8 _HWMWPHDGMN @H CLW AÚWGXCLW .................... .......................................... ......................................... ...................>;8 HWP_XGPX_N @H CLW BXHWLW ............................................................. .................................................................. ..... >;9 Gnrtácnkl........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ......................................... ...................>;9 @msgl hpmimsmnrml........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............>;9 Vhrmlstml ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ........................ >;9 Buhsl glapngtl .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... .................................. ............ >;9 Buhsl hspldjlsl .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... .................................. ............>;9 Hd`lstml ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ......................................... ...................>;9 Gnvm`n` ah`ucnr ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................... .........>;9 Aí`ucn ÷shn ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ...................................... ................ >;9 Nohrturn ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ......................................... ...................>;9

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RMY

Ynsls dutrmhdths. ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................... .........>;; _HWMWPHDGMN @H CLW BXHWLW ...................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................ >;; Gldtrnggm÷d ausgucnr................................................ ...................................................................... ........................................... ......................... >;; IMO_NW AXWGXCN_HW ......................................... ............................................................... ......................................... ................... >;= Imorns rîpm`ns: .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... .................................. ............>;= Imorns chdtns: ........................................ ............................................................. ........................................... ...................................... ................>;= PMVLW @H GLDP_NGGMLDHW AXWGXCN_HW ........................................ ................................................ ........ >;= GLDP_NGGMLDHW GLDP_NGGMLD HW MWLP×DMGNW.................................................. .................................................................. ................>;= GLDP_NGGMLDHW GLDP_NGGMLD HW MWLAÍP_MGNW ...................................................... ............................................................... ......... >26 GLDP_NGGMLDHW GLDP_NGGMLD HW NXRLP×DMGNW.......................................... ............................................................. ...................>26 GLDP_NGGMLDHW GLDP_NGGMLD HW MWLGMDÍPMGNW ........................................... .............................................................. ................... >2 >266 GN_NGPH_ÁWPMGNW,

HWP_XGPX_N

]

IXDGMLDHW

@H

CNW

N_PMGXCNGMLDHW......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ...................................... ................>2> VN_PHW @H XDN N_PMGXCNGM×D ..................................................... .............................................................. ......... >2? GCNWMIMGNGM×D @H CNW N_PMGXCNGMLDHW N_PMGXCNGMLDHW ........................................... ........................................... >2? -Nrtmgucngmldhs imjns l smdnrtrlsms................................... smdnrtrlsms........................................................ ................................. ............ >2? -Nrtmgucngmldhs shama÷vmchs l ndimnrtrlsms ......................................... ..................................................... ............ >2? Nrtmgucngmldhs mda÷vmchs, imjns l smdnrtrlsms ........................... .................................................. ......................... >2? Nrtmgucngmldhs shama÷vmchs l ndimnrtrlsms ................................... ...................................................... ...................>27 Nrtmgucngmldhs a÷vmchs l `mnrtrlsms.......................................... ............................................................... ......................... >27 OMLAHGÎDMGN @H CN AN_GBN .......................................... ............................................................... ......................... >20 - Insh `h nplyl ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... .............................. ......... >20 - Oncndghl ............................................ .................................................................. ........................................... ..................................... ................>28

Vnrîahtrls ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ..................................... ................>28 @HPH_AMDNDPHW @H CN AN_GBN ........................................... ........................................................... ................>28 Cáqum`l ......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................... ........ >29 _HWXAHDHW @H YM@HLW @H CN XDM@N@ XDM@ N@ ? ........................ ............................................. .......................... ..... >22

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RY

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # ; ............................................................ ................................................................................... ......................... >2 >222 ¼^XÂ HW NDNOLCMWAL< ........................... ................................................. ............................................ .................................. ............ >22 MDP_L@XGMßD ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... .................................. ............ >22 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ >2= Iudgmldhs ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................>=6 Htnpns ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ........................ >=6 GLDGCXWMßD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ >=> PN_HN NXP×DLAN # ; ............................................................ ................................................................................... ......................... >= >=?? ¼^XÂ HW GNPNOLCMWAL=? @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ >=? Gntnolcmsal ausgucnr..................................... .......................................................... ........................................... ........................... ..... >=7 Gntnolcmsal ghcucnr ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ......................... >=7 Vrlghsls gntno÷cmgls dnturnchs ............................... ..................................................... ......................................... ................... >= >=88 GLDGCXWMßD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ >=8 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # ; ............................................................ ................................................................................... ......................... >= >=99 @MIH_HDGMN ] _HCNGMLD HDP_H NDNOLCMWAL ] GNPNOLCMWAL.... >=9 MDP_L@XGGMLD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... >=9 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ >=; _hcngmÿd ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ......................................... ...................>=2 Whahjndzns: ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ...................................... ................?66 @mihrhdgmns: .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ...................................... ................?66 GLDGCXWMLD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ ?66 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # 2 ............................................................ ................................................................................... ......................... ?6 ?6>> GLDYH_KHDGMN @H CNW _XPNW _XP NW AHPNO×CMGNW ...................................... ......................................?6> MDP_L@XGGMßD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... ?6> @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ ?6>

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RYM

Gntnolcmsal `h gnrolbm`rntls........................................... ................................................................. .............................. ........ ?6? Kcuglcmsms ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ......................................... ...................?6? Gntnolcmsal `h ngm`ls krnsls .................................... ......................................................... ..................................... ................?67 Nghtmc Gln ............................................ .................................................................. ........................................... ..................................... ................ ?60 Mdtrnamtlgld`ránc ........................................ ............................................................. ........................................... ............................... .........?60 Hxtrnamtlgld`rmnc ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... .......................... ..... ?68 GLDGCXWMßD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ ?69 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # = ............................................................ ................................................................................... ......................... ?6 ?6;; NDÎCMWMW OMLAHGÎDMGL @H CN AN_GBN DL_ANC ] @HVL_PMYN ... ?6; MDP_L@XGGMßD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... ?6; @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ ?6; GLDGCXWMßD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ ?>0 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # = ............................................................ ................................................................................... ......................... ?> ?>88 GLDP_NGGM×D AXWGXCN_ IMWMLCLKÁN KX]PLD ..................................?>8 MDP_L@XGGMßD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... ?>8 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ ?>9 GLDGCXWMßD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ ?>= _HWXAHDHW @H CNW GCNWHW @H CN XDM@N@ ? ............................ ..................................... ......... ??> GCNWH#; ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................ ??> GCNWH#2 ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................ ??? GCNWH#= ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................ ??7 XDM@N@#7 .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................ ??0 Ymsglsm`n` sndkuádhn ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................... .........??0 VH_IMCHW @H ICXJL ............. ................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................... ........ ??0 GLDPMDXM@N@ ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... .................................. ............ ??9 Hgungm÷d `h gldtmdum`n` ................................. ....................................................... ........................................... .......................... ..... ??9 CH] @H WPLEHW .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... ??9

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RYMM

CH] @H VLMWHXMCCH ................... ......................................... ........................................... ............................................ ......................... ??9 V_MDGMVML @H VNWGNC ...................... ............................................. ............................................. ..................................... ............... ?? ??99 V_MDGMVML @H N_^XÁAH@HW ................... ......................................... ........................................... .............................. ......... ?? ??;; Vlrgm÷d `h icum`l ic um`l hd hqumcmorml gld hc rhstl `hc icum`l. ..................................??; BHAL@MDÎAMGN ........................................ ............................................................. ........................................... ............................... ......... ??= V_HWM×D HD HC WMWPHAN GM_GXCNPL_ML .............................................. .............................................. ?76 V_MDGMVMLW OÎWMGLW @H CN IXDGM×D GM_GXCNPL_MN ...................... ...................... ?76 V_HWM×D WNDKXÁDHN. ......................................... ............................................................... ......................................... ................... ?7? PHDWM×D N_PH_MNC ] ICXJL WNDKXÁDHL ............................................. .............................................?7? Ahgîdmgn gmrgucntlrmn. ........................................ ............................................................. ........................................... ............................... ......... ?77 ANWNJH GN_@MNGL HRPH_DL ....................................................... ................................................................... ............ ?7 ?700 ANWNJH GN_@MNGL MDPH_DL ................................................. .................................................................... ...................?70 WÁWPLCH .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................ ?78 @MÎWPLCH.................... .......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ......................................... ...................?78 VXCWL ......................................... .............................................................. ............................................ ............................................ .......................... ..... ?78 Gnusns `hc pucsl ndlranc .......................................... ............................................................... ..................................... ................?79 Chyhs `h cn vhclgm`n` y `h cn prhsm÷d........................................... ............................................................... .......................... ..... ?7; CH]HW @H CN GM_GXCNGMLD WNDKXMDHN .............................................. ..............................................?7; YLCXAHD AMDXPL GM_GXCNPL_ML ........................................ ........................................................ ................?7= Gmrgucngm÷d smstíamgn ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................... ......... ?06 Gmrgucngm÷d Vucaldnr......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................... .........?06 Gmrgucngmld Ihtnc. ........................................ ............................................................. ........................................... ...................................... ................ ?06 GL_NZLDHW N_PMIMGMNCHW .................... .......................................... ........................................... .............................. ......... ?0> Npnrntl _hspmrntlrml .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... ?0? ¼@H ^XÍ VN_PHW GLDWPN HC NVN_NPL _HWVM_NPL_ML< ..................?0? MDPH_GNAOML @H KNWHW ..................... ........................................... ........................................... ................................. ............ ?00 ICXJL XDMPN_ML..................................... .......................................................... ........................................... .................................. ............?08

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RYMMM

@MIXWM×D @HC L? ] @HC GL? ........................................................................................................... ?09  Ahgndmsal quh cchvnd y sh lpldhd nc glcnpsl pucaldnr ............................... ............................... ?09 Ylcuahd rhsm`unc ........................................ ............................................................. ........................................... ...................................... ................ ?0= Ilrans quáamgns hd quh sh trndsplrtn hc GL?...................... ........................................... .......................... ..... ?0= Xdm`n` _hspmrntlrmn........ _hspmrntlrmn............................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ......................... ?8> AHAO_NDN _HWVM_NPL_MN ....................................................... ....................................................................... ................ ?8> _HKXCNGM×D @H CN _HWVM_NGM×D ................................... ........................................................ ......................... ?8> Whdslrhs hd hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc ........................... ................................................. ............................... ......... ?8? GLDP_LCN@L_HW

(GHDP_LW

_HWVM_NPL_MLW).

_HKXCNGM×D

 DH_YMLWN @H @H CN IXDGM×D _HWVM_NPL_MN ......................................... ..................................................... ............ ?8? YMPNCLAHP_MN .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... ?80 Md`mgngmldhs ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ...................................... ................?80 Gldtrnmd`mgngmldhs.................... .......................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................... ..... ?80 Hchgtrlimsmlclkán Wmsthan dhrvmlsl, dhrvmlsl, ausgucnr ................................................... ........................................................ ..... ?80 WMWPHAN DH_YMLWL........................................................... ................................................................................. ........................... .....?80 WMWPHAN AXWGXCN_......................................................... ............................................................................... ........................... .....?88 WMWPHAN OMLHCHGP_MGL ..................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................. ............ ?89 HIHGPLW @H CN HCHGP_MGM@N@ HD CLW WH_HW YMYLW ....................... ....................... ?82 Hihgtls iásmgls mdah`mntls....................... mdah`mntls.............................................. ............................................ ................................. ............ ?82 Hihgtls Iásmgls dl Mdah`mntls ................................... ........................................................ ..................................... ................?82 Prnstlrdls gnr`mlvnsgucnrhs: gnr`mlvnsgucnrhs:.................................................... .......................................................................... ........................ ?82 Prnstlrdls dhrvmlsls:.................................................... .......................................................................... .................................. ............?82 Prnstlrdls shdslrmnchs, lgucnrhs y nu`mtmvls: .......................................... .................................................. ........ ?82 HIHGPLW WLO_H HC L_KNDMWAL ............................ .................................................. .................................. ............ ?8= Cn utmcm`n` `h cn Olaon `h Dn y E hd cn khdhrngm÷d `h mapucsl dhrvmlsl. ... ?96 Iudgmldnamhdtl y Ngtmvngmld `h cn Oldon `h Dn+: E+ ..................... ................................. ............ ?9> IMWMLCLKÁN @H CN AHAO_NDN............. AHAO_NDN................................... ........................................... .............................. ......... ?9?

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RMR

HCHGP_L @MNKD×WPMGL ] HCHGP_LPH_NVMN HCHGP_LPH_NVMN ...................................... ...................................... ?97 Hchgtrl`mnkdlstmgl .................... .......................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................... ..... ?97 AHPL@LW P_N@MGMLDNC P_ N@MGMLDNCHW HW @H HCHGP_L@MNK HCHGP_L@MNKD×WPMGL D×WPMGL ................... ?97 Hchgtrlthrnpmn ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ ?90 Wldm`l...................................................... Wldm`l................................. ........................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................?90 NX@MGM×D ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................?98 LD@NW WLDL_NW.................................................. ........................................................................ ......................................... ...................?98 Yhclgm`n` y hdhrkáns `hc sldm`l ........................................... ................................................................ .......................... ..... ?99 HDH_KÁN @HC WLDM@L ............... ...................................... ............................................ ........................................... ........................ ?9; Hchahdtls `h udn Ld`n ........................................................ ............................................................................. .......................... ..... ?9; GXNCM@N@HW @HC WLDM@L ............... ..................................... ........................................... ..................................... ................ ?9; Cn vlz buandn ..................................... .......................................................... ........................................... ...................................... ................ ?92 Omliásmgn `h cn phrghpgm÷d nu`mtmvn .......................................... ............................................................... ......................... ?92 Vhrghpgm÷d `h cns guncm`n`hs `hc sldm`l ....................... ............................................. .................................. ............ ?9= Hsgugbn omdnurnc ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................... .........?;6 NX@M×AHP_L. ................... ......................................... ........................................... ........................................... .................................. ............ ?;6 Cn cuz ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ .................................. ............?;6 HC HWVHGP_L HCHGP_LANKDÍPMGL HCHGP_LANKDÍPMGL ..................... ........................................... .................................. ............ ?;6 GLDGHVPLW _HCNPMYLW N CN CXZ................................. CXZ...................................................... .......................... ..... ?;? Wlplrth anthrmnc `h cn hdhrkán hchgtrlankdítmgn ....................................... ............................................ ..... ?;? GLCL_......................................... .............................................................. ............................................ ............................................ .......................... ..... ?;7 GXNCM@N@HW @H CN CXZ ........................................ ............................................................. ..................................... ................?;7 WMWPHAN YMWXNC BXANDL .......................................... ............................................................... .............................. ......... ?;0 MLDMZNGM×D @H CLW ICXM@LW.......................................... ............................................................... .......................... ..... ?; ?;99 _N@MNGM×D MLDMZNDPH .......................................... ............................................................... ..................................... ................ ?;9 _N@MNGMLDHW DL MLDMZNDPHW .......................................... ............................................................... ......................... ?; ?;99 Hchahdtls oîsmgls `h cn iásmgn dugchnr ............................. ................................................... ...................................... ................?;;

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RR

>.- GLAVLWMGM×D G LAVLWMGM×D @HC DÚGCHL. MW×PLVLW ................................ ............................................ ............ ?;; Gldstmtugm÷d `hc îtlal y al`hcls nt÷amgls ................................... .................................................. ...............?;2 _N@MNGM×D........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ..................................... ................?;2 _N@MLOMLCLKÁN .................. ........................................ ........................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... ?;2 Lrákhdhs `h cns rn`mngmldhs mldmzndths ........................................... ........................................................... ................?;= _n`mngmldhs: dnturnchzn y prlpmh`n`hs ........................................ ........................................................... ...................?;= _N@MLNGPMYM@N@ ................... ......................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................... ..... ?26 HWP_XGPX_N ] KHDH_NGM×D @HC PXOL @H GLLCM@KH...................?2> Puol `h Gllcm`kh........................................ ............................................................. ........................................... ............................... ......... ?2> Pmpls ......................................... .............................................................. ............................................ ............................................ .......................... ..... ?2> Îdl`l rltntlrml......................................................... ............................................................................... ...................................... ................?2? Puols `h amgrlilgl ......................................................... ............................................................................... ............................... ......... ?2 ?2?? Gîtl`l `h dndltuols `h gnroldl ....................... ............................................. ............................................ ........................ ?2? NVCMGNGMLDHW ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... .............................. ......... ?2? Ah`mgmdn .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................................... ...................?2? _HWXAHDHW @H CLW YM@HLW @H CN XDM@N@ 7 ......................................... .........................................?20 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >6 ........................................................... ................................................................................. ........................ ?2 ?200 WNDK_H: ¼ICXM@N L YMWGLWN< | WNCX@ ......................................... ..................................................... ............ ?20 MDP_L@XGGMßD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... ?20 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ ?28 Wndkrh .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ........................ ?28 Vcnsan .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ........................ ?29 Hchahdtls imkurn`ls .......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ......................... ?29 Hrmtrlgmtls......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................?2; Cn bhalkclomdn .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... ?2; Vcnquhtns .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................................... ...................?2; Chuglgmtls ............................................ .................................................................. ........................................... ..................................... ................?22

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RRM

Vucaldhs.......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................?2= GLDGCXWMßD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ ?=6 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >6 ......................................... ............................................................... ......................................... ...................?=> OMLIMWMGN @H CN GM_GXCNGM×D, HC ICXJL ] CN _HWMWPHDGMN UGNVMPXCL >0 IMWMLCLKÁN @H KX]PLDQ ........................................... ........................................................... ................?=> MDP_L@XGGMßD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... ?=> @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ ?=? _hsmsthdgmns vnsgucnrhs .......................................... ............................................................... ......................................... ....................?=0 Pmpls `h rhsmsthdgmn .......................... ................................................ ............................................ ......................................... ................... ?=0 Ymsglsm`n`............................................ .................................................................. ........................................... ..................................... ................?=0 Vhrimchs ndlranchs `h cn prhsm÷d `h pucsl ........................................... ....................................................... ............ ?=9 Vrhsm÷d sndkuádhn......................... sndkuádhn............................................... ............................................ ........................................... ......................... ?=; GLDGCXWMßD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ ?=2 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >> ......................................... ............................................................... ......................................... ...................?== ¼^uí hs cn gmrgucngm÷d ahdlr l pucaldnr< .......................... ................................................ .................................. ............ ?== MDP_L@XGGMLD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... ?== @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 766 Nrthrmn Vucaldnr @hrhgbn ........................................................... .............................................................................. ...................76> Nrthrmn Vucaldnr Mzqumhr`n................................. Mzqumhr`n...................................................... ........................................... ........................ 76> Yhdns Vucaldnrhs..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... .......................... ..... 76> Vrhsmldhs hd hc gmrgumtl ahdlr ............................... ..................................................... ......................................... ...................76? Icujl Wndkuádhl pucaldnr ..................................... ........................................................... ......................................... ................... 76 7677 Gnrngthrástmgns iudgmldnchs `h cls c ls vnsls sndkuádhls pucaldnrhs ........... ................... ........ 760 Ingtlrhs ahgîdmgls quh rhkucnd cn rhsmsthdgmn vnsgucnr pucaldnr ................. ................. 760 Ylcuahd pucaldnr ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ........................... ..... 760 GLDGCXWMßD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 768 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >> ......................................... ............................................................... ......................................... ...................769

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RRMM

¼^XÍ HW CN GM_GXCNGM×D AN]L_ L WMWPÍAMGN< .................................. .................................. 769 MDP_L@XGGMßD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 769 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 769 _hglrrm`l ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................76; Gnrngthrástmgns .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... .................................. ............ 762 Iudgm÷d ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................ 762 GLDGCXWM×D ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 76= PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >> ........................................................... ................................................................................. ........................ 7> 7>66 GCNWH ?? IMWMLCLKÁN GM_GXCNPL_MN - V_HWM×D, ICXJL ] _HWMWPHDGMN ........................................ .................. ........................................... .......................................... .......................................... .............................................. ...............................7>6 ......7>6 MDP_L@XGGM×D.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 7>6 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 7>> Vrmdgmpmls oîsmgls `h cn iudgm÷d gmrgucntlrmn ...................................... .................................................. ............ 7>0 GLDGCXWMLD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 7>9 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >? ........................................................... ................................................................................. ........................ 7> 7>;; HC IXDGMLDNAMHDPL @HC WMWPHAN _HWVM_NPL_ML ............................. ............................. 7>; MDP_L@XGGMßD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 7>; @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 7>; Hstrugturn `hc npnrntl rhspmrntlrml ......................... ............................................... ......................................... ...................7>2 _hkmldhs `h cn inrmdkh........................................ ............................................................. ............................................ ......................... 7>2 Prîquhn ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ........................ 7>2 Iudgmldhs `hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml........................................... ................................................................. ........................ 7>= Mdthrgnaoml `h knshs ........................ .............................................. ............................................ ......................................... ................... 7?6 GLDGCXWMßD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 7?? PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >? ........................................................... ................................................................................. ........................ 7? 7?77 GCNWH 7; IMWMLCLKÁN _HWVM_NPL_MN - YHDPMCNGM×D VXCALDN_ ... 7?7 MDP_L@XGGMßD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 7?7

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RRMMM

@HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 7?7 Ylcúahd `h kns pucaldnr ............................................. .................................................................. ................................. ............ 7?; Xsl gcádmgl: .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ...................................... ................7?; Ylcúahdhs pucaldnrhs............................... .................................................... ............................................ ............................... ........776 Ylcúahdhs y gnpngm`n`hs pucaldnrhs hstîd`nr .......................... ............................................. ...................776 Ylcuahd `h vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr........................................... ................................................................. ........................ 776 GLDGCXWMLD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 77? PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >7 ........................................................... ................................................................................. ........................ 77 7777 PHAN: KHDH_NCM@N@HW @HC WMWPHAN DH_YMLWL ............................... ................................... 777 MDP_L@XGGMLD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 777 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 770 Ndntlaán amgrlsg÷pmgn: dhurldns y dhurlkcmn ............................... ............................................... ................779 Wmsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc.ghdtrnc. - hdgíincl .......................... ................................................ ...................................... ................772 GLDGCXWMLD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 706 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >7 ........................................................... ................................................................................. ........................ 70 70>> PHAN: P_NDWVL_PH NGPMYL: OLAON @H WL@ML - VL_PNWML .............70> MDP_L@XGGMLD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 70> @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 70? Prndsplrth ngtmvl prmanrml .......................... ................................................ ............................................ .............................. ........ 70? Hc krn`mhdth hchgtrlquáamgl ....................................... ............................................................ ..................................... ................708 GLDGCXWMLD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 709 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >7 ........................................................... ................................................................................. ........................ 70 70;; PHAN: IMWMLCLKÃN ‗  DHX_LIMWMLCLKMN WHD@MPMYL > .......................... 70; MDP_L@XGGMLD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 70; @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 702 GLDGCXWMLD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 78> PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >0 ........................................................... ................................................................................. ........................ 78 78??

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RRMY

_HWXAHD @H YM@HL > ................... ......................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................78? 90.  IÁWMGN H MDP_L@XGGM×D N CN OMLIÁWMGN. IHD×AHDLW LD@XCNPL_MLW ............................................ .................................................................. ........................................... ..................................... ................78? MDP_L@XGGMLD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 78? @HWN__LCCL ..................... @HWN__LCCL ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 787 >.  _hichxm÷d.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... .................................. ............ 787 ?.  _hirnggm÷d ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... .............................. ......... 787 7.  Mdthrihrhdgmn ........................................ ............................................................. ........................................... ............................... ......... 780 0.  @mirnggm÷d ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... .............................. ......... 788 8.  Vlcnrmzngm÷d ........................................ ............................................................. ........................................... ............................... ......... 789 GLDGCXWMLD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 789 _HWXAHD @H YM@HL ?: ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ..................................... ...............789 IÁWMGN H MDP_L@XGGM×D N CN OMLIÁWMGN. _HICHRM×D @H CN CXZ .... 789 MDP_L@XGGMLD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 789 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 78; _hichxm÷d `miusn........................................................ .............................................................................. ...................................... ................78; _hichxm÷d hsphgtngucnr hsphgtngucnr ........................................... ................................................................. ......................................... ...................78; Chy `h rhichxm÷d ............................................................ .................................................................................. .................................. ............ 78; _hirnggm÷d ............................................ .................................................................. ........................................... ..................................... ................78; _hichxm÷d hd hsphjls pcndls........................................... ................................................................ ................................. ............ 782 _hichxm÷d hd hsphjls gurvls............................ gurvls.................................................. ........................................... .......................... ..... 78 78== GLDGCXWMßD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 78= _HWXAHD @H YM@HL 7: ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ..................................... ...............796 99. Iásmgn h Mdtrl`uggm÷d n cn Omliásmgn. _hirnggm÷d `h cn cuz ................................ ................................ 796 MDP_L@XGGMLD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 796 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 796 Ád`mgh `h rhirnggm÷d.......................... rhirnggm÷d................................................ ............................................ ......................................... ................... 79 79??

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RRY

GLDGCXWMLD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 79? _HWXAHD @H YM@HL 0: ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ..................................... ...............797 ¼^XÍ HW CN CXZ< LD@NW HCHGP_LANKDHPMGNW........................... HCHGP_LANKDHPMGNW.................................... ......... 797 MDP_L@XGGMßD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 797 Hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl hchgtrlankdítmgl .......................................................... .......................................................................... ................797 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 790 Wádthsms Hchgtrlankdítmgn ...................................... ............................................................ ......................................... ................... 790 _HWXAHD @HC YM@HL 8: ...................................... ............................................................ ......................................... ...................79; ¼^XÍ HW CN CXZ< ........................................ ............................................................. ........................................... .................................. ............ 79; MDP_L@XGGMLD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 79; @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 792 Vrlpmh`n`hs `h cn cuz ......................................... .............................................................. ............................................ ......................... 7;? n)  Noslrgm÷d ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... .................................. ............ 7;?  o) 

_hichxm÷d.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... .................................. ............ 7;?

g) 

Prndsamsm÷d ........................................ ............................................................. ........................................... ............................... ......... 7;?

`) 

_hirnggm÷d ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... .............................. ......... 7;?

h) 

@msphrsm÷d ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... .............................. ......... 7;7

i) 

@mirnggm÷d ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... .............................. ......... 7;7

GLDGCXWMßD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 7;0 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >0 ......................................... ............................................................... ......................................... ...................7;0 _HWXAHD @H YM@HL N: .................... ........................................... ............................................. ..................................... ...............7;0 92. IÁWMGN H MDP_L@XGGM×D N CN OMLIÁWMGN. KHDH_NCM@N@HW @H CN LD@N WLDL_N .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................................... ................... 7;0 MDP_L@XGGMßD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 7;0 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 7;8 Cldkmtu` `h ld`n ........................................ ............................................................. ........................................... ............................... ......... 7;8 Napcmtu`. ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................7;8

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RRYM

Vhrml`l `h tmhapl. ........................................................ .............................................................................. .................................. ............ 7; 7;99 Irhguhdgmn ............................................ .................................................................. ........................................... ..................................... ................7;9 Yhclgm`n` `h ld`n........................ ld`n.............................................. ............................................ ........................................... ......................... 7;9 Vhrál`l .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................ 7;9 Irhguhdgmn ............................................ .................................................................. ........................................... ..................................... ................7;9 Cldkmtu` `h ld`n ........................................ ............................................................. ........................................... ............................... ......... 7;; Vlthdgmn sldlrn ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... .............................. .........7;; Vrhsm÷d sldlrn........................................................ .............................................................................. ......................................... ...................7;2 @urngm÷d........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ......................................... ...................7;2 Vrhsm÷d .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................ 7;= Al`mimgngmldhs `hc ah`ml ....................... .............................................. ............................................ ................................. ............ 7;= CN MAVH@NDGMN NGÚWPMGN .......................................... ............................................................... .......................... ..... 7;= GLDGCXWMLD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 726 _HWXAHD @H YM@HL O................... ......................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................72> ¼^XÍ HW HC WLDM@L MDP_L@XGGMLD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 72> @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 72> GLDGCXWMLD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 720 _HWXAHD @H YM@HL G ................... ......................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................720 HC WLDM@L ] WXW V_LVMH@N@HW................... ......................................... ........................................... .......................... ..... 720 MDP_L@XGGMßD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 720 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 728 @urngm÷d........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ......................................... ...................728 Mdthdsm`n` ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ...................728 Pldl .......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ............................................ .......................... ..... 728 Pmaorh.......................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ........................ 729 Ld`ns ahgîdmgns......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ............................... ......... 729

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RRYMM

GLDGCXWMLD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 72; PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >8 ........................................................... ................................................................................. ........................ 72 7222 _N@MNGMLDHW MLDMZNDPHW ] DL MLDMZNDPHW................................. MLDMZNDPHW......................................... ........ 722 MDP_L@XGGMLD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 722 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 72= GLDGCXWMLDHW.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 7=7 PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >8 ........................................................... ................................................................................. ........................ 7= 7=00 _HWXAHD @H >º YM@HL: .......... ............................... ............................................ ............................................ .......................... ..... 7= 7=00 HC HCHGP_LANKDHPMWAL HCHGP_LANKDHPMWAL ..................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................. ............7=0 MDP_L@XGGMLD.......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 7=0 @HWN__LCCL @HWN__LCC L ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................. ............ 7=8 GLDGCXWMLD ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ................................. ............ 7=2 _HWXAHDHW @H CNW GCNWHW G CNWHW @H CN XDM@N@ 7 ......................................... .........................................7== GCNWH#>6 .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................................... ...................7== GCNWH#>> .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................................... ...................066 GCNWH#>7 .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................................... ...................06> GCNWH#>0 .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................................... ...................06? GCNWH#>8 .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................................... ...................067 GLDGCXWM×D ........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ..................................... ................060 Omocmlkrnián................................... Omocmlkrnián............. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .............................. ........ 068

MD@MGH @H NVHD@MGHW L NDHRLW M cust custrr ngm÷d 6-> H chgt chgtrr ld (smkdmimgn`ls, ?6>=)

72

 Mcustrngm÷d 6-> Dmvhchs `h lrkndmzngm÷d `h `h cn anthrmn (smkdmimgn`ls, Dmvhchs `h Lrkndmzngmld `h cn anthrmn , ?6?6)

7=

 Mcustrngm÷d 6-?Pnocns `h cls hchahdtls qumamgls qumamgls (Imkuhrln & Ormldhs, ?6 ?6>8) >8) 0?

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

RRYMMM

 Mcustrngm÷d 6-> Pnocn `hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc (Cns (Cns gmhdgmns imsmgns y cn ah`m`n, ?6>>)

8;  Mcustrngm÷d 6-> Vrlpmh`n`hs `h cn anthrmn (Znpntn, ?6? ?6?6) 6)

9?

 Mcustrngm÷d 6-?Phralrrhkucngmld (omliásmgn, ?6>2)

;>

 Mcustrngm÷d 6->_hcngm÷d gnclr, trnonjl y hdhrkãn (mdkhdmhrl, ?6>8)

>88

 Mcustrngm÷d 6-> Hcnstmdn (XK, ?6>=)

>;0

 Mcustrngm÷d 6-> @mnstlch ([memph`mn, s.i.)

 ¡ H rr lr ! Anrgn Anrgn` `lr dl `him imdm` dm`l l.

_HWXAHD Cn omliásmgn hs ud puhdth hdtrh omlclkán y iásmgn, puhs nc vhr cn glaomdngm÷d hdtrh  omlclkán y iásmgn dls `nals guhdtn `h cn maplrtndgmn quh tmhdh hstn gnth`rn. Cn omlclkán hstu`mn cn vm`n hd su vnrmh`n` y glapchjm`n`, `hsgrmoh g÷al cls lrkndmsals sh ncmahdtnd, glaudmgnd, shsnd su hdtlrdl y sh rhprl`ughd. Vnrnchcnahdth, cn iásmgn ousgn `hshdtrnþnr cns chyhs anthaîtmgns `hc glaplrtnamhdtl `h cn dnturnchzn y bngh prh`mggmldhs `htnccn`ns `h cns iuhrzns quh klomhrdnd smsthans m`hnchs. Hc `hsniál `h cn omliásmgn hs guormr cn orhgbn hdtrh cn smapcmgm`n` `h cn iásmgn y cn glapchjm`n` `h cn vm`n. Vnrn hccl cn omliásmgn ousgn  pntrldhs hd cls smsthans vmvls y cls ndncmzn gld cn pl`hrlsn nyu`n `h bhrrnamhdtns anthaîtmgns y iásmglquáamgns. Cn omliásmgn hstu`mn cn vm`n hd tl`ls sus dmvhchs, `hs`h cls îtlals y alcígucns bnstn cns gícucns, lrkndmsal y naomhdth. N ah`m`n quh prlkrhsn cn iásmgn y cn omlclkán, cls  omliásmgls hdguhdtrnd duhvns îrhns pnrn hxpclrnr y npcmgnr su hxphrmhdgmn, grhnr duhvn duhvnss bhrrnamhdtns y slorh tl`l nprhd`hr. Hc lojhtmvl smhaprh hs hc amsal: snohr hd  prliud`m`n` g÷al iudgmldnd cls smsthans omlc÷kmgls. omlc÷kmgls. Hd hsth plrtnilcml sh bnocnrn `h tl`l cls thans t hans rhcngmldn`ls gld hc guhrpl buandl y sus rhnggmldhs iásmgns ndth hc ah`ml naomhdth. Hd hsh gnsl cn omliásmgn ch nplrtn gldlgmamhdtls n cn omlclkán, phrl dl n cn iásmgn, smd haonrkl, ch lirhgh n cn iásmgn hvm`hdgmn hxphrmahdtnc quh phramth glrrlolrnr thlráns. Hjhapcls hd hsh shdtm`l sld cn iásmgn `h cn nu`mgm÷d, cn omlahgîdmgn, cls altlrhs alchgucnrhs, glaudmgngm÷d alchgucnr, alchgucnr, hdtrh ltrls gnapls `h cn omlclkán nolr`n`n plr cn iásmgn. Ltrls hstu`mlsls gldsm`hrnd quh hxmsthd rnans `h cn iásmgn quh `hohd `hsnrrlccnrsh n  prliud`m`n` glal prlochans iásmgls hsphgáimgnahdth hsphgáimgnahdth rhcngmldn`ls gld cn anthrmn vmvmhdth. Nsá, plr hjhapcl, cns plcáahrls omlc÷kmgls glal cns prlthádns dl sld cl

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

RRMR

suimgmhdthahdth krnd`hs glal pnrn pl`hrcls trntnr glal ud smsthan ahgîdmgl, n cn vhz quh dl sld cl suimgmhdthahdth suimgmhdthahdth phquhþls glal pnrn trntnrcls glal alcígucns smapchs hd slcugm÷d. Cls gnaomls hdhrkítmgls quh lgurrhd `urndth udn rhnggm÷d quáamgn gntncmzn`n plr udn hdzman, l ihd÷ahdls glal hc nglpcnamhdtl quáamgl-lsa÷tmgl pnrhghd rhquhrmr aîs `h ud hdilquh iásmgl th÷rmgl prliud`l quh `h udn hvncungm÷d omlc÷kmgn. Cn omliásmgn hd ud gnapl mdthr`msgmpcmdnrml quh npcmgn tígdmgns `h cns gmhdgmns iásmgns pnrn hdthd`hr cn hstrugturn omlc÷kmgn y iudgm÷d n dmvhc alchgucnr. Hc tnanþl `h hstns alcígucns vnrán dltnochahdth, `hs`h phquhþls îgm`ls krnsls y nzugnrhs bnstn hdlrahs alcígucns `h @DN. Gldshguhdthahdth cn anylr pnrth `hc hsiuhrzl `h cn omliásmgn sh `mrmkh n `hthramdnr cn hstrugturn `h alcígucns omlc÷kmgns hsphgáimgns y hd cn andhrn `h hdsnaocnjh. N`haîs, hs ud gnapl vnrmn`l hd hc quh mdthrvmhdhd cn omlclkán cn iásmgn cn quáamgn anthaîtmgns mdkhdmhrán khdítmgn imsmlclkán y ah`mgmdn tl`ns gld hc lojhtmgl `h hdthd`hr n cls smsthans utmcmznd`l hxphrmahdtls y Vnrnchcl n hstl cls omliásmgls hstîd `hsnrrlccnd`l duhvns bhrrnamhdtns glaputngmldnchs onsn`ls onsn`ls hd prmdgmpmls iá iásmgls smgls hstnochgm`ls quh sld suimgmhdths pnrn ud hxphrmahdtl, n`haîs `h cn nyu`n `h cns bhrrnamhdtns `h omlclkán alchgucnr,, `hom`l n quh sld auy útmchs Cls omliásmgls sh andhjnd plr cn gurmlsm`n` nghrgn alchgucnr `h g÷al cls smsthans omlc÷kmgns trnonjnd n dmvhc alchgucnr. Hd cn prmahrn udm`n` sh pnrth `h rhgldlghr quh cn gmhdgmn, pnrn cn gldstruggm÷d `h sus hxpcmgngmldhs, usn al`hcls onsn`ls hd loshrvngmldhs, bmp÷thsms, hxphrmahdtngm÷d y rhichxmldhs, hdtrh ltrns ngtmvm`n`hs gmhdtáimgns5 quh cns phrsldns, pnrn pl`hr mdthrprhtnr cls ihd÷ahdls dnturnchs, usnd al`hcls onsn`ls hd sus m`hns, gldlgmamhdtls y hxphrmhdgmns y quh cls anhstrls, pnrn bnghr udn trndsplsmgm÷d `h cls gldlgmamhdtls gmhdtáimgls nc nucn, rhqumhrhd al`hcls `m`îgtmgls quh shnd glaprhdsmochs pnrn cls h`ugnd`ls y quh hstíd omhd glrrhspld`m`ls gld hc gldlgmamhdtl gmhdtáimgl. Wh prlpldh md`nknr slorh nckúd than rhcngmldn`l gld cn hdhrkán hd cls smsthans vmvls  pnrn m`hdtmimgnr cls gldghptls prmdgmpnchs y cns prîgtmgns gmhdtáimgns mdvlcugrn`ns pnrn  prlalvhr, n pnrtmr `h hstl, udn rhichxm÷d quh phramtn gldstrumr cl quh sh gldlgh glal m`hn ghdtrnc. Wh trnonjn gld thans ghdtrnchs `h omliásmgn, plr hjhapcl, cn hdhrkán y cn ah`mgm÷d hd cls smsthans vmvls pnrn ndncmznr n pnrtmr `h ngtmvm`n`hs hxphrmahdtnchs quí al`hcls ahdtnchs, anthrmnchs l anthaîtmgls sh utmcmznd pnrn su hdshþndzn. Imdncahdth

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RRR

sh hcnolrn ud al`hcl ahdtnc slorh nckúd than `h omliásmgn quh hstí mdgcum`l hd hc  prlkrnan vmkhdth `h `h h`ugngm÷d h`ugngm÷d shgud`nrmn shgud`nrmn y sh glapnrnd cls al`hcls hcnolrn`ls hcnolrn`ls plr plr cls hstu`mndths gld al`hcls gmhdtáimgls, cl quh chs phramtmrî mdmgmnr gld udn shguhdgmn `m`îgtmgn quh gldsm`hrh cls al`hcls y hc al`hcnjh hd hc nolr`njh `h nckudl `h cls gldthdm`ls `hc gursl. Hd cn shkud`n udm`n` sh `hsnrrlccn thans `h gldlgmamhdtl gmhdtáimgls nc nolr`nr cls gldthdm`ls `msgmpcmdnrhs `h cn udm`n`5 plr hjhapcl, cn `mslcugm÷d y trndsplrth `h sustndgmns hd cls lrkndmsals, cls ihd÷ahdls hcígtrmgls quh sh `nd hstls y cn thral`mdîamgn mdvlcugrn`n hd cls lrkndmsals plmqumclthrals y blahlthrals. Wh  pcndthnd prlochaîtmgns, ihd÷ahdls l smtungmldhs mdthrhsndths y rhchvndths, pnrn quh cls dlrancmstns thdknd ud hspngml quh phramtn pcndthnr bmp÷thsms slorh cls ihd÷ahdls hstu`mn`ls n pnrtmr `h rhsúahdhs. Hd cn thrghrn udm`n` sh rhncmznd rhsúahdhs `h cls thans nc trntn glal cls smsthans `hc guhrpl buandl (smaucngmldhs, ndncmznr vá`hls), npcmgîd`lcns hd cls gldthdm`ls `msgmpcmdnrhs `h cn udm`n`, glal omlahgîdmgn, alvmamhdtl ld`ucntlrml, prhsm÷d, `hsnrrlccl susthdtnoch y rhslcugm÷d `h prlochans rhcngmldn`ls gld ihd÷ahdls iásmgls hd cls shrhs vmvls.

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7?

MDP_L@XGGM×D

Cn omliásmgn hs cn gmhdgmn quh hstu`mn cn omlclkán gld cls prmdgmpmls y aítl`ls `h cn iásmgn. Wh `msguth sm cn omliásmgn hs udn rnan `h cn iásmgn l `h cn omlclkán: @hs`h ud pudtl `h vmstn puh`h gldghomrsh quh cls gldlgmamhdtls y hdilquhs nguaucn`ls hd cn iásmgn "purn" puh`hd npcmgnrsh nc hstu`ml `h cls smsthans omlc÷kmgls. omlc÷kmgls. Cn omliásmgn ch nplrtn gldlgmamhdtls n cn omlclkán, phrl dl n cn iásmgn, smd haonrkl, ch lirhgh n cn iásmgn hvm`hdgmn hxphrmahdtnc hxphrmahdtnc quh phramth glrrlolrnr thlráns. Hjhapcls: >. iásmgn `h cn nu`mgm÷d ?. cn omlahgîdmgn 7. cls altlrhs alchgucnrhs 0. glaudmgngm÷d alchgucnr Cn Omliásmgn bn bhgbl krnd`hs nplrths n cn Ah`mgmdn. Hc gldlgmamhdtl Omliásmgl bn sm`l hc pmcnr pmc nr iud`nahdtnc pnrn hc hdthd`mamhdtl `h cls ihd÷ahdls imsmlc÷kmgls quh sld  onsh `hc iudgmldnamhdtl `hc lrkndmsal buandl hd hstn`l dlranc y pntlc÷kmgl. @hdtrl `h hccls pl`hals ahdgmldnr: >. Cn rhghpgm÷d `h shþnchs hxthrmlrhs plr pnrth `hc lrkndmsal ?. Cn trndsamsm÷d `hc mapucsl dhrvmlsl 7. Cls prlghsls oml-ahgîdmgls `hc hqumcmorml 0. @hspcnznamhdtl `hc lrkndmsal buandl 8. Cn ÷ptmgn khlaítrmgn `hc ljl 9. Cn trndsamsm÷d `hc sldm`l bnstn hc lá`l mdthrdl m dthrdl y hc ghrhorl

;. Cn ahgîdmgn `h cn gmrgucngm÷d sndkuádhn 2. Cn rhspmrngm÷d pucaldnr =. Hc prlghsl `h ncmahdtngm÷d y slsthdmamhdtl hdhrkítmgl `hc lrkndmsal >6.  Hc ahgndmsal `h nggm÷d `h cns alcígucns omlc÷kmgnahdth iudgmldnchs slorh

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cns hstrugturns ghcucnrhs (cns ahaorndns, ahaorndns, cls lrkndlm`hs omlhdhrkítmgls >>. Cls smsthans ahgndl-quáamgls >?. Cls al`hcls iásmgl-anthaîtmgls `h cls prlghsls omlc÷kmgls. @h ltrl cn`l, hc hstnochgmamhdtl `h cns onshs omliásmgns `h cls ihd÷ahdls nrrmon ahdgmldn`ls bn sm`l oîsmgl pnrn hc `hsnrrlccl `h `msplsmtmvls tígdmgls, npnrntls y ah`m`lrhs pnrn lothdhr oml-mdilrangm÷d, hqumpls `h nutlahtrán y thchahtrán5 quh  phramthd ud `mnkd÷stmgl `mnkd÷stmgl aí`mgl aîs hihgtmvl y gldimnoch.

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70

Hd cn ngtuncm`n` hc `hsnrrlccl `h cn Ah`mgmdn `hphd`h hd krnd ah`m`n `h su gnpngm`n` thgdlc÷kmgn, cn gunc hstî `hthramdn`n plr hc `hsnrrlccl `hc gldlgmamhdtl  omliásmgl slplrth `h cn Omlmdkhdmhrán. Cn Omliásmgn hs hc puhdth hdtrh cn Omlclkán y cn Iásmgn. Omliásmgn. Hs udn suo`msgmpcmdn `h cn Omlclkán quh hstu`mn cls prmdgmpmls iásmgls suoynghdths n tl`ls cls  prlghsls `h cls smsthans vmvmhdths. Cn omliásmgn hs udn gmhdgmn rh`uggmldmstn plrquh hstnochgh quh tl`ls cls ihd÷ahdls loshrvn`ls hd cn dnturnchzn tmhdhd udn hxpcmgngm÷d gmhdtáimgn prh`hgmoch. @h ltrl cn`l, hc hstnochgmamhdtl `h cns onshs omliásmgns `h cls ihd÷ahdls nrrmon ahdgmldn`ls bn sm`l oîsmgl pnrn hc `hsnrrlccl `h `msplsmtmvls tígdmgls, npnrntls y ah`m`lrhs pnrn lothdhr omlmdilrangm÷d, hqumpls hqumpls `h nutlahtrán y thchahtrán5 quh phramthd ud `mnkd÷stmgl aí`mgl aîs hihgtmvl y gldimnoch. Hd cn ngtuncm`n` hc `hsnrrlccl `h cn Ah`mgmdn `hphd`h hd krnd ah`m`n `h su gnpngm`n` thgdlc÷kmgn, cn gunc hstî `hthramdn`n  plr hc `hsnrrlccl `hc `hc gldlgmamhdtl gldlgmamhdtl omliásmgl slplrth `h cn Omlmdkhdmhrán. (Vn`mccn, ?6>8) ?6>8) Cn omliásmgn puh`h `himdmrsh glal ud puhdth hdtrh `ls `msgmpcmdns gcîsmgns: cn Omlclkán y cn Iásmgn. Cn Omlclkán hstu`mn cns `mihrhdths vnrmh`n`hs `h vm`n y su glapchjm`n`, `hsgrmomhd`l sus bîomtls `h ncmahdtngm÷d, glaudmgngm÷d, rhcngm÷d gld hc ah`ml y rhprl`uggm÷d. Vlr su pnrth, cn Iásmgn sh gldghdtrn hd cns chyhs anthaîtmgns `h cn dnturnchzn y rhncmzn prh`mggmldhs prhgmsns `h cns iuhrzns quh gld`ughd cls prlghsls hd smsthans m`hnchs. Hstn nghpgm÷d mapcmgn hdtldghs hdrmquhghr cn Omlclkán `hsgrmptmvn, angrlsg÷pmgn y alrilc÷kmgn, gld ud nplrth gundtmtntmvl, prh`mgtmvl y khdhrncmzn`lr quh nglrtn, hd  prmdgmpml, cn `mstndgmn hdtrh cn smapcmgm`n` `h cls smsthans m`hnchs `h cn Iásmgn y cn glapchjm`n` `h cls smsthans vmvls. Wmd haonrkl, cn Omliásmgn hs aîs quh udn ván `h gldhxm÷d hd cn irldthrn hdtrh hsns `ls `msgmpcmdns cmamdnrhs, smdl quh hs aîs omhd udn nancknan `h cn Iásmgn, cn ^uáamgn y cn Omlclkán. Hstl qumhrh `hgmr quh trnsgmhd`h y suphrn cns ilraucngmldhs y al`hcls pnrn smsthans smapchs `hsgrmomhd`l alchgucnrahdth  prlghsls `h trndsilrangm÷d glapchjls glapchjls hd smsthans auctmglapldhdths auctmglapldhdths y nutllrkndmzn`ls (Amsthcm, ?6>6) @h hstn andhrn, cn Omliásmgn dl hs udn rnan `h cn Iásmgn dm `h cn Omlclkán, glal suonpcmgngm÷d `h hccns, smdl quh hs udn `msgmpcmdn nut÷dlan, suphrn`lrn, nonrgntmvn y gldthdh`lrn `h cls ihd÷ahdls quáamgls hd smsthans omlc÷kmgls. Nc mdtrl`ugmr n cls  prlghsls quáamgls pnrn glaprhd`hr mdthkrncahdth cls smsthans omlc÷kmgls, hstn `msgmpcmdn

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`hohrán shr aîs n`hgun`nahdth n`hgun`nahdth `hsgrmptn glal Omlimsmglquáamgn, nudquh plr smapcmgm`n` shkumrhals ccnaîd`lcn Omliásmgn gld hstn sncvh`n` (@msncvl, ?6>?) Mdvhstmkngm÷d h`ugntmvn hd Omliásmgn quh rhtlanrî cns hvm`hdgmns `h hsth hspngml  pnrn pcndthnr prlpuhstns hd iudgm÷d `h cns dhghsm`n`hs `h cn hdshþndzn `h cn Omliásmgn,  pnrn rhichxmldnr slorh su gldstruggm÷d, nn`nptnrcns `nptnrcns nc gldthxtl gldthxtl y/l `mshþnr prlpuhstns prlpuhstns quh  puh`hd shr npcmgn`ns npcmgn`ns glal pnrth pnrth `h ud prlghsl prlghsl mdvhstmkntmvl. mdvhstmkntmvl. Hsth `lguahdtl sukmhrh prlalvhr udn vmsm÷d khdhrnc slorh nsphgtls iud`nahdtnchs `h cn hdshþndzn `h cn Omliásmgn n pnrtmr `h cn rhguphrngm÷d `h nckudls gldthdm`ls nolr`n`ls hd hsth gursl `hc trnyhgtl tr nyhgtl ilrantmvl. Ilrangm÷d pnrn ccnn hdshþndzn y hc nprhd`mznjh, yn quh hstl phramtmrî rhgldlghr cn maplrtndgmn `h cn omliásmgn pnrn glaprhd`hr h mdthrprhtnr `mvhrsls ihd÷ahdls y prlghsls omlc÷kmgls. Vlr ltrn pnrth, cn hcnolrngm÷d y glapnrngm÷d `h al`hcls y hc al`hcnjh glal rhgursl `m`îgtmgl, phramtmrî nc hstu`mndtn`l rhudmr cn thlrán y cn prîgtmgn, rhichxmldnr slorh hc gldthxtl y hc than loshrvn`l y, slorh tl`l, smsthantmznr hc gldlgmamhdtl y vmdgucnr hc gldlgmamhdtl gmhdtáimgl gld cn gmhdgmn.

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@HWN__LCCL XDM@N@ > V_MDGMVMLW @H CN OMLIÁWMGN. Cn omliásmgn hs hc hstu`ml `h cns chyhs iásmgns quh lphrnd hd cls lrkndmsals vmvls. Gld ltrns pncnorns, hs cn iásmgn `h cn omlclkán. Bny `mstmdtls rnans quh andmimhstnd cn iusm÷d `h omlclkán y iásmgn. Xdn `h hc hccns cns hs cn omlahgîdmgn. Vhdshals hd ud `hplrtmstn `h ícmth. Bny quh gldlghr g÷al sh auhvh y guîc hs cn ahgîdmgn `h su lrkndmsal: napcmtu` y irhguhdgmn `h cn zndgn`n, vhclgm`n`, gnpngm`n` `h rhnggm÷d, htg. Hstns vnrmnochs sld `h tmpl iásmgl, yn quh nihgtnd nc alvmamhdtl, phrl qumhd cns rhncmzn hs udn phrsldn, ud shr vmvl. (AR, ?6>0)

_NANW @H CN OMLIMWMGN Omlahgîdmgn: Hstu`mn cn ahgîdmgn `hc alvmamhdtl hd cls shrhs vmvmhdths5 plr hjhapcl, cn clglalgm÷d, hc vuhcl, cn dntngm÷d, hc hqumcmorml ndnt÷amgl, cn ahgîdmgn `h cls icum`ls glrplrnchs, cn inormgngm÷d `h pr÷thsms a÷vmchs, htg. Omlhchgtrmgm`n`: Hstu`mn cls prlghsls hchgtrlankdítmgls y hchgtrlquáamgls quh lgurrhd hd cls lrkndmsals vmvmhdths, nsá glal tnaomíd cls hihgtls `h cls prlghsls hchgtrlankdítmgls nom÷tmgls nom÷tmgls slorh cls shrhs vmvmhdths5 plr hjhapcl, cn trndsamsm÷d t rndsamsm÷d `h cls mapucsls dhurlhcígtrmgls, hc mdthrgnaoml m÷dmgl n trnvís `h cns omlahaorndns, cn khdhrngm÷d omlc÷kmgn `h hchgtrmgm`n` (ndkumcns, rnyns, htg.), cn c n npcmgngm÷d `h cn hchgtr÷dmgn hd omlah`mgmdn, htg. Omlhdhrkítmgn (thral`mdîamgn omlc÷kmgn): Wh `h`mgn nc hstu`ml `h cns trndsilrangmldhs `h cn hdhrkán quh lgurrhd hd cls smsthans vmvmhdths5 plr hjhapcl, cn gnpturn `h hdhrkán hdhrkán plr cls omlsmsthans, cn trndsihrhdgmn `h hdhrkán `hs`h y bngmn hc hdtlrdl `hc omlhglsmsthan, hc ncanghdnamhdtl ncanghdnamhdtl `h hdhrkán hd cn gícucn, htg. Omlngústmgn: Mdvhstmkn y npcmgn cn trndsamsm÷d, gnptngm÷d y hamsm÷d `h ld`ns sldlrns plr cls omlsmsthans. Omlilt÷dmgn: Hstu`mn cns mdthrnggmldhs `h cls omlsmsthans gld cls iltldhs5 plr hjhapcl, cn vmsm÷d, cn iltlsádthsms, i ltlsádthsms, htg. (Vhd`sh W, ?6>6)

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7;

_n`mlomlclkán: Hstu`mn cls hihgtls omlc÷kmgls `h cn rn`mngm÷d mldmzndth y cn dl mldmzndth y sus npcmgngmldhs hd cns tígdmgns omlc÷kmgns `h gnapl y `h cnolrntlrml. (Dnbch, ?6>>)

CN IL_ANGM×D @HC XDMYH_WL ] HC L_MKHD @H CN YM@N. Cn thlrán aîs gldlgm`n slorh hc lrmkhd `hc udmvhrsl sh ghdtrn hd ud gntngcmsal g÷samgl smd mkunc hd cn bmstlrmn: hc omk ondk. Hstn thlrán surkm÷ `h cn loshrvngm÷d `hc nchjnamhdtl n krnd vhclgm`n` `h ltrns kncnxmns rhsphgtl n cn duhstrn hd tl`ns `mrhggmldhs, glal sm buomhrnd sm`l rhphcm`ns plr udn ndtmkun iuhrzn hxpclsmvn. Ndths `hc omk ondk, shkúd cls gmhdtáimgls, cn mdahdsm`n` `hc udmvhrsl loshrv loshrvnoch, noch, mdgcum`n tl`n su anthrmn y rn`mngm÷d, hstnon glaprmam`n hd udn ansn `hdsn y gncmhdth n tnd slcl udls plgls amcáahtrls amcáahtr ls `h `mstndgmn. Hsth hstn`l gnsm mdglaprhdsmoch sh hsphgucn quh hxmstm÷ tnd s÷cl udn irnggm÷d `hc prmahr shkud`l `h tmhapl. Cls `hihdslrhs `hc omk  ondk sukmhrhd quh bngh udls >6.666 l ?6.666 amccldhs `h nþls, udn ld`n hxpnds hxpndsmvn mvn ansmvn phramtm÷ quh tl`n cn hdhrkán y anthrmn gldlgm`ns `hc udmvhrsl (mdgcusl hc hspngml y hc tmhapl) surkmhrnd n pnrtmr `h nckúd nc kúd tmpl `h hdhrkán `hsgldlgm`l. Cn thlrán andtmhdh quh, hd ud mdstndth (udn trmccldísman pnrth `h ud shkud`l) trns hc omk ondk, hc udmvhrsl sh hxpnd`m÷ gld udn vhclgm`n` mdglaprhdsmoch `hs`h su lrmkhd `hc tnanþl `h ud kumjnrrl n ud ncgndgh nstrld÷amgl. Cn hxpndsm÷d npnrhdthahdth bn gldtmdun`l, phrl augbl aîs `hspngml, `urndth cls smkumhdths amchs `h amccldhs `h nþls. Cls gmhdtáimgls dl puh`hd snohr gld hxngtmtu` hc al`l hd quh hc udmvhrsl hvlcugmld÷ trns hc omk ondk. Augbls grhhd quh, n ah`m`n quh trndsgurrán hc tmhapl y cn anthrmn sh hdirmnon, glahdznrld n ilranrsh tmpls `h îtlals aîs `mvhrsls, y quh hstls imdncahdth sh gld`hdsnrld hd cns hstrhccns y kncnxmns `h duhstrl udmvhrsl prhshdth. (KHLK_NVBMG, ?6?6)

CN OMLIÁWMGN ] CN AH@MGMDN AL@H_DN. CN GMHDGMN: AÍPL@L GMHDPÁIMGL. Cls gldlgmamhdtls quh cn buandm`n` plshh ngtuncahdth slorh cns `mvhrsns gmhdgmns `h cn dnturnchzn sh `hohd, slorh tl`l, nc trnonjl `h mdvhstmkngm÷d `h cls gmhdtáimgls. Hc prlgh`mamhdtl quh ístls hapchnd hd su trnonjl hs cl quh shccnanrî AÍPL@L GMHDPÁIMGL. Hc aítl`l gmhdtáimgl gldstn `h cns smkumhdths inshs:

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>)  Loshrvngm÷d: Cn

Loshrvngm÷d gldsmsth hd hxnamdnr nthdtnahdth cls bhgbls y

ihd÷ahdls quh tmhdhd cuknr hd cn dnturnchzn y quh puh`hd shr phrgmom`ls plr cls shdtm`ls. ?) Ilraucngm÷d `h bmp÷thsms: @hspuís `h cns loshrvngmldhs, hc gmhdtáimgl sh pcndthn

hc g÷al y hc plrquí `h cl quh bn lgurrm`l y ilraucn udn bmp÷thsms. Ilraucnr udn bmp÷thsms gldsmsth hd hcnolrnr udn hxpcmgngm÷d prlvmsmldnc `h cls bhgbls loshrvn`ls y `h sus  plsmochs gnusns. gnusns. 7) Hxphrmahdtngm÷d: Xdn vhz ilraucn`n cn bmp÷thsms, hc gmhdtáimgl `hoh glaprlonr

sm hs gmhrtn. Vnrn hccl rhncmznrî aúctmpchs hxphrmahdtls al`mimgnd`l cns vnrmnochs quh mdthrvmhdhd hd hc prlghsl y glaprlonrî sm sh guapch su bmp÷thsms. Hxphrmahdtnr gldsmsth hd rhprl`ugmr y loshrvnr vnrmns vhghs hc bhgbl l ihd÷ahdl quh sh qumhrh hstu`mnr, al`mimgnd`l cns gmrgudstndgmns quh sh gldsm`hrhd gldvhdmhdths. 0)  Hamsm÷d

`h gldgcusmldhs: Hc ndîcmsms `h cls `ntls hxphrmahdtnchs phramth nc

gmhdtáimgl glaprlonr sm su bmp÷thsms hrn glrrhgtn y `nr udn hxpcmgngm÷d gmhdtáimgn nc bhgbl l ihd÷ahdl loshrvn`l. Cn hamsm÷d `h gldgcusmldhs gldsmsth hd cn mdthrprhtngm÷d `h cls bhgbls loshrvn`ls loshrvn`ls `h nguhr`l gld cls c ls `ntls hxphrmahdtnchs. hxphrmahdtnchs. (gmhdgmn ( gmhdgmn C. , s.i.)

HWP_XGPX_N @H CN ANPH_MN. Hstî glapuhstn `h îtlals y gn`n udl vn n plshhr udn `hthramdn`n hstrugturn. Hd hc dúgchl sh hdguhdtrnd cls prltldhs y dhutrldhs • Cls prltldhs plshhd gnrkn hcígtrmgn plsmtmvn. • Cls dhutrldhs dl tmhdhd gnrkn.

Hd cn glrthzn sh hdguhdtrnd cls hchgtrldhs. • Cls hchgtrldhs lromtnd hd tlrdl nc dúgchl

y plshhd gnrkn hcígtrmgn dhkntmv dhkntmvn. n.

Cls nsphgtls aîs maplrtndths `h cn hstrugturn nt÷amgn y alchgucnr `h cn anthrmn sld cls smkumhdths: Hchahdtls: Hs tl`n sustndgmn purn quh prhshdtn udn údmgn glaplsmgm÷d, dl hs  plsmoch `hsglapldhr `hsglapldhr hd ltrns aîs aîs smapchs plr plr aítl`ls quáamgls bnomtunchs. Îtlals: Wld pnrtágucns md`mvmsmochs quh vn n gldstmtumr cn anthrmn. Alcígucns: Wh Wh cl `himdh glal cn pnrth aîs phquhþn `h ud glapuhstl quh andtmhdh sus prlpmh`n`hs quáamgns.

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Hchgtr÷d Hc hchgtr÷d hs udn `h cns phquhþásmans pnrtágucns quh glapldhd ud îtlal (l  pnrtágucns suont÷amgns) judtl n cls prltldhs y n cls dhutrls. Cls hchgtrldhs quh`nd smhaprh plr iuhrn `hc dúgchl `hc îtlal glapuhstl plr udn glaomdngm÷d `h prltldhs y dhutrldhs. Vnrn alstrnr guîd phquhþl hs hc hchgtr÷d, pl`hals `hgmr quh su ansn hs >/>279 vhghs cn `h `hc prlt÷d. Hc dlaorh `h hchgtr÷d prlvmhdh `h cn m`hn `h quh, krngmns n su hdhrkán dhkntmvn, cls amsals khdhrnd hchgtrmgm`n` slorh hc dúgchl `hc îtlal.

Mcustrngm÷d 6-> Hchgtrld (smkdmimgn`ls, Hchgtrld , ?6>=)

Vrlt÷d Xd  prlt÷d hs udn pnrtágucn gnrkn`n plsmtmvnahdth quh sh hdguhdtrn `hdtrl `hc dúgchl nt÷amgl. Hc dúahrl `h prltldhs hd hc dúgchl nt÷amgl hs hc quh `hthramdn hc dúahrl nt÷amgl `h ud hchahdtl, glal sh md`mgn hd cn tnocn phrm÷`mgn `h cls hchahdtls. hchahdtls. Hc prlt÷d tmhdh gnrkn +> (l, ncthrdntmvnahdth, >,96? x >6->= guclaomls), hxngtnahdth cl gldtrnrml `h cn gnrkn -> quh gldtmhdh hc hchgtr÷d. Hd ansn, smd haonrkl, dl bny glaphthdgmn - cn ansn `hc prlt÷d hs nprlxman`nahdth >.279 vhghs anylr quh cn `h ud hchgtr÷d.

Dhutr÷d Hs udn pnrtágucn suont÷amgn smd gnrkn, cl pl`hals hdgldtrnr hd hc dúgchl nt÷amgl. Nudquh sh `mgh quh hc dhutr÷d dl tmhdh gnrkn, hd rhncm`n` hstî glapuhstl plr trhs  pnrtágucns `hdlamdn`ns qunres, guyns gnrkns suan`ns sld ghrl. Vlr tndtl, hc dhutr÷d hs ud onrm÷d dhutrl glapuhstl plr `ls qunres `h tmpl nonjl, y ud qunre `h tmpl nrrmon. Wh andtmhdhd hstnochs plr udn mdthrnggm÷d dugchnr iuhrth.

Vlsmtr÷d l hchgtr÷d plsmtmvl Hs udn pnrtágucn hchahdtnc, ndtmpnrtágucn `hc hchgtr÷d, plshh cn amsan gndtm`n` `h ansn y gnrkn hcígtrmgn smd haonrkl, hstn hs plsmtmvn. Dl ilran pnrth `h cn anthrmn lr`mdnrmn, smdl `h cn ndtmanthrmn, nudquh sh prl`ughd hd duahrlsls prlghsls rn`mlquáamgns glal pnrth `h trndsilrangmldhs dugchnrhs. ([memph`mn, [memph`mn, cn hdgmgclph`mn cmorh, ?6>8)

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DMYHCHW @H L_KNDMZNGM×D @H CN ANPH_MN, BNWPN HC GXH_VL BXANDL Cls dmvhchs `h lrkndmzngm÷d `h cn anthrmn sld gnthklráns l krn`ls hd cls quh sh `mvm`h n tl`ls cls c ls glapldhdths hxmsthdths, tndtl mdlrkîdmgls glal lrkîdmgls. Hstns gnthklráns hstîd jhrnrqumzn`ns `hs`h cls hchahdtls aîs smapchs bnstn cns rhcngmldhs hdtrh `mihrhdths lrkndmsals glapchjls. Hd hsth shdtm`l, cls dmvhchs `h lrkndmzngm÷d `h cn anthrmn sld:  

 Dmvhc nt÷amgl

 

 Dmvhc Alchgucnr

 

 Dmvhc lrknducnr

 

 Dmvhc ghcucnr

 

 Dmvhc tmsucnr











   

×rkndls Wmsthan `h ÷rkndls l npnrntls

 

Lrkndmsal







Hstn gnthklrmzngm÷d pnrth `hc prmdgmpml `h quh sm omhd tl`l cl quh hxmsth hd hc udmvhrsl hstî glapuhstl plr îtlals, hstls sh glaomdnd hd `mihrhdths ilrans, cl quh lrmkmdn lrkndmsals y glapuhstls gld hstrugturns aîs glapchjns quh ltrns. Hsth hsquhan rhsuah cls dmvhchs `h lrkndmzngm÷d `h cn anthrmn, `hs`h hc aîs hchahdtnc bnstn hc aîs slimstmgn`l:

 Mcustrngm÷d 6-> Dmvhchs `h lrkndmzngm÷d `h cn anthrmn (smkdmimgn`ls, Dmvhchs `h Lrkndmzngmld `h cn anthrmn , ?6?6)

>. Dmvhc nt÷amgl N hsth dmvhc `h lrkndmzngm÷d `h cn anthrmn glrrhspld`hd tl`ls cls îtlals. Whkúd

su iudgm÷d glal omlhchahdtls sh suogcnsmimgnd hd trhs gnthkl gnthklráns: ráns:

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Omlchahdtls prmanrmls: sld cls îtlals quh guapchd udn iudgm÷d hstrugturnc, hs `hgmr, sld md`msphdsnochs hd cn ilrangm÷d `h udn hstrugturn. Xd hjhapcl shránd cls îtlals `h i÷silrl y lxákhdl prhshdths hd cn ahaorndn ghcucnr. Omlhchahdtls Omlhchahd tls shgud`nrmls: sld îtlals quh sm omhd dl ilrand pnrth `h cn hstrugturn ghcucnr, sld hshdgmnchs pnrn su iudgmldnamhdtl. Xd hjhapcl puh`hd shr cls îtlals `h gncgml l ankdhsml ankdhsml prhshdths hd duhstrns gícucns. Lcmklhchahdtls: sld cls îtlals quh dm ilrand pnrth `h cn hstrugturn ghcucnr, dm sh hdguhdtrnd `h andhrn noud`ndth. Pmhdhd udn iudgm÷d gntncátmgn (nyu`nd n gntncmznr l nuahdtnr cn vhclgm`n` `h udn rhnggm÷d quáamgn). Vlr hjhapcl, cls îtlals `h zmdg.

?. Dmvhc alchgucnr @mihrhdths glaomdngmldhs `h îtlals shahjndths l `mihrhdths hdtrh sá ilrand alcígucns. Cns alcígucns puh`hd lrkndmznrsh hd hstrugturns aîs glapchjns, glal cls namdlîgm`ls l cns prlthádns. Xd hjhapcl `h hsth dmvhc `h lrkndmzngm÷d `h cn anthrmn hs udn alcígucn `h nkun, glapuhstn plr `ls îtlals `h bm`r÷khdl y udl `h lxákhdl.

7. Dmvhc lrknducnr Wh rhimhrh n cn gnthklrán hd cn quh sh nkrupnd cls `mihrhdths lrkndhcls quh sh hdguhdtrnd hd hc gmtlpcnsan `h cn gícucn. Xd hjhapcl hs hc Npnrntl `h Klckm, udn hstrugturn quh sh hdgnrkn `h ncanghdnr  prlthádns y ltrls ltrls glapuhstls hshdgmnchs pnrn cn gícucn.

0. Dmvhc ghcucnr Cn gícucn hs cn hstrugturn hshdgmnc pnrn cn vm`n. Hstî glapuhstn plr `mihrhdths glaomdngmldhs `h alcígucns y sh sh gcnsmimgnd hd `ls tmpls: Gícucns hugnrmltns: sld gícucns guyl N@D sh hdguhdtrn `hdtrl `h ud dúgchl, shpnrn`l `hc rhstl `h cn hstrugturn. Gícucns prlgnrmltns: sld gícucns quh gnrhghd `h dúgchl, plr cl quh hc N@D sh hdguhdtrn hd hc dugchlm`h, quh dl hs prlpmnahdth udn hstrugturn smdl udn rhkm÷d `hc gmtlpcnsan, hc guhrpl ghcucnr. Xd hjhapcl `h hsth dmvhc sld cns gícucns hpmthcmnchs quh rhguorhd cls vnsls sndkuádhlss l cls ncvílcls pucaldnrhs. sndkuádhl

8. Dmvhc tmsucnr Hd hsth dmvhc sh hdguhdtrnd cls thjm`ls, quh sld hstrugturns ilran`ns plr

glaomdngmldhs `h gícucns.

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Cns gícucns hpmthcmnchs, plr hjhapcl, gldilrand thjm`l hpmthcmnc quh ilran pnrth `h cn hpm`hrams, cn olgn l kcîd`ucns sncmvnrhs.

9. ×rkndls Wh rhimhrh nc dmvhc glapuhstl plr tl`ls cls ÷rkndls `h ud shr vmvl. Xd hjhapcl `h hsth dmvhc `h lrkndmzngm÷d sld hc glrnz÷d y cls pucaldhs. Hd cns  pcndtns, cn rnáz, hc tnccl y cls irutls sld nckudls `h sus ÷rkndls. ÷rkndls.

;. Wmsthan `h ÷rkndls l npnrntls Hc dmvhc `h lrkndmzngm÷d smstíamgl hstî gldilran`l plr ud gldjudtl `h ÷rkndls quh guapchd udn iudgm÷d glaúd. Vlr hjhapcl, hc hst÷ankl, hc bákn`l, cn vhságucn omcmnr, hc mdthstmdl kruhsl y hc mdthstmdl `hckn`l sld nckudls `h cls ÷rkndls quh glapldhd hc smsthan `mkhstmvl `hc guhrpl buandl. (Wmkdmimgn`ls, ?6>=)

GCNWMIMGNGM×D GCNWMIMGN GM×D CLW GLAVXHWPLW ^XÁAMGLW. Glapuhstl hd quáamgn hs cn udm÷d `h udl l aîs hchahdtls `h cn tnocn phrm÷`mgn. Wh `mvm`hd hd trhs krnd`hs rnans quh sld: Glapuhstls omdnrmls5 nquhccls omdnrmls5 nquhccls quh tmhdhd `ls hchgtrldhs, hd cls gunchs `hstngnd hc îgm`ls, ÷xm`l ndbá`rm`l, snc, phr÷xm`l, bm`rurl. ×xm`ls5 sh ch `hdlamdn nsá n cls glapuhstls quh sh ilrand nc glaomdnrsh lxákhdl gld cls hchahdtls. Wnomhd`l quh cls hchahdtls sh gcnsmimgnd hd ahtnchs y dl ahtnchs, bny trhs gcnshs `h ÷xm`ls ahtîcmgls l oîsmgls y lxîgm`ls. Vhr÷xm`ls5 nckudls ÷xm`ls tmhdhd ud îtlal aîs `h lxákhdl quh cls ÷xm`ls lr`mdnrmls. Vnrn `hsmkdnr n hstns sustndgmns sh nkrhkn hc prhimjl Vhr. Hd cls phr÷xm`ls, hc lxákhdl iudgmldn gld vnchdgmn >. Vlr cl tndtl sh ilran gld ud ahtnc y hd lxákhdl. Ndbá`rm`ls5 sh ilrand krngmns n cn c n glaomdngm÷d `h cls dl ahtnchs gld hc lxákhdl. Onsh5 l tnaomíd ccnan`ls bm`r÷xm`ls sh gnrngthrmznd plr thdhr hd slcugm÷d ngulsn hc rn`mgnc bm`rlxmcl. Vlr cl tndtl cls bm`r÷xm`ls sh ilrand gld ud ahtnc y ud (LB)->. Îgm`l5 sld glapuhstls quh sh ilrand gld ud bm`r÷khdl y ud dl ahtnc. Wnc5 sld glapuhstls quh sh ilrand krngmns n cn udm÷d `h ud ahtnc gld ud dl ahtnc. Glapuhstls thrgmnrmls5 nquhccls thrgmnrmls5 nquhccls quh tmhdhd trhs hchgtrldhs, hd cls gunchs `hstngnd lrtl, ahtn, pmrl. Glapuhstls gunthrdnrmls5 tmhdhd guntrl hchgtrldhs, hd hstn rnan hdtrnd cls

rn`mgnchs. (_umz, ?6>8)

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Pnocn phrm÷`mgn. Ngtuncahdth, cn tnocn phrm÷`mgn sh glapldh `h >>2 hchahdtls `mstrmoum`ls hd ; imcns blrmzldtnchs ccnan`ns phrml`ls y >2 glcuadns vhrtmgnchs, gldlgm`ns glal krupls. Wu `hsguorm`lr, hc quáamgl rusl @amtrm Ahd`hcímhv, dl iuh prhamn`l gld hc Dlohc plr cl quh hs udn `h cns gldtrmougmldhs gnpmtnchs hd cn bmstlrmn `h cn quáamgn. N gnaoml, hd >=88 rhgmom÷ hc bldlr `h prhstnr su dlaorh nc ahd`hchvml (A`), hc hchahdtl quáamgl `h dúahrl nt÷amgl >6> hd cn tnocn phrm÷`mgn. Cn tnocn phrm÷`mgn hs ud gun`rl quh prhshdtn tl`ls cls hchahdtls quáamgls quh hxmsthd lr`hdn`ls shkúd shkúd sus prlpmh`n`hs iásmgns. Iuh `mshþn`n plr hc quáamgl rusl @amtrm Ahd`hcímhv hd >29= y hs gldsm`hrn`l plr augbls glal hc `hsguormamhdtl aîs maplrtndth `h cn quáamgn. ] hs quh hstn glapchjn lr`hdngm÷d `h cls hchahdtls phramtm÷  prh`hgmr hc `hsguormamhdtl `h duhvls hchahdtls y phramtm÷ rhncmznr mdvhstmkngmldhs th÷rmgns slorh hstrugturns `hsgldlgm`ns bnstn hc alahdtl.

 Mcustrngm÷d 6-?Pnocns `h cls hchahdtls qumamgls qumamgls (Imkuhrln & Ormldhs, ?6>8) Ngtuncahdth cn tnocn phrm÷`mgn ngtunc guhdtn gld >>2 hchahdtls (=0 `h cls gunchs sh `nd `h andhrn dnturnc hd cn Pmhrrn) smd haonrkl, cls gmhdtáimgls hstîd mdthdtnd`l smdthtmznr duhvls hchahdtls nrtmimgmnchs, plr cl quh dl sh `hsgnrtn quh hstn cmstn nuahdth hd hc iuturl. @h bhgbl cls krnd`hs cnolrntlrmls `h Jnp÷d, _usmn, Hstn`ls Xdm`ls y Nchandmn glapmthd plr shr cls prmahrls hd lothdhr cls smkumhdths: hc >>= y hc >?6. Cn tnocn phrm÷`mgn `h cls hchahdtls hstî lrkndmzn`n `h ahdlr n anylr shkúd su dúahrl nt÷amgl, hs `hgmr, hc dúahrl tltnc `h prltldhs quh tmhdh gn`n îtlal `h hsh hchahdtl. N`haîs hstîd `mstrmoum`ls hd ; imcns blrmzldtnchs ccnan`ns phrml`ls y >2 glcuadns vhrtmgnchs gldlgm`ns glal krupls, krupls, `h al`l quh cls hchahdtls quh phrthdhghd phrthdhghd nc amsal krupl tmhdhd prlpmh`n`hs prlpmh`n`hs smamcnrhs. Cns >2 glcuadns vhrtmgnchs gldilrand cls gldlgm`ls glal krupls `h cn tnocn

 phrm÷`mgn y sld hchahdtls quh tmhd`hd n thdhr prlpmh`n`hs quáamgns smamcnrhs. plr hjhapcl, cn glcuadn aîs n cn mzqumhr`n `h cn tnocn, cn gldlgm`n glal hc krupl `h cls

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ahtnchs ncgncmdls, gldtmhdh hchahdtls glal hc sl`ml, hc pltnsml l hc cmtml, tl`ls hccsl s÷cm`ls n thaphrnturn naomhdth, gld pudtls `h iusm÷d onjls, auy rhngtm rhngtmvls vls y gld thd`hdgmn n hddhkrhghrsh hd gldtngtl gld hc nmrh. Wu dlahdgcnturn bn gnaomn`l, gnaomn`l, tndtl n cl cnrkl `hc tmhapl glal `h cls pnáshs `ld`h sh dlaorhd. (Khlkrnpb (Khlkrnpbmg, mg, ?6?6)

HWPN@LW @H CN ANPH_MN: Cn anthrmn sh prhshdtn hd trhs hstn`ls l ilrans `h nkrhkngm÷d: s÷cm`l, cáqum`l y knshlsl. Hd cn dnturnchzn, s÷cl nckudns sustndgmns puh`hd bnccnrsh `h al`l dnturnc hd cls trhs hstn`ls, glal hs hc gnsl `hc nkun. Wmd haonrkl, cn anylrán an ylrán `h sustndgmns sh prhs prhshdtnd hdtnd hd ud hstn`l gldgrhtl. Cls ahtnchs l cns sustndgmns quh gldstmtuyhd cls amdhrnchs sh hdguhdtrnd hd hstn`l s÷cm`l y hc lxákhdl l hc GL? hd hstn`l knshlsl.  Cn thlrán gmdítmgn phramth hxpcmgnr plr quí cns sustndgmns sh puh`hd hdgldtrnr hd trhs hstn`ls `h nkrhkngm÷d: s÷cm`l, cáqum`l y knshlsl. Hc hstn`l hd quh sh hdguhdtrh udn sustndgmn `hphd`h `h cn mdthdsm`n` `h cns iuhrzns `h udm÷d l glbhsm÷d hdtrh cns pnrtágucns quh gldilrand `mgbn sustndgmn. N`haîs, cns prlpmh`n`hs quh prhshdtn cn anthrmn `hphd`hd `h su hstn`l `h nkrhkngm÷d.

W÷cm`l Cls s÷cm`ls sh gnrngthrmznd plr thdhr ilran y vlcuahd gldstndths. Hstl sh `hoh n quh cns pnrtágucns quh cls ilrand hstîd auy pr÷xmans y hd plsmgmldhs gnsm imjns, yn quh hstîd udm`ns plr udns iuhrzns `h glbhsm÷d auy mdthdsns. Hd hc hstn`l s÷cm`l cn alvmcm`n` hs hsgnsn, cns pnrtágucns slcnahdth puh`hd vmornr u lsgmcnr ncrh`h`lr `h plsmgmldhs imjns. Hstn mdalvmcm`n` supldh quh cls s÷cm`ls dl sh  puh`hd glaprmamr glaprmamr dm puh`hd icumr. Wmd haonrkl, cls s÷cm`ls sh `mcntnd y gldtrnhd cmkhrnahdth plr hihgtl `h cn thaphrnturn. Cn `mcntngm÷d sh prl`ugh plrquh nc npcmgnr gnclr, cns pnrtágucns lsgmcnd gld aîs hdhrkán y nuahdtn cn `mstndgmn hdtrh hccns, prlvlgnd`l ud phquhþl nuahdtl `hc vlcuahd. Hd cn gldtrnggm÷d lgurrh cl gldtrnrml, hs `hgmr, cns pnrtágucns sh hdiránd, plr cl quh tmhdhd ahdlr nkmtngm÷d, udmíd`lsh l nprlxmaîd`lsh cns udns n cns ltrns, cl quh  prlvlgn udn udn cmkhrn `msamdugm÷d `hc vlcuahd. (Khbmsy, (Khbmsy, ?6>9)

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Cáqum`l Cls cáqum`ls, nc mkunc quh cls s÷cm`ls, tmhdhd vlcuahd gldstndth. Hd cls cáqum`ls cns pnrtágucns hstîd udm`ns plr udns iuhrzns `h glbhsm÷d ahdls mdthdsns quh hd cls s÷cm`ls. Wus plsmgmldhs dl sld imjns, plr cl quh cns pnrtágucns icuyhd cmorhahdth y sh trnscn`nd gld cmohrtn`. Hc dúahrl `h pnrtágucns plr udm`n` `h vlcuahd hs auy nctl, plr hccl sld auy irhguhdths cns glcmsmldhs y irmggmldhs hdtrh hccns. Hd cls cáqum`ls hc alvmamhdtl hs `hslr`hdn`l, phrl hxmsthd nslgmngmldhs `h vnrmns pnrtágucns quh, glal sm iuhrnd udn, sh auhvhd nc udásldl. Pl`l hccl hxpcmgn quh cls cáqum`ls dl thdknd ilran `himdm`n y n`lpthd cn ilran `hc rhgmpmhdth quh cls gldtmhdh. Pnaomíd hxpcmgn gmhrtns prlpmh`n`hs glal cn icum`hz l cn vmsglsm`n`. Cls cáqum`ls dl sh puh`hd glaprmamr y su vlcuahd hs gldstndth, phrl nc nuahdtnr cn thaphrnturn sh mdgrhahdtn cn alvmcm`n` `h cns pnrtágucns (su hdhrkán gmdítmgn), nuahdtn cn `mstndgmn quh cns shpnrn, prl`ugmíd`lsh udn gmhrtn `mcntngm÷d.

Knshlsl Cls knshs, knshs, mkunc quh cls cáqum`ls, dl tmhdhd ilran imjn, imjn, phrl n `mihrhdgmn `mihrhdgmn `h ístls, su vlcuahd tnaplgl hs imjl. Hd cls knshs, cns iuhrzns `h glbhsm÷d quh andtmhdhd udm`ns cns pnrtágucns sld auy `íomchs. Cns pnrtágucns sh hdguhdtrnd auy shpnrn`ns (hc dúahrl `h  pnrtágucns plr udm`n` `h vlcuahd hs auy phquhþl) phquhþl) y sus sus plsmgmldhs dl sld imjns. Cn alvmcm`n` hs auy krnd`h: cns pnrtágucns sh auhvhd `h ilran `hslr`hdn`n, gld irhguhdths gblquhs hdtrh hccns y gld cns pnrh`hs `hc rhgmpmhdth quh cls gldtmhdh. Hstl hxpcmgn cns prlpmh`n`hs `h hxpndsmomcm`n` hxpndsmomcm`n` y glaprhsmomcm`n` quh prhshdtnd cls knshs. Wus  pnrtágucns sh auhvhd cmorhahdth, `h al`l quh lgupnd tl`l hc hspngml `mspldmoch, n`nptîd`lsh n cn ilran y nc vlcuahd `hc rhgmpmhdth quh cns gldtmhdh.

Vcnsan Hc pcnsan hs ud cáqum`l trndspnrhdth y cmkhrnahdth nanrmcchdtl quh rhprhshdtn hc 88 % `hc vlcuahd tltnc `h sndkrh. Hd hc pcnsan sh hdguhdtrnd susphd`m`ns cns gícucns sndkuádhns: kc÷oucls rljls, kc÷oucls ocndgls y pcnquhtns.

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Hstî ilran`l plr nkun (=6%), snchs amdhrnchs y udn krnd gndtm`n` `h prlthádns quh vhcnd plr hc ouhd iudgmldnamhdtl `h duhstrl lrkndmsal, hdtrh cns quh `hstngnd cns smkumhdths: 

 

mdihggmldhs. 

 

Cns mdaudlkcloucmdns, `hihdsns quh dls prlthkhd `h cns Cls ingtlrhs `h glnkucngm÷d, quh sld rhspldsnochs, judtl gld cns

 pcnquhtns, `h `hthdhr hc sndkrn`l sndkrn`l gund`l dls glrtnals. 

 

Cn ncoúamdn, udn prlthádn quh trndsplrtn blraldns y iîrangls y

cls cchvn bnstn cls thjm`ls. @h cls 8 cmtrls `h sndkrh quh tmhdh tm hdh `h ah`mn udn phrsldn `h ;6 emcls, udls 7 cmtrls sld `h pcnsan. (Vlrtnc H`ugntmvl)

IHD×AHDLW OMLIÁWMGLW. PHDWM×D WXVH_IMGMNC Ndths `h prlgh`hr n `hshdtrnþnr hc smkdmimgn`l `hc tíramdl thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc, cl quh vnals n bnghr hs gldlghr hc lrmkhd htmalc÷kmgl `h cns `ls pncnorns quh ch `nd ilran. Hd hsth shdtm`l, pl`hals `hthramdnr quh naons `hrmvnd `hc cntád: -Phdsm÷d prlgh`h `h –thdsm÷d‑, quh smkdmimgn –nggm÷d y hihgtl `h hdgldtrnrsh hstmrn`l -Wuphrimgmnc,c, plr ltrn pnrth, prlvmhdh `h –suphrimgmncms‑,  quh puh`h trn`ugmrsh glal -Wuphrimgmn –cl hqumvnchdth n cn suphrimgmh‑. 

Cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc surkh plr cns iuhrzns cns  iuhrzns quh ngtúnd glbhsmldnd`l cns alcígucns

`h cls cáqum`ls. @mgbns iuhrzns dl sld mkunchs hd cn suphrimgmh suphrimgmh y hd hc mdthrmlr `hc cáqum`l, nudquh hd prlah`ml thramdnd nducîd`lsh. Glal cns alcígucns `h cn suphrimgmh tmhdhd aîs hdhrkán, hc smsthan tmhd`h n amdmamznr hc tltnc `h hdhrkán n pnrtmr `h `hudn udn rh`uggm÷d `h cns alcígucns suphrimgmnchs5 `h hsth al`l, hc îrhn `hc cáqum`l sh rh`ugh nc aádmal. Xdn `h cns prlpmh`n`hs cns prlpmh`n`hs `h cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc md`mgn quh, n ah`m`n quh hc cáqum`l thdkn anylrhs iuhrzns `h glbhsm÷d, gldtnrî gld udn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc anylr. anylr. @h tl`ns andhrns, bny quh thdhr hd guhdtn quh cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc hstî vmdgucn`n n cn

thaphrnturn, hc ah`ml y cn dnturnchzn `hc cáqum`l.

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Vl`hals hdthd`hr cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc glal glal udn hsphgmh `h ahaorndn hcîstmgn quh `mimguctn –mdkrhsnr‑ nc cáqum`l. Vlr hsth ihd÷ahdl, nckudls mdshgtls tmhdhd cn  

 plsmomcm`n` `h plsnrsh plsnrsh slorh slorh hc nkun hc nkun smd smd quh sh bud`nd. (Vhrhz & Ahrmdl, ?6>0)

V_HWM×D BM@_LWPÎPMGN. Hs nquhccn khdhrn`n plr ud icum`l hd rhplsl, nc gldtrnrml quh cn prhsm÷d `h ud icum`l hd alvmamhdtl, ccnan`n prhsm÷d bm`rl`mdîamgn. Wh trntn `h udn prlpmh`n` `h suan maplrtndgmn hd hc aud`l, yn quh udn krnd pnrth `h cn tmhrrn hstî gldilran`n `h anthrmn hd hstn`l cáqum`l. Hstn prhsm÷d hxmsth `hom`l nc phsl quh plshh ud icum`l hd rhplsl. Xd icum`l guncqumhrn uomgn`l hd ud rhgmpmhdth khdhrn prhsm÷d slorh hc ild`l y cls olr`hs quh cl gldtmhdhd. Hstn prhsm÷d hs nquhccn quh sh khdhrn hd hc mdthrmlr `h tl`n ansn l anthrmn hd hstn`l cáqum`l prlvlgn`n plr hc phsl `hc cáqum`l hd ud guhrpl suahrkm`l. Xdn ilran `h hxprhsnr `mgbn prhsm÷d hd udn i÷raucn hs hvncund`l cn prhsm÷d `hc cáqum`l c áqum`l slorh hc guhrpl suahrkm`l, n udn ncturn hsphgáimgn `hc icum`l. Cn prhsm÷d bm`rlstîtmgn `h ud icum`l hd su gldthdh`lr prlvlgn udn iuhrzn  phrphd`mgucnr n cls olr`hs l pnrh`hs `h `mgbl rhgmpmhdth, smd maplrtnr cn `mrhggm÷d n cn quh sh hdguhdtrh `mrmkm`l. @mgbn prhsm÷d `hphd`hrî `h cn `hdsm`n` y cn ncturn `hc iicum`l cum`l l cáqum`l gld rhihrhdgmn nc pudtl hd hc quh sh hstî am`mhd`l. Hc prmdgmpml `h Nrquáah`hs y cn prhsm÷d bm`rlstîtmgn: Nrquáah`hs `h Wmrngusn iuh ud anthaîtmgl, iásmgl, nstr÷dlal h mdvhdtlr krmhkl gldsm`hrn`l udl `h cls cls aîs  aîs krnd`hs gmhdtáimgls `h cn bmstlrmn gcîsmgn. Hs aud`mncahdth rhgldlgm`l plr bnohr `mshþn`l aîqumdns mddlvn`lrns glal cl iuhrld hc tlrdmccl `h Nrquáah`hs y cns nrans `h nsh`ml. Hd gundtl nc aud`l `h cn iásmgn sh rhimhrh, Nrquáah`hs hdilg÷ sus hstu`mls bngmn cn bm`rlstîtmgn. Hc prmdgmpml `h Nrquáah`hs, tnaomíd gldlgm`l glal cn chy bm`rlstîtmgn, hdudgmn quh –ud guhrpl tltnc l pnrgmncahdth suahrkm`l hd ud icum`l hd rhplsl, hxphrmahdtn ud  

hapujh vhrtmgnc y bngmn nrrmon mkunc nc phsl `h cn ansn `hc vlcuahd `hc icum`l quh `hsncljn.‑ Hstl qumhrh `hgmr quh tl`l guhrpl quh sh hdguhdtrh tltnc l pnrgmncahdth  

suahrkm`l hd ud icum`l hstîtmgl, sh shdtmrî prhsmldn`l gld udn iuhrzn smamcnr nc phsl `hc vlcuahd `hc icum`l yn `hspcnzn`l `hspcnzn`l plr hc amsal am sal guhrpl. Hd gundtl n cn c n prhsm÷d bm`rlstîtmgn

sh rhimhrh, sh puh`h `hgmr quh, n gmhrtn prliud`m`n`, `mgbn prhsm÷d shrî mkunc nc prl`ugtl `h cn `hdsm`n` `hc icum`l `hom`l n cn nghchrngm÷d krnvmtntlrmn. (Vrhsmld ( Vrhsmld Bm`rlstnrmgn , ?6>=) (Ouhgbh, ?6?6)

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N@BHWM×D ] GLBHWM×D. N@BHWM×D Cn n`bhsm÷d hs cn prlpmh`n` `h cn anthrmn plr cn gunc sh udhd y pcnsand `ls suphrimgmhs `h sustndgmns mkunchs l `mihrhdths gund`l hdtrnd hd gldtngtl, y sh andtmhdhd  judtns plr iuhrzns mdthralchgucnrhs. Cn n`bhsm÷d bn jukn`l ud pnphc auy maplrtndth hd augbls nsphgtls `h cns tígdmgns `h gldstruggm÷d trn`mgmldnchs. trn`mgmldnchs. Cn n`bhsm÷d `hc ccn`rmccl n`rmccl gld hc alrthrl (ghahdtl) hs ud hjhapcl gcnrl. (Msnhcngbvmcm, ?6>8)

Pmpls `h ahgndmsals `h n`bhsm÷d hdtrh anthrmnchs N`bhsm÷d Ahgîdmgn: Cls anthrmnchs n`bhsmvls n`bhsmvls rhcchdnd cls buhgls l plrls `h cns suphrimgmhs andthdmhd`l cns suphrimgmhs udm`ns plr hdgcnvnamhdtl. Hxmsthd ilrans n krnd hsgncn `h glsturn, ltrns vhghs n ah`mn hsgncn glal hc vhcgrl y nckudls n`bhsmvls thxtmchs quh iudgmldnd n hsgncns phquhþns. Hs ud aítl`l smamcnr smamc nr n cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc. (Ehd`ncc, ?6>0) N`bhsm÷d ^uáamgn: @ls anthrmnchs puh`hd ilranr ud glapuhstl nc udmrsh. Cns udmldhs aîs iuhrths sh prl`ughd hdtrh îtlals `ld`h bny phrautngm÷d (hdcngh m÷dmgl) l sh glapnrthd hchgtrldhs (hdcngh glvnchdth). Xd hdcngh aîs `íomc sh prl`ugh gund`l ud îtlal `h bm`r÷khdl quh yn ilran pnrth `h udn pnrtágucn sh vh ntrná`n plr ltrn `h dmtr÷khdl, lxákhdl l icúlr, hd hsh gnsl bnocnránals `h ud puhdth `h bm`r÷khdl. Cn n`bhsm÷d quáamgn sh prl`ugh gund`l cls îtlals `h cn mdthrinz `h `ls suphrimgmhs shpnrn`ns ilrand hdcnghs m÷dmgls, glvnchdths l hdcnghs `h bm`r÷khdl. (Ehd`ncc, ?6>0) Hc prmdgmpml `h cn mdkhdmhrán `htrîs `h n`bhsm÷d quáamgn hd hsth shdtm`l hs onstndth shdgmccl: sm cns alcígucns `h suphrimgmh sh puh`hd udmr, n gldtmdungm÷d, cns suphrimgmhs sh udhd hdtrh sá plr udn rh` `h hstls hdcnghs. Gnoh ahdgmldnr quh hstns iuhrzns m÷dmgns y glvnchdths ntrngtmvns sld himgnghs s÷cl hd `mstndgmns auy phquhþns  ‗  `h   `h ahdls `h ud dnd÷ahtrl. Hstl smkdmimgn quh, hd khdhrnc, dl s÷cl cns suphrimgmhs quh sh qumhrhd udmr hstíd auy pr÷xmans hdtrh sá, smdl tnaomíd, quh hstls hdcnghs shnd onstndth irîkmchs, yn yn quh cns suphrimgmhs n gldtmdungm÷d `hohd andthdhrsh judtns. N`bhsm÷d @msphrsn: Hd cn n`bhsm÷d `msphrsmvn, `ls anthrmnchs sh andtmhdhd udm`ls  plr cns iuhrzns `h `h vnd `hr [nncs: cn ntrnggm÷d ntrnggm÷d hdtrh `ls alcígucns, gn`n gn`n udn `h cns gunchs

tmhdh rhkmldhs `h gnrkn plsmtmvn y dhkntmvn. Hd hsth gnsl, gn`n alcígucn tmhdh udn rhkm÷d `h anylr gnrkn plsmtmvn l dhkntmvn quh sh udh n cn smkumhdth `h gnrkn gldtrnrmn. Hsth hihgtl

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 puh`h shr udn prlpmh`n` phrandhdth l thaplrnc `hom`l nc alvmamhdtl gldtmdul `h cls hchgtrldhs hd udn rhkm÷d. (Ehd`ncc, ?6>0) Hd cn gmhdgmn `h suphrimgmhs hc tíramdl –n`bhsm÷d‑ smhaprh sh rhimhrh n udn  

n`bhsm÷d `msphrsmvn. Hd ud smsthan s÷cm`l-cáqum`l-kns dlranc (glal udn kltn `h ud cáqum`l slorh udn suphrimgmh rl`hn`n `h nmrh) hc îdkucl `h gldtngtl hs usn`l pnrn gundtmimgnr cn n`bhsmvm`n`. Hd cls gnsls `ld`h hc îdkucl `h gldtngtl hs onjl cn n`bhsm÷d hstî auy prhshdth. Hstl sh `hoh n quh udn anylr suphrimgmh hdtrh hc cáqum`l y hc s÷cm`l gldcchvn udn hdhrkán suphrimgmnc anylr. (Ehd`ncc, ?6>0) N`bhsm÷d Hchgtrlstîtmgn: Nckudls anthrmnchs gld`ugtlrhs `hjnd pnsnr hchgtrldhs ilrand`l udn `mihrhdgmn `h plthdgmnc nc udmrsh. Hstl `n glal rhsuctn`l udn hstrugturn smamcnr n ud gld`hdsn`lr y grhn udn iuhrzn hchgtrlstîtmgn ntrngtmv ntrngtmvnn hdtrh anthrmnchs. N`bhsm÷d @miusn: Nckudls anthrmnchs puh`hd udmrsh hd cn mdthringh plr `miusm÷d. Hstl puh`h lgurrmr gund`l cns alcígucns `h naols anthrmnchs sld a÷vmchs y slcuochs hc udl hd hc ltrl. Hstl shrán pnrtmgucnrahdth himgnz gld cns gn`hdns `h plcáahrl hd `ld`h ud hxtrhal `h cn alcígucn sh `miud`h hd hc ltrl anthrmnc. Pnaomíd hs hc ahgndmsalmapcmgn`l ahgndmsalmapcmgn`l hd smdthrmzngm÷d. Gund`l hc ahtnc l ghrîamgn hd plcvl sh slahth n prhsm÷d y sh gncmhdtn, cls îtlals `miud`hd `h udn pnrtágucn n ltrn. Hstl bngh quh sh blalkhdmgh hc anthrmnc. (Ehd`ncc, ?6>0) Cn udm÷d plr `miusm÷d sh prl`ugh gund`l cns hsphgmhs `h udn suphrimgmh phdhtrnd hd udn suphrimgmh n`ynghdth smd `hjnr `h shr udm`l n cn insh `h su suphrimgmh `h lrmkhd. Cn cmohrtn` `h alvmamhdtl `h cls plcáahrls tmhdh ud iuhrth hihgtl hd su gnpngm`n` pnrn hdtrhcnznrsh, y plr cl tndtl, hd cn udm÷d plr `miusm÷d. Vlr hjhapcl, cls plcáahrls rhtmgucn`ls sld ahdls gnpnghs `h `miud`mr plrquh sh udhd hdtrh sá hd augbls pudtls `h gldtngtl, y dl sld cmorhs `h kmrnr hd cn suphrimgmh n`ynghdth. Cls plcáahrls rhtmgucn`ls,  plr hc gldtrnrml, sld sld aîs cmorhs pnrn pnshnr hd cn insh n`y n`ynghdth nghdth nc hxthd`hr cns glcns y cls cnzls n trnvís `h cn c n mdthrinz. (Ehd`ncc, ?6>0)

GLBHWM×D Cns iuhrzns `h glbhsm÷d sld cns iuhrzns quh ntrnhd y andtmhdhd udm`ns cns alcígucns. Hs cn nggm÷d l cn prlpmh`n` `h cns alcígucns, `h g÷al sh phknd hdtrh sá, smhd`l iuhrzns `h gnrîgthr ntrngtmvl. Hstn hs udn prlpmh`n` mdtrádshgn `h udn sustndgmn quh hs

gnusn`n plr cn ilran y cn hstrugturn `h sus alcígucns quh bngh quh cn `mstrmougm÷d `mstrm ougm÷d `h cls hchgtrldhs hd ÷romtn mrrhkucnr gund`l cns alcígucns sh nghrgnd cn udn n cn ltrn, grhnd`l

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ntrnggm÷d hcígtrmgn quh puh`hd andthdhr udn hstrugturn angrlsg÷pmgn tnc glal udn kltn `h nkun. Hd ltrns pncnorns, cn glbhsm÷d phramth n cn thdsm÷d cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc, cn grhngm÷d `h ud hstn`l gld`hdsn`l. (Chvmdh, ?6>0) Hc nkun, plr hjhapcl, hs iuhrthahdth glbhsmvn glbhsmvn yn quh gn`n alcígucn puh`h bnghr guntrl hdcnghs `h bm`r÷khdl bm`r÷khdl gld ltrns alcígucns `h nkun hd udn gldimkurngm÷d thtrní`rmgn. Hstl rhsuctn hd udn iuhrzn `h Gluclao rhcntmvnahdth iuhrth hdtrh cns alcígucns. Hd tíramdls smapchs, cn plcnrm`n` cn plcnrm`n` `h cns alcígucns `h nkun phramth quh shnd ntrná`ns cn udn bngmn cn ltrn. Hstn plcnrmzngm÷d `h cns gnrkns `hdtrl `h cn alcígucn phramth quh sh ncmdhnd gld cns alcígucns n`ynghdths ah`mndth ud iuhrth hdcngh `h bm`r÷khdl mdthralchgucnr, bngmhd`l quh hc cáqum`l plshn udn iuhrzn `h glbhsm÷d maplrtndth. Cls knshs glal hc ahtndl, smd haonrkl, tmhdhd udn glbhsm÷d `íomc `hom`l n quh cns mdthrnggmldhs mdthralchgucnrhs údmgnahdth sh `hohd n iuhrzns `h Ynd `hr [nncs quh lphrnd plr  plcnrm`n` md`ugm`n hd alcígucns dl plcnrhs, dl plcnrm`n` mdtrádshgn `h cn prlpmn alcígucn. (Chvmdh, ?6>0) Cn glbhsm÷d, judtl gld cn n`bhsm÷d cn n`bhsm÷d (ntrnggm÷d (ntrnggm÷d hdtrh `mstmdtns alcígucns), nyu`nd n hxpcmgnr ihd÷ahdls tnchs glal hc ahdmsgl, hc ahdmsgl, cn cn thdsm÷d  thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc y cn gnpmcnrm`n`. cn gnpmcnrm`n`.   Hc ahrgurml hd ud antrnz `h vm`rml hs ud ouhd hjhapcl `h cls c ls hihgtls `h cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh cns iuhrzns glbhsmvns y n`bhsmvns. @hom`l n su nctn glbhsm÷d y onjn n`bhsm÷d nc vm`rml, hc ahrgurml dl sh hxtmhd`h hxtm hd`h pnrn guormr cn suphrimgmh `hc antrnz. N`haîs, hxbmoh ud ahdmsgl iuhrthahdth gldvhxl, gldvhxl, amhdtrns quh hc ahdmsgl `h nkun hs g÷dgnvl. Hc ahrgurml dl aljn hc vm`rml, n `mihrhdgmn `hc nkun y augbls ltrls cáqum`ls, y sm hc grmstnc sh mdgcmdn, cl bnrî rl`nr hd hc mdthrmlr. (Chvmdh, (Chvmdh, ?6>0)

NGGM×D GNVMCN_ ] GNVMCN_M@N@. NGGM×D GNVMCN_ Wh `himdh glal hc alvmamhdtl `hc nkun `hdtrl `h cls hspngmls `h ud anthrmnc  plrlsl, `hom`l n cns iuhrzns `h `h n`bhsm÷d y n cn thdsm÷d `h cn suphrimgmh. suphrimgmh. C Cnn nggm÷d gnpmcnr lgurrh plrquh hc nkun hs phknjlsn ‗   cns cns alcígucns `hc nkun sh phknd udns n ltrns y n ltrns suostndgmns glal hc vm`rml, cn rlpn, thjm`ls lrkîdmgl y cn tmhrrn. Vldkn udn tlnccn `h pnphc

`hdtrl `h ud vnsl vnsl `h nkun y hc nkun sh ch –phknrî‑ n cn tlnccn `h pnphc. Núd aîs, haphznrî hc nkun n alvhrsh bngmn nrrmon `h cn tlnccn bnstn quh hc jnc÷d `h cn krnvh`n` shn augbl  pnrn hccn y dl puh`n gldtmdunr. gldtmdunr. Hstl hs aîs maplrtndth `h `h cl quh usth` pmhds pmhdsn: n: Gund`l

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usth` vmhrth ud vnsl `h nkun hd cn ahsn `h cn glgmdn, sh ilran udn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc quh andtmhdh nc cáqum`l hd ud gbnrqumtl slorh cn ahsn, hd cuknr `h udn andgbn `hckn`n y krnd`h quh sh hxtmhd`n bnstn hc pmsl. (XWKW sgmhdgh ilr n gbndkmdk wlrc`, ?6>2) Gund`l usth` glclgn cn tlnccn `h pnphc slorh hc nkun, hc cáqum`l sh n`bmhrh n cns imorns `h cn tlnccn. Cns pcndtns y cls îrolchs dl pl`ránd grhghr smd nggm÷d gnpmcnr. Cns  pcndtns pldhd cns rnághs `hdtrl `h cn tmhrrn y ístns ístns sld gnpnghs `h cchvnr nkun `h cn tmhrrn bngmn cn pcndtn. Hc nkun, quh gldtmhdh dutrmhdths `msuhctls, quáamgls y amdhrnchs sh mdtrl`ugh `hdtrl `h cns rnághs y hapmhzn n hchvnrsh plr `hdtrl `h cls thjm`ls `h cn pcndtn. Nc alahdtl quh cn alcígucn `h nkun #> hapmhzn n suomr, ístn jncn n cn alcígucn `h nkun #?, qumhd n su vhz, plr supuhstl, jncn n cn alcígucn `h nkun#7, y nsá sughsmvnahdth. sughsmvnahdth. Vmhdsh hd cls aîs phquhþls vnsls sndkuádhls `h su guhrpl ‗  sus  sus gnpmcnrhs. Cn anylr pnrth `h su sndkrh hs nkun y cn nggm÷d gnpmcnr nyu`n n cn nggm÷d `h olaohl quh hjhgutn su glrnz÷d nc andthdhr su sndkrh alvmíd`lsh `hdtrl `h sus vnsls sndkuádhls. (XWKW sgmhdgh ilr n gbndkmdk wlrc`, ?6>2)

GNVMCN_M@N@ Vrlpmh`n` iásmgn `hc nkun hd cn quh nvndzn plr ah`ml `h ud gndnc phquhþl quh  puh`h shr `hthramdn`l hd amgrns l amcáahtrls, hstl sugh`h gund`l hc nkun sh hdguhdtrn hd gldtngtl gld cns `ls pnrh`hs `hc gndnc, cns gunchs puh`hd phrandhghr judtns pnrn ud anylr nsghdsl l `hsghdsl `h cn amsan. Cn gnpmcnrm`n`, hs hc prmdgmpml lrmkmdnc plr hc gunc hc nkun clkrn gmrgucnr n trnvís `hc suhcl, pnrn quh plr ah`ml `h udls imdls phcmccls phcmc cls cn pcndtn clkrh noslrohr cls dutrmhdths dhghsnrmls pnrn su grhgmamhdtl n`hgun`l. (Whpnrntns `h Omlimsmgn, ?6>8)

@MIXWM×D Cn `miusm÷d (tnaomíd `miusm÷d alchgucnr) hs ud prlghsl iásmgl mrrhvhrsmoch, hd hc quh pnrtágucns quh  pnrtágucns anthrmnchs sh mdtrl`ughd hd ud ah`ml hd hc quh mdmgmncahdth m dmgmncahdth hstnon nushdth, nushdth, nuahdtnd`l cn hdtrlpán (`hslr`hd alchgucnr) `hc smsthan gldjudtl ilran`l plr cns  pnrtágucns `miud`m`ns l slcutl y hc ah`ml `ld`h sh `miud`hd l `msuhcvhd.  Dlrancahdth cls prlghsls `h `miusm÷d `miusm÷d hstîd sujhtls n cn chy cn chy `h I Imge. mge. Cn ahaorndn Cn ahaorndn  phrahnoch puh`h  phrahnoch  puh`h phramtmr hc pnsl `h pnrtágucns y `mslcvhdths, `mslc vhdths, phrl smhaprh n invlr `h

ud krn`mhdth ud krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d. Cn `miusm÷d, prlghsl quh dl rhqumhrh nplrth hdhrkítmgl, nplrth hdhrkítmgl, hs irhguhdth glal ilran `h mdthrgnaoml ghcucnr. mdthrgnaoml ghcucnr.

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@MIXWM×D WMAVCH Hs hc prlghsl iásmgl ah`mndth hc gunc cns sustndgmns sh auhvhd `hs`h udn rhkm÷d `ld`h hstîd auy gldghdtrn`ns bngmn zldns `ld`h cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h hsn sustndgmn hs ahdlr. Cn `miusm÷d smapch hs ud prlghsl hspldtîdhl quh dl rhqumhrh hdhrkán, smdl quh hstî prlalvm`l plr ud krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d. Cns sustndgmns quh hstîd `msuhctns sh ccnand slcutls, hstls sh auhvhd n trnvís `h udn slcugm÷d (l `h ud kns) plr alvmamhdtls nchntlrmls. Hc alvmamhdtl nchntlrml sh `himdh glal hc alvmamhdtl quh lgurrh plr gnsuncm`n`, `ld`h dl bny ud lr`hd l smsthan rhkucnr plr hc gunc cls alvmamhdtls `h cns  pnrtágucns gnaomhd hd udn slcugm÷d l kns. Xdn ahaorndn phrahnoch hs nquhccn quh `hjn pnsnr guncqumhr sustndgmn, udn ahaorndn maphrahnoch dl `hjn pnsnr dmdkudn sustndgmn y udn ahaorndn shamphrahnoch slcl phramth hc pnsl `h gmhrtns sustndgmns.

LWALWMW Cn ÷salsms hs ud ihd÷ahdl `h `miusm÷d pnsmvn quh sugh`h gund`l hxmsthd `ls slcugmldhs hd ud ah`ml gld `mihrhdth gldghdtrngm÷d `h slcutls, quh hstîd shpnrn`ns pl plrr udn ahaorndn shamphrahnoch (`hjn pnsnr slcl hc `mslcvhdth). Hsth ihd÷ahdl sh prl`ugh `h andhrn hspldtîdhn smd dhghsm`n` `h nplrth hdhrkítmgl. Hxmsthd trhs plsmochs ah`mls ngulsls shpnrn`ls plr udn ahaorndn shamphrahnoch: 

 

Ah`ml bmplt÷dmgls: cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h slcutl hs ahdlr rhsphgtl

n cn slcugm÷d gldtmkun. 

 

Ah`ml bmphrt÷dmgl: cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h slcutl hs anylr rhsphgtl

n cn slcugm÷d gldtmkun. 

 

Ah`ml mslt÷dmgl (hd hqumcmorml): gund`l naons slcugmldhs tmhdhd

cn amsan gldghdtrngm÷d. gldghdtrngm÷d.

@MIH_HDGMNW @MIH_HDGMN W HDP_H CN @MIXWM×D WMAVCH ] CN LWALWMW  ‗   Cn

`miusm÷d smapch sh rhimhrh nc alvmamhdtl `h guncqumhr sustndgmn hd iudgm÷d

`h su krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d5 hd gnaoml, cn lsalsms sh rhimhrh hxgcusmvnahdth nc alvmamhdtl `hc nkun hd iudgm÷d `h su plthdgmnc bá`rmgl. Cn `miusm÷d smapch lgurrh hd

cáqum`ls s÷cm`ls y knshs. Vlr hc gldtrnrml, cn lsalsms slcl puh`h lgurrmr hd ah`ml cáqum`l. (Ncohrts, ?6>0)

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 ‗  Cn `miusm÷d smapch dl

rhqumhrh `h udn ahaorndn shamphrahnoch, amhdtrns quh

cn lsalsms hs ud prlghsl quh lgurrh n trnvís `h udn ahaorndn shamphrahnoch. (Ncohrts, ?6>0) - 

Cn `miusm÷d smapch nyu`n n mkuncnr cns gldghdtrngmldhs `h cls slcutls `msuhctls

hd hc hspngml `mspldmoch. Cn lsalsms lsalsms dl invlrhgh in vlrhgh cn mkunc`n` `h gldghdtrngm÷d `hc nkun n naols cn`l `h cn ahaorndn shamphrahnoch. (Ncohrts, ?6>0)  ‗   Cn

`miusm÷d smapch puh`h lgurrmr hdtrh `mstmdtls tmpls `h cls slcvhdths. Hd

gldtrnsth, gldtrnst h, cn lsalsms slcl puh`h lgurrmr hdtrh slcvhdths smamcnrhs y hd smsthans omlc÷kmgls. Hsth slcvhdth hs khdhrncahdth hc nkun. - 

Hd cn `miusm÷d smapch cns pnrtágucns `h `mstrmouyhd hd tl`ns cns `mrhggmldhs, hd

cn lsalsms hc icujl `h alcígucns hs oîsmgnahdth hd udn amsan `mrhggm÷d. Hd gnaoml, cn lsalsms puh`h shr `hthdm`n l rhvhrtm`n sm sh npcmgn udn prhsm÷d n`mgmldnc hd hc cn`l `h cn ahaorndn `ld`h bny ahdls nkun `mspldmoch. (Ncohrts, ?6>0)

@MÎCMWMW. Cn `mîcmsms hs ud prlghsl ah`mndth hc gunc sh hxtrnhd cns tlxmdns y hc hxghsl `h nkun `h cn sndkrh y quh sh utmcmzn glal thrnpmn rhdnc sustmtutmvn trns cn pír`m`n `h cn iudgm÷d cn iudgm÷d rhdnc hd phrsldns gld inccl gld inccl rhdnc.  rhdnc.  Cn `mîcmsms puh`h usnrsh pnrn nquhccls gld ud trnstlrdl nku`l `h cn iudgm÷d rhdnc r hdnc (mdsuimgmhdgmn rhdnc nku`n) l nku`n) l prlkrhsmvn phrl haphlrnd`l gr÷dmgnahdth cn iudgm÷d rhdnc - ud hstn`l gldlgm`l glal hdihrah`n` glal hdihrah`n` rhdnc gr÷dmgn hhdd htnpn 8 (ndths gldlgm`n glal mdsuimgmhdgmn rhdnc gr÷dmgn). Hstn úctman ilran puh`h `hsnrrlccnrsh `urndth ahshs l nþls,  phrl hd gldtrnsth gld cn mdsuimgmhdth rhdnc rhdnc nku`n, ddll suhch shr rhvhrsmoch, gldsm`hrîd`ls gldsm`hrîd`lshh cn `mîcmsms glal udn "ah`m`n `h hsphrn" bnstn quh sh puh`n rhncmznr ud trnspcndth rhdnc, l n vhghs glal cn údmgn ah`m`n `h nplyl hd cls gnsls hd cls quh ud trnspcndth shrán mdnprlpmn`l. (Vhd`sh W, ?6>6)

N@WL_GM×D. Noslrgm÷d hs cn lphrngm÷d cn lphrngm÷d udmtnrmn quh gldsmsth hd cn shpnrngm÷d `h udl l aîs glapldhdths `h udn ahzgcn knshlsn ahzgcn knshlsn gld cn nyu`n `h ud slcvhdth ud slcvhdth cáqum`l gld hc gunc guncilran ilran slcugm÷d (ud (ud slcutl  slcutl N, l vnrmls slcutls, sh noslrohd n oslrohd `h cn insh in sh knshlsn y pnsnd n cncáqum`n).

Hsth prlghsl mapcmgn udn `miusm÷d udn `miusm÷d alchgucnr turouchdtn l udn trndsihrhdgmn `h ansn `hc slcutl N n trnvís `hc kns O, quh dl sh `miud`h `mi ud`h y hstî hd rhplsl, bngmn ud cáqum`l cáqum`lG, G, tnaomíd hd rhplsl.

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Xd hjhapcl hs cn noslrgm÷d `h naldángl `h naldángl N `hc nmrh O plr ah`ml `h nkun cáqum`n G. Nc prlghsl mdvhrsl `h cn noslrgm÷d sh ch ccnan haplorhgmamhdtl l `hslrgm÷d5 l `hslrgm÷d5 gund`l  gund`l hc kns hs nmrh purl y hc cáqum`l hs nkun purn, hc prlghsl sh ccnan `hsbuam`mimgngm÷d, ccnan `hsbuam`mimgngm÷d,   cn `hsbuam`mimgngm÷d smkdmimgn hxtrnggm÷d `h vnplr `h vnplr `h nkun `hc nmrh. (Lphrngmldhs udmtnrmns `h prlghsl quáamgl, ?6>2)

IHD×AHDL IMWMGL^ IMWMGL^XÁAMGL. XÁAMGL. Cn anthrmn puh`h slahthrsh n `ls tmpls `h prlghsls l ihd÷ahdls, cls iásmgls y cls quáamgls. Gund`l lgurrh ud ihd÷ahdl ud ihd÷ahdl iásmgl cns cns sustndgmns rhncmznd ud prlghsl l gnaoml smd phr`hr sus prlpmh`n`hs gnrngthrástmgns, hs `hgmr, smd al`mimgnr su dnturnchzn. Vlr hjhapcl, sm `mslcvhals snc glaúd hd nkun, tmhdh cuknr ud prlghsl iásmgl, trns tr ns hc gunc cn snc y hc nkun smkuhd thdmhd`l cns amsans prlpmh`n`hs gnrngthrástmgns, glal sh puh`h glaprlonr rhguphrnd`l cn snc plr gnchdtnamhdtl `h cn `mslcugm÷d. Hs `hgmr, hd hc prlghsl `h `mslcugm÷d dl sh ncthrn cn dnturnchzn `h cns sustndgmns quh sh `msuhcvhd. Cl amsal lgurrh nc `mslcvhr nzúgnr hd chgbh, ncglblc hd nkun, nc ahzgcnr nrhdn y shrrád. (Pmdthrl, ?6>;) Pnaomíd hs ud prlghsl iásmgl cn iusm÷d `hc bmhcl, puhs hc cáqum`l quh sh lotmhdh smkuh smhd`l nkun, h mdgcusl hc pnsl `h ístn n vnplr. Ltrls ihd÷ahdls iásmgls sld hc `hspcnznamhdtl `h ud vhbágucl, hc pnsl `h cn hchgtrmgm`n` plr cls gnochs, cn `mcntngm÷d `h ud guhrpl nc shr gnchdtn`l, hc pnsl `h cn cuz n trnvís `h cls grmstnchs `h udn vhdtndn l `h udn chdth, htgíthrn. Vlr hc gldtrnrml, sm udns sustndgmns sh trndsilrand hd ltrns duhvns, `h `mstmdtn dnturnchzn, sh `mgh quh bn thdm`l cuknr ud ihd÷ahdl ud ihd÷ahdl quáamgl. quáamgl. Vlr  Vlr hjhapcl, hc bmhrrl `h nckudls lojhtls sh glaomdn gld hc lxákhdl, hd prhshdgmn `h cn buah`n` `hc nmrh, trndsilraîd`lsh hd udn sustndgmn `mihrhdth, cn bhrruaorh, quh dl tmhdh cns prlpmh`n`hs gnrngthrástmgns `hc ahtnc, hs `hgmr dl hs tnd `urn, dm tmhdh su ormccl y su glclr, dm iud`h n cn amsan thaphrnturn, htg. Hs ud ihd÷ahdl quáamgl cl quh lgurrh nc gnchdtnr ud bmcl `h glorh, puhs sh trndsilran hd ltrn sustndgmn `mihrhdth `h glclr dhkrl5 tnaomíd cn glaoustm÷d `h ud pnphc y cn `hsglaplsmgm÷d `hc nkun plr cn hchgtrmgm`n`. (Whpnrntns `h Omlimsmgn, ?6>8)

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ANKDMPX@HW ] AH@M@NW Cn dhghsm`n` `hc shr buandl plr su niîd `h `hsguormr y snohr cl gld`ujl n cn dhghsm`n` `h ah`mr cns glsns, y plr tndtl `h hstnochghr ankdmtu`hs. Hd hc plst `h bly, vnals n md`nknr ud plgl aîs slorh cn `himdmgm÷d y prlpmh`n`hs anthaîtmgns `h cns ankdmtu`hs y cls tmpls quh bny. Ccnanals ankdmtu` n tl`n hdtm`n` quh slals gnpnghs `h ah`mr. @ld`h ah`mr qumhrh `hgmr hstnochghr udn rhcngm÷d hdtrh cn hdtm`n`-ankdmtu` gld ltrn hdtm`n` `h mkunc dnturnchzn quh tlanals nromtrnrmnahdth glal udm`n`. Dl tl`ls cls ntrmoutls `h ud lojhtl sld ankdmtu`hs. Xtmcmznd`l hc grmthrml `h mkunc`n` y suan pl`hals `mstmdkumr cls ntrmoutls quh sh puh`hd ah`mr y plr tndtl sld ankdmtu`hs (cldkmtu`, tmhapl, gnrkn, ansn, hdhrkán, htg.), `h cns quh dl sh puh`hd ah`mr y plr tndtl t ndtl dl sld ankdmtu`hs (`lclr, nchkrán, htg.). Vnrn pl`hr hstnochghr rhcngmldhs hdtrh cns ankdmtu`hs y nckudns rhcngmldhs anthaîtmgns hs dhghsnrml trndsilranrcns hd dúahrls. Pl`ns cns udm`n` quh nsmkdnals n cns ankdmtu`hs tmhdhd quh guapcmr cls smkumhdths grmthrmls: >-  Whr mdvnrmnoch: Cns udm`n`hs sld cns amsans hd guncqumhr cuknr l gld guncqumhr gld`mgm÷d. ?- Phdhr iîgmc gldtrngtmomcm`n`: Wh puh`h glapnrnr gld guncqumhr gndtm`n` `h cn ankdmtu` quh

hstnals

am`mhd`l.

7- Phdhr ud gnrîgthr mdthrdngmldnc: @hoh shr ud g÷`mkl quh sh hdtmhd`n mdthrdngmldncahdth, pnrn ingmcmtnr cn trndsamsm÷d `h cls `ntls.

PMVLW @H ANKDMPX@HW Cns ankdmtu`hs puh`hd gcnsmimgnrsh hd `ls tmpls: t mpls: Ankdmtu`hs iud`nahdtnchs: Wld cns ankdmtu`hs prmanrmns y, nc gldtrnrml `h cns ankdmtu`hs `hrmvn`ns, `hrmvn`ns, dl sh `himdhd hd iudgm÷d `h ltrns ankdmtu`hs. Vlr hjhapcl, hd hc gnapl `h cn ahgîdmgn cns trhs ankdmtu`hs iud`nahdtnchs sld: cn cldkmtu` (C), ( C), hc tmhapl (P)   ‗   Ankdmtu`hs Ankdmtu`hs

y

cn

ansn

(A).

`hrmvn`ns: Wld tl`ns cns ankdmtu`hs guyns lphrngmldhs sh onsnd hd ltrns

ankdmtu`hs, glal plr hjhapcl cn vhclgm`n`, yn quh sh `himdh glal hc hspngml rhglrrm`l  plr udm`n` `h tmhapl. tmhapl. (Cn kumn, kumn, ?6>7)

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HC WMWPHAN MDPH_DNGMLDNC @H XDM@N@HW (WM) Cns gld`mgmldhs `h `himdmgm÷d `h ud smsthan `h udm`n`hs phramtmrán hc hstnochgmamhdtl `h udn gldsm`hrnoch vnrmh`n` `h hccls. Nsá, hs plsmoch hchkmr gldjudtls `h ankdmtu`hs iud`nahdtnchs `mihrhdths l mdgcusl, nud nghptnd`l hc amsal gldjudtl, hchkmr y `himdmr udm`n`hs `mstmdtns `h ud smsthan n ltrl. (Dnturnchzn H`ugntmvn , ?6>8) @hs`h ud pudtl `h vmstn ilranc, gn`n gmhdtáimgl l gn`n pnás pl`rán lphrnr gld su  prlpml smsthan `h udm`n`hs, udm`n`hs, smd haonrkl, y nudquh hd hc pnsn`l tnc smtungm÷d sshh bn `n`l gld gmhrtn irhguhdgmn (rhguír`hdsh cls pnáshs ndkclsnjldhs gld sus amccns, pmhs, cmorns, krn`ls Inbrhdbhmt, htg.), hxmsth udn thd`hdgmn khdhrncmzn`n n n`lptnr ud amsal smsthan `h udm`n`hs gld hc imd `h ingmcmtnr cn gllphrngm÷d y glaudmgngm÷d hd hc thrrhdl gmhdtáimgl y tígdmgl. Hd hstn cádhn `h nggm÷d, cn RM Gldihrhdgmn Khdhrnc `h Vhsns y Ah`m`ns ghchorn`n hd Vnrás hd >=96, tla÷ cn rhslcugm÷d `h n`lptnr hc ccnan`l gld ndthrmlrm`n` Wmsthan Vrîgtmgl `h Xdm`n`hs, glal Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc, quh hs, prhgmsnahdth, glal sh ch gldlgh n pnrtmr `h hdtldghs. (Dnturnchzn H`ugntmvn , ?6>8) Hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc `h Xdm`n`hs (norhvmn`nahdth WM) `mstmdkuh y hstnochgh, n`haîs `h cns ankdmtu`hs oîsmgns y `h cns ankdmtu`hs `hrmvn`ns, ud thrghr tmpl ilran`l  plr nquhccns quh núd dl hstîd mdgcum`ns hd dmdkudl `h cls `ls ndthrmlrhs, sld `hdlamdn`ns ankdmtu`hs supchahdtnrmns. supchahdtnrmns. Hc WM tlan glal ankdmtu`hs iud`nahdtnchs cn cldkmtu`, cn ansn, hc tmhapl, cn mdthdsm`n` `h glrrmhdth hcígtrmgn, cn thaphrnturn noslcutn, cn mdthdsm`n` cuamdlsn y cn gndtm`n` `h sustndgmn, y imjn cns glrrhspld`mhdths udm`n`hs pnrn gn`n udn `h hccns. (Dnturnchzn H`ugntmvn , ?6>8) N hstns smhth ankdmtu`hs iud`nahdtnchs bny quh nþn`mr `ls supchahdtnrmns nslgmn`ns n ah`m`ns ndkucnrhs, hc îdkucl pcndl y hc îdkucl s÷cm`l. Cn `himdmgm÷d `h cns `mihrhdths udm`n`hs iud`nahdtnchs iud`nahdtnchs bn hvlcugmldn`l gld hc tmhapl nc amsal rmtal quh cns  prlpmns gmhdgmns iásmgns. Nsá, hc sshkud`l hkud`l sh `himdm÷ mdmgmncahdth mdmgmncahdth glal >/29 0066 66 cn `urngm÷d `hc `án slcnr ah`ml, hstl hs, prlah`mn`l n cl cnrkl `h ud nþl. (Dnturnchzn H`ugntmvn , ?6>8) Xd `án dlranc tmhdh ?0 blrns nprlxman`nahdth, hs `hgmr ?0 » 96 1 > 066 » 96 1 29

066 shkud`ls5 shkud`ls5 dl lostndth, lo stndth, hstl tnd s÷cl hs nprlxman`l, puhs cn `urngm÷d `hc `án vnránn vnránn cl cnrkl `hc nþl hd nckudls shkud`ls, `h nbá quh sh tlah glal rhihrhdgmn cn `urngm÷d  prlah`mn`n `hc `án `án slcnr.

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8;

Vhrl `hom`l n quh hc phrml`l `h rltngm÷d `h cn Pmhrrn puh`h vnrmnr, y `h bhgbl vnrán, sh bn ngu`m`l nc îtlal pnrn ousgnr hd íc ud phrml`l `h tmhapl imjl nc gunc rhihrmr cn cn `himdmgm÷d `h su udm`n` iud`nahdtnc. (Cns gmhdgmns imsmgns y cn ah`m`n, ?6>>)

HC WMWPHAN MDPH_DNGMLDNC N cl cnrkl `h cn bmstlrmn hc blaorh bn vhdm`l hapchnd`l `mvhrsls tmpls `h smsthans `h udm`n`hs. Hstls hstîd ádtmanahdth rhcngmldn`ls gld cn gld`mgm÷d bmst÷rmgn `h cls  puhocls quh cns grhnrld, grhnrld, cns n`nptnrld l cns mapusmhrld mapusmhrld n ltrns gucturns. Wu phrandhdgmn y hxthdsm÷d hd hc tmhapl c÷kmgnahdth tnaomíd bn quh`n`l cmkn`n nc `hstmdl `h hsls  puhocls y n cn npnrmgm÷d `h ltrls smsthans aîs glbhrhdths y khdhrncmzn`ls. khdhrncmzn`ls. Hc smsthan ndkclsnj÷d `h ah`m`ns -amccns, pmhs, cmorns, Krn`ls Inrhdbhmt- tl`nván hd vmklr hd `hthramdn`ns îrhns khlkrîimgns, hs, dl lostndth, ud hjhapcl hvm`hdth `h ud smsthan `h udm`n`hs hd rhghsm÷d. Ltrls smsthans sld hc ghkhsmanc -ghdtáahtrl, krnal, shkud`l-, hc thrrhstrh l tígdmgl -ahtrl-emclkrnal, iuhrzn-shkud`l-, hc Kmlrkm l AEW -ahtrl, emclkrnal, shkud`l- y hc smsthan aítrmgl `hgmanc, auy hxthd`m`l hd gmhdgmn, md`ustrmn y glahrgml, y quh gldstmtuy÷ cn onsh `h hcnolrngm÷d `hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc. (Cns gmhdgmns imsmgns y cn ah`m`n, ?6>>) Hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc hs hc smsthan prîgtmgl prîgtm gl `h udm`n`hs `h ah`m`ns n`lptn`l  plr cn RM Gldihrhdgmn K Khdhrnc hdhrnc `h Vhsns y Ah`m`ns ghchorn`n hd lgtuorh `h >=96 hhdd Vnrás. Prnonjn slorh smhth ankdmtu`hs iud`nahdtnchs (cldkmtu`, ansn, tmhapl, mdthdsm`n` `h glrrmhdth hcígtrmgn, thaphrnturn noslcutn, mdthdsm`n` cuamdlsn y gndtm`n` `h sustndgmn) `h cns quh sh `hthramdnd sus glrrhspld`mhdths udm`n`hs iud`nahdtnchs (ahtrl, emclkrnal, shkud`l, naphrh, ehcvmd, gnd`hcn y alc). @h hstns smhth udm`n`hs sh `himdhd cns `hrmvn`ns shkud`l, (gluclao, jluch, dhwtld, pnsgnc, vlct, lba, htg.), n`haîs `h ltrns supchahdtnrmns `h hstns úctmans. Emclkrnal (ek) Hs cn ansn `hc prltltmpl mdthrdngmldnc `h pcntmdl mrm`mn`l quh sh gldshrvn hd cn Limgmdn `h Vhsns y Ah`m`ns `h Vnrás. Whkud`l (s) Xdm`n` `h tmhapl quh sh `himdh glal cn `urngm÷d `h = >=? 97> ;;6  phrml`ls `h cn rn`mngm÷d glrrhspld`mhdth glrrhspld`mhdth n cn trndsmgm÷d hdtrh `ls dmvhchs bmphrimdls `hc hstn`l iud`nahdtnc `hc îtlal `h ghsml >77. Naphrh (N) Hs cn mdthdsm`n` `h glrrmhdth gldstndth quh, andthdm`n hd `ls

gld`ugtlrhs rhgtmcádhls, pnrnchcls, `h cldkmtu` mdimdmtn, `h shggm÷d gmrgucnr `hsprhgmnoch y glclgn`ls n udn `mstndgmn `h ud ahtrl hc udl `hc ltrl, hd hc vngál, prl`ugh hdtrh hstls

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gld`ugtlrhs udn iuhrzn mkunc n ? >6-; D plr gn`n ahtrl `h cldkmtu`. (Cns gmhdgmns imsmgns y cn ah`m`n, ?6>>) Ehcvmd (E) Xdm`n` `h thaphrnturn thral`mdîamgn glrrhspld`mhdth n cn irnggm÷d >/?;7, >9 `h cn thaphrnturn thral`mdîamgn `hc pudtl trmpch `hc nkun. (Cns gmhdgmns imsmgns y cn ah`m`n, ?6>>) Gnd`hcn (g`) Xdm`n` `h mdthdsm`n` cuamdlsn, glrrhspld`mhdth n cn iuhdth quh hamth udn rn`mngm÷d aldlgrlaîtmgn `h irhguhdgmn 806 c6c? Bz y guyn mdthdsm`n` hdhrkítmgn hd hsn `mrhggm÷d hs >/927 [ sr->. (Cns gmhdgmns imsmgns y cn ah`m`n, ?6>>) Alc (alc) Gndtm`n` `h sustndgmn `h ud smsthan quh gldtmhdh tndtns hdtm`n`hs hchahdtnchs glal îtlals bny hd 6,6>? ek `h gnroldl >?. (Cns gmhdgmns imsmgns y cn ah`m`n, ?6>>)

 Mcustrngm÷d 6-> Pnocn `hc Wmsthan Mdthr Mdthrdngmldnc dngmldnc (Cns gmhdgmns imsmgns y cn ah`m`n, ?6>>)

IXH_ZN ] HDH_KÁN. IXH_ZN Iuhrzn hs tl`l nkhdth gnpnz `h al`mimgnr cn gndtm`n` `h alvmamhdtl l cn ilran `h cls guhrpls anthrmnchs.‑   @himdmgm÷d `h [memph`mn, quh dls n`vmhrth: –Dl  `hoh gldiud`mrsh gld cls gldghptls `h hsiuhrzl l `h hdhrkán.‑ Glal `himdmgm÷d `h hdhrkán dls `mgh: –Hdhrkán...gnpngm`n`   pnrn lornr, trndsilranr l pldhr hd alvmamhdtl.‑  ([MEMVH@MN , ?6?>) Yhals hd cn `himdmgm÷d quh cn iuhrzn hstî rhcngmldn`n gld hc alvmamhdtl y hc

gnaoml. Cn iuhrzn hs cn gnusn `hc gnaoml, hdhrkán cn gnpngm`n` `h gnaomnr. Xdn hs  plthdgmnc, cn ltrn hs hdhrkán hdhrkán hd nggm÷d. C Cnn anthrmn gnaomn plr cn nggm÷d nggm÷d `h iuhrzn, qu quhh hs udn andmihstngm÷d `h cn hdhrkán. Anthrmn y hdhrkán puh`hd trndsilransh autunahdth autunahdth..

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Cn hdhrkán hs udn gnpngm`n` `h cn anthrmn. Nsá cn anthrmn cchvn hd sá amsan cn  plsmomcm`n` `h gnaoml. gnaoml. (Dlcc, ?6>;)

HDH_KÁN Cn hdhrkán hs udn prlpmh`n` l ntrmoutl `h tl`l guhrpl l smsthan anthrmnc hd vmrtu` `h cn gunc ístls puh`hd trndsilranrsh tr ndsilranrsh al`mimgnd`l su smtungm÷d l hstn`l, nsá glal ngtunr slorh ltrls lrmkmdnd`l hd hccls hcc ls prlghsls `h trndsilrangm÷d. Wmd hdhrkán, dmdkúd prlghsl iásmgl, quáamgl l omlc÷kmgl shrán plsmoch. @mgbl hd ltrls tíramdls, tl`ls cls gnaomls anthrmnchs hstîd nslgmn`ls gld udn gmhrtn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán quh sh pldh hd juhkl, sh gh`h l sh rhgmoh. (Hdhrkmn, iuhrzn y trnonjl , ?6>8)

HCNWPMGM@N@ HCNWPMGM@ N@ ] _HWMWPHDGMN @H CLW PHJM@LW BXANDLW. Cn hcnstmgm`n` hs udn prlpmh`n` quh tnaomíd sh hdguhdtrn hd augbls ÷rkndls, thjm`ls y aúsgucls `h cls lrkndmsals, thdmhd`l hstl rhcngm÷d gld cn gnpngm`n` `h grhghr y vlcvhrsh hcîstmgls `h nguhr`l n `mihrhdths smtungmldhs. Xd hjhapcl gcnrl `h ÷rkndl hcîstmgl hs cn `hc hst÷ankl, quh puh`h nuahdtnr vnrmns vhghs su tnanþl lrmkmdnc pnrn cuhkl vlcvhr n su hstn`l `h rhplsl cuhkl `h bnohrsh rhncmzn`l hc prlghsl `h ncmahdtngm÷d.  Dlrancahdth, hd hc gnsl `h cls ÷rkndls y aús aúsgucls, gucls, cn hcnstmgm`n` tmhdh qu quhh vhr gld udn glrrhgtn bm`rntngm÷d yn quh cn nushdgmn `h nkun (glal sugh`h gld cn pmhc) rhsquhornjn y ntrlimn n cls `mihrhdths thjm`ls. Cn rhsmsthdgmn hs cn thd`hdgmn `h ud anthrmnc n rhsmstmr hc icujl `h glrrmhdth y hs hsphgáimgn pnrn gn`n thjm`l, `hphd`mhd`l `h su glaplsmgm÷d, thaphrnturn y `h ltrns prlpmh`n`hs iásmgns. Cls dhrvmls, hdgnrkn`ls `h trndsamtmr shþnchs hcígtrmgns, cls aúsgucls, y cls vnsls sndkuádhls gld su nctl gldthdm`l hd hchgtrlcmtls y nkun sld ouhdls gld`ugtlrhs. Cls buhsls, cls thd`ldhs y cn krnsn tmhdhd udn krnd rhsmsthdgmn y tmhd`hd n gnchdtnrsh y glnkucnrsh ndths quh trndsamtmr cn glrrmhdth. Ncrh`h`lr `h 28% `h cn ansn ausgucnr

Mcustrngm÷d 6-> Hjhrgmgml y andthdmamhdtl `h cls buhsls (Ah`cmdhVcus, ?6?6)

hsquhcítmgn `hc shr buandl hstî glapuhstn  plr imorns ausgucnrhs prlpmnahdth `mgbns. Hc >8% rhstndth hstî ilran`l ilran`l hd krnd pnrth plr thjm`l gldhgtmvl glapuhstl hd gndtm`n`hs vnrmnochs plr imorns glcîkhdns, rhtmgucnrhs y hcîstmgns (Ohaomorh, ?6>6)

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Imorns glcîkhdns: Wld cns aîs noud`ndths. Hstîd ilran`ns plr cn prlthádn glcîkhdl.. Ormd`nd rmkm`hz y rhsmsthdgmn nc thjm`l. Hc glcîkhdl hs cn prlthádn aîs noud`ndth glcîkhdl `hc lrkndmsal buandl, rhprhshdtnd`l rhprhshdtnd`l hc 76% `hc tltnc. Wh hdguhdtrnd hd cn krnd anylrán `h cls thjm`ls gldhgtmvls, slorh tl`l hd hc buhsl, hc gnrtácnkl, cls thd`ldhs y cls cmknahdtls. Wld ichxmochs y rhsmsthdths. (Ohaomorh, ?6>6) Imorns hcîstmgns: Wld aîs phquhþns quh cns `h glcîkhdl, sh rnamimgnd y vuhcvhd n rhudmrsh cmorhahdth udns gld ltrns. Hstîd gldstmtum`ns plr cn prlthádn (glcîkhdl) y hcnstmdn. Nc mkunc quh cns imorns `h glcîkhdl, prlplrgmldnd rhsmsthdgmn, phrl n`haîs  puh`hd hstmrnrsh napcmnahdth, napcmnahdth, smd rlaphrsh. Cns imorns hcîstmgns sld auy no noud`ndths ud`ndths hd cn pmhc, cls vnsls sndkuádhls y cls pucaldhs, sh hstmrnd smd rlaphrsh bnstn bnstn hc >86% `h su cldkmtu`. (Ohaomorh, ?6>6) Vlr cl tndtl, hc thjm`l gldhgtmvl gldstmtuyh udn hstrugturn `h hchahdtls smapchs y, hd su anylrán, shahjndths n auhcchs, hs `hgmr, cls c ls glapldhdths hcîstmgls `hc ausgucl _hsmsthdgmn `h cls buhsls: Cls buhsls chs gldimhrhd udn hdlrah rhsmsthdgmn y chs  phramth slplrtnr slplrtnr smd prlochan prlochan tl`l hc phsl phsl `hc rhstl rhstl `hc guhrpl. Cn ilrtnchzn ``hh cls buhsls sh `hoh prmdgmpncahdth n su hstrugturn mdthrdn, gldstrum`n n pnrtmr `h amchs `h udm`n`hs tuoucnrhs glapngtn`ns hd tlrdl nc phráahtrl `hc buhsl: cls smsthans bnvhrsmndls. (Ohaomorh, ?6>6)

ANPH_MN ] HDH_KÁN Pl`ns cns glsns `h hsth aud`l hstîd bhgbns `h anthrmn. Cn pl`hals hdgldtrnr hd trhs hstn`ls: s÷cm`l, cáqum`l y knshlsl. Vhrl ¼quí hs cn anthrmn6= îtlals l hchahdtls quáamgls `mihrhdths. (Ohaomorh, ?6>6)

CN ANPH_MN HD DXHWP_L VCNDHPN Cn anthrmn hs tl`l nquhccl quh tmhdh t mhdh ansn h mdhrgmn y lgupn ud cuknr hd hc hspngml. Pl`ns cns glsns hstîd bhgbns `h anthrmn, cns s÷cm`ns (glal cn pmh`rn l hc bmhrrl), cns cáqum`ns (glal hc nghmth l hc anr) y cns knshlsns (glal hc nmrh quh rhspmrnals). Gn`n

hstn`l `h cn anthrmn tmhdh pnrtmgucnrm`n`hs `mihrhdths: Cn anthrmn tmhdh cns smkumhdths prlpmh`n`hs: Ilran: `hphd`h `hc hstn`l hd quh sh hdguhdtrh cn anthrmn.

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Ansn: hs cn gndtm`n` `h anthrmn quh plshh ud guhrpl. Wh am`h hd emclkrnals, nudquh tnaomíd sh hapchnd sus aúctmpcls l suoaúctmpcls. Ylcuahd: hs hc hspngml quh lgupn cn anthrmn. Wh am`h hd ahtrls gúomgls, phrl tnaomíd sh hapchnd sus aúctmpcls l suoaúctmpcls. @hdsm`n`: rhcngmldn cn gndtm`n` `h ansn `h cn anthrmn y hc vlcuahd quh lgupn. Nsá, ud ahtnc y ud trlzl `h glrgbl `hc amsal tnanþl tmhdhd hc amsal vlcuahd, phrl su ansn hs `mihrhdth. Cn `hdsm`n` sh am`h hd udm`n`hs `h ansn rhsphgtl n udm`n`hs `h vlcuahd. . (Yhcnsgl, Ymccncvn, & Ihrdnd`n Ihrdnd`n Kumdkcn, Omlimsmgn uk, ?6>=) Cn anthrmn gnaomn Cn anthrmn puh`h prhshdtnr aîs `h ud hstn`l, hd hc gnsl `hc nkun, cls trhs. Nsá, hs cáqum`n gund`l sh hdguhdtrn n thaphrnturns hdtrh 6 y >66ºG, s÷cm`n, hd ilran `h bmhcl, gund`l sh hdguhdtrn plr `honjl `h cls 6ºG, l knshlsn, hd ilran `h vnplr, gund`l ncgndzn aîs `h >66ºG. Hc gnclr prl`ugh gnaomls `h hstn`l hd cn anthrmn, quh sh `hdlamdnd prlkrhsmvls (gund`l noslrohd noslrohd gnclr) y rhkrhsmvls (gund`l `hsprhd`hd gnclr). Cls gnaomls quh puh`hd `nrsh sld cls smkumhdths: (Ohaomorh, ?6>6) W÷cm`l n cáqum`l: iusm÷d. 

  W÷cm`l n kns: suocmangm÷d.



  Cáqum`l n kns: vnplrmzngm÷d.   Cáqum`l n s÷cm`l: slcm`mimgngm÷d.



Kns n cáqum`l: gld`hdsngm÷d l cmgungm÷d. Kns n s÷cm`l: suocmangm÷d mdvhrsn. Vlr ltrn pnrth, `hdtrl `h cn anthrmn hxmsthd sustndgmns quh sld ahzgcns `h aîs `h ud glapldhdth. Hstns ahzgcns puh`hd shr blalkídhns (`mslcugmldhs) glal cn chgbh, hc nkun `hc rál l cn anyldhsn. Wus glapldhdths dl sh puh`hd `mstmdkumr, y prhshdtnd glaplsmgm÷d y prlpmh`n`hs udmilrahs hd tl`ns sus pnrths. Vuh`hd shr tnaomíd bhthrlkídhns glal hc ghahdtl, hc nkun gld nghmth l cn tmhrrn gld nkun. Wus glapldhdths sh nprhgmnd n smapch vmstn l gld nyu`n `h ud amgrlsglpml, y cns prlpmh`n`hs puh`hd vnrmnr hd `mihrhdths pnrths `h cn ahzgcn. . (Yhcnsgl, Ymccncvn, & Ihrdnd`n Kumdkcn, Omlimsmgn uk, ?6>=)

N phsnr `h cl quh pnrhgh, cls glapldhdths `h cns ahzgcns dl pmhr`hd sus  prlpmh`n`hs (`hom`l (`hom`l n quh su glaomdngm÷d glaomdngm÷d hs npnrhdth), pu`mhd`l shpnrnrsh plr plr aítl`ls iásmgls shdgmccls. (Yhcnsgl, Ymccncvn, & Ihrdnd`n Kumdkcn, Omlimsmgn uk, ?6>=)

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CLW ÎPLALW ] CLW HCHAHDPLW Cn anthrmn hstî glapuhstn plr phquhþns pnrtágucns `hdlamdn`ns îtlals. Cls îtlals dl sld hsihrns md`mvmsmochs h mdautnochs, smdl quh hstîd ilran`ls plr ltrns  pnrtágucns aîs `mamdutns `mamdutns quh sh ccnand pnrtágucns suont÷amgns. suont÷amgns. Cns Cns aîs maplrtndths sld  prltldhs, dhutrldhs y hchgtrldhs. Cls Cls prltldhs y cls dhutrldhs sh sh uomgnd hd hc dúgchl dúgchl `hc îtlal, amhdtrns quh cls hchgtrldhs sh smtúnd hd cn glrthzn `hc dúgchl y kmrnd n krnd vhclgm`n` hd cls lromtnchs. ([MEMVH@MN, ?6>=) Gund`l sh udhd `ls l aîs îtlals sh ilran udn alcígucn. Wm cns sustndgmns hstîd ilran`ns plr îtlals `h `ls l aîs hchahdtls `mihrhdths hd prlplrgmldhs `himdm`ns, sh gldlghd glal glapuhstls quáamgls. Hd gnaoml, sm cls îtlals `h udn alcígucn sld mkunchs sh bnocn `h hchahdtl quáamgl. Pl`l cl quh hxmsth hd cn Pmhrrn hstî ilran`l plr cn glaomdngm÷d `h udl l vnrmls `h cls >6= hchahdtls quh hxmsthd, `hs`h hc nkun l cls shrhs vmvls bnstn guncqumhr amdhrnc l vhkhtnc, y hstîd gcnsmimgn`ls hd cn ccnan`n tnocn phrm÷`mgn `h cls hchahdtls. Hd hstn tnocn cls hchahdtls sh prhshdtnd hd lr`hd grhgmhdth `h ansn nt÷amgn, y sh sh `mstrmouyhd hd glcuadns l krupls y hd imcns l phrál`ls. (J. N. I. Prhskuhrrhs, ?6>6) Gn`n hchahdtl sh rhprhshdtn plr ah`ml `h ud sáaolcl, quh gnsm smhaprh hs cn mdmgmnc l mdmgmnchs `h su dlaorh. Vlr hjhapcl, L pnrn hc lxákhdl l D pnrn hc dmtr÷khdl. Ltrls, hd gnaoml, cchvnd cns chtrns `h su dlaorh phrl hd cntád, glal cn pcntn (Nk). ([MEMVH@MN, ?6>=)

CLW GLAVXHWPLW Cls glapuhstls sld `ls l aîs tmpls `h hchahdtls `mihrhdths udm`ls hdtrh sá ah`mndth hdcnghs quáamgls. Pl`n cn anthrmn hstî ilran`n plr sustndgmns glapuhstns (ilran`ns plr `mihrhdths `mihrhdths îtlals) y sustndgmns smapchs (ilran`ns plr îtlals mkunchs). Vlr hjhapcl, hc nkun hs ud glapuhstl `h `ls hchahdtls quh sld hc bm`r÷khdl (B) y hc lxákhdl (L), hd udn prlplrgm÷d imjn `hc >>% `h bm`r÷khdl y 2=% `h lxákhdl. (Ngn`hay, ?6?6) Cn udm÷d `h `ls sustndgmns `mihrhdths puh`h `nr lrmkhd n udn duhvn sustndgmn. Nsá, sm judtnals hc bmhrrl y hc nzuirh, cn udm÷d `h sus îtlals `n glal rhsuctn`l hc suciurl `h bmhrrl. ¡] hsth glapuhstl hs tltncahdth `mihrhdth n guncqumhrn `h cns `ls sustndgmns quh

cl lrmkmdnrld! (Ngn`hay, ?6?6) Cls prmdgmpnchs krupls `h glapuhstls mdlrkîdmgls sld guntrl:

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Îgm`ls. Hd su hstrugturn plshhd îtlals `h bm`r÷khdl. Pmhdhd snolr îgm`l  pnrhgm`l nc `hc cma÷d y dhutrncmznd n cns onshs. onshs. Onshs. Vlshhd hd su hstrugturn hc krupl iudgmldnc LB (bm`rlxmcl). Pmhdhd snolr nanrkl y dhutrncmznd n cls îgm`ls. Wnchs. Wh lotmhdhd n pnrtmr `h cn rhnggm÷d hdtrh ud îgm`l y ud bm`r÷xm`l. ×xm`ls. Wld glaomdngmldhs `hc lxákhdl gld cls ahtnchs.

V_LVMH@N@HW @H CN ANPH_MN Vnrn m`hdtmimgnr m`hdtmimgnr cns sustndgmns y `hthramdnr pnrn quí puh`hd shrvmr, bny quh `himdmr cns prlpmh`n`hs `h cn anthrmn quh bnghd quh udn sustndgmn y ltrn shnd `mihrhdths. Hd cn smkumhdth mankhd sh `hsgrmohd nckudns `h hstns prlpmh`n`hs.

 Mcustrngm÷d 6-> Vrlpmh`n`hs `h cn anthrmn (Znpntn, ?6?6)

HDH_KÁN Cn hdhrkán hs udn guncm`n` `h cls guhrpls quh chs phramth trndsilranrsh l prl`ugmr gnaomls hd ltrls guhrpls. Cn hdhrkán puh`h andmihstnrsh `h augbns ilrans: ah`mndth cuz, gnclr y alvmamhdtl. alvmamhdtl. Cns vnrmngmldhs `h cls hstn`ls iásmgls y quáamgls `h gn`n guhrpl `hthramdnd g÷al sh andmimhstn cn hdhrkán. Dl lostndth, shn gunc shn cn ilran quh n`lpth (hcígtrmgn, ankdítmgn...), smhaprh sh guapch hc prmdgmpml `h gldshrvngm÷d `h cn hdhrkán, quh nimran quh ístn dm sh grhn dm sh `hstruyh, smdl quh sh trndsilran. (Hdhrkmn, iuhrzn y trnonjl , ?6>8) Hd augbns lgnsmldhs cls guhrpls n`qumhrhd hdhrkán ah`mndth iuhrzns quh lgnsmldnd `hspcnznamhdtls. `hspcnznamhdtls. Hstn ilran `h glaudmgnr hdhrkán n ccls ls guhrpls sh `hdlamdn trnonjl. Nsá, gund`l cn hdhrkán cn hdhrkán quh plshh ud guhrpl sh andmimhstn n trnvís `hc trnonjl,

am`míd`lcl pl`rhals snohr cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán quh gldtmhdh hsh guhrpl. Hsth prmdgmpml iudgmldn tnaomíd hd shdtm`l gldtrnrml: sm bhals rhncmzn`l ud trnonjl slorh ud guhrpl  prlplrgmldîd`lch hdhrkán, hdhrkán, nc ah`mrcl snor snorhals hals cn gndtm`n` `h `h hdhrkán quh phrandhgh phrandhgh `h

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ilran cnthdth hd hc guhrpl. Vlr tl`ns hstns rnzldhs, cn hdhrkán y hc trnonjl sh am`hd gld cns amsans udm`n`hs. Cn hdhrkán sh trndsilran n`lptnd`l `mvhrsns ilrans, nudquh cn gndtm`n` tltnc sh gldshrvn. Hd guncqumhr trndsilrangm÷d trndsilrangm÷d pnrth `h cn hdhrkán sh trndsimhrh nc hdtlrdl hd ilran `h hdhrkán tíramgn. Hstn hdhrkán tíramgn, nc shr ahdls nprlvhgbnoch, nprlvhgbnoch, sh gldsm`hrn hdhrk hdhrkán án `hkrn`n`n. Xdn olaomccn `laístmgn glal cn `h cn mcustrngm÷d gldsuah >66 jucmls `h hdhrkán hcígtrmgn, quh sh trndsilrand hd >8 jucmls `h hdhrkán cuamdlsn y 28 jucmls `h hdhrkán tíramgn. (Khbmsy, ?6>9) Xdm`n`hs `h ah`m`n Cns prmdgmpnchs udm`n`hs `h ah`m`n rhcngmldn`ns gld cn hdhrkán sld: Hd hc smsthan mdthrdngmldnc `h udm`n`hs, cn udm`n` `h trnonjl y `h hdhrkán hs hc  jucml. Hd iásmgn dugchnr dugchnr sh utmcmzn glal udm`n` udm`n` hc hchgtrldvlctml. hchgtrldvlctml. Cn plthdgmn hs hc trnonjl quh rhncmzn ud smsthan hd udn udm`n` `h tmhapl. Wu udm`n` hd hc smsthan mdthrdngmldnc hs hc vntml. Vnrn cn hdhrkán hcígtrmgn hapchnals glal udm`n` `h prl`uggm÷d hc emclvntml/blrn. ¼@h `÷d`h prlvmhdh cn hdhrkán quh gldsuamals< Hc Wlc hs cn iuhdth `h gnsm tl`n cn hdhrkán quh sh hdguhdtrn hd duhstrl pcndhtn. Hs hc rhspldsnoch `h cls vmhdtls, `h cn hvnplrngm÷d `h cns nkuns suphrimgmnchs y `h cn ilrangm÷d `h cns duohs y cns ccuvmns. Wu gnclr y su cuz sld cn onsh iud`nahdtnc `h duahrlsns rhnggmldhs quáamgns md`msphdsnochs pnrn hc `hsnrrlccl `h lrkndmsals udmghcucnrhs vhkhtnchs y ndmanchs, tndtl `h cls ngtunchs glal `h cls quh, gld hc pnsl `h cls smkcls, `mhrld lrmkhd n cls glaoustmochs i÷smchs quh utmcmznals nblrn. (dmgh, ?6?6) Hc prmdgmpml `h gldshrvngm÷d `h cn hdhrkán hstnochgh quh ístn dl sh grhn dm sh `hstruyh, slcnahdth sh trndsilran. Hc iudgmldnamhdtl `hc ah`ml dnturnc mapcmgn cn trndsilrangm÷d y trndsihrhdgmn `h cn hdhrkán `h udls shrhs vmvls n ltrls. Cls vhkhtnchs trndsilrand cn hdhrkán slcnr hd hdhrkán quáamgn, quh sh nguaucn hd sus gícucns. Cls ndmanchs bhroávlrls lotmhdhd gld hc ncmahdtl `h lrmkhd vhkhtnc cn hdhrkán quáamgn quh ncanghdnd hd sus prlpmns alcígucns, y quh shrî plsthrmlrahdth trndsihrm`n n cls ndmanchs gnrdávlrls. Hstl smkdmimgn quh, pnrn lothdhr hdhrkán, thdhals quh tlanrcn `h nckúd guhrpl quh cn thdkn ncanghdn`n `h andhrn quh dls phramtn trndsilranrcn. t rndsilranrcn. N hstls guhrpls sh chs

ccnan iuhdths `h hdhrkán. (dmgh, ?6?6)

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Cn Pmhrrn plshh udn krnd gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán, ncanghdn`n hd `mstmdtns iuhdths hdhrkítmgns. Hdtrh hccns pl`hals `hstngnr hc gnro÷d, hc phtr÷chl, hc kns dnturnc, hc urndml, hc vmhdtl, hc slc y hc nkun. (dmgh, ?6?6) Gcnsmimgngm÷d `h cns iuhdths `h hdhrkán Cns iuhdths `h hdhrkán sh puh`hd gcnsmimgnr hd iudgm÷d `h `mstmdtls grmthrmls: Whkúd su rhdlvnomcm`n`. Whkúd su utmcmzngm÷d. Cns iuhdths `h hdhrkán rhdlvnochs sld nquhccns quh, hd thlrán, dl sh nkltnrîd dudgn. Cns aîs maplrtndths maplrtndths sld cns prlgh`hdths `hc slc, `hc vmhdtl, `hc nkun, `h cns anrhns y `h cn omlansn. Pmpls `h hdhrkán Cls tmpls `h hdhrkán quh usnals gld anylr irhguhdgmn sld: Bm`rîucmgn. Wh lotmhdh n pnrtmr `hc nkun `h cls ráls. Hc nkun sh ncanghdn hd ud haoncsh, y sh `hjn gnhr `hs`h krnd ncturn slorh udn turomdn quh nc kmrnr prl`ugh hchgtrmgm`n`. Cls ahjlrhs cuknrhs pnrn gldshkumrcn sld cls snctls `h nkun `h cns prhsns. Wlcnr. Wh khdhrn hd hc Wlc plr ud prlghsl `h iusm÷d dugchnr y cchkn n cn Pmhrrn hd ilran `h rn`mngm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn. Hc slc hs udn iuhdth mdnkltnoch quh sh nprlvhgbn  pnrn prl`ugmr hdhrkán tíramgn l hchgtrmgm`n`. (Yhcnsgl & Ndkhcn Ymccncvn, OmlimsmgnXK, ?6>=) H÷cmgn. Hs cn hdhrkán khdhrn`n plr hc vmhdtl. Iuh udn `h cns prmahrns quh utmcmz÷ hc shr buandl, y bly sh hapchn pnrn hc iudgmldnamhdtl `h alcmdls md`ustrmnchs, olaons y phquhþns `mdnals. Omlaîsmgn. Wh lotmhdh `h cls glapuhstls lrkîdmgls ilran`ls plr prlghsls dnturnchs. Vlr hjhapcl, hc omlkîs prlgh`hdth `h cn ihrahdtngm÷d `h rhsm`uls l hc ncglblc lothdm`l plr trndsilrangm÷d `h nzúgnrhs, sld iuhdths `h hdhrkán omlaîsmgn. Khltíramgn. Hs cn hdhrkán quh hdgmhrrn cn Pmhrrn hd ilran `h gnclr. Hc blaorh cn utmcmzn `hs`h tmhapls rhaltls. Vnrn su lothdgm÷d, sh mdyhgtn md yhgtn nkun hd hc suosuhcl `h zldns `ld`h hc gnclr mdthrdl shn hchvn`l. Nc gnchdtnrsh, hc nkun sh trndsilran hd vnplr, quh sh utmcmzn pnrn khdhrnr hchgtrmgm`n`. Anrhaltrmz. Wh nprlvhgbnd cns anrhns pnrn khdhrnr hchgtrmgm`n`.

Vrlgh`hdth `h cn glaoustm÷d `h gnro÷d. Hc gnro÷d hs ud glaoustmoch i÷smc, rhsuctn`l imdnc `h udn shrmh `h trndsilrangmldhs `h rhstls vhkhtnchs quh sh nguaucnrld

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`urndth hc phrml`l Gnroldáihrl `h cn Hrn Vrmanrmn. Hxmsthd guntrl tmpls `h gnro÷d: ndtrngmtn, buccn, cmkdmtl y turon. Vrlgh`hdth `h cn glaoustm÷d `h phtr÷chl. Hc phtr÷chl hs ltrl glaoustmoch i÷smc, cáqum`l, `h glclr auy lsgurl, ilran`l plr udn ahzgcn `h bm`rlgnrourls ngl nglapnþn`n apnþn`n `h nzuirh, lxákhdl y dmtr÷khdl hd gndtm`n`hs vnrmnochs. Vrlgh`hdth `h cn glaoustm÷d `h kns dnturnc. Hc kns dnturnc hs udn glaomdngm÷d `h sustndgmns knshlsns knshlsns glaoustmochs: ahtndl, htndl, ht ndl, prlpndl, outndl, dmtr÷khdl, `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl, suciurl `h bm`r÷khdl, bhcml y nrk÷d. (Yhcnsgl & Ndkhcn Ymccncvn, OmlimsmgnXK, ?6>=) Cns chyhs `h cn Phral`mdîamgn y su mdthrrhcngm÷d mdthrrhc ngm÷d gld cls shrhs vmvls mdgcum`ls cls shrhs buandls.

V_MAH_N CH] @H CN PH_AL@MDÎAMGN Hstn chy sh hxprhsn glal:   1   ‗   Hgungm÷d > (Lanrmtn, ?6>?)

Gnaoml hd cn hdhrkán mdthrdn hd hc smsthan 1 Gnclr nkrhkn`l (^) - Prnonjl hihgtun`l plr hc smsthan ([) Vnrn hdthd`hr hstn chy, hs útmc mankmdnr ud kns hdghrrn`l hd ud gmcmd`rl, udn `h guyns tnpns hs ud íaolcl a÷vmc y quh ah`mndth ud ahgbhrl pl`hals nkrhknrch gnclr. Hc gnaoml hd cn c n hdhrkán mdthrdn `hc kns hstnrî `n`l plr cn `mihrhdgmn hdtrh hc gnclr nkrhkn`l y hc trnonjl quh hc kns bngh nc chvndtnr hc íaolcl gldtrn cn prhsm÷d ntalsiírmgn. (Lanrmtn, ?6>?)

WHKXD@N CH] @H CN PH_AL@MDÎAMGN Cn prmahrn chy dls `mgh quh cn hdhrkán sh gldshrvn. Wmd haonrkl, pl`hals mankmdnr augbls prlghsls hd quh sh gldshrvh cn hdhrkán, phrl quh rhncahdth dl lgurrhd hd cn dnturnchzn. Wm sh nghrgn ud lojhtl gncmhdth n udl irál, irá l, hc gnclr pnsn `hc gncmhdth nc irál y dudgn nc rhvís. Wm phdsnals quh puh`h shr nc rhvís, sh shkumrán gldshrvnd`l cn hdhrkán y sh guapcmrán cn prmahrn chy. (Lanrmtn, ?6>?) Hd cn dnturnchzn bny prlghsls quh sugh`hd, phrl guyls prlghsls mdvhrsls dl. Vnrn

hxpcmgnr hstn inctn `h rhvhrsmomcm`n` sh ilrauc÷ cn shkud`n chy `h cn thral`mdîamgn, quh tmhdh `ls hdudgmn`ls hqumvnchdths:

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Hdudgmn`l `h Ehcvmd - Vcndge: Hs maplsmoch gldstrumr udn aîqumdn tíramgn quh, lphrnd`l hd ud gmgcl, dl prl`uzgn ltrl hihgtl quh cn noslrgm÷d `h hdhrkán `hs`h ud `hp÷smtl y cn rhncmzngm÷d `h udn gndtm`n` mkunc `h trnonjl. Hdudgmn`l `h Gcnusmus: Hs maplsmoch gldstrumr udn aîqumdn gágcmgn guyl údmgl hihgtl shn cn trndsihrhdgmn gldtmdun `h hdhrkán `h ud lojhtl n ltrl `h anylr thaphrnturn smd cn hdtrn`n `h hdhrkán plr trnonjl. (Lanrmtn, ?6>?)

PH_GH_N CH] @H CN PH_AL@MDÎAMGN Nckudns iuhdths sh rhimhrhd mdglrrhgtnahdth nc plstucn`l `h Dhrdst glal "cn thrghrn `h cns chyhs `h cn thral`mdîamgn". Hs maplrtndth rhgldlghr quh dl hs udn dlgm÷d hxmkm`n plr cn thral`mdîamgn gcîsmgn plr cl quh rhsuctn mdnprlpmn`l trntnrcl `h «chyµ, smhd`l mdgcusl mdgldsmsthdth gld cn ahgîdmgn hstn`ástmgn gcîsmgn y dhghsmtnd`l hc hstnochgmamhdtl prhvml `h cn hstn`ástmgn guîdtmgn pnrn shr vnclrn`l n`hgun`nahdth. Cn anylr pnrth `h cn thral`mdîamgn dl rhqumhrh cn utmcmzngm÷d `h hsth plstucn`l. Hc plstucn`l `h Dhrdst, ccnan`l nsá plr shr prlpuhstl plr [nctbhr Dhrdst, nimran quh hs maplsmoch ncgndznr udn thaphrnturn mkunc nc ghrl noslcutl ah`mndth ud dúahrl imdmtl `h prlghsls iásmgls. Vuh`h ilraucnrsh tnaomíd glal quh n ah`m`n quh ud smsthan `n`l sh nprlxman nc ghrl noslcutl, su hdtrlpán tmhd`h n ud vnclr gldstndth hsphgáimgl. Cn hdtrlpán `h cls s÷cm`ls grmstncmdls purls puh`h gldsm`hrnrsh ghrl onjl thaphrnturns mkunchs nc ghrl noslcutl. ([lr`prhss, ?6>8) Cn > chy `h cn thral`mdîamgn( HDPNCVÁN) hstnochgh quh cn hdhrkán dl sh grhn dm sh `hstruyh smdl quh sh trndsilran `h udn andhrn n ltrn, hd rhcngm÷d gld cls smsthans vmvls nc mdglrplrnr anthrmn lrkîdmgn hstn sh `hsalrldn hd alcígucns lrkîdmgns aîs shdgmccns y smapchs gld prl`uggm÷d `h hdhrkán quáamgn md`msphdsnoch pnrn sntmsinghr tl`ns cns dhghsm`n`hs hdhrkítmgns `hc lrkndmsal. lrkndmsal. Xd hjhapcl `h hccl shrán cn rhspmrngm÷d ghcucnr nhrlomn, plr hstn ván ahtno÷cmgn cn anthrmn lrkîdmgn mdglrplrn`n hs trndsilran`n hd hdhrkán quáamgn ( NPV) dhghsnrmn pnrn

sntmsinghr tl`ls cls prlghsls `h hdhrkán quh hc lrkndmsal cl rhqumhrn, l omhd, udn smapch gn`hdn tr÷imgn, hd `ld`h cn anthrmn lrkîdmgn prl`ugm`n plr cls Ilt÷trlils hs `hkrn`n`n  plr cls ltrls hscnoldhs tr÷imgls gld prl`uggm÷d `h hdhrkán quáamgn y gnc÷rmgn, hd hc lrkndmsal vmvl, cn hdhrkán sh trndsilran `h udn andhrn n ltrn, plr hj., cns cugmírdnkns utmcmznd hc NPV pnrn khdhrnr hdhrkán Omlcuamdmsghdth.

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Cn Whkud`n chy `h cn thral`mdîamgn( HDP_LVÁN), HDP_LVÁN), bnocn `hc krn`l `h `hslr`hd l Nchntlrmh`n` hd cls smsthans vmvls, gund`l lgurrh udn trndsilrangm÷d `h hdhrkán, pnrth `h hsn hdhrkán `mspldmoch `mspldmoch hs utmcmzn`n plr hc lrkndmsal y pnrth dl, plr hj., hd cn rhspmrngm÷d ghcucnr nhrlomn, cn hdhrkán quáamgn smdthtmzn`n plr Ils Ilsilrmcngm÷d ilrmcngm÷d Lxm`ntmvn hs rhthdm`n hhdd hc lrkndmsal pnrn sntmsinghr sus iudgmldhs vmtnchs y pnrth `h cn hdhrkán dl @mspldmoch, cn gnc÷rmgn, sh `msmpn bngmn hc hxthrmlr, hd hc gnsl `h cls Ahtnzlls suphrmlrhs, hsphgáimgnahdth Nvhs y Anaáihrls, nc khdhrnrsh hdhrkán gnc÷rmgn plr "Glaoustm÷d Omlc÷kmgn", cn hdhrkán gnc÷rmgn hs rhthdm`n hd hc lrkndmsal hd prlplrgmldhs onjns(06%), hc rhstl sh `msmpn glal gnclr bngmn hc ah`ml hxthrdl, hstl hxpcmgn cn BLAHLWPNWMW gldstndth quh plshhd hstls vhrthorn`ls, glal sld ndmanchs `h sndkrh gncmhdth( BLAHLPH_ALW), BLAHLPH_ALW ), hc gnclr `hsprhd`m`l nc Lxm`nr omlc÷kmgnahdth ud prmdgmpmldutrmtmvl bngh quh su ah`ml mdthrdl shn gldstndth n phsnr `h cns vnrmngmldhs gcmaîtmgns hd hc naomhdth hxthrdl, hc `hslr`hd l NCHNPL_MH@N@ `h cns alcígucns hd hc shr vmvl hs  prl`ugm`n plr cn hdhrkán gnc÷rmgn nc trndsilransh cn anthrmn hd hdhrkán. (Omlimsmgn Xk, ?6>;)

PH_AL@MDÎAMGN PH_AL@MDÎAM GN HD CLW WH_HW YMYLW Cls smsthans vmvls dhghsmtnd hdhrkán pnrn iudgmldnr, hs `hgmr, sld hdtm`n`hs thral`mdîamgns hd cns quh hc prlghsl tíramgl sh gnrngthrmzn plr hc icujl `h hdhrkán hd hc mdthrmlr `hc guhrpl, y hdtrh hc guhrpl y hc naomhdth quh cl rl`hn. Cn thaphrnturn hc gnclr y cn nutlrrhkucngm÷d hd cls shrhs vmvls hs udl `h cls –smsthans‑ aîs maplrtndths yn quh  

ch `n cn plsmomcm`n` `h n`nptnrsh n `mihrhdths smtungmldhs quh puh`h prhshdtnr, lovmn ahdth gn`n shr vmvl plshh udn andhrn `mihrhdth `h cchvnrcl cc hvnrcl n gnol, yn puh`h shr plr su hsphgmh, bîomtnt, tnanþl, htg. (Ebnd Ngn`hay, Ngn`hay, ?6>9) Cls smsthans vmvls dhghsmtnd hdhrkán pnrn iudgmldnr, hs `hgmr, sld hdtm`n`hs thral`mdîamgns hd cns quh hc prlghsl tíramgl sh gnrngthrmzn plr hc icujl `h hdhrkán hd hc mdthrmlr `hc guhrpl, y hdtrh hc guhrpl y hc naomhdth quh cl rl`hn. Cn thaphrnturn hc gnclr y cn nutlrrhkucngm÷d hd cls shrhs vmvls hs udl `h cls –smsthans‑ aîs maplrtn dths

yn quh

ch `n cn plsmomcm`n` `h n`nptnrsh n `mihrhdths smtungmldhs quh puh`h prhshdtnr, lovmn ahdth

gn`n shr vmvl plshh udn andhrn `mihrhdth `h cchvnrcl cc hvnrcl n gnol, yn puh`h shr plr su hsphgmh, bîomtnt, tnanþl, htg. (Ebnd Ngn`hay, Ngn`hay, ?6>9) Vnrn glahdznr `hohals thdhr `mihrhdths gldghptls gcnrls glal cl sld cn thaphrnturn, hc gnclr, thral`mdîamgn yn quh cls usnrhals `urndth tl`l hc nrtmgucl nsá glal tnaomíd bnocnr slorh cns `mihrhdths vhdtnjns y aítl`ls plr cls c ls gunchs cls shrhs vmvls

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9=

cchknd n rhkucnr su thaphrnturn shkúd su hsphgmh gld hc imd `h thdhr ud ndîcmsms aîs  prliud`l `hc glaplrtnamhdtl glaplrtnamhdtl `hc buandl y cls usls usls quh puh`h `nrch `nrch nc gnclr hd su vm`n. Hdtrh cls shrhs vmvls hdgldtrnals `mihrhdths glsns quh cl puh`hd cmamtnr nc alahdtl a lahdtl `h hstnr hd nckúd cuknr l rhncmznr nckudn nggm÷d y nsá glal cn inctn `h lxákhdl cn prhsm÷d y ltrls hdgldtrnals tnaomíd cn thaphrnturn y hc gnclr, gldghptls quh hd iásmgn sh rhúdhd hd cn thral`mdîamgn, yn quh cn thral`mdîamgn hs hc îrhn `h cn iásmgn `ld`h sh hstu`mn cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh hc gnclr y hc trnonjl. . (Ebnd Ngn`hay, Ngn`hay, ?6>9)

Hc guhrpl buandl y cn thaphrntu th aphrnturn rn Pl`ls cls shrhs buandls andthdhals gldstndth cn thaphrnturn `hdtrl `h udls cáamths hstrhgbls. Hstls cáamths hstîd prlthkm`ls `h ilran quh dl hxmstnd vnrmngmldhs maplrtndths. maplrtndt hs. Nkundtnals thaphrnturns glrplrnchs mdihrmlrhs n 78¶ y suphrmlrhs n 0>¶ phrl hd phrml`ls glrtls `h tmhapl yn quh `hsvmngmldhs prlcldkn`ns iuhrn `h hstls dmvhchs  puh`hd prlvlgnr ncthrngmldhs imsmlc÷kmgns maplrtndths h mdgcusl cn auhrth. (Ebnd Ngn`hay,, ?6>9) Ngn`hay Vnrn andthdhr gldstndth cn thaphrnturn hc guhrpl buandl bn `hsnrrlccn`l udn shrmh `h ahgndmsals imsmlc÷kmgls gld cls quh gldshrvnr, prl`ugmr l hcmamdnr hc gnclr glrplrnc. Cn iuhdth prmdgmpnc `h gnclr `hc shr buandl hs cn prl`ugm`n plr hc ahtnolcmsal `hc prlpml guhrpl (gnclr ahtno÷cmgl). Gund`l sh nghchrn hc ahtnolcmsal, omhd glal gldshguhdgmn `hc trnonjl l glal gldshguhdgmn `h prlghsls mdthrdls (plr hjhapcl cn `mkhstm÷d), hc gnclr ahtno÷cmgl nuahdtnrî. Ltrns iuhdths `h gnclr prlvmhdhd `hc ah`ml naomhdth. Ah`mndth gldvhggm÷d l rn`mngm÷d, sm cn thaphrnturn `hc nmrh y cn thaphrnturn `h cls lojhtls quh dls rl`hnd, rhsphgtmvnahdth, hs aîs nctn quh cn pmhc, tnaomíd hxmstmrî ud nuahdtl `hc gnclr glrplrnc. (Ebnd Ngn`hay, ?6>9) Hstls prlghsls `hsgrmtls `hsgrmtls orhvhahdth prlplrgmldnd udn kndndgmn `h gnclr l, cl quh hs cl amsal, udn thralkídhsms. ] ltrl `h cls prlghsls `hc guhrpl pnrn cn rhkucngm÷d `h cn thaphrnturn hs Hc prlghsl `h cn thra÷cmsms l pír`m`n `h gnclr glaprhd`h `ls váns  prmdgmpnchs: cn thra÷cmsms mdshdsmoch quh sh glrrhspld`h glrrhspld`h gld cn pír`m`n `h gnclr plr rn`mngm÷d, gld`uggm÷d, gldvhggm÷d, gldvhggm÷d, hvnplrngm÷d y hxgrhgm÷d (bhghs ihgnchs y lrmdn) y cn thra÷cmsms shdsmoch quh sh rhcngmldn gld hc prlghsl `h cn su`lrngm÷d y/l hc jn`hl.

N phsnr `h quh hc guhrpl buandl plshh prlghsls `h nutlrrhkucngm÷d `h cn thaphrnturn plr `mihrhdths prlghsls iásmgls l quáamgls hxmsthd `mihrhdths smtungmldhs `ld`h hstls prlghsls dl sld suimgmhdths pnrn rhkucnr cn thaphrnturn plr hstnr rnz÷d tnaomíd hxmsthd `mihrhdths gldshguhdgmns l trnstlrdls prl`ugm`ls plr hc gnclr.

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Xdn thaphrnturn naomhdtnc hxghsmvn judtl gld udn buah`n` naomhdtnc hsgnsn y ud trnonjl quh mapcmquh ud hsiuhrzl hchvn`l puh`h gnusnr `mihrhdths trnstlrdls smstíamgls y ncthrngmldhs gutîdhns Cls gncnaorhs plr gnclr, hc nkltnamhdtl plr gnclr y hc klcph `h gnclr sld cls trnstlrdls quh `hs`h hc pudtl `h vmstn gcádmgl tmhdhd aîs rhchvndgmn y aîs glaudhs. (Ebnd Ngn`hay, ?6>9) Hc guhrpl buandl pnrhgh hstnr hdirmîd`lsh. @hs`h hc smkcl RMR, cn thaphrnturn dlranc `hc guhrpl bn `msamdum`l hd tlrdl n ah`ml krn`l, shkúd ud duhvl hstu`ml onsn`l hd aîs `h 9;;.666 ah`mgmldhs thralaítrmgns rhncmzn`ns `hs`h >296 hd Hstn`ls Xdm`ls. Hd cn ngtuncm`n`, duhstrn thaphrnturn ah`mn ah`mn hs aîs onjn quh cls 7; ºG quh suhchd gldsm`hrnrsh dlranchs. ] pl`rán bnohr `msamdum`l udns plgns ghdtísmans `h krn`l plr `ígn`n, shkúd gncgucn ud hqumpl `mrmkm`l plr Jucmh Vnrslddht, hpm`ham÷clkn `h hdihrah`n`hs mdihggmlsns `h cn Xdmvhrsm`n` Wtndilr`, hd Gncmilrdmn. «Wm ch prhkudtnals n ud krupl `h aí`mgls, a í`mgls, "¼Guîc hs cn thaphrnturn t haphrnturn dlranc9) Cn thaphrnturn hs udl `h cls prmdgmpnchs ingtlrhs quh nihgtn cn iudgm÷d `h cls thjm`ls y plr cl tndtl, su gldtrlc `hdtrl `h cls cáamths `h lsgmcngm÷d `h cn hsphgmh, hs ud ahgndmsal blahlstîtmgl. . (Ebnd Ngn`hay, ?6>9)

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Cls vhrthorn`ls sh gcnsmimgnd hd `ls krnd`hs krupls nthd`mhd`l n cn rhcngm÷d quh sh hstnochgh hdtrh cn thaphrnturn glrplrnc y cn thaphrnturn naomhdtnc: ndmanchs  plmqumclthrals l `h sndkrh irán glal cls phghs, ndimomls y rhptmchs y ndmanchs blahlthrals l `h sndkrh gncmhdth n cn quh phrthdhghd anaáihrls y nvhs. Hd hc gnsl `h cls mdvhrthorn`ls dl hxmsth cn gnpngm`n` `h njustnr su thaphrnturn glrplrnc nc gnrhghr `h ahgndmsals gldtrlcn`lrhs plr cl quh sh hdguhdtrnd n ahrgh` `h cn thaphrnturn naomhdtnc. . (Ebnd Ngn`hay, Ngn`hay, ?6>9) Cls plmqumclthrals l ndmanchs `h sndkrh irán sh gnrngthrmznd plr thdhr udn ahdlr thralkídhsms, lrkndmsals orn`mahtno÷cmgls, hd cls quh su thaphrnturn glrplrnc icugtún gld cn `hc ah`ml naomhdth plr cl quh ud gldjudtl glapcmgn`l `h rhspuhstns `hgm`hd hc ríkmahd tíramgl nprlpmn`l n sus iudgmldhs y al`l `h vm`n. Khdhrncahdth hstls ndmanchs  prl`ughd gnclr `h nguhr`l gld su tnccn glrplrnc `h andhrn quh amhdtrns aîs phquhþls phquhþls ahdlr prl`uggm÷d `h gnclr. N ah`m`n quh khdhrnd gnclr cl gh`hd nc ah`ml `ld`h sh `hsnrrlccnd, plr cl quh hs `miágmc `hthramdnr sm hc ndmanc hstî aîs gncmhdth quh hc ah`ml hd quh sh `hshdvuhcvh, dl lostndth sh bn hstman`l plr hjhapcl, quh cns phquhþns trugbns, guyl bîomtnt sld cns nkuns irhsgns `h cls nrrlyls aldtnþlsls, tmhdhd 6,6>? 6 G aîs `h thaphrnturn quh hc nkun. Hd hc gnsl `hc ntúd sh bn glaprlon`l udn tthaphrnturn haphrnturn glrplrnc suphrmlr nc ahdls hd 9 6 G n cn `hc nkun. . (Ebnd Ngn`hay, ?6>9) ?6>9) Cls ndmanchs `h sndkrh irán dl hstîd tltncahdth t ltncahdth md`hihdsls ndth cls gnaomls `h cn thaphrnturn naomhdtnc y nudquh sm omhd hs gmhrtl quh plshhd ud ahgndmsal `h njusth tíramgl auy ru`mahdtnrml, hd rhncm`n` cugbnd plr `mihrhdths ah`mls gldtrn hc gnclr y hc irml ah`mndth rhkucngmldhs imsmlc÷kmgns, n`nptngmldhs n`nptngmldhs omlquáamgns y ilrans `h gld`ugtns hsphgmnchs. Hc `hsnrrlccl `h gld`ugtns hsphgmnchs tnchs glal cn oúsquh`n `h nkuns aîs thapcn`ns hd cls phghs l cls onþls `h slc hd cls cnknrtls mdicuyhd slorh cn thaphrnturn glrplrnc `h cls plmqumclthrals plr cl quh sld ndmanchs `h tmpl hgtlthrals nc kndnr gnclr `hc hxthrmlr, hs `hgmr, sld ndmanchs "njustn`lrhs" `h cn thaphrnturn glrplrnc. Hstns hsphgmhs rhqumhrhd `h ahdlr gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán y sld gnpnghs `h slorhvmvmr hd cuknrhs `ld`h hsgnshn hc ncmahdtl. Cls blahlthrals l `h sndkrh gncmhdth tmhdhd cn gnpngm`n` `h gldtrlcnr, `hdtrl `h

ud hstrhgbl anrkhd, su thaphrnturn glrplrnc md`hphd`mhdthahdth n cn thaphrnturn naomhdth. Gund`l cls anaáihrls y cns nvhs hvlcugmldnrld n pnrtmr `h cls rhptmchs, dl slcl cl bmgmhrld gld sndkrh gncmhdth y gnpngm`n` `h rhkucnr cn thaphrnturn, smdl quh sh al`mimgnrld guncm`n`hs `h cns gícucns `hc guhrpl. N mkunc thaphrnturn ÷rkndls nmscn`ls `h ndmanchs blahlthrals prhshdtnd ud ahtnolcmsal aîs nctl quh cls `h ndmanchs

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 plmqumclthrals h mdgcusmvh hc glrnz÷d glrnz÷d `h cls anaáihrls píquhdls cnth augbl aîs rîpm`l quh hc `h ud vhrthorn`l plmqumclthral glapnrnoch glapnrnoch n thaphrnturns smamcnrhs. Hc andthdmamhdtl `h cn thaphrnturn glrplrnc sh rhcngmldn hstrhgbnahdth gld ltrl md`mgn`lr maplrtndth `hc ah`ml mdthrdl: cn prhsm÷d lsa÷tmgn `h cls cáqum`ls glrplrnchs. Cls ndmanchs plmqumclthrals sh gcnsmimgnd lsalgldilran`lrhs plrquh tlchrnd napcmns vnrmngmldhs hd cn lsalgldghdtrngm÷d mdthrdn prl`ugtl `h vnrmngmldhs `h cn `hc ah`ml amhdtrns quh cls blahlthrals sld lsalrrhkucn`lrhs plrquh rhsmsthd napcmns vnrmngmldhs hd cn `hc ah`ml smd nphdns al`mimgnr su lsalgldghdtrngm÷d lsalgldghdtrngm÷d mdthrdn. (_mdgld, ?6>9) Glal dls `mals `h guhdtn cls shrhs vmvls glal cls ndmanchs y cls blaorhs  plshhd cn gnpngm`n` gnpngm`n` `h n`nptnrsh n `mihrhdths thaphrnturns n trnvís `h `mihrhdths prlghsls auy smamcnrhs, nudquh n phsnr `h tl`l hc bnomtn` `h cls amsals cls cchvn n khdhrnr aítl`ls `mihrhdths, nsá glal tnaomíd loshrvnals g÷al gn`n hsphgmh puh`h cchknr n usnr cn thaphrnturn glal ohdhimgml ohdhimgml hd hc gnsl `h cls buandls cn vhals npcmgn`n hd cn ah`mgmdn gldvhdgmldnc yn yn quh hc gnclr y cn thaphrnturn sld usn`ls glal rhah`mls l trntnamhdtls  pnrn phrsldns gld prlochans pucaldnrhs yn quh hc nmrh gncmhdth ingmcmtn y ahjlrn cn iudgmldncm`n` y gnpngm`n` pucaldnr, nsá glal tnaomíd hs trntnamhdtl glaúd pnrn cls dmþls quh dnghd dnghd gld slpcls yn quh nc nuahdtnr cn thaphrnturn, tnaomíd nuahdtn cn prhsm÷d cl quh nyu`n n tnpldnr cls slpcls. Hs maplrtndth ndncmznr y loshrvnr cns `mihrhdths gnpngm`n`hs quh tmhdh hc shr buandl pnrn n`nptnrsh y clkrnr slorhvmvmr hd su hdtlrdl, glal cl pl`hals vhr gld cn thralrrhkucngm÷d y hc ouhd usl quh sh ch c h `n n hstn hd cn ah`mgmdn. (_mdgld, ?6>9)

 Mcustrngm÷d 6-?Phralrrhkucngmld (omliásmgn, ?6>2)

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_HWXAHDHW @H YM@HLW @H CN XDM@N@ > IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí Lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`> ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn >: L_MKHD @HC XDMYH_WL

VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #:7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr L_MKHD @HC XDMYH_WL

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # > MD@MGNGMLDHW MD@MGNGMLDH W KHDH_NCHW: Hstman`ls hstu`mndths hc trnonjl nut÷dlal tmhdh udn `urngm÷d `h ? blrns. ¼^uí bn `h bnghr pnrn guapcmr gld hstn ngtmvm`n`. 

@hc vm`hl L_MKHD @HC XDMYH_WL, rhspld`hr cns c ns smkumhdths prhkudtns

`hc guhstmldnrml nslgmn`ns nc vm`hl loshrvn`l: l l

¼^uí hs Xdmvhrsl< ¼G÷al sh ilra÷ hc XDMYH_WL< XDMYH_WL<

_HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

HC OMDK ONDK –HC L_MKHD @HC XDMYH_WL‑  MDP_L@XGGMLD Hstn thlrán sh onsn hd cn hxpclsm÷d `h udn olcn `h iuhkl gld >6 amccldhs `h omccldhs

`h vhghs aîs gncmhdth quh hc dúgchl `hc Wlc, cl quh sh gldvhrtmrî hd hc udmvhrsl hxpcltn `hs`h udn gldghdtrngm÷d aîs `mamdutn quh cn pudtn `h ud ncimchr.

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Hc prlihslr Cnwrhdgh Ernuss Ernuss dls hxpcmgn quh pnrn hdthd`hr cn vm`n y duhstrl cuknr hd hc udmvhrsl `hohals glaprhd`hr y `hsguormr `hs`h hc prmahr shkud`l `h cn grhngm÷d `hc amsal. Ndths sh phdsnon quh hc udmvhrsl smhaprh bnoán hxmstm`l, hd >=?=, hd hc loshrvntlrml `hc Aldth [mcsld-Gncmilrdmn, hc nstr÷dlal H`wmd Buooch hstu`m÷ cn cuz `h cns kncnxmns, loshrv÷ quh quh gundtl aîs chjndn hs cn kncnxmn aîs cnrkn hs cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n quh hamth, cl quh smkdmimgn quh cns ld`ns `h cuz sh hstmrnd gundtl aîs sh prlpnknd y nc bnghr hsh alvmamhdtl cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n gnaomn (`msamduyh).

@HWN__LCCL Cn prmahrn pruhon `h quh hc Xdmvhrsl tuvl ud lrmkhd, hs gund`l ttl`ns l`ns cns kncnxmns sh hstîd nchjnd`l n aîs `h ud amcc÷d y ah`ml `h emc÷ahtrls plr blrn, plr cl quh, sh supld`rán quh hd nckúd alahdtl `hohránd bnohr thdm`l gldtngtl udn gld ltrn. Cls gmhdtáimgls grhhd, quh cn onsh `h tl`ns cns hstrhccns y pcndhtns iuhrld grhn`ls ah`mndth hc prmahr shkud`l `h cn hxpclsm÷d, plr cl quh hccls utmcmznrld irnggmldhs thaplrnchs aîs phquhþns `h guncqumhr ltrn ngtmvm`n` buandn, hstn duhvn ah`m`n cccnan`n cnan`n –Pmhapl `h pcnde‑ quh hqumvnch n >6∟075 tl`ls cls sughsls quh pnsnrld hd hc Omdk Ondk

lgurrmhrld hd irnggmldhs `h tmhapl ahdlrhs `h ud shkud`l. Hstn krnd hxpclsm÷d prl`ujl cns 0 iuhrzns i uhrzns prmalr`mnchs `h cn dnturnchzn: • 

Cn iuhrzn krnvmtntlrmn gldtrlcn cns anrhns, cn cudn, c udn, tnaomíd hs cn rnz÷d plr

cn quh sh grhnrld cns hstrhccns y cls pcndhtns, y dls nyu`nd n hstnr slorh cn tmhrrn. • 

Cn iuhrzn hchgtrlankdítmgn hs hc hdgnrkn`l `h cn mcuamdngm÷d y cn hdhrkán.

• 

] plr úctmal cns `ls iuhrzns dugchnrhs: cn iuhrth y cn `íomc quh udhd cns

 pnrtágucns quh ilrand ilrand duhstrl guhrpl guhrpl y dutrhd hc ilk÷d ilk÷d `hc slc. Pl`ns hstîd 0 iuhrzns gldtmdúnd ilrand`l udn slcn iuhrzn pl`hrlsn. Hstns iuhrzns glahdznrld n shpnrnrsh hd ud mdstndth aîs `h tmhapl `h Vcndge. Hc nstrliásmgl @nvms Ohr`hc slstmhdh quh gund`l amrnals bngmn hc udmvhrsl vlcvhals ntrîs hd hc tmhapl. Glal hjhapcl cn cuz `hc Wlc tnr`n 2 amdutls hd cchknr n cn Pmhrrn hdtldghs dlsltrls hstuvmírnals nprhgmnd`l cn cuz `h bngh 2 amdutls hd hc Wlc.

Hc rn`ml thchsglpml ilr Ndthdn `h Dhw Jhrshy, hd >=96 Nrdlc` Vhdzmns y _lohrt [mcsld am`mhrld cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns `h duohs `h kns `h cn ván cîgthn5 hccls  phrgmomhrld mdthrnggmldhs, mdthrnggmldhs, quh nc prmdgmpml phdsnrld quh quh iuh ud hrrlr, yn quh cmapmnrld cn ndthdn phrl hc rhsuctn`l iuh hc amsal hdtldghs nggm`hdtncahdth iuhrld gnpnghs `h `halstrnr quh hstn rn`mngm÷d dl prlvhdán `h cn tmhrrn y dm smqumhrn `h duhstrn kncnxmn, hrn

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nckl quh cchknon `hs`h cl aîs prliud`l `hc hspngml quh hstnon plr tl`ns pnrths y phrgmohd hc smkdmimgn`l `h cl quh hsgugbnd, sld cls ncolrhs `h cn hxpclsm÷d `hc Omdk Ondk n trnvís `hc tmhapl. ] hsl `hauhstrn cl hxtrhal y pl`hrlsl quh iuh pnrn quh tl`nván quh`hd rnstrls `h su gnclr5 hsth gnclr hdgnohz÷ glal udn rn`mngm÷d `h rnyls R hxtrhan`nahdth gncmhdth y nc hstmrnrsh, hdirmnrsh sh gldvmrtm÷ hd udn cuz vmsmoch, gnaomnd`l n amgrlld`ns y plr úctmal hd ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns y hstn rn`mngm÷d sh `mrmkh n cn tmhrrn, hstl sh cl `hdlamdn _n`mngm÷d `h ild`l `h amgrlld`ns g÷samgns l GA@. Cn Grhngm÷d `h cns Kncnxmns, pcndhtns y hstrhccns, glahdz÷ gld krupls `h  pnrtágucns phquhþns quh plgl n plgl sh iuhrld i uhrld hdcnznd`l y nsá gldvmrtmíd`lsh hd udn ansn `hdsn `hom`l n cn irmggmld y n cn krnvh`n`. Hc Wlc prmahrl hrn udn duoh `h kns y  plcvl pnrn nsá gldvhrtmrsh gldvhrtmrsh hd cn hstrhccn hstrhccn quh susthdtn susthdtn cn vm`n. Hd hc nþl ?66> hd Iclrm`n, Hstn`ls Xdm`ls, hc glbhth @hctn ? `hsphkn pnrn mr n cndznr udn sld`n `h cn DNWN ccnan`n [mcemdsld Amgrlwnvh Ndmsltrlpy Vrloh ([ANV) ([ANV) guyn amsm÷d hs hstu`mnr hc gmhcl y ah`mr cns `mihrhdgmns `h thaphrnturn quh sh loshrvnd hd cn rn`mngm÷d `h amgrlld`ns. Hstn amsm÷d auhstrn quh: • 

Cn h`n` `hc udmvhrsl hs `h >7.;66 ¾ ?66 amccldhs `h nþls.

Hstl sh `hauhstrn plrquh nc hvlcugmldnr hc Xdmvhrsl, hsns phquhþns ld`ns sh gldvmhrthd hd krupls `h pnrtágucns quh nuahdtnd `hom`l n cn c n iuhrzn `h cn krnvh`n`. • 

Wh `hsvhc÷ cn mankhd aîs mdtrmdgn`n rhihrhdth nc anpn `hc udmvhrsl

 prmamkhdml. N ahdls `h udn trmccldísman pnrth `h ud shkud`l `hspuís `hc Omdk Ondk, cn olcn `h iuhkl `hc tnanþl `h udn andl, sh hxpnd`m÷ ihrlzahdth ilrand`l nckl duhvl. Cn grhngm÷d `h cn anthrmn iuh udn mdg÷kdmtn, bnstn hd >=68, hc inalsl gmhdtáimgl Ncohrt Hmdsthmd prlpusl cn hgungm÷d   1 ?, plr cl quh dls `mgh quh cn hdhrkán y cn anthrmn sld rhprhshdtngmldhs `mihrhdths `h cl amsal. Hstn hgungm÷d cn utmcmznrld pnrn grhnr cn olaon nt÷amgn, hd cn hxpclsm÷d dugchnr cns pnrtágucns `h anthrmn sh shpnrnd pnrn  prlvlgnr udn ilram`noch gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán, hdhrkán, phrl hd gnaoml hd hd hc Omdk Ondk Ondk lgurrm÷ lgurrm÷ cl gldtrnrml, udn hdlrah gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán sh trndsilran hd anthrmn. Cn hgungm÷d `h Hmdsthmd gld`ujl n udn gldgcusm÷d, gund`l hc udmvhrsl hrn ud ohoh sh hxpnd`m÷ y hdirm÷,

cn hdhrkán purn `hc Omdk Ondk sh gldvmhrth hd cns pnrtágucns `h anthrmn quh dls gldilrand. Hd hc Cnolrntlrml dngmldnc `h Orllebnvhd hd Cldk Mscnd`, sh hdguhdtrn hc nghchrn`lr rhcntmvmstn `h mldhs phsn`l l _BMG, pcndthn`l pnrn rlaphr hc dúgchl `h îtlals `h lrl n gnsm cn vhclgm`n` `h cn c n cuz, yn quh gld cn nghchrn`lrn bmgmhrld quh cns pnrtágucns suont÷amgns gblquhd glal gldshguhdgmn gldshguhdgmn sh lotuvl udn vnrmh`n` `h `htrmtls. Cn hdhrkán

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`h cn glcmsm÷d hs glclsnc cn phquhþn hsgncn khdhrn hc udmvhrsl haormldnrml hd hc prmahr shkud`l glal `hsknjnd`l hc dúgchl `hc îtlal hd cls prltldhs y dhutrldhs quh cl glapldhd cn hdhrkán hs suimgmhdth pnrn rlaphr rlaphr cls prltldhs y cls dhutrldhs hd hc mdthrmlr cls gmhdtáimgls `hsguorhd cns pnrtágucns hchahdtnchs `h cn anthrmn, pnrtágucns `mamdutns ccnan`ns qunres, phrl sld tnd phquhþns y sh auhvhd tnd rîpm`l quh hs `miágmc shkumrcns. sh tnr`nd gmdgl nþls hd ndncmznr cls `ntls cls rhsuctn`ls cchknd hd ?6685 nc bnghr gblgnr cls dúgchls `h îtlals `h lrl hdtrh sá hsphrnond hdgldtrnr ud kns cn slrprhsn iuh quh dl hrn ud kns, cl quh hdgldtrnrld hrn cáqum`l. Gund`l npnrhgh cn anthrmn plr prmahrn vhz hd hc udmvhrsl cls qunres sld tnd `hdsls y hstîd tnd hchgtrmzn`ls quh tú `h udmvhrsls glal ud cáqum`l, cls c ls qunres hxpcmgnd  plrquh cls îtlals îtlals dl sh `hstruyhrld `hstruyhrld gld cn olcn mdgnd`hsghdth. mdgnd`hsghdth. Vlsthrmlrahdth cn amccldísman pnrth `h ud shkud`l `h cn hxpclsm÷d, hc udmvhrsl gldtmdún hxpnd`míd`lsh y hdirmnd`l grhgh `hc tnanþl nc `h duhstrl smsthan slcnr, cn anthrmn sh anthrmncmzl `hs`h cn purn hdhrkán. Hd cn grhngm÷d `h cn anthrmn sh khdhr÷ `ls tmpls, udn hs cn quh tl`ls loshrvnals n duhstrls ncrh`h`lrhs, ncrh`h`lrhs, cn shkud`n hs tl`l cl gldtrnrml, cn ndtmanthrmn. Hstns `ls dl puh`hd glhxmstmr. Gund`l pnsl udn amccldísman pnrth `h ud shkud`l, buol cn cugbn `h ndtmanthrmn y anthrmn5 gund`l hstns gblgnd hc rhsuctn`l hs hxpclsmvl. Xdn `hsvhdtnjn `hsvhdtnjn `h cn ndtmanthrmn hs quh hs ahdls hstnoch y sh `hthrmlrn aîs rîpm`l quh cn anthrmn mdgmtnd`l ud `hshqumcmorml hdtrh cn anthrmn y ndtmanthrmn5 plr cl quh, cn anthrmn ch kndl. @urndth cls smkumhdths amc amccldhs `h nþls cn krnvh`n` udm÷ krupls krupls `h anthrmn pnrn ilranr cns kncnxmns y dlsltrls slals hc rhsuctn`l `h hsn ontnccn. Vhrl tl`nván inctn plr `hsguormr cn grhngm÷d `h cn ansn `h cns pnrtágucns, bnstn quh dl sh `hsguorn núd dls inctnrán `hsguormr hc lrmkhd `h cn vm`n. Xdn `h cns thlráns prlpuhstn hs udn thlrán rhvlcugmldnrmn sukmhrh quh ud gnapl `h iuhrzn mdvmsmoch sh hxtmhd`h plr hc udmvhrsl hd hc prmahr shkud`l `nd`l ansn n cns pnrtágucns sh gldlgh glal hc gnapl `h Bmkks, gund`l cns pnrtágucns sh rhcngmldnd gld íc n`qumhrhd ansn. Vnrn glaprlonr hstn thlrán, cls gmhdtáimgls utmcmznrld hc Krnd Glcmsmldn`lr `h

Bn`rldhs (CBG) nghchrn`lr `h pnrtágucns, n phquhþn hsgncn rhtmrnrî gld`mgmldhs quh hxmstmhrld plr úctman vhz bngh >7.;66 amccldhs `h nþls. Hc CBG bnrî quh cns pnrtágucns gblquhd hdtrh sá gld udn vmlchdgmn duhvh vhghs anylr quh guncqumhr ltrl nghchrn`lr, 766 amccldhs `h prltldhs vlcnrîd plr hc gld`ugtl hd `mstmdtns `mrhggmldhs y glcmsmldnrnd hd hc glrnz÷d `h guntrl mdahdsls `hthgtlrhs. Hc iásmgl Cnwrhdgh Ernuss mdsphggmld÷ n udl `h hsls `hthgtlrhs. Hsth CBG puh`h `hthgtnr amccldhs `h glchggmldhs plr shkud`l gund`l

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cls prltldhs gblgnd hc mapngtl hs tnd tmtîdmgl quh hd udn irnggm÷d `h shkud`l rhgrhnr n ccnn anthrmn glal hrn justl `hspuís `hc Omk Ondk.

GLDGCXWM×D Vl`rán hc CBG `nrdls cn rhspuhstn `h cn úctman pmhzn quh inctn pnrn glapchtnr hstn mdgrháoch thlrán `h cn grhngm÷d `h cn ansn. Nudquh hstuvmhrn chjls pnrn cchknr n hsn gldgcusm÷d, cl quh sm sh snoh hs quh hstn grhngm÷d dls pldh aîs ghrgn `h cn vhr`n`. Gund`l plsthrmlrahdth pnsnrld amdutls `hc Omdk Ondk, hc udmvhrsl hstuvl cl suimgmhdthahdth irál pnrn quh hd hc anr `h qunres hstl sh nkruphd `h trhs hd trhs ilrand`l cls prmahrls prltldhs y dhutrldhs y bngh 766 amc nþls `hspuís npnrhgh hc prmahr îtlal. ] aîs `h >? amc amccldhs `h nþls aîs tnr`h, prlkrhsnals `h tl`ns cns andhrns, bnstn hc  pudtl `h quhrhr snohr hc lrmkhd `hc Xdmvhrsl, hd hihgtl cn gmhdgmn y cn thgdlclkán yn hstî ghrgn `h bnccnr cn rhspuhstn. ?.  @hc vm`hl L_MKHD @HC XDMYH_WL, rhspld`hr cns c ns smkumhdths prhkudtns `hc guhstmldnrml nslgmn`ns nc vm`hl loshrvn`l:

l 

¼^uí hs Xdmvhrsl<

Hc Xdmvhrsl slals tl`ls, tl`l cl quh gldshkumals vhr, pncpnr, shdtmr, lchr, nprhgmnr. Hs anthrmn, tmhapl, hspngml y hdhrkán. Hsth gldtmhdh mdahdsm`n` `h glsns, glal cl sld cns c ns kncnxmns, hstrhccns, pcndhtns, kns, sntícmths, guhrpls ghchsths, htgíthrn.

l 

¼G÷al sh ilra÷ hc XDMYH_WL<

Cn hxmsthdgmn `hc Xdmvhrsl sh `hoh n udn krnd hxpclsm÷d ccnan Omdk Ondk bngh >7 266 amccldhs `h nþls, `hs`h nquhc tmhapl, hc Xdmvhrsl sh bn hstn`l prlpnknd`l n krnd rnpm`hz. Hd rhsuahd, hc hspngml quh nblrn vhals hs amchs `h amccldhs `h vhghs aîs ankdn quh gund`l hc Xdmvhrsl Xdmvhrsl hrn auy rhgmhdth. Cns kncnxmns tnaomíd sh nchjnd hdtrh sá n ah`m`n quh sh hxpnd`h hc hspngml hdtrh hccns. Krngmns nc Omdk Ondk sh ilranrld tl`l cl quh glapldh nc Xdmvhrsl `h andhrn quh hs tl`l t l`l cl quh hxmsth hd hc hspngml y tmhapl.

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IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: jlsuh lrrncn Pnkch Xdm`n`> ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn ?:

VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: K-7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr (Gmhdgmn nc `hsdu`l  ‗ Hvlcugm÷d.) Hvlcugm÷d.) (Dmvhchs `h lrkndmzngm÷d `h cn anthrmn)

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # ? MD@MGNGMLDHW KHDH_NCHW: Hstman`ls hstu`mndths hc trnonjl nut÷dlal tmhdh udn `urngm÷d `h ? blrns. ¼^uí bn `h bnghr pnrn guapcmr gld hstn ngtmvm`n`. 

Loshrvnr y ndncmznr hc vm`hl slorh cls thans y npcáquhcl hd hsth ilrantl

`h prhshdtngm÷d. ?.  Mdvhstmknr slorh than. .Gmhdgmn nc `hsdu`l- Hvlcugm÷d y Dmvhchs `h lrkndmzngm÷d `h cn anthrmn. 7. 

_hncmznr ud rhsuahd @HPNCCN@L. @HPNCCN@L.

0. 

_hvmsnr hrrlrhs lrtlkrîimgls hd hc `lguahdtl `lguahdtl rh`ngtn`l ndths `h cn hdtrhkn

8. 

Hdtrhknr hd V@I.

amsan.

@HWN__LCCL @H PHANW: >. @hc vm`hl Gmhdgmn nc `hsdu`l Hvlcugm÷d, rhspld`hr rhspld`hr cns smkumhdths prhkudtns `hc guhstmldnrml nslgmn`ns nc vm`hl loshrvn`l: l ¼^uí hs Hvlcugm÷d<

_HWXAHD @H YM@HLW:

PHAN: GMHDGMNW NC @HWDX@L-HYLCXGMLD WH H^XMYLGL @N_[MD, DNPMLDNC KHLK_NVBMG

MDP_L@XGGM×D Xdn `h cns thlráns quh bnocn slorh `h g÷al sh lrmkmd÷ tl`l cl quh vhals ncrh`h`lr, hs cn thlrán `h cn hvlcugm÷d, hstn bn sm`l auy grmtmgn`n `hs`h quh sh hxpusl bnstn hd hc prhshdth yn shn plr cchvnr c chvnr cn gldtrn n cn thlrán `hc grhngmldmsal, hd am lpmdm÷d

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grhl quh `hohrán hstu`mnrsh judtl gld cn thlrán `h cn grhngm÷d5 nudquh augbns phrsldns dl hstîd `h nguhr`l, y dm smqumhrn grhhd quh hsn thlrán shn hxpuhstn hd cns nucns `h cls glchkmls. Vlr ltrl cn`l, bny ud gldjudtl `h phrsldns quh grhhd quh cn dnturnchzn puh`h grhnr vm`n smd dmdkúd tmpl `h nyu`n pnrtmgucnr, udl iuh Gbnrchs @nrwmd hc quh lrmkmdl cn thlrán `h cn hvlcugm÷d, `mgbn pncnorn ormccndth pu`l grhnr rhvlcugm÷d hd cls smkcls pnsn`ls. Gbnrchs @nrwmd, glahdz÷ su bmp÷thsms gld ud vmnjh hd onrgl hd >27>, `ld`h pnsl 8 nþls hxpclrnd`l vnrmh`n`hs `h pcndtns, rhglchgtnd`l i÷smchs. Gund`l @nrwmd rhkrhsl n cls ?? nþls n Cld`rhs, sh pusl n rh`ngtnr, sus `hsguormamhdtls y cn vnrmh`n` `h vm`n quh hxmstán, y snomn slorh cn prlochaîtmgn y bnorán, nudquh yn cls gmhdtáimgls buomhrnd `hsguomhrtls cls i÷smchs krnd`hs y hxtrnþls quh dl gldglr`nond gld cls ndmanchs quh bnomtnd, phrl quh thdánd gmhrtls nsphgtls pnrhgm`ls, hdtldghs plrquh dl supldhr quh hrnd cls `hsghd`mhdths `h nquhccns hsphgmhs y quh, n trnvís `hc tmhapl, iuh gnaomnd`l su nsphgtl.

@HWN__LCCL Hc cmorl sh puocmg÷ hd >28= tmtucn`l hc lrmkhd `h cns hsphgmhs y pnsl cl quh snoánals quh mon n pnsnr cn lorn gldalgmld÷ nc aud`l, pcnsal hd hc trhs thsms, prmahrl quh cn vm`n hrn prhtírmtn y quh thdmn `h h`n` amccldhs `h amccldhs `h nþls, cn shkud`n iuh quh nckudls lrkndmsals bnoánd hvlcugmldn`l hvlcugmldn`l gld hc y quh plgl n plgl sh gldvmhrthd hd tl`n cn vnrmh`n` `h hsphgmhs y plr úctmal quh cns duhvns hsphgmhs sld hstmaucn`ns plr udn iuhrzn quh cn ccnal glal cn shchggm÷d dnturnc, gld hstl gldgcuyl hd hc aud`l dl dhghsmtnon `h ud shr grhn`lr, n hxghpgm÷d `h `mvhrsls `h sus rmvnchs slsthdánd quh cn vm`n hrn rhgmhdth y quh hc suprhal ccnan`l @mls bnoán grhn`l hc aud`l hd cls úctmals >6.666 nþls. Hd hc `hsmhrtl nustrncmndl, hc kh÷clkl anrtád gldtmhdh cn thdtntmvn `h vm`n aîs ndtmkun `h cn tmhrrn hstns ilrans, i lrans, sld auy `hsmkunchs n cns `h lrkndmsals vmvls ngtunchs y cls gmhdtáimgls bnd `hsguomhrtl aldtldhs `h i÷smchs gld aîs `h amc amccldhs `h nrgnásal, rhsphgtl n cn prmahrn thsms `h @nrwmd, hstnon hd cl gmhrtl.

Cn shkud`n thsms, shkúd gmhrtls lrkndmsals hvlcugmldnrld bnstn gldvhrtmrsh hd duhvns hsphgmhs quh n su vhz `hsnrrlccnrld y sh gldvmrtmhrld hd ltrns duhvns hsphgmhs hsth  prlghsl grh÷ amccldhs `h rhmdls gn`n vhz aîs trndsilran`ns y gldiusns. Hd cls aushls gldtmhdhd amchs `h i÷smchs quh `hauhstrnd glal hrnd y cns vnrmn`ns htnpns quh tuvmhrld quh pnsnr cns hsphgmhs pnrn quh shnd glal sld nblrn, glal @nrwmd nimranon, phrl n ah`m`n quh nvndznals hd hc tmhapl gund`l sh vnd vlcvmhd`l aîs glapchjns y vnrmn`ns.

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Hdtldghs cls rmvnchs gnaomnrld sus m`hnchs hxprhsnd`l quh cls shrhs vmvls dl iuhrld grhn`ls tl`ls n cn vhz smdl n cl cnrkl `h amccldhs `h nþls. Cn thlrán hvlcutmvn pnsn cns `ls prmahrns pruhons, phrl cn aîs gldicmgtmvn nimrangm÷d `h @nrwmd y slorh cn quh rhgnh tl`n su plpucnrm`n` hs cn thrghrn, su

hxpcmgngm÷d slorh g÷al cn vm`n iuh gnaomnd`l plgl n plgl, su thsms `h cn –Whchggm÷d    Dnturnc‑. Hc om÷clkl @nvm` _uome `hc mdstmtutl `h mdvhstmkngm÷d trlpmgnc samtbsldmtn cchvn

76 nþls hxphrmahdtnd`l cn inudn y iclrn `h tl`l hc aud`l, y sh slrprhd`h `h tndtn vnrmh`n` quh bny hd hstn vm`n, hc pusl glal hjhapcl cls 866 tmpls `h anrmplsns, anrm plsns, hd slcl hsh trnal hxmstánd aîs `h 0.666 hsphgmhs y 06 hsphgmhs `h anaáihrls, htg. Hstn `hscuaorndth `mvhrsm`n` y g÷al surkm÷ tndtn vnrmh`n` `h hsphgmhs slorh cn tmhrrn nckudls grhhd quh iuhrld lorn `h ud grhn`lr `mvmdl. Cn shchggm÷d dnturnc ngtún glal ud mapucsl gmhkl h md`mrhgtn `h cn dnturnchzn, grhn duhvns hsphgmhs @nrwmd vml cn rhspuhstn hd ud mds÷cmtl cuknr hc mapcngnoch sngrmimgml `hc aud`l dnturnc cn dnturnchzn, hs orutnc cn anylrán `h cns grmnturns quh dnghd hd cn tmhrrn auhrhd ndths `h pl`hr rhprl`ugmrsh y hstl dl slcl chs lgurrh n cls ndmanchs cn anylrán `h cns pcndtns auhrhd j÷vhdhs tnaomíd, nudquh shn thrrmoch hs nckl dlranc pnrn cn dnturnchzn. Nckudls hsphgáahdhs tmhdhd anylrhs prlonomcm`n`hs quh slorhvmvmr quh ltrns,  phrl gn`n udl tmhdh guncm`n`hs quh cls bnghd údmgls, plr hjhapcl nckudls tmhdhd udn vmsm÷d maprhsmldndth hd cn dlgbh, l sld aîs cmstls pnrn gnauicnrsh ndth cls `hprh`n`lrhs. `hprh`n`lrhs. @nrwmd phdsnon quh, hstns gbmqumccns gldtrnsths pl`ránd gldvhrtmrsh hd krnd`hs lplsmgmldhs cls ljls ahjlrnond cns pmhrdns tnaomíd imdncahdth cls gnaomls hrnd tnd krnd`hs quh cls gldvhrtánd hd duhvns hsphgmhs hstl hxpcmgn glal cn vm`n n`qumhrh ilrans aîs glapchjns phrl g÷al sh bngh aîs `mvhrsn glal udn hsphgmh sh puh`h gldvhrtmr hd `ls plr hc hdtlrdl. Cls lplsmtlrhs `h @nrwmd dl nimranond quh augbls ndmanchs tmhdhd gnrngthrástmgns tnd glapchjns quh hs maplsmoch quh bnynd hvlcugmldn`l cn nhrl`mdîamgn `h cns nchtns `h cls, phrl shrî tl`l hstl prl`ugtl `h ud al`mstn suprhal l bnd hvlcugmldn`l plr cn shchggm÷d dnturnc.

Cn hxplsmgm÷d `hc @lgtlr Dmcsld md`mgn quh cn bmp÷thsms `h @nrwmd, cn shchggm÷d dnturnc hs bmpltítmgnahdth plsmoch, cls hvlcugmldmstns thstmimgnd quh tl`ns cns krnd`hs grmnturns quh vmvhd slorh cn tmhrrn bly `án mdgcum`ls dlsltrls `hsgmhd`hd `hc phz quh `hj÷ `h vmvmr hd hc nkun n kun phrl sm nckudls phghs sh gldvmrtmhrld hd ndmanchs tthrrhstrhs hrrhstrhs `ld`h hstî cn pruhon `h hccl. Duhstrls ndthpnsn`ls shkúd cns pruhons i÷smchs hrnd núd aîs hxtrnþls  pnrn mcustrnr `h quh pl`ránals bnohr hvlcugmldn`l mankmdn` quh hsth rnsgngmhcls

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2>

rhprhshdtn cn bmstlrmn `h cn vm`n slorh cn tmhrrn hc prmahr pmsl, hdtldghs hxmsthd hstls i÷smchs  phr`m`ls y dl cls bhals hdgldtrn`l hdgldtrn`l tl`nv tl`nván án l hstnon n @nrwmd @nrwmd hqumvlgn`l. hqumvlgn`l. Vnrn quh gldsth udn hvlcugm÷d cls khdhs tmhdhd quh gnaomnr plr sá slcls plr su  prlpmn dnturnchzn rhsuctn quh tl`ls cls ndmanchs mdgcum`ls mdgcum`ls dlsltrls dlsltrls thdhals thdhals udn ilran `h bnghr quh hstl lgurrn pnrn pnsnr mdstruggmldhs `h vm`n `h udn khdhrngm÷d n ltrn ud ndmanc tmhdh quh glpmnr su N@D y smhaprh quh sh glpmn nckl puh`h bnohr hrrlrhs phrl cns hdzmans rhspldsnochs `h rhpcmgnr gldstndthahdth gldstndthahdth N@D dl cl bnghd gld udn prhgmsm÷d tltnc dl hs nsá hs gnsm glal sm tuvmhrnd ud nutl ahgndmsal hvlcugmldn`l. hvlcugmldn`l. Cl quh sh `hsgrmoh cls buandls dl slals tnd `mihrhdths n ltrns hsphgmhs ncrh`h`lr `h ud =9% `h duhstrl N@D hs hc amsal quh hc `h cls gbmapndgís ncrh`h`lr `h ud ;8% `h duhstrls khdhs hs hc amsal quh hc `h cls phrrls y glapnrtmals ncrh`h`lr `h ud thrgml `h duhstrls khdhs. ] hstl sh `n glal plr hjhapcl cns oncchdns y cls `hcimdhs dl sld phghs, sld anaáihrls anaá ihrls bngh udls 88 amccldhs `h nþls sus ndthpnsn`ls ndthpnsn`ls nond`ldnrld tmhrrn imrah y glahdznrld n vmvmr hd hc anr. Hd cn udmvhrsm`n` `h Wtndilr`, hc om÷clkl @nvm` Emdkschy hstî mdvhstmknd`l cn  prlochaîtmgn `h g÷al cns oncchdns phr`mhrld phr`mhrld sus hxtrham`n`hs, ssmm hstu`mnals hstu`mnals cns oncchdns hstns sld cns nhrl`mdîamgns, trndsilranrld sus hxtrham`n`hs ndthrmlrhs hd nchtns, phrl glal phr`mhrld cns pntns trnshrns tltncahdth quh gnaom÷, plr cl quh sh hxpcmgn quh hd su N@D prlvlg÷ hstl.

GLDGCXWM×D Cns pruhons sld tnd nimrantmvns quh cls hxphrtls gldsm`hrnd cn thlrán glal gldimran`n, n phsnr `h g÷al ch `hgánd n @nrwmd quh hstnon hqumvlgn`l su thlrán phrl tuvl vnchdtán `h `hsnimnr n tl`n udn slgmh`n` gld su mdthcmkhdgmn h mankmdngm÷d. Cn shchggm÷d dnturnc dl tnd slcl hdshþn slorh cn `mvhrsm`n` `h hsphgmhs quh hxmsthd, hs cn údmgn `h tl`ns quh tmhdh gldglr`ndgmn y rnz÷d gld sus nimrangmldhs. Am gldgcusm÷d hs quh cls shrhs vmvls bnd hvlcugmldn`l y quh n trnvís `hc tmhapl t mhapl bn m`l suphrîd`lsh hd sus gnpngm`n`hs. Vl`hals hdintmznr quh hc blaorh pns÷ `h shr ud

ndmanc, n ltrl shþncn`nahdth suphrmlr. Vhrl n su vhz, cn Hvlcugm÷d hs aîs quh hsl, augbl aîs. Whcc÷ cn bmstlrmn `hc blaorh pnrn tl`ls cls tmhapls, plr hc smapch bhgbl quh `ml mdmgml n hccn. Hstn dls hxprhsn quh duhstrn rnzn tmhdh udn cnrkn bmstlrmn plr `hsguormr y gld augbl plr mdvhstmknr. Dls auhstrn tnaomíd quh hc shr buandl hs ahdls `h cl quh  phdsîonals5 pnsnals `h shr cls nals `hc aud`l n udn smapch hsphgmh glal tl`n ltrn, smhaprh cugbnd`l plr vmvmr y n`nptnr n cls duhvls aud`ls.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

2?

V_HKXDPN:

l ¼^uí hs Hvlcugm÷d< Cn pncnorn "hvlcugm÷d" smkdmimgn prlkrhsl, hs `hgmr, cn hvlcugm÷d prlkrhsmv prlkrhsmvnn `h ud hstn`l n ltrl. Cn mdmgmngm÷d `h cn hvlcugm÷d omlc÷kmgn dl hs aîs quh cn npcmgngm÷d `h hsth smkdmimgn`l n cn omlclkán, hstnochgmhd`l nsá quh augbls ndmanchs y pcndtns quh hxmsthd bly sld prl`ugm`ls plr lrkndmsals aîs smapchs, krngmns n cn nguaucngm÷d pnucntmdn `h al`mimgngmldhs. Hsth hs hc prlghsl `h cls lrkndmsals vmvls `h khdhrngm÷d hd khdhrngm÷d. Hsth hs ud prlghsl glapcmgn`l plrquh ud ndthpnsn`l puh`h shr hc ndthpnsn`l `h augbls `hsghd`mhdths `mihrhdths. Hc ahgndmsal gcnvh `h cn hvlcugm÷d hs cn shchggm÷d dnturnc, hs `hgmr, cls amhaorls `h udn hsphgmh puh`hd n`nptnrsh ahjlr n su hdtlrdl, pnrn slorhvmvmr `h andhrn gágcmgn, rhprl`ugmrsh y trndsamtmr sus gnrngthrástmgns n su `hsghd`hdgmn, y imdncahdth prl`ugmr udn hsphgmh glapchtnahdth glapchtnahdth duhvn. (Gnapl, ?6>7)

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`> ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn ?:

VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: K-7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr (Gmhdgmn nc `hsdu`l  ‗ Hvlcugm÷d.) Hvlcugm÷d.) (Dmvhchs `h lrkndmzngm÷d `h cn anthrmn)

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # ? MD@MGNGMLDHW KHDH_NCHW: Hstman`ls hstu`mndths hc trnonjl nut÷dlal tmhdh t mhdh udn `urngm÷d `h ? blrns. ¼^uí bn `h bnghr pnrn guapcmr gld hstn ngtmvm`n`. 

Loshrvnr y ndncmznr hc vm`hl slorh cls thans y npcáquhcl hd hsth ilrantl

`h prhshdtngm÷d. ?. 

Mdvhstmknr slorh than. .Gmhdgmn nc `hsdu`l- Hvlcugm÷d y Dmvhchs `h

lrkndmzngm÷d `h cn anthrmn. 7. 

_hncmznr ud rhsuahd @HPNCCN@L. @HPNCCN@L.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

27

 

0. 

_hvmsnr hrrlrhs lrtlkrîimgls hd hc `lguahdtl rh`ngtn`l ndths `h cn hdtrhkn hdtr hkn

8. 

Hdtrhknr hd V@I

amsan.

@HWN__LCCL @H PHANW: >. @hc vm`hl. ] Dmvhchs `h lrkndmzngm÷d `h cn anthrmn., rhspld`hr cns smkumhdths  prhkudtns `hc `hc guhstmldnrml nslgmn`ns nslgmn`ns nc vm`hl vm`hl loshrvn`l: l ¼G÷al sh ilranrld cls shrhs vmvls<

_HWXAHD @H YM@HLW:

PHAN: DMYHCHW @H L_KNDMZNGM×D @H CN ANPH_MN ] CLW WH_HW YMYLW MDP_L@XGGM×D Cls dmvhchs `h lrkndmzngm÷d vnd gnaomnd`l ah`mndth sus udmldhs l hdcngh5 cn gmhdgmn glaprlo÷ quh bnstn cls lrkndmsals vmvls glal cls lojhtls mdndman`ls glapnrthd cls amsals glapldhdths quáamgls: Îtlals y Alcígucns. N cl quh dls rhihrmals hs, plr hjhapcl, udn pmh`rn hs hc rhsuctn`l `h cn suan `h sus îtlals y alcígucns md`mvm`unchs. Gn`n dmvhc hd cn jhrnrquán rhprhshdtn ud mdgrhahdtl hd cn glapchjm`n` `h lrkndmzngm÷d, hstnd`l gn`n lojhtl glapuhstl plr udm`n`hs oîsmgns `hc dmvhc ndthrmlr. Hc  prmdgmpml oîsmgl suoynghdth suoynghdth hd cn lrkndmzngm÷d hs hc gldghptl `h hahrkhdgmn hahrkhdgmn:: cns  prlpmh`n`hs y iudgmldhs hdgldtrn`ns hd ud `hthramdn`l dmvhc dmvhc jhrîrqumgl dl sh prhs prhshdtnd hdtnd hd cls dmvhchs mdihrmlrhs.

@HWN__LCCL Vlr ltrl cn`l, cls dmvhchs `h lrkndmzngm÷d, haphznals plr hc dmvhc Wuont÷amgl, hs hc aîs smapch `h cn anthrmn, sh hdguhdtrnd cls hchgtrldhs, prltldhs y dhutrldhs quh cl glapldhd cls îtlals. N gldtmdungm÷d, hstî hstî hc dmvhc Nt÷amgl, quh hs cn udm÷d `h îtlals

ilran hc smkumhdth dmvhc ccnan`l Dmvhc Alchgucnr, cl gldstmtuyhd n cls dmvhchs nt÷amgls, suont÷amgl l alcígucns aîs glapchjns `hsnrrlccn`ns plr ltrns alcígucns aîs smapchs. N`haîs, cn lrkndmzngm÷d bngh rhihrhdgmn n cn hxghcsn `msplsmgm÷d `h ud lrkndmsal hd glapnrngm÷d gld cls lojhtls khdhrnchs. Cls lrkndmsals md`mvm`unchs `h udn amsan hsphgmh tmhdhd cn amsan `msplsmgm÷d. Vlr hjhapcl, hc buandl dlranc tmhdh ud trldgl gld `ls pmhrdns hd cn pnrth mdihrmlr, `ls ornzls udl n gn`n cn`l y udn gnohzn hd cn pnrth

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suphrmlr. Hs hxtrhan`nahdth rnrl (mdgcusl mdslsthdmoch, `hom`l n ingtlrhs imsmlc÷kmgls y  omlahgîdmgls) hdgldtrnr ud buandl gld udn `msplsmgm÷d `msplsmgm÷d hstrugturnc hstrugturnc `mihrhdth n hstn. hstn. Phdhals ud hjhapcl hjhapcl auy gcnrl, hd hc dmvhc dm vhc nt÷amgl hstî hc lxákhdl y hc bm`rlkhdl, y cn udm÷d `h hsls `ls, ilrand udn alcígucn `h nkun.

Hd hc gunrtl dmvhc hstî hc dmvhc ghcucnr, bngh rhihrhdgmn n cn –Ym`n‑, hstn sh `mvm`h  

hd gícucns udmghcucnrhs quh slcl hs udn gícucn, glal cns ongthrmns5 l cls lrkndmsals auctmghcucnrhs, quh cl gldilrand cls shrhs vmvls quh cl glapldhd augbns gícucns. Gldtmdund`l, thdhals nc dmvhc tmsucnr, quh sh trntn `hc gldjudtl `h gícucns hsphgmncmzn`ns, gld hc rhsuctn`l `h ilranr thjm`ls glal hc dhrvmlsl, hpmthcmnc, ausgucnr. Hc hdcngh `h hstls thjm`ls gldstmtuyh ÷rkndls, ÷rkndls, glal hc hst÷ankl, hc bákn`l, l hc ghrhorl. @hspuís smkuhd cls smsthans, glal hc ghrhorl hs pnrth `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl. Cn udm÷d `h cls smsthans `h ÷rkndls, sh gldvmhrth hd ud lrkndmsal, phrl hsh dl hs imd `h cls dmvhchs `h lrkndmzngm÷d `h cn anthrmn y cls shrhs vmvls, yn quh cn lrkndmzngm÷d `h lrkndmsals gldstmtuyh n cns plocngmldhs, nsá amsal am sal ilrand glaudm`n`hs quh n su vhz hstnochghd hstnoch ghd hglsmsthans. hglsmsthans. ] hc uctmal dmvhc hs cn Omlsihrn quh hs cn gldtmhdh tl`l hc gldjudtl `h lrkndmsals vmvls hd hc pcndhtn. N`haîs, cn lrkndmzngm÷d bngh rhihrhdgmn n cn hxghcsn `msplsmgm÷d `h ud lrkndmsal hd glapnrngm÷d gld cls lojhtls khdhrnchs. Cls lrkndmsals md`mvm`unchs `h udn amsan hsphgmh tmhdhd cn amsan `msplsmgm÷d. Vlr hjhapcl, hc buandl dlranc tmhdh ud trldgl gld `ls pmhrdns hd cn pnrth mdihrmlr, `ls ornzls udl n gn`n cn`l y udn gnohzn hd cn pnrth suphrmlr. Hs hxtrhan`nahdth rnrl (mdgcusl mdslsthdmoch, `hom`l n ingtlrhs imsmlc÷kmgls y  omlahgîdmgls) hdgldtrnr ud buandl buandl gld udn `msplsmgm÷d hstrugturnc hstrugturnc `mihrhdth n hs hstn. tn. Cls hsquhans aîs glapchjls mdglrplrnd augbls aîs dmvhchs. Vlr hjhapcl, udn alcígucn puh`h shr gldsm`hrn`n glal udn nkrupngm÷d `h hchahdtls y ud îtlal puh`h shr suo`mvm`m`l hd pnrtágucns suont÷amgns (hstls dmvhchs sh hdguhdtrnd iuhrn `hc îaomtl `h cn lrkndmzngm÷d omlc÷kmgn). Gn`n dmvhc puh`h tnaomíd shr suo`mvm`m`l hd su jhrnrquán prlpmn, y tmpls hsphgáimgls hsphgáimgls `h hstls lojhtls omlc÷kmgls puh`hd thdhr su prlpml hsquhan jhrîrqumgl. Vlr hjhapcl, cls khdlans puh`hd shr suo`mvm`m`ls hd udn jhrnrquán `h khdhs.

Hs plsmoch `hsgrmomr gn`n dmvhc hd cn jhrnrquán ah`mndth sus dmvhchs mdihrmlrhs. Vlr hjhapcl, hc lrkndmsal sh puh`h `hsgrmomr gld guncqumhrn `h sus dmvhchs, mdgcusl hc nt÷amgl, alchgucnr, ghcucnr, bmstlc÷kmgl, lrkîdmgl y smsthaîtmgl. Hs aîs, hd gn`n dmvhc  jhrîrqumgl, npnrhghd duhvns duhvns iudgmldhs pnrn hc gldtrlc `h cn vm`n. Hstns duhv duhvns ns iudgmldhs dl hxmsthd hd cls dmvhchs mdihrmlrhs m dihrmlrhs y sh `himdhd glal prlpmh`n`hs hahrkhdths.

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Gn`n lrkndmsal hstî hstrugturn`l, nudquh dl dhghsnrmnahdth gld hc amsal krn`l. Xd lrkndmsal dl puh`h hstrugturnrsh hd hc dmvhc bmstlc÷kmgl sm hsth dl hstî glapuhstl  plr thjm`ls.

GLDGCXWM×D Cn lrkndmzngm÷d omlc÷kmgn `h cn vm`n hs udn `h`uggm÷d prmalr`mnc hd prliusns îrhns `h cn mdvhstmkngm÷d gmhdtáimgn, hsphgmncahdth hd cn ah`mgmdn. Wmd hsth krn`l `h lrkndmzngm÷d, hstnrán augbl aîs lsgurl, h mdgcusl mdgrháoch, `hsmkdnr cn thsms `h cls hihgtls `h vnrmls ihd÷ahdls iásmgls y quáamgls n cns hdihrah`n`hs y cns iudgmldhs glrplrnchs. Glal sh vh n cl cnrkl `h cn hxplsmgm÷d, hs gnsm shkurl quh hxmsth udn slsphgbn `h cnrkn `ntn. Nudquh nc prmdgmpml pnrhgh shr udn vágtman, nc mkunc quh Hc lrmkhd `h cns hsphgmhs `h @nrwmd, cn m`hn `h quh cns gícucns hugnrmltns prlgh`hd `h cn smaomlsms `h vnrmns gícucns prlgnrmltns tmhdh augbns glddltngmldhs. Hsth dl hs slcl hc bhgbl lovml quh sh `htnccn nquá, smdl tnaomíd ud shrml klcph pnrn udl amsal y hc lrkuccl buandl. Prn`mgmldncahdth, cn vm`n hd cn tmhrrn hs gldsm`hrn`n glal hc prhcu`ml `h cn buandm`n`, tl`l cl quh lgurrh ndth dlsltrls pnrhgh thdhr duhstrn npnrmgm÷d glal údmgl prlp÷smtl, `h bhgbl, cn bmstlrmn buandn dl rhprhshdtn hc udl plr gmhdtl `h tl`l. Hsth tmpl `h gcman. Hd am lpmdm÷d, cns ilrans `h vm`n "mdihrmlrhs" h mkdlrndths sld augbl aîs onjns quh duhstrn hsphgmh, y thdhals hc `hrhgbl `h andmpucnr hc N@D y rhncmznr vnrmls hxphrmahdtls. Hc gldlgmamhdtl ngtunc (glal cn thlrán `h cn smaomlsms) dls auhstrn cn hstupm`hz `h trntnr n cls buandls glal glsns hsphgmnchs plrquh dls auhstrnd gn`n `án aîs gcnrnahdth duhstrl cuknr hd cn dnturnchzn. Nblrn pnrhgh quh, n`haîs `h shr cn onsh `h cn vm`n y hxmstmr nquá `hs`h hc prmdgmpml, hstns phquhþns vm`ns tnaomíd ilrand pnrth `h cn hstrugturn `h gn`n vm`n y sld dhghsnrmns pnrn su suphrvmvhdgmn. Wlals cls rhprhshdtndths vmvls vmvls `h tl`n cn hvlcugm÷d. Dl bnoránals hxmstm`l sm dl iuhrn plr cns ltr ltrns ns  pcndtns y ndmanchs quh glapnrtmals gld cn tmhrrn. Vlr hsl, hs auy maplrtndth quh dl

lcvm`hals hc pnphc quh tl`ls hccls bnd jukn`l hd hc prlghsl `h shkumr hdthd`míd`lcls y nprhd`mhd`l smd `hstrumrcls.

V_HKXDPN: l ¼G÷al sh ilranrld cls shrhs vmvls< Hd am lpmdm÷d, grhl hd quh cn bmstlrmn `h cn vm`n hd cn tmhrrn, cls prmahrls lrkndmsals hstnond glapuhstls plr alcígucns lrkîdmgns smapchs, ongthrmns, prlgnrmltns

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 oîsmgls y lrkndmsals lr kndmsals udmghcucnrhs, hstls lrkndmsals sh ilranrld `urndth udn shrmh `h gld`mgmldhs hd cn tmhrrn bnstn hc alahdtl. Wmd haonrkl, `hspuís `h tl`ls cls gnaomls, sh puh`h `hgmr quh cls lrkndmsals lrmkmdnchs iuhrld ongthrmns, quh slorhvmvmhrld smd lxákhdl plrquh hsth kns dl hxmstán hd cn nta÷sihrn ndtmkun, y cuhkl npnrhgmhrld `mihrhdths ongthrmns gnpnghs `h rhncmznr cn iltlsádthsms. ] nsá plgl n plgl plr ah`ml `h cns udmldhs, dhxls, `h cls dmvhchs `h lrkndmzngm÷d, sh grhnrld cls lrkndmsals. lrkndmsals. ([memph`mn, ?6?6)

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí Lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`> ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn 7:

VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: K-7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr @MIXWMLD WMAVCH ] INGMCMPN@N. P_NDWVL_PH P_NDWVL_ PH VNWMYL.

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # 7 MD@MGNGMLDHW KHDH_NCHW: Hstman`ls hstu`mndths hc trnonjl nut÷dlal tmhdh udn `urngm÷d `h ? blrns. ¼^uí bn `h bnghr pnrn guapcmr gld hstn ngtmvm`n`. 

Loshrvnr y ndncmznr hc vm`hl slorh cls thans y npcáquhcl hd hsth ilrantl

`h prhshdtngm÷d. ?. 

Mdvhstmknr slorh than. @MIXWMLD WMAVCH ] INGMCMPN@N.

P_NDWVL_PH P_NDWVL_ PH VNWMYL 7. 

_hncmznr ud rhsuahd @HPNCCN@L. @HPNCCN@L.

0. 

_hvmsnr hrrlrhs lrtlkrîimgls hd hc `lguahdtl `lguahdtl rh`ngtn`l ndths `h cn hdtrhkn

8. 

Hdtrhknr hd V@I

amsan.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

2;

_HWXAHD @H YM@HLW:

@MIXWMLD WMAVCH ] INGMCMPN@N, P_NDWVL_PH VNWMYL MDP_L@XGGMLD Cns gícucns hstîd shpnrn`ns `hc ah`ml quh cns rl`hn plr udn `hckn`n cîamdn `hdlamdn`n ahaorndn pcnsaîtmgn, quh `himdh cls cáamths `h cns amsans. Bngh 7;66 amccldhs `h nþls, cn ilrangm÷d hspldtîdhn `h udn hstrugturn smamcnr n cn ahaorndn  pcnsaîtmgn `h cns gícucns gícucns ngtunchs phramtm÷ npnrmgm÷d `h cls prmahrls shrhs vmvls. vmvls. Wmd hstn hstn  onrrhrn prlthgtlrn, cns gícucns hstnránd hxpuhstns n cls rmklrhs `hc aud`l hxthrdl, dl  pl`ránd rhkucnr su ah`ml mdthrdl y, hd gldshguhdgmn, dl shránd vmnochs. Cn ahaorndn  pcnsaîtmgn dl náscn n cn gícucn glapchtnahdth smdl quh gldstmtuyh gldstmtuyh udn onrrhrn nctnahdth shchgtmvn, quh tmhdh cn prlpmh`n` `h rhkucnr hc mdthrgnaoml `h anthrmnchs hdtrh cn gícucn y hc ah`ml quh cn rl`hn. Cn ahaorndn hs udn hstrugturn auy `hckn`n. Vlr cl tndtl, sh dhghsmtnránd amc ahaorndns pcnsaîtmgns npmcn`ns, udn slorh ltrn, pnrn mkuncnr hc hsphslr `h hstn bljn `h pnphc. Vrhgmsnahdth `hom`l n su `hckn`hz, gund`l sh hxnamdn udn gícucn nc amgrlsglpml ÷ptmgl gldvhdgmldnc, puh`h loshrvnrsh smd `mimguctn` hc mdthrmlr `h cn amsan5 hd hc ahjlr `h cls gnsls pl`rî nprhgmnrsh hc gldtlrdl `h cn ahaorndn, phrl dudgn  pl`rî `mstmdkumrsh su uctrn hstrugturn. _hgmíd _hgmíd cns prmahrns prmahrns amgrliltlkrniáns amgrliltlkrniáns ncamgrlsglpml hchgtr÷dmgl `halstrnrld quh cn uctrn hstrugturn cns ahaorndns hrn smhaprh cn amsan. Hstn hstrugturn sh `hdlamd÷ udm`n` `h ahaorndn y cn amsan dl s÷cl hs vîcm`n pnrn cn ahaorndn pcnsaîtmgn, smdl pnrn gnsm tl`ns cns ahaorndns ghcucnrhs.

@HWN__LCCL Prndsplrth pnsmvl Hc trndsplrth pnsmvl hs ud alvmamhdtl `h sustndgmns omlquáamgns, nt÷amgns

l alchgucnrhs n trnvís `h ahaorndns `h cn gícucn smd dhghsm`n` `h slorhgnrk slorhgnrknn`h hdhrkán. N `mihrhdgmn `hc trndsplrth tr ndsplrth ngtmvl, dl rhqumhrh udn hdtrn`n `h hdhrkán ghcucnr,  plrquh plrquh hhss ud gnaoml gld`ugm`l plr hc grhgmamhdtl `h cn hdtrlpán `hc smsthan. Hc ád`mgh `h trndsplrth  pnsmvl `hphd`h `h cn phrahnomcm`n` `h cn ahaorndn `h cn gícucn, cn gunc `hphd`h `h cn lrkndmzngm÷d y gnrngthrástmgns `h cls cápm`ls y prlthádns `h cn ahaorndn. Cns guntrl gcnshs  prmdgmpnchs `h trndsplrth pnsmvl sld `miusm÷d smapch, `miusm÷d

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ingmcmtn`n, imctrngm÷d y ÷salsms. Hs Hsth th utmcmzn cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn y cn hdtrlpán dnturnc `h cns alcígucns alvmíd`lsh alvmíd`lsh n invlr `h ud krn`mhdth Hd cls smsthans omlc÷kmgls, hc icujl ansmvl trndsimhrh nkun y slcutls `h udn pnrth `h ud lrkndmsal auctmghcucnr n ltrn, amhdtrns quh cn `miusm÷d auhvh alcígucns h mldhs bngmn n`hdtrl, bngmn niuhrn y n trnvís `h cns gícucns. Xd gnsl hsphgmnc `h ÷salsms hs cn shpnrngm÷d `h `mihrhdths gldghdtrngmldhs `h nkun n trnvís `h udn ahaorndn, quh sh `hdlamdn ÷salsms. Cn ÷salsms hs hc ihd÷ahdl quh sh prl`ugh gund`l `ls slcugmldhs gld `mihrhdth gldghdtrngm÷d sld shpnrn`ns plr udn ahaorndn shamphrahnoch y hc slcvhdth `miud`h n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn `hc cáqum`l `h ahdlr gldghdtrngm÷d nc `h anylr bnstn hqumcmornr cns gldghdtrngmldhs. Hsth ihd÷ahdl sh prl`ugh `h ilran hspldtîdhn smd knstl kn stl hdhrkítmgl.

@miusm÷d smapch Cn `miusm÷d mapcmgn hc alvmamhdtl nchntlrml `h alcígucns l mldhs md`mvm`unchs y bngh quh hc alvmamhdtl dhtl `hsgmhd`n n cl cnrkl c nrkl `h ud krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d. gldghdtrngm÷d. Hsth  prlghsl hs aîs hihgtmvl gund`l hc îrhn `h cn suphrimgmh hs anylr hd rhcngm÷d gld hc vlcuahd, cn `mstndgmn `mstndgmn mdvlcugrn`n hs glrtn y hc krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d hs prldudgmn`l. N trnvís `h sus ngtmvm`n`hs ahtno÷cmgns, cns gícucns sh andtmhdhd. Gund`l cn `miusm÷d sh rhncmzn hdtrh glapnrtmamhdtls shpnrn`ls plr udn ahaorndn  phrahnoch n hsh slcutl, sh `hdlamdn `miusm÷d smapch y, glal yn sh `mjl, dl rhqumhrh `h ltrn hdhrkán n`mgmldnc quh dl shn hc alvmamhdtl `h cns alcígucns, `hspcnz `hspcnzîd`lsh îd`lsh ístns n invlr `h su krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d. Hd ltrns pncnorns, cn `miusm÷d smapch dl rhqumhrh knstl `h NPV, yn quh hs ud ihd÷ahdl hspldtîdhl. Cns alcígucns quh sh alvmcmznd plr `miusm÷d smapch n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn sld cns dl plcnrhs y phquhþns, cns cmplslcuochs y cns plcnrhs phquhþns, phrl smd gnrkn hcígtrmgn hcígtrmgn dhtn, glal hc B?L. Hd hc gnsl pnrtmgucnr `hc B?L, cn `miusm÷d smapch sh `hdlamdn ÷salsms. ÷salsms. Hc pnsnjh `h nkun n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn u ÷salsms sh cchvn n gnol smhaprh hd ilran hspldtîdhn y auy rîpm`nahdth. Hc B?L `miud`mrî `hs`h hc glapnrtmamhdtl `h ahdlr gldghdtrngm÷d `h slcutls l ah`ml

bmplt÷dmgl, nc `h anylr gldghdtrngm÷d `h slcutls l ah`ml bmphrt÷dmgl, `h al`l tnc `h mkuncnr cns gldghdtrngmldhs hd naols glapnrtmamhdtls. Nc gnol `h ud tmhapl, hc rhsuctn`l shrîd `ls ah`mls mslt÷dmgls, l shn, cn gldghdtrngm÷d n naols cn`ls `h cn ahaorndn shrî cn amsan. Gund`l udn alcígucn sh auhvh `h ud îrhn `h nctn gldghdtrngm÷d (krnd gndtm`n`) n ud îrhn `h onjn gldghdtrngm÷d (phquhþn gndtm`n`). Wh `mgh quh cns alcígucns icuyhd bngmn su krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d. Hsth tmpl `h `miusm÷d tmhdh cuknr smd hdtrn`n `h

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hdhrkán. Hd `miusm÷d smapch, phquhþns alcígucns smd gnrkn puh`hd `miud`mrsh n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn ghcucnr. Wmapchahdth icuyhd n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn ghcucnr. Cn `miusm÷d smapch dl rhqumhrh hdhrkán dm cn nsmsthdgmn `h trndsplrtmstns. Ltrns alcígucns aîs krnd`hs l gnrkn`ns quh sh `miud`hd n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn puh`hd rhquhrmr cn nyu`n `h prlthádns. Hc lxákhdl hs udn alcígucn quh puh`h `miud`mrsh cmorhahdth n trnvís `h cns ahaorndns ghcucnrhs. Vlr hjhapcl, hc lxákhdl sh `miud`h `hs`h cls ncvílcls `h cls pucaldhs bngmn cn sndkrh plrquh cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h lxákhdl hd cls pucaldhs hs anylr quh cn gldghdtrngm÷d hd cn sndkrh. Hc lxákhdl gnaomn `h udn nctn gldghdtrngm÷d `h lxákhdl hd cls pucaldhs n udn onjn gldghdtrngm÷d `h lxákhdl lxákhdl hd cn sndkrh. Vlr cl quh yl hdtmhd`l, Cn `miusm÷d hs hc alvmamhdtl `h cns alcígucns `hs`h ud îrhn `h nctn gldghdtrngm÷d `h alcígucns bngmn ud îrhn gld udn gldghdtrngm÷d aîs onjn. Cn `mihrhdgmn hd cns gldghdtrngmldhs `h cns alcígucns hd cns `ls îrhns sh ccnan krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d. @miusm÷d ingmcmtn`n N vhghs, cns alcígucns dl puh`hd ntrnvhsnr cn ahaorndn ghcucnr plr sá amsans. Hstls rhqumsmtls rhqumhrhd prlthádns `h trndsplrth hsphgmnchs pnrn nyu`nrcns n alvhrsh n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn, ud prlghsl ccnan`l prlalgm÷d `h cn `miusm÷d. Hstns prlthádns hsphgmnchs sh `hdlamdnd gndnchs l trndsplrtn`lrhs `h prlthádns (nonjl) y sh udhd n cn ahaorndn ghcucnr. @h bhgbl, ntrnvmhsnd cn ahaorndn ghcucnr `hs`h hc mdthrmlr bngmn hc hxthrmlr `h cn gícucn. Hc gndnc `h prlthádns prlplrgmldn ud gndnc nomhrtl l ud pnsl n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn ghcucnr pnrn hc alvmamhdtl alchgucnr. Augbls gndnchs `h prlthádns  phramthd cn `miusm÷d `miusm÷d `h mldhs, mldhs, cls trndsplrtn`lrhs trndsplrtn`lrhs sh udhd y trndsplrtnd alcígucns n trnvís trnvís `h cn ahaorndn ghcucnr. Hstns prlthádns udhd alcígucns n ud cn`l `h cn ahaorndn, gnaomnd `h ilran n ah`m`n quh trndsplrtnd cns alcígucns n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn y cuhkl cns `hplsmtnd hd hc ltrl cn`l `h cn ahaorndn. ¼^uí pnsn sm udn sustndgmn dhghsmtn nyu`n pnrn alvhrsh plr ln trnvís `h cn ahaorndn pcnsaîtmgn< Cn `miusm÷d ingmcmtn`n i ngmcmtn`n hs cn `miusm÷d `h slcutls n trnvís `hprlthádns

`h trndsplrth hd cn ahaorndn pcnsaîtmgn. Cn `miusm÷d ingmcmtn`n hs ud tmpl `h trndsplrth  pnsmvl. N phsnr `h quh cn `miusm÷d ingmcmtn`n mapcmgn prlthádns `h trndsplrth, hsgldsm`hrn`l hsgldsm`hrn`l glal trndsplrth pnsmvl pnsmvl plrquh hc slcutl sh hstî alvmhd` alvmhd`ll bngmn nonjl `hc krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d. Cn anylrán `h cns alcígucns lrkîdmgns omlc÷kmgnahdthmaplrtndths omlc÷kmgnahdthmaplrtndths tmhdhd krupls iudgmldnchs plcnrhs y, plr cl tndtl, sld bm`r÷imcns. N `mihrhdgmn`hc `mihrhdgmn`hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl, hc lxákhdl y hc nkun, dl puh`hd ntrnvhsnr ntrnvhsnr cmorhahdth cn onrrhrn cmpá`mgn plr smapch `miusm÷d. @h andhrn smamcnr, cls mldhs quh sld vmtnchs pnrn cn vm`n

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ghcucnr dl puh`hd `miud`mrsh n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn. Nudquh cls mldhs md`mvm`unchs glal cls mldhs sl`ml (Dn +) y gclrurl (Gc-) sld auy phquhþls, hstîd rl`hn`ls plr alcígucns `h nkun hd udn slcugm÷d ngulsn, y hc tnanþl y cn gnrkn `h cls nkrhkn`ls rhsuctndths hvmtnd quh cls mldhs sh `hscmghd n trnvís `h cn nohrturn. Vhramth quh cns alcígucns `h nkun pnshd hd ud mdstndth. Hc trndsplrth `h hstls nkrhkn`ls y `h tl`ns cns alcígucns, hxghptl cns alcígucns bm`r÷imcns auy phquhþns, `hphd`h `h cn prlthádn `h ahaorndn mdtngtn quh ngtún glal trndsplrtn`lr, Prndsimrmhd`l cn alcígucn n cn ahaorndn quh dl hstí hd gldtngtl gld hc mdthrmlr bm`rli÷omgl. Cns alcígucns phquhþns dl plcnrhs puh`hd `miud`mrsh iîgmcahdth n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn ghcucnr. Wmd haonrkl, `hom`l n cn dnturnchzn bm`r÷ilon `h cls cápm`ls quh glapldhd cns ahaorndns ghcucnrhs, cns alcígucns plcnrhs (glal hc nkun) y cls mldhs dl puh`hd bnghrcl. Hd su cuknr, sh `miud`hd n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn plr ah`ml `h cns prlthádns `h trndsplrth. Xdn prlthádn `h trndsplrth sh hxtmhd`h plr tl`n cn ahaorndn y phramth quh gmhrtns alcígucns l mldhs sh `miud`nd n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn. Cns prlthádns `h gndnc, cns prlthádns `h gndnc gld glapuhrtn y cns prlthádns plrtn`lrns sld trhs tmpls `h prlthádns `h trndsplrth quh hstîd mapcmgn`ns hd cn `miusm÷d ingmcmtn`n. Cn prlthádn `h ahaorndn glapchtn sh puh`h `mvm`mr hd cns smkumhdths gnthklráns: • 

Gndnc `h prlthádn l gndnc m÷dmgl m ÷dmgl

• 

Vrlthádn plrtn`lrn l phrahnsn

Wmd haonrkl, puh`h shr ud krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d (cns alcígucns sh auhvhd `hc glapnrtmahdtl `h anylr gldghdtrngm÷d n cn alcígucn `h ahdlr gldghdtrngm÷d) l krn`mhdths plthdgmnchs (ud slcutl gnrkn`l, md`hphd`mhdthahdth `h su smkdl, sh alvhrî `h ud îrhn). Xd cuknr gld udn gnrkn anylr sh hdirhdtn n ltrl cuknr gld udn gnrkn ahdlr).

Gndnchs `h prlthádn l gndnc mldmgl Cls gndnchs m÷dmgls sld alcígucns prlthmgns quh gldtmhdhd plrls ngulsls quh  phramthd hc icujl `h mldhs n trnvís `h cns ahaorndns ghcucnrhs. Wld glapldhdths hshdgmnchs hd cn ngtmvm`n` `h tl`ns cns gícucns. Wh puh`hd gcnsmimgnr hd iudgm÷d `hc tmpl `h

hstáaucl pnrn su nphrturn l gmhrrh hd: gndnchs ngtmvn`ls plr vlctnjh, gndnchs ngtmvn`ls plr cmknd`l y gndnchs ahgndlshdsmochs. Hd cls anaáihrls `hthramdnd maplrtndths prlghsls glal: cn hxgmtngm÷d `hc dhrvml y `hc aúsgucl, cn shgrhgm÷d `h blraldns y dhurltrndsamslrhs, cn trnds`uggm÷d shdslrmnc, hc gldtrlc `hc hqumcmorml bá`rmgl y hchgtrlcátmgl, cn rhkucngm÷d `h cn prhsm÷d sndkuádhn, sndkuádhn, cn prlcmihrngm÷d ghcucnr y cls prlghsls `h nprhd`mznjh y ahalrmn. Cls khdhs quh gl`mimgnd pnrn hstns prlthádns sh bnd gcldn`l, hxprhsn`l y gnrngthrmzn`l ah`mndth tígdmgns `h omlclkán alchgucnr y hchgtrlimsmlclkán. hchgtrlimsmlclkán.

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Vrlthádn plrtn`lrn l phrahnsn. Nc mkunc quh cls gndnchs m÷dmgls, cns phrahnsns hstîd ilran`ns plr prlthádns trndsahaorndn auctmpnsl. Wuhchd trndsplrtnr udn krnd vnrmh`n` `h mldhs glal hc BGL7y ltrns alcígucns plcnrhs smd gnrkn glal cn kcuglsn. Hsth tmpl `h prlthádns prlthá dns imjnd udn údmgn alcígucn `h sustrntl (l udns plgns) n cn vhz, y n gldtmdungm÷d suirhd ud gnaoml gldilrangmldnc rhvhrsmoch quh chs phramth trndsplrtnr hc slcutl `h ud cn`l nc ltrl `h cn ahaorndn (trndsclgngm÷d). Nquá vnch bnghr ltrn ngcnrngm÷d: pnrn hdthd`hr cn `miusm÷d ingmcmtn`n dl bny quh phdsnr sm udn sustndgmn –hdtrn l snch‑ `h cn gícucn, cl maplrtndth hs  

gldsm`hrnr gldsm`h rnr quh sh hstî alvmcmznd`l nckl n invlr `hc krn`mhdth (quáamgl l hcígtrmgl) krngmns n cn nggm÷d `h prlthádns trndsplrtn`lrns. Vlr hstn rnz÷d hs quh dl sh rhqumhrh `h hdhrkán n`mgmldnc, dl sh rhqumhrh knstl `h NPV, yn quh hs hc prlpml krn`mhdth hc quh mapucsn hc  pnsnjh n trnvís trnvís `h cls trndsplrtn`lrhs. trndsplrtn`lrhs.

GLDGCXWMLD Hdtldghs, pl`hals `hgmr quh cn `miusm÷d ingmcmtn`n hs cn `miusm÷d `h slcutls plr ah`ml `h prlthádns `h trndsplrth hd cn ahaorndn pcnsaîtmgn. Cns prlthádns `h gndnc, cns  prlthádns `h gndnc gld glapuhrtn y cns prlthádns trndsplrtn`lrns sld trhs tmpls `h  prlthádns `h trndsplrth quh hstîd mdvlcugrn`ls hd cn `miusm÷d ingmcmtn`n. Cn `miusm÷d smhaprh sh prl`ugh n invlr `hc krn`mhdth, plr cl quh dl sh rhqumhrh ud gldsual hdhrkítmgl n`mgmldnc, n `miusm÷d gldtmdunrî bnstn quh hsth krn`mhdth sh bnyn hcmamdn`l. Glal cn `miusm÷d auhvh anthrmnchs `h ud îrhn `h anylr an ylr gldghdtrngm÷d n ltrn aîs onjn, sh `hsgrmoh glal alvmamhdtl `h slcutls "plr hc krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d". gldghdtrngm÷d". Hc rhsuctn`l imdnc `h cn `miusm÷d hs udn gldghdtrngm÷d mkunc l ud hqumcmorml, `h alcígucns hd naols cn`ls `h cn ahaorndn. Hd ltrns pncnorns, hc trndsplrth pnsmvl sm tuvmírnals `ls `mslcugmldhs `h nkun y snc shpnrn`ns plr udn ahaorndn shamphrahnoch (quh s÷cl phramth pnsnr hc nkun)5 hc nkun sh alvhrán `h cn `mslcugm÷d `h ahdlr gldghdtrngm÷d n cn `h anylr gldghdtrngm÷d smd dhghsm`n` `h nplrtnr hdhrkán.

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IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí Lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`> ‗  Pnrhn 7: VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: K-7

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # 7 MD@MGNGMLDHW KHDH_NCHW: Hstman`ls hstu`mndths hc trnonjl nut÷dlal tmhdh udn `urngm÷d `h ? blrns. ¼^uí bn `h bnghr pnrn guapcmr gld hstn ngtmvm`n`< Loshrvnr y ndncmznr hc vm`hl slorh cls thans y npcáquhcl hd hsth ilrantl `h  prhshdtngm÷d. >. 

_hncmznr ud rhsuahd @HPNCCN@L. @HPNCCN@L.

?. 

_hvmsnr hrrlrhs lrtlkrîimgls hd hc `lguahdtl rh`ngtn`l ndths `h cn hdtrhkn

7. 

Hdtrhknr hd V@I.

amsan.

_HWXAHD @H YM@HLW:

V_LVMH@N@HW IMWMGL^XÁAMGNW @HC NKXN (N@BHWM×D, GLBHWM×D, PHDWM×D WXVH_IMGMNC ] GNVMCN_M@N@) MD_L@XGGM×D Pl`ls snohals quh hc nkun hs vmtnc pnrn guncqumhr ilran `h vm`n. Hc nkun prlvmhdh `h cn udm÷d `h `ls alcígucns `h bm`r÷khdl y udn `h lxákhdl (B?L) plr ah`ml `h ud hdcngh glvnchdth. Hc nkun hs udn sustndgmn cáqum`n quh gnrhgh `h glclr, lclr y snolr y ístn

sh hdguhdtrn hd cn dnturnchzn. Hc nkun tmhdh vnrmns prlpmh`n`hs, cns guîchs shrîd `hsgrmtns n gldtmdungm÷d, hdtrh hstns prlpmh`n`hs sh hdguhdtrn cn `hdsm`n`. Hc nkun plshh udn `hdsm`n` `h > k/a7 y ístn, hd su hstn`l s÷cm`l hs aîs `hdsn quh hd su hstn`l cáqum`l `hom`l n quh hd su hstn`l s÷cm`l, sh nuahdtn hc vlcuahd y hs plr hstl quh cn `hdsm`n` sh vh nihgtn`n. Cns alcígucns `h ud cáqum`l sh ntrnhd hdtrh sá, `h nbá quh hc cáqum`l hstí "glbhsmldn`l". Gund`l bny udn suphrimgmh, cns alcígucns quh hstîd justl `honjl `h cn

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suphrimgmh smhdthd iuhrzns bngmn cls cn`ls, blrmzldtncahdth, y bngmn nonjl, phrl dl bngmn nrrmon, plrquh dl bny alcígucns hdgman `h cn suphrimgmh.

@HWN__LCCL Hc nkun tmhd`h n andthdhrsh udm`n, phrl onjl gmhrtns gmrgudstndgmns, sh n`bmhrh n ltrls tmpls `h alcígucns. Cn n`bhsm÷d hs cn ntrnggm÷d `h alcígucns `h ud tmpl plr alcígucns `h ltrl tmpl, y pnrn hc nkun puh`h shr onstndth iuhrth, hsphgmncahdth gund`l cns ltrns alcígucns tmhdhd gnrkns plsmtmvns l dhkntmvns. Gund`l cn ntrnggm÷d sh `n hdtrh cns  prlpmns alcígucns (hd hsth gnsl gnsl `h nkun) sh bnocn `h glbhsm÷d ``hh cns alcígucns `h nkun. nkun. @hom`l n su glbhsm÷d, hc nkun prhshdtn udn hchvn`n thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc. Gund`l bny udn suphrimgmh, cns alcígucns `h nkun quh hstîd justl `honjl `h cn suphrimgmh smhdthd iuhrzns bngmn cls cn`ls, blrmzldtncahdth, y bngmn nonjl, phrl dl bngmn nrrmon, plrquh dl bny alcígucns hdgman `h cn suphrimgmh. Hc rhsuctn`l hs quh cns alcígucns `h nkun quh sh hdguhdtrnd hd cn suphrimgmh sld ntrná`ns bngmn hc mdthrmlr `h ístn.

N@BHWM×D Cn prmahrn prlpmh`n` quh vnals n rhvmsnr glrrhspld`h n cn n`bhsm÷d hstn  prlpmh`n` sh `himdh glal cn ntrnggm÷d `h alcígucns `h ud tmpl gld ltrns alcígucns `h `mihrhdth tmpl hstn prlpmh`n` hs auy maplrtndth pnrn hc nkun yn quh ístn prhshdtn krnd`hs iuhrzns `h n`bhsm÷d hsphgmncahdth gund`l mdthrngtún gld ltrns alcígucns quh prhshdthd gnrkns plsmtmvns l dhkntmvns. dhkntmvns. Hs cn prlpmh`n` `h cn anthrmn plr cn gunc sh udhd y pcnsand `ls suphrimgmhs suphrimgmhs `h sustndgmns mkunchs l `mihrhdths gund`l hdtrnd hd gldtngtl, y sh andtmhdh  judtns plr iuhrzns mdthralchgucnrhs. Cn n`bhsm÷d bn jukn`l ud pnphc auy maplrtndth hd augbls nsphgtls `h cns tígdmgns `h gldstruggm÷d trn`mgmldnchs. Cn n`bhsm÷d `hc cn`rmccl gld hc alrthrl (ghahdtl) hs ud hjhapcl gcnrl. Cn glbhsm÷d hs `mstmdtn `h cn n`bhsm÷d. Cn glbhsm÷d hs cn iuhrzn `h ntrnggm÷d hdtrh pnrtágucns n`ynghdths `hdtrl `h ud amsal guhrpl, amhdtrns am hdtrns quh cn c nn`bhsm÷d

hs cn mdthrnggm÷d hdtrh cns suphrimgmhs `h `mstmdtls guhrpls. ]l tnaomíd snoán nckudls tmpls `h n`bhsm÷d quh hxmstánd glal cl hs: N`bhsm÷d ahgîdmgn: Cls anthrmnchs n`bhsmvls rhcchdnd cls buhgls l plrls `h cns suphrimgmhs andthdmhd`l cns suphrimgmhs udm`ns plr hdgcnvnamhdtl. Hxmsthd ilrans n krnd hsgncn `h glsturn, ltrns vhghs n ah`mn hsgncn glal hc vhcgrl y nckudls n`bhsmvls thxtmchs quh iudgmldnd n hsgncns phquhþns. Hs ud aítl`l smamcnr n cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc. N`bhsm÷d quáamgn: @ls anthrmnchs puh`hd ilrand u glapuhstl nc udmrsh. Cns udmldhs aîs iuhrths sh prl`ughd hdtrh îtlals `ld`h bny  phrautngm÷d (Hdcngh (Hdcngh m÷dmgl) m÷dmgl) l sh glapnrthd hchgtrldhs (Hdcngh glvnchdth). N`bhsm÷d

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`msphrsmvn: Hd cn n`bhsm÷d `msphrsn, `ls anthrmnchs sh andtmhdhd udm`ls plr cns iuhrzns `h vnd `hr [nncs5 cn ntrnggm÷d hdtrh `ls alcígucns, gn`n udn `h cns gunchs tmhdhd rhkmldhs `h gnrkn plsmtmvn y dhkntmvn. Hd hsth gnsl, gn`n alcígucn tmhdh udn rhkm÷d `h anylr gnrkn  plsmtmvn l dhkntmvn. Hd hsth hsth gnsl, gn`n alcígucn alcígucn tmhdh udn rhkm÷d `h anylr gnrn plsmtmvn plsmtmvn l dhkntmvn quh sh udh n cn smkumhdth `h gnrkn gldtrnrmn. Hsth hihgtl puh`h shr udn  prlpmh`n` phrandhdth l thaplrnc `hom`l nc alvmamhdtl gldtmdul `h cls hchgtrldhs hd udn rhkm÷d. N`bhsm÷d hchgtrlstîtmgn: Nckudls anthrmnchs gld`ugtlrhs `hjnd `h pnsnr hchgtrldhs ilrand`l udns `mihrhdgmns `h plthdgmnc plthdgmnc nc udmrsh. Hstl `n glal rhsuctn`l udn hstrugturn smamcnr n ud gld`hdsn`lr y grhn udn iuhrzn hchgtrlstîtmgn ntrngtmvn hdtrh anthrmnchs. Hc nkun tmhd`h n phknrsh n sá amsan, phrl onjl on jl gmhrtns gmrgudstndgmns, sh n`bmhrh n ltrls tmpls `h alcígucns. Cn n`bhsm÷d hs cn ntrnggm÷d `h alcígucns `h ud tmpl plr alcígucns `h ltrl tmpl, y pnrn hc nkun puh`h shr onstndth iuhrth, hsphgmncahdth gund`l cns ltrns alcígucns tmhdhd gnrkns plsmtmvns l dhkntmvns. Vlr hjhapcl, cn n`bhsm÷d phramth quh hc nkun "suon" n trnvís `h `hckn`ls tuols `h vm`rml (ccnan`ls gnpmcnrhs) glclgn`ls hd ud vnsl `h nkun. Hsth alvmamhdtl nsghd`hdth hd gldtrn `h cn krnvh`n`, gldlgm`l glal gnpmcnrm`n`, `hphd`h `h cn ntrnggm÷d hdtrh cns alcígucns `h nkun y cns pnrh`hs `h vm`rml `hc tuol (n`bhsm÷d), nsá glal `h cns mdthrnggmldhs hdtrh cns alcígucns `h nkun (glbhsm÷d). Cns alcígucns `h nkun sld ntrná`ns gld anylr iuhrzn nc vm`rml quh n cns ltrns alcígucns `h nkun (plrquh cns alcígucns `h vm`rml tmhdhd anylr plcnrm`n` quh cns `hc nkun). Vuh`hs vhr hstl hd cn c n mankhd n gldtmdungm÷d: hc nkun tmhdh su pudtl aîs nctl `ld`h bngh gldtngtl gld cls olr`hs `hc tuol y hc aîs onjl hd hc ghdtrl. Cn suphrimgmh gurvn ilran`n plr ud cáqum`l hd ud gmcmd`rl l tuol sh ccnan ahdmsgl.

GLBHWM×D Vlr ltrl cn`l, tnaomíd sh tmhdh tm hdh n cn glbhsm÷d ístn sh `himdh glal cn ntrnggm÷d quh

tmhdhd cns alcígucns alcígucns gld ltrns `h su amsal tmpl hd hc gnsl `hc nkun cns iuhrzns iuhr zns `h glbhsm÷d sld nctns krngmns n quh hc nkun puh`h ilranr puhdths `h bm`r÷khdl plr hjhapcl hc nkun nc hstnr hd gldtngtl gld udn suphrimgmh sh n`bmhrh n hccn cl quh dls md`mgn quh cn iuhrzn `h n`bhsm÷d hs anylr quh cn iuhrzn `h glbhsm÷d y glal hc nkun tmhd`h n hxthd`hrsh plr tl`n cn suphrimgmh hdtldghs `hgmals quh hc nkun phrl sm hc icum`l cl gnaomnals nblrn plr ahrgurml pl`hals dltnr quh cns alcígucns hd cuknr `h n`bhrmrsh n cn suphrimgmh vnd n thd`hr n ilranr phquhþns kltns hdtldghs hd hstn sustndgmn hs cn iuhrzn `h glbhsm÷d shrî anylr n cn iuhrzn `h n`bhsm÷d yn quh cns alcígucns dl tmhd`hd n hxthd`hrsh smdl quh

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 phrandhghd judtns judtns plr cl tndtl hsth tmpl `h icum`ls dl aljn. Cns Cns iuhrzns `h glbhsm÷d glbhsm÷d sld cns iuhrzns quh ntrnhd y andtmhdhd udm`ns cns alcígucns. Hs cn nggm÷d l cn prlpmh`n` `h cns alcígucns, `h g÷al sh phknd hdtrh sm, smhd`l iuhrzns `h gnrîgthr ntrngtmvl. Hstn hs udn  prlpmh`n` mdtrádshgn `h udn sustndgmn quh hs gnusn`n plr cn ilran y cn hstrugturn `h sus alcígucns quh bngh quh cn `mstrmougm÷d `h cls hchgtrldhs hd ÷romtn mrrhkucnr gund`l cns alcígucns sh nghrgnd cn udn n cn ltrn, grhnd`l ntrnggm÷d hcígtrmgn quh puh`hd andthdhr udn hstrugturn angrlsg÷pmgn tnc glal udn kltn `h nkun, Hd ltrns pncnorns, cn glbhsm÷d  phramth n cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc, cn grhngm÷d `h ud hstn`l gld`hdsn`l. Cns iuhrzns `h glbhsm÷d sld cns iuhrzns quh ntrnhd y andtmhdhd udm`ns cns alcígucns. Cns iuhrzns glbhsmvns sld cns rhspldsnochs `h cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc, ud ihd÷ahdl quh rhsuctn hd cn thd`hdgmn `h cn suphrimgmh `h ud cáqum`l n rhsmstmrsh n cn rupturn gund`l sh ch slahth n thdsm÷d l hstrís. Cns alcígucns `h nkun hd cn suphrimgmh (hd cn mdthrinsh hdtrh hc nkun y hc nmrh) ilranrîd puhdths `h bm`r÷khdl gld sus vhgmdns, nc mkunc quh cns alcígucns quh sh hdguhdtrnd n anylr prliud`m`n` hd hc cáqum`l. Wmd haonrkl, glal hstîd hxpuhstns nc nmrh  plr udl `h sus cn`ls, thd`rîd ahdls alcígucns `h nkun nkun gld gld cns gunchs udmrsh y cls hdcnghs ilran`ls hdtrh hccns shrîd aîs iuhrths. Cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc bngh quh hc nkun ilrah  phquhþns  phquhþ ns kltns hsiírmgns y ch phramth phramth slplrtnr slplrtnr phquhþls lojhtls, glal ud ud ph`nzl `h pnphc l udn nkujn, sm sh glclgnd gld gum`n`l hd su suphrimgmh. Cns iuhrzns `h glbhsm÷d sld cns iuhrzns quh ntrnhd y andtmhdhd udm`ns cns alcígucns. Hs cn nggm÷d l cn prlpmh`n` `h cns alcígucns `h glal sh phknd hdtrh sá, smhd`l iuhrzns `h gnrîgthr ntrngtmvl. Hstn hs udn prlpmh`n` mdtrádshgn `h udn sustndgmn quh hs gnusn`n plr cn ilran n cn hstrugturn `h sus alcígucns quh bngh quh cn `mstrmougm÷d `h cls hchgtrldhs hd ÷romtn mrrhkucnr gund`l cns alcígucns sh nghrgnd cn udn n cn ltrn, grhnd`l ntrnggm÷d hcígtrmgn quh puh`hd andthdhr udn hstrugturn angrlsg÷pmgn tnc glal udn kltn `h nkun. Hd ltrns pncnorns, cn glbhsm÷d phramth n cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc, cn grhngm÷d `h ud hstn`l gld`hdsn`l.Hc gld`hdsn`l.Hc nkun, plr hjhapcl, hs iuhrthahdth i uhrthahdth glbhsmvn yn quh gn`n alcígucn

 puh`h bnghr guntrl hdcnghs `h bm`r÷khdl gld ltrns alcígucns `h nkun hd udn gldimkurngm÷d thtrní`rmgn. Hstl rhsuctn hd udn iuhrzn `h Gluclao rhcntmvnahdth iuhrth hdtrh cns alcígucns. Hd tíramdls smapchs, cn plcnrm`n` `h cns alcígucns `h nkun phramth quh shnd ntrná`ns cn udn bngmn cn ltrn. Hstn plcnrmzngm÷d `h cns gnrkns `hdtrl `h cn alcígucn  phramth quh sh ncmdhnd gld cns alcígucns n`ynghdths n`ynghdths ah`mndth ud iuhrth hdcngh `h bm`r÷khdl mdthralchgucnr, bngmhd`l quh hc cáqum`l plshn udn iuhrzn `h glbhsm÷d maplrtndth. Cls knshs glal hc ahtndl, smd haonrkl, tmhdhd udn glbhsm÷d `íomc `hom`l n quh cns mdthrnggmldhs mdthralchgucnrhs údmgnahdth sh `hohd n iuhrzns `h Ynd `hr [nncs

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quh lphrnd plr plcnrm`n` md`ugm`n hd alcígucns dl plcnrhs, dl plcnrm`n` mdtrádshgn `h cn  prlpmn alcígucn. alcígucn.

PHDWM×D WXVH_IMGMNC Vlr ltrl cn`l cns c ns iuhrzns `h glbhsm÷d sld cns rhspldsnochs `h quh hxmstn cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc y hstn hs cn thd`hdgmn `h cn suphrimgmh `h ud cáqum`l n rhsmstmrsh n cn rupturn gund`l sh ch slahth n ud hstn`l `h thdsm÷d hsth ihd÷ahdl ch phramth nc nkun ilranr  phquhþns kltns kltns hsiírmgns, n`haîs, n`haîs, chs phramth n cls mdshgtls mdshgtls pl`hrsh `hspcnz `hspcnznr nr slorh hccn smd bud`mrsh hstl hs krngmns n quh cns alcígucns quh sh hdguhdtrnd hd cn c n suphrimgmh puh`hd ilranr puhdths `h bm`r÷khdl gld cns alcígucns vhgmdns nsá sughsmvnahdth ilranr aîs  puhdths `h bm`r÷khdl gld alcígucns `h nkun quh sh hdguhdtrn hd cn anylr prliud`m`n`  phrl glal hstns sh hdguhdtrnd hd gldtngtl gld hc nmrh plr udl `h sus cn`ls hdtldghs sh vnd n ilranr ahdls hdcnghs hdtrh hccns n`haîs `h quh ístls vnd n shr aîs iuhrths krngmns n hstl sh puh`h phrgmomr glal hc nkun ilran udn ahaorndn auy `hckn`n. Cn suphrimgmh `h guncqumhr cáqum`l sh glaplrtn glal sm slorh hstn hxmsth udn ahaorndn n thdsm÷d. N hsth ihd÷ahdl sh ch gldlgh glal thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc. Cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc `h ud cáqum`l hstî nslgmn`n n cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán dhghsnrmn pnrn nuahdtnr su suphrimgmh plr udm`n` `h îrhn. Cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc hs gnusn`n plr cls hihgtls `h cns iuhrzns mdthralchgucnrhs quh hxmsthd hd cn mdthrinsh. Cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc `hphd`h `h cn dnturnchzn `hc cáqum`l, `hc ah`ml quh ch rl`hn y `h cn thaphrnturn. Cáqum`ls guyns alcígucns thdknd thdknd iuhrzns `h ntrnggm÷d mdthralchgucnrhs iuhrths thd`rîd thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc hchvn`n. Hd khdhrnc, cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc `msamduyh gld cn thaphrnturn, yn quh cns iuhrzns `h glbhsm÷d `msamduyhd `msamduyhd nc nuahdtnr cn nkmtngm÷d tíramgn. Cn mdicuhdgmn `hc ah`ml hxthrmlr sh `hoh n quh cns alcígucns `hc ah`ml hjhrghd nggmldhs ntrngtmvns slorh cns alcígucns smtun`ns hd cn suphrimgmh `hc cáqum`l, gldtrnrrhstnd`l cns nggmldhs `h cns alcígucns `hc

cáqum`l. @n`l quh cns iuhrzns mdthralchgucnrhs `h ntrnggm÷d hdtrh alcígucns `h nkun sh `hohd n cls hdcnghs `h bm`r÷khdl y ístls rhprhshdtnd udn nctn hdhrkán, cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc `hc nkun hs anylr quh cn `h augbls ltrls cáqum`ls. Hxmsthd vnrmls aítl`ls pnrn ah`mr cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc `h ud cáqum`l. Xdl `h hccls gldsmsth hd utmcmznr ud ndmccl `h pcntmdl quh sh glclgn slorh cn suphrimgmh `hc nkun. Wh am`h cn iuhrzn quh sh rhqumhrh pnrn shpnrnr hc ndmccl `h cn suphrimgmh `hc nkun gld udn  oncndzn `h nctn nctn prhgmsm÷d.

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Cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc `hphd`h `h cn dnturnchzn `hc cáqum`l, `hc ah`ml quh ch rl`hn y `h cn thaphrnturn. Hd khdhrnc, cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc `msamduyh gld cn thaphrnturn, yn quh cns iuhrzns `h glbhsm÷d `msamduyhd nc nuahdtnr cn nkmtngm÷d tíramgn. Cn mdicuhdgmn `hc ah`ml hxthrmlr sh glaprhd`h yn quh cns alcígucns `hc ah`ml hjhrghd nggmldhs ntrngtmvns slorh cns alcígucns smtun`ns hd cn suphrimgmh `hc cáqum`l, gldtrnrrhstnd`l cns nggmldhs `h cns alcígucns `hc cáqum`l.

GNVMCN_M@N@ Vlr úctmal thdhals nc ihd÷ahdl `h gnpmcnrm`n` hsth ihd÷ahdl `hphd`h `h cn ntrnggm÷d hdtrh cns alcígucns `h nkun y hc vm`rml hs `hgmr `h cn c n n`bhsm÷d y tnaomíd `hphd`h `h cns mdthrnggmldhs hdtrh cns alcígucns `h nkun gld ltrns `h su amsal tmpl hs `hgmr `h cn glbhsm÷d y sh `himdh glal cn prlpmh`n` `h nsghdsl l `hsghdsl `hc nkun `hdtrl `h ud tuol gnpmcnr ud tuol gnpmcnr glrrhspld`h n ud rhgmpmhdth auy hstrhgbl quh puh`h ncohrknr nckúd cáqum`l hd hsth gnsl sm hc cáqum`l nsgmhd`h plr hc gnpmcnr prh`lamdn cn n`bhsm÷d phrl sm ísth `hsgmhd`h prh`lamdn cn glbhsm÷d y nsá krngmns n cn gnpmcnrm`n` hc nkun puh`h `mstrmoumrsh `hs`h cns rnághs `h ud îrolc bngmn tl`ns cns pnrths `hc amsal. Cn gnpmcnrm`n` hs udn prlpmh`n` `h cls icum`ls quh `hphd`h `h su thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc cn gunc, n su vhz, `hphd`h `h cn glbhsm÷d `hc cáqum`l y quh ch gldimhrh cn gnpngm`n` `h suomr l onjnr plr ud tuol gnpmcnr. Gund`l ud cáqum`l suoh plr ud tuol t uol gnpmcnr, hs `hom`l n quh cn glbhsm÷d hdtrh sus alcígucns hs ahdlr quh cn n`bhsm÷d `hc cáqum`l gld hc anthrmnc `hc tuol5 hs `hgmr, hs ud cáqum`l quh aljn. Hc cáqum`l c áqum`l smkuh suomhd`l bnstn quh cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc hs hqumcmorn`n  plr hc phsl `hc cáqum`l quh cchdn c chdn hc tuol. Ísth hs hc gnsl `hc nkun, y hstn prlpmh`n` hs cn quh rhkucn pnrgmncahdth su nsghdsl `hdtrl `h cns pcndtns, smd knstnr hdhrkán pnrn vhdghr cn krnvh`n`. Wm bmgmírnals hc hxphrmahdtl `h glclgnr ud phquhþl tuol `h vá`rml hd ilran vhrtmgnc `hdtrl `h ud vnsl `h nkun, hc nkun sh hchvnrán plr hc tuol aîs nccî `hc dmvhc `hc nkun hd hc vnsl. Hc nkun hs ntrná`n plr cns pnrh`hs `hc tuol gld cn iuhrzn `h –gnpmcnrm`n`–. 

Wmd haonrkl, gund`l cn glbhsm÷d hdtrh cns alcígucns `h ud cáqum`l hs aîs plthdth quh cn n`bhsm÷d nc gnpmcnr, glal hc gnsl `hc ahrgurml, cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc bngh quh hc cáqum`l `hsgmhd`n n ud dmvhc mdihrmlr y su suphrimgmh hs gldvhxn. Cns buah`n`hs plr gnpmcnrm`n` sh ccnand nsá plrquh udn `h cns gnusns quh cns  prlvlgn hs hs hstn prlpmh`n` `hc nkun plr cn gunc hs gnpnz `h suomr n trnv trnvís ís `h ud aurl l ud hchahdtl plrlsl y prlvlgnr cns buah`n`hs hd hc h`mimgml. Hc nkun gldthdm`n hd hc thrrhdl suoh plr cls aurls `h cls s÷tndls l plr ltrls hchahdtls gldstrugtmvls prlvlgnd`l buah`n`hs. @hphd`mhd`l `h cn glaplsmgm÷d y cls

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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 plrls quh prhshdth hc hchahdtl, hc nkun suomrî gld aîs l ahdls ingmcm`n`, prlvlgnd`l buah`n`hs plr gnpmcnrm`n`. Cn gnpmcnrm`n` hs cn thd`hdgmn `h ud cáqum`l n noslrohrsh hd ud tuol t uol hstrhgbl (tuol gnpmcnr). Hsth ihd÷ahdl hs rhspldsnoch `h cn prlphdsm÷d quh tmhdhd nckudls anthrmnchs  plrlsls n noslrohr nkun. Vlr hjhapcl, hspldjns, thcns, y hc suhcl. D÷thsh quh cls plrls `hohd hstnr gldhgtn`ls pnrn quh hc cáqum`l puh`n icumr n trnvís `hc ah`ml. Gund`l ud tuol gnpmcnr `h vm`rml sh pldh hd gldtngtl gld cn suphrimgmh `hc nkun, hstn hstnochgh su îdkucl `h gldtngtl gld cn pnrh` `hc gnpmcnr. Cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc ncrh`h`lr `hc phráahtrl `hc tuol prl`ugh udn iuhrzn gld udn glapldhdth vhrtmgnc gnusnd`l quh hc nkun suon `hdtrl `hc tuol bnstn quh hc phsl `h cn glcuadn `h nkun hqumcmorn cn iuhrzn vhrtmgnc khdhrn`n plr cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc. Hc bhgbl quh cns iuhrzns n`bhsmvns hd hc nkun shnd anylrhs quh cns glbhsmvns, sh andmimhstn tnaomíd hd cn ilrangm÷d `h ud ahdmsgl g÷dgnvl (rh`ld`hn`l bngmn nonjl) hd hc hxtrhal `h cn c n glcuadn. Gund`l cns iuhrzns glbhsmvns sld anylrhs quh cns n`bhsmvns, glal hd hc gnsl `hc cáqum`l ahrgurml, sh ilran ud ahdmsgl gldvhxl (rh`ld`hn`l bngmn nrrmon).

GLDGCXWM×D ¼Vlr quí sld maplrtndths pnrn cn vm`n cns iuhrzns `h glbhsm÷d y n`bhsm÷d< Vlrquh sld pnrth `h augbls prlghsls omlc÷kmgls onsn`ls hd nkun, glal hc alvmamhdtl `hc nkun bngmn cn glpn `h cls îrolchs y hc `rhdnjh `h cns cîkrmans `h cls cnkrmanchs `h tus ljls. Xd hjhapcl shdgmccl `h cn glbhsm÷d hd nggm÷d hs hc pntmdn`lr `h nkun (nonjl), ud mdshgtl quh `hphd`h `h cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc pnrn phrandhghr n iclth slorh cn suphrimgmh. Cn glbhsm÷d y cn n`bhsm÷d sh puh`hd rhcngmldnr gld cn vm`n yn quh smd hstns `ls  prlpmh`n`hs `hc nkun, cns pcndtns hd su anylrán dl shránd gnpnghs `h cchvnr n gnol cn gnpmcnrm`n` quh hs cl quh chs phramth cchvnr dutrmhdths, snvmn y hdhrkán n tl`ns cns pnrths

`h su guhrpl. Nc ohdhimgmnr n cns pcndtns, hstns ohdhimgmnd n cn vm`n yn quh cns pcndtns sld hshdgmnchs hshdg mnchs hd hc prhshdth y pnrn hc ah`ml naomhdth. Cls shrhs buandls `hohals nkrn`hghr quh hstnals glapuhstls anylrahdth `h nkun, plrquh hs hsl cl quh dls phramth gnaomnr `h cuknrhs auy gncmhdths n cuknrhs auy iráls l vmghvhrsn. Hc nkun dls `hjn andthdhr cn thaphrnturn dhghsnrmn tnaomíd hd gnsls `h hdihrah`n`hs quh mapcmquhd gnaomls `h thaphrnturn thaphrntu rn hd hc guhrpl. Hstl amsal sugh`h gld cls ndmanchs y cns pcndtns, hc nkun nyu`n n dmvhcnr cn thaphrnturn `h cls lrkndmsals.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

==

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth : Jlsuí Lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn.Xdm`n`> ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn 7: VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: K-7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr

PN_HN NXP×DLAN #7 MD@MGNGMLDHW KHDH_NCHW: Hstman`ls hstu`mndths hc trnonjl nut÷dlal tmhdh udn `urngm÷d `h ? blrns. ¼^uí bn `h bnghr pnrn guapcmr gld hstn ngtmvm`n`. 

Loshrvnr y ndncmznr hc vm`hl slorh cls thans y npcáquhcl hd hsth ilrantl

`h prhshdtngm÷d. ?.  Mdvhstmknr Mdvhstmk nr slorh than. IHDLAHDLW IMWMGLW ALCHGXCN_HW ] WX _HCNGMLD GLD CLW V_LGHWLW OMLC×KMGLW 7. 

_hncmznr ud rhsuahd @HPNCCN@L. @HPNCCN@L.

0. 

_hvmsnr hrrlrhs lrtlkrîimgls hd hc `lguahdtl rh`ngtn`l ndths `h cn hdtrhkn

8. 

Hdtrhknr hd V@I.

amsan.

_HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

IHD×AHDLW IÁWMGLW ALCHGXCN_HW ] WX _HCNGM×D GLD CLW V_LGHWLW OMLC×KMGLW MDP_L@XGM×D Bly chs prhshdtnrí cls ihd÷ahdls iásmgls alchgucnrhs y su rhcngm÷d gld cls prlghsls omlc÷kmgls. Hc gldghptl `h anthrmn vmvn sh rmkh plr cns chyhs `h cn iásmgn

 prlghsls omlc÷kmgls. Hc gldghptl `h anthrmn vmvn sh rmkh plr cns chyhs `h cn iásmgn lr`mdnrmn. Vlr tndtl, hs dhghsnrml gldsm`hrnr cls gldghptls ndthrmlrhs `h omliásmgn pnrn glaprhd`hr cn maplrtndgmn `h cl quh sugh`h hd cns gícucns. Ihd÷ahd Ihd÷ahdl, l, trndsplrth n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn ghcucnr hdtrh cn ahaorndn ghcucnr y cn ahaorndn ghcucnr. Hc ah`ml nguîtmgl quh cl rl`hn rhncmznrî udn shrmh `h mdthrgnaomls iásmgls hdtrh hccls.

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Phdhals `miusm÷d, quh hs hc alvmamhdtl `h alcígucns `hs`h cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn `h sus alcígucns `hs`h ud îrhn `h nctn gldghdtrngm÷d n ltrn îrhn `h ahdlr gldghdtrngm÷d. Hc `hspcnznamhdtl `h cns alcígucns `h udn sustndgmn `h udn zldn `h anylr gldghdtrngm÷d n ltrn `h ahdlr gldghdtrngm÷d rhgmoh hc dlaorh `h `miusm÷d5 hstl phramth quh cn sustndgmn sh `mstrmouyn `h andhrn udmilrah hd hc hspngml quh cn gldtmhdh. Cn `miusm÷d `h alcígucns  phrsmsth amhdtrns hxmstn ud krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d hdtrh cns `mihrhdths pnrths `hc smsthan. Cn `miusm÷d thramdn gund`l sh ncgndzn hc hqumcmorml y cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h cn sustndgmn hs mkunc hd tl`l hc smsthan.

@HWN__LCCL Cls `mihrhdths ingtlrhs quh mdicuyhd hd hsth ihd÷ahdl sh hxprhsnd hd cn chy `h Imge `h cn `miusm÷d, quh hstnochgh quh cn vhclgm`n` `h `miusm÷d plr udm`n` `h suphrimgmh hd `mrhggm÷d phrphd`mgucnr n ístn hs prlplrgmldnc nc krn`mhdth `h cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h slcutl hd hsn amsan `mrhggm÷d. Vlr hjhapcl, gund`l pnsnals n ud vnsl `h nkun gund`l sh nkrhknd kltns `h ocndquhn`lr, hstl `mslcvhrî hc nkun phrahn`n. Wh `hdlamdn `miusm÷d smapch nc prlghsl plr hc gunc sh prl`ugh ud icujl `h alcígucns n trnvís `h udn ahaorndn phrahnoch smd quh slcl hxmstn ud nplrth hxthrdl `h hdhrkán alchgucnr. Hsth prlghsl, quh hd úctman mdstndgmn hs plr udn `mihrhdgmn `h gldghdtrngm÷d alchgucnr hdtrh cls `ls ah`mls shpnrn`ls plr cn ahaorndn, dl rhqumhrh `h ud nplrth `h hdhrkán `hom`l n quh su prmdgmpnc iuhrzn mapucslrn hs hc nuahdtl `h cn hdtrlpán tltnc `hc smsthan. Hd hsth prlghsl hc `hspcnznamhdtl `h cns alcígucns sh prl`ugh smkumhd`l hc krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d, cns alcígucns ntrnvmhsnd cn ahaorndn `hs`h hc ah`ml `ld`h sh hdguhdtrnd hd anylr gldghdtrngm÷d, bngmn hc ah`ml `ld`h sh hdguhdtrnd hd ahdlr gldghdtrngm÷d. Hc prlghsl `h `miusm÷d smapch sh hdguhdtrn `hsgrmtl plr cns Chyhs `h Imge, cns

gunchs rhcngmldnd cn `hdsm`n` `hc icujl ic ujl `h cns alcígucns gld cn `mihrhdgmn `h gldghdtrngm÷d hdtrh cls `ls ah`mls shpnrn`ls plr cn ahaorndn, hc glhimgmhdth `h `miusm÷d `h cns amsans y cn phrahnomcm`n` `h cn ahaorndn. Hc prlghsl `h `miusm÷d smapch hs `h vmtnc maplrtndgmn pnrn hc trndsplrth `h alcígucns phquhþns n trnvís `h cns ahaorndns ghcucnrhs. Hs hc údmgl ahgndmsal plr hc gunc hc lxákhdl mdkrhsn n cns gícucns quh cl utmcmznd utmc mznd glal nghptlr imdnc `h hchgtrldhs hd cn gn`hdn rhspmrntlrmn y udl `h cls prmdgmpnchs ahgndmsals `h rhkucngm÷d lsa÷tmgn hd cns gícucns.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>6>

?.- N trnvís `h cn zldn `h cn c n ahaorndn `h phrahnomcm`n` shchgtmvn. shchgtmvn. Hc prlghsl `h  phrahngm÷d `h slcutl `h onjn gldghdtrngm÷d gldghdtrngm÷d n slcutl `h nctn gldghdtrngm÷d n slcvhdth `h  onjn gldghdtrngm÷d hs ud ihd÷ahdl rhcngmldn`l gld cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h cn slcugm÷d shpnrn`n `h cn ahaorndn. Cn phrahnomcm`n` `h cns ahaorndns tnaomíd `hphd`h `h cn glaplsmgm÷d `h cápm`ls, pnrtmgucnrahdth hc glchsthrlc. Ahaorndns aîs icum`ns, suhchd shr aîs phrahnochs, y nc gldtrnrml, cns ahdls phrahnochs sld ahdls icum`ns. icum`ns. Hc nuahdtl `h cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h glchsthrlc suhch bnghr quh cns ahaorndns nuahdthd su bm`rlilomgm`n`, y plr tndtl sh vuhcvhd aîs maphrahnochs. Vlr hjhapcl, hc nuahdtl `h cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h glchsthrlc plr hdgman `hc 76 % (hs auy nctn) bngh quh cns ahaorndns `h cn amhcmdn shnd auy ouhdns nmscndths (auy maphrahnochs) `h cls nxldhs pnrn cn gld`uggm÷d `hc mapucsl hcígtrmgl. Gund`l cn slcugm÷d tmhdh cn amsan gldghdtrngm÷d alchgucnr, cn slcugm÷d l cn slcugm÷d supchahdtnrmn gund`l cn slcugm÷d `h plcáahrl tmhdh udn gldghdtrngm÷d alchgucnr aîs nctn. Gund`l udn `h cns slcugmldhs tmhdh udn gldghdtrngm÷d alchgucnr aîs onjn `hom`l n cn ÷salsms, cn slcugm÷d bmplt÷dmgn hs gund`l sh hxtrnh udn krnd gndtm`n` `h nkun n cn slcugm÷d, lgurrhd `ls ihd÷ahdls omliásmgls auy maplrtndths. Gund`l udn krnd gndtm`n` `h nkun snch `h cn ghc`n. Vhrahnomcm`n` shchgtmvn `h cn ahaorn`n: cn phrahnomcm`n` shchgtmvn hs udn  prlpmh`n` `h cn ahaorndn pcnsaîtmgn y `h ltrns ahaorndns pcnsaîtmgns y `h ltrns ahaorndns shamphrahnochs quh phramthd hc pnsl `h slcl gmhrtns pnrtágucns n trnvís `h hccns, `h hstn ilran, puh`hd hdtrnr n cn gícucn nquhccns pnrtágucns quh dhghsmthd cn amsan y sh hvmtnd quh mdkrhshd cns quh dl ch shnd útmchs. @h cn amsan ilran, cn gícucn puh`h hcmamdnr cns pnrtágucns quh bnd khdhrn`l glal `hshgbl. Nsá sh rhkucn cn hdtrn`n y cn sncm`n `h sustndgmns n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn y sh clkrn hc glrrhgtl iudgmldnamhdtl `h `h cn gícucn. 7.- Vnrn cn `mîcmsms, bly hc slcutl grmstncmdl sh hcmamdn `h cn ahzgcn `h slcutl glclm`nc, `h al`l quh hc slcutl grmstncmdl `h bly icuyh nc nkun `hstmcn`n n trnvís `h cn

ahaorndn shamphrahnoch amhdtrns sh rhtmhdh hc slcutl glclm`nc. Cn `mîcmsms iudgmldn shkúd cls prmdgmpmls `h cn `miusm÷d `mi usm÷d `h cls slcutls y cn uctrnimctrngm÷d `h icum`ls n trnvís `h ahaorndns shamphrahnochs. Cn `miusm÷d sh `hsgrmoh glal udn prlpmh`n` `h cns sustndgmns hd hc nkun hd hc quh cns sustndgmns tmhd`hd n alvhrsh `hc îrhn gld anylr gldghdtrngm÷d n cn zldn gld ahdlr gldghdtrngm÷d. Cn sndkrh icuyh `h ud cn`l `h cn ahaorndn shamphrahnoch shamphrahnoch y ud cáqum`l `mncmzn`l `mnc mzn`l hsphgmnc icuyh hd hc shdtm`l lpuhstl. Cn ahaorndn shamphrahnoch hs udn imdn gnpn `h anthrmnc quh gldtmhdh nkujhrls `h vnrmls tnanþls l plrls. Cls slcutls phquhþls phquhþls pnsnd n trnvís t rnvís `h cn ahaorndn, phrl hstn oclquhn

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>6?

hc pnsl `h krnd`hs sustndgmns (plr hjhapcl, hrmtrlgmtls y krnd`hs prlthádns). Hstl mamtn hc  prlghsl `h imctrngm÷d quh lgurrh hd cls rmþldhs, `ld`h cns sustndgmns aîs krnd`hs `h cn sndkrh sh shpnrnd `h cns phquhþns hd cls kclaírucls. 0.- Cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc hs cn ntrnggm÷d hdtrh alcígucns, quh hs cn iuhrzn quh ngtún slorh guncqumhr cádhn `h cn suphrimgmh plr udm`n` `h cldkmtu` y tmhd`h n andthdhr cn suphrimgmh ghrrn`n. Gn`n alcígucn `h ud cáqum`l hstî rl`hn`n plr ltrns: cn ntrnggm÷d hd tl`ns `mrhggmldhs sh glaphdsn glaphdsn hd gn`n pudtl, hxghptl hd cn suphrimgmh, `ld`h cn rhsuctndth hs udn ntrnggm÷d dhtn bngmn hc mdthrmlr. Hc cáqum`l tmhd`h n glbhsmldnrsh (dl `msphrsnrsh) y n amdmamznr su suphrimgmh (ilranr kltns). Cn suphrimgmh sh glaplrtn glal udn tnocn quh lirhgh rhsmsthdgmn n su `hilrangm÷d y plr tndtl n rlaphrsh. Cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc slcl sh npcmgn slorh cns suphrimgmhs `h ud cáqum`l. Gund`l hstnals slorh cn suphrimgmh `h ud cáqum`l, cns alcígucns a lcígucns quh hstîd `honjl `h cn suphrimgmh, smhdthd hsn ntrnggm÷d údmgnahdth plr cns alcígucns quh tmhdhd n cls cn`ls y bngmn nonjl, phrl hd cn pnrth suphrmlr dl hxmsthd aîs alcígucns, slcl cn suphrimgmh. Glal rhsuctn`l `h tl`l hstl, `mgbns alcígucns smhdthd udn iuhrzn quh cns hstmrn bngmn nonjl, bngmn hc mdthrmlr `hc cáqum`l. Cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc `hphd`h `h cn dnturnchzn `h gn`n cáqum`l. N cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc sh cn `himdh hd iásmgn glal cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán dhghsnrmn pnrn nuahdtnr cn suphrimgmh `h ud cáqum`l y gldtrnrrhstnr hsn iuhrzn `h ntrnggm÷d bngmn hc mdthrmlr. Hs hc ihd÷ahdl hd hc gunc cn suphrimgmh `h ud cáqum`l sh glaplrtn glal udn phcágucn imdn hcîstmgn, hc cáqum`l tnaomíd prhshdtn rhsmsthdgmn n nuahdtnr su suphrimgmh. Gundtmtntmvnahdth sh `himdh glal hc trnonjl tr nonjl quh `hoh rhncmznrsh pnrn cchvnr alcígucns hd dúahrl suimgmhdth `hs`h hc mdthrmlr `hc cáqum`l bnstn cn suphrimgmh pnrn grhnr udn duhvn udm`n` `h suphrimgmh, plrquh hc bnghr pnsnr udn alcígucn `hc mdthrmlr `hc cáqum`l n cn suphrimgmh `hc cáqum`l guhstn hdhrkán quh hd rhncm`n` hs hc trnonjl. ¼Vlrquh lgurrh cn

thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc< Wh `hoh n quh cns iuhrzns quh nihgtnd n gn`n alcígucn sld `mihrhdths hd hc mdthrmlr `hc cáqum`l y hd cn suphrimgmh5 Hs `hgmr hd hc mdthrmlr `hc cáqum`l cn alcígucn hsn rl`hn`n `h ltrns alcígucns hd tl`ns cns `mrhggmldhs, quh prl`ughd iuhrzns `h ntrnggm÷d, `h andhrn hd quh cn iuhrzn dhtn shrmn ducn nsá cn alcígucn tmhdh udn hdhrkán  onstndth onjn. Vlr hc gldtrnrml, ghrgn `h cn suphrimgmh, cn alcígucn slcl hstî rl`hn`n  pnrgmncahdth `h ltrns alcígucns `hc cáqum`l, `h andhrn quh hstl prlvlgn udn iuhrzn ntrngtmvn dhtn bngmn `hdtrl `hc cáqum`l nsá cns alcígucns d cn suphrimgmh tmhdhd udn hdhrkán aîs nctn.

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>67

8.-Lsalsms hs `miusm÷d pnsmvn, gnrngthrmzn`n plr hc pnsl `hc nkun, `mslcvhdth, n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn shamphrahnoch, `hs`h cn slcugm÷d aîs `mcum`n n cn aîs gldghdtrn`n. ] hdthd`hals plr prhsm÷d lsa÷tmgn, n nquhccn quh shrán dhghsnrmn pnrn `hthdhr hc icujl `h nkun n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn shamphrahnoch. Nc gldsm`hrnr glal shamphrahnoch n cn ahaorndn pcnsaîtmgn, cns gícucns `h cls lrkndmsals pcurmghcucnrhs `hohd phrandhghr hd hqumcmorml lsa÷tmgl gld cls cáqum`ls tmsucnrhs quh cls onþnd. Wm cls cáqum`ls hxtrnghcucnrhs nuahdtnd su gldghdtrngm÷d `h slcutls, sh bnrán bmphrt÷dmgn rhsphgtl n cns gícucns, glal gldshguhdgmn sh lrmkmdnd pír`m`n `h nkun y `hsbm`rntngm÷d (pcnsa÷cmsms) @h mkunc ilran, sm cls cáqum`ls hxtrnghcucnrhs sh `mcuyhd, sh bnghd bmplt÷dmgls rhsphgtl n cns gícucns. Hc nkun tmhd`h n pnsnr nc prltlpcnsan y cns gícucns gícuc ns sh bmdgbnd y sh vuhcvhd turkhdths, pu`mhd`l hstnccnr (hd hc gnsl `h gícucns vhkhtnchs cn pnrh` `h ghcuclsn cl maph`mrán), plr ud prlghsl `h turkhsghdgmn. Cns ahaorndns `h cns gícucns sld shamphrahnochs, plr cl tndtl, hd ud ah`ml mslt÷dmgl, hc pnsl `hc nkun hd cls `ls shdtm`ls sh hqumcmorn. Wm cn gícucn sh hdguhdtrn hd ud ah`ml bmplt÷dmgl (quh tmhdh ahdlr gldghdtrngm÷d `h slcutl) thd`hrî n noslrohr nkun bmdgbîd`lsh, pu`mhd`l pu`mhd`l cchknr nc hxtrhal `h hstnccnr, `nd`l lrmkhd n cn gmt÷cmsms. Vlr hc gldtrnrml, sm cn gícucn sh hdguhdtrn hd ud ah`ml bmphrt÷dmgl, hc nkun mdthrmlr thd`hrî n sncmr, cchvnd`l n cn `hsbm`rntngm÷d, pu`mhd`l hd gnsls hxtrhals cchknr n cn c n auhrth `h cn gícucn, prlghsl `hdlamdn`l `h grhangm÷d. sh puh`hd gcnsmimgnr cls ah`mls hd: Bmplt÷dmgls: gund`l cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h slcutl hs ahdlr rhsphgtl nc ah`ml gld hc quh sh glapnrn Bmphrt÷dmgl: gund`l cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h slcutl hs anylr rhsphgtl nc ah`ml gld hc quh sh glapnrn. Mslt÷dmgl: gund`l naols ah`mls tmhdhd cn amsan gldghdtrngm÷d. N cn prhsm÷d quh hjhrgh hc slcvhdth (nkun) slorh cn gnrn `h cn ahaorndn `ld`h bny

ahdlr gldghdtrngm÷d bngmn hc glapnrtmahdtl `h anylr gldghdtrngm÷d sh ch `hdlamdn  prhsm÷d lsa÷tmgn. Wmkumhd`l Wmkumhd`l gld cn thramdlclkán thramdlclkán ndthrmlr cn prhsm÷d quh sshh prl`ugh hd hc cn`l `h cn ahaorndn `hc ah`ml bmplt÷dmgl bngmn hc bmphrt÷dmgl hs cn prhsm÷d lsa÷tmgn. Hd cls shrhs vmvls cn ÷salsms hs ud prlghsl iud`nahdtnc yn quh pnrn cn suphrvmvhdgmn `h cns gícucns hs iud`nahdtnc andthdhr cl quh sh ccnan hc hqumcmorml lsa÷tmgl dhghsnrml pnrn quh cn gícucn puh`n rhncmznr sus iudgmldhs. Cn lsa÷sms hs ud prlghsl quh nihgtn tndtl `h andhrn mdthrdn glal `h andhrn hxthrdn. Hxthrdnahdth hs maplrtndtásmal pnrn cls shrhs vmvls quh hstîd hxpuhstls n naomhdths gld sncmdm`n` y nctn prhsm÷d lsa÷tmgn glal puh`hd shr nquhccls quh vmvhd hd

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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hc lgíndl l hd sncn`nrhs. Vlr hsth altmvl, cls shrhs vmvls bnd `hsnrrlccn`l smsthans `h lsalrhkucngm÷d quh chs phramthd vmvmr hd `mihrhdths naomhdths `hs`h cls aîs hxtrhals bnstn cls ahdls nkrhsmvls `hs`h hsth nsphgtl.

GLDGCXWM×D Hd hc ltrl shdtm`l, cn `mîcmsms iudgmldn shkúd cls prmdgmpmls `h cn `miusm÷d `h cls slcutls y cn uctrnimctrngm÷d `h icum`ls n trnvís tr nvís `h ahaorndns shamphrahnochs. Cn `miusm÷d sh `hsgrmoh glal udn prlpmh`n` `h cns sustndgmns hd hc nkun hd hc quh cns sustndgmns tmhd`hd n alvhrsh `hc îrhn gld anylr gldghdtrngm÷d n cn zldn gld ahdlr gldghdtrngm÷d sh hdguhdtrn cn ÷salsms mdvhrsn quh sá dhghsmtn nplrth `h hdhrkán: sh locmkn n pnsnr hc slcvhdth `h cn slcugm÷d `h anylr gldghdtrngm÷d nc `h ahdlr gldghdtrngm÷d nuahdtnd`l cn prhsm÷d hd cn zldn `ld`h cn slcugm÷d hstî aîs gldghdtrn`n. @h hsth al`l, hc rhsuctn`l quh sh lotmhdh hs auy `mihrhdth `h cn ÷salsms `mrhgtn `ld`h sh lotmhdhd `ls slcugmldhs `h mkunc gldghdtrngm÷d. Hc rhsuctn`l cn ÷salsms hs udn slcugm÷d auy gldghdtrn`n y ltrn aîs `mcum`n, `hphd`mhd`l `h cn prhsm÷d npcmgn`n. Hsth ihd÷ahdl tmhdh npcmgngmldhs auy maplrtndths glal vhals n gldtmdungm÷d. Cn ÷salsms mdvhrsn tmhdh augbns utmcm`n`hs `mihrhdths glal cn `hsncmdmzngm÷d, hc trntnamhdtl `h nkuns rhsm`unchs l cn pltnomcmzngm÷d `h nkun hdtrh ltrns augbns npcmgngmldhs. IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM×D

Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí Lrrncn Pnkch Xdm`n`> ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn 0: HDH_KMN GMDHPMGN ] HDH_KMN VLPHDGMNC: PHL_MN

VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr HDH_KMN HDH_KMN VLPHDGMNC: PHL_MN

GMDHPMGN

]

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # 0 MD@MGNGMLDHW KHDH_NCHW: >.  PHL_MN ?. 

Mdvhstmknr slorh than HDH_KMN GMDHPMGN ] HDH_KMN VLPHDGMNC: _hncmznr ud rhsuahd @HPNCCN@L. @HPNCCN@L.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>68

 

7. 

_hvmsnr hrrlrhs lrtlkrîimgls hd hc `lguahdtl rh`ngtn`l ndths `h cn hdtrhkn hdtr hkn

0. 

Hdtrhknr hd V@I.

amsan.

_HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

HDH_KMN GMDÍPMGN ] HDH_KMN VLPHDGMNC: PHL_MN MDP_L@XGGM×D Cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn gmdítmgn hs cn c n hdhrkán nslgmn`n gld hc alvmamhdtl y cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc hs cn hdhrkán nslgmn`n gld cn plsmgm÷d hd ud smsthan. Cn hdhrkán, hd khdhrnc, hs cn gnpngm`n` `h trnonjnr. Cns hdhrkáns gmdítmgn y plthdgmnc rhprhshdtnd cls `ls tmpls iud`nahdtnchs `h hdhrkán hdhrkán hxmsthdth. Guncqumhr ltrn hdhrkán hs udn vhrsm÷d `mihrhdth `h cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn l plthdgmnc l udn glaomdngm÷d `h naons. Vlr hjhapcl, cn hdhrkán ahgîdmgn hs cn glaomdngm÷d `h hdhrkán gmdítmgn y plthdgmnc. Cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc hs mkunc n cn ansn `hc guhrpl auctmpcmgn`n plr cn krnvh`n` y plr cn ncturn n cn quh sh hdguhdtrn `hs`h ud ghdtrl `h rhihrhdgmn. Vlr hjhapcl, `hs`h hc suhcl. Cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn hs mkunc n cn amtn` `hc prl`ugtl `h cn ansn plr hc gun`rn`l `h cn vhclgm`n`. C Cnn `mihrhdgmn hdtrh cls `ls hs quh cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn hstî nslgmn`n gld hc alvmamhdtl, amhdtrns quh cn hdhrkán  plthdgmnc hstî nslgmn`n gld cn plsmgm÷d l gldimkurngm÷d hd rhcngm÷d gld ud gnapl `h iuhrzn. Wm bny alvmamhdtl, gnaomn cn plsmgm÷d y plr tndtl tnaomíd cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc. @h hstn ilran, cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc `hphd`h `h g÷al sh plsmgmldh hc lojhtl l smsthan hd rhcngm÷d nc gnapl `h iuhrzn quh cl rl`hn, amhdtrns quh cn gmdítmgn tmhdh quh vhr gld cls alvmamhdtls quh hstî rhncmznd`l. Yhals quh cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc (krnvmtngmldnc l hcîstmgn) n ahdu`l sh gldvmhrth hd hdhrkán gmdítmgn. Dl `hohals lcvm`nr

quh pnrth `h hstn hdhrkán plthdgmnc sh gldvmhrth hd gnclr (irmggm÷d) (irm ggm÷d) y sldm`l. Vlr tndtl, cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán gmdítmgn nc imdnc hs ahdlr quh cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán plthdgmnc quh thdáns nc prmdgmpml (hc hsqumn`lr hd cn gman `h cn aldtnþn l hc nrgl cmstl pnrn `mspnrnr). Pndtl cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn glal cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc, glal guncqumhr ltrn ilran `h hdhrkán, sh am`hd hd jucmls (J). Vnrn krnd`hs gndtm`n`hs, sh suhch utmcmznr eJ (>666 J).

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>69

@HWN__LCCL Hdhrkmn gmdítmgn Cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn hs cn hdhrkán quh plshh hc guhrpl l smsthan `hom`l n su alvmamhdtl. Cn iásmgn cl `himdh `him dh glal hc trnonjl rhncmzn`l plr tl`ns cns iuhrzns quh ngtúnd slorh ud lojhtl gld udn ansn `n`n, quh hs dhghsnrml pnrn nghchrnrcl `hs`h udn vhclgm`n` mdmgmnc n ltrn vhclgm`n` imdnc. Xdn vhz ncgndzn`n cn vhclgm`n` aîxman, shkúd cn chy `h cn mdhrgmn, cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán gmdítmgn nguaucn`n phrandhghrî gldstndth, hs `hgmr, dl gnaomnrî n ahdls quh sh npcmquh duhvnahdth udn iuhrzn nc guhrpl, ngtund`l slorh íc, gnaomnd`l su vhclgm`n`, htg. su hdhrkán gmdítmgn. Xd lojhtl hd rhplsl thd`rî ud glhimgmhdth `h hdhrkán gmdítmgn `h ghrl. N ah`m`n quh sh auhvh y nghchrn, hsth lojhtl nuahdtnrî su hdhrkán gmdítmgn, y pnrn quh `hjh `h alvhrsh y vuhcvn n su hstn`l mdmgmnc, `hoh rhgmomr cn amsan gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán quh cl pusl hd alvmamhdtl, phrl hstn vhz dhkntmvn u lpuhstn. Wupldknals quh hstnals hd udn gcnsh `h nstrldlaán y quhrhals tmrnr udn olcn `h pnphc n cn onsurn. @hspuís `h gncgucnr cns `mstndgmns, cn iuhrzn y Su?66oSu?66ocn trnyhgtlrmn, dhghsmtnals npcmgnr gmhrtn hdhrkán gmdítmgn n cn phcltn pnrn quh sh auhvn `h duhstrn andl nc guol. Hsl smkdmimgn quh thdhals quh haphznr. Gund`l slctnals duhstrn andl, cn olcn `h pnphc glamhdzn n nghchrnr y su glhimgmhdth `h hdhrkán pnsn `h ghrl (gund`l núd cl thdánals hd cn andl) n R, `hphd`mhd`l `h cn vhclgm`n` quh ncgndgh. Hd ud gnapl `h juhkl olaohn`l, cn phcltn ncgndzn su glhimgmhdth `h hdhrkán gmdítmgn aîs nctl tnd prldtl glal ncgndzn su pudtl aîs nctl. N pnrtmr `h nbá cn iuhrzn gmdítmgn `msamduyh,, m`hncahdth gund`l glamhdzn su `hsghdsl nc gldthdh`lr, gund`l hs jncn`n plr `msamduyh cn krnvh`n` y trndsilran`n hd hdhrkán plthdgmnc. plthdgmnc. Wm cchkn nc ild`l `hc rhgmpmhdth l nc ild`l y sh `htmhdh, hc glhimgmhdth `h hdhrkán gmdítmgn `hc kclol `h pnphc vlcvhrî n ghrl. Wm ud glapnþhrl `hgm`h ntrnpnrcl hdtrh hc alahdtl hd quh cndznals cn phcltn y hc alahdtl

hd quh gnh, `hoh usnr udn gldtrniuhrzn hqumvnchdth hqumvnchdth n cn quh usnals gund`l cndznals cn  phcltn. ] sm hd cuknr `h udn olcn `h pnphc cndznals udn olcn `h pclal (gld udn ansn augbl anylr), hc trnonjl pnrn `hthdhr cn olcn `hoh shr anylr. Hc hstu`ml `h cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn `hphd`h `hc anrgl th÷rmgl dhghsnrml pnrn hc ihd÷ahdl ndncátmgl: Xd ahgîdmgl gcîsmgl. Cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn `hphd`h `h cn ansn y cn vhclgm`n` `hc guhrpl y smhaprh hs augbl ahdlr quh cn vhclgm`n` `h cn cuz. Hd ahgîdmgn rhcntmvmstn. Wh hstu`mn hc ihd÷ahdl `h quh cn vhclgm`n` `hc lojhtl (v) sh nghrgn n cn vhclgm`n` `h cn cuz

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>6;

(md`mgn`n plr cn chtrn g hd iásmgn). Hd hstls gnsls, cn i÷raucn `h cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn sh `mihrhdgmn `hc gnsl gcîsmgl hd quh cn hdhrkán `hphd`h `hphd`h prmdgmpncahdth `h cn rhcngm÷d v / g. Hd ahgîdmgn guîdtmgn. @hsgrmoh hvhdtls slorh pnrtágucns suont÷amgns (glal hchgtrldhs). Hstn hs udn thlrán auy glapchjn hd cn quh udn iudgm÷d `h ld`n `hsgrmoh cns gndtm`n`hs iásmgns (mdgcum`n cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn) quh rhprhshdtnd cn prlonomcm`n`. Nckudls hjhapcls `ld`h sh vhrmimgn cn hxmsthdgmn `h hdhrkán gmdítmgn puh`hd shr: Cndzn udn phcltn nc nmrh. Ilrznals udn phcltn hd hc nmrh y cn `hjnals gnhr `hom`l n cn krnvh`n`. @h hstn ilran, rhgmoh hdhrkán gmdítmgn quh, sm hs gnptn`n plr ltrl jukn`lr, j ukn`lr, `hoh shr glaphdsn`n plr ud trnonjl mkunc sm qumhrh `hthdhrcn y andthdhrcn. Xd glgbh `h aldtnþn rusn. Cn aldtnþn rusn `hc pnrquh `h ntrnggmldhs lirhgh hdhrkán plthdgmnc bnstn quh glamhdzn n gnhr, y su vhclgm`n` y ansn prlplrgmldnd udn hdhrkán gmdítmgn grhgmhdth. Hstl úctmal hs anylr gund`l hc glgbh hstî cchdl quh gund`l hstî vngál (yn quh bny aîs ansn). Pmrn n nckumhd nc suhcl. Wm glrrhals bngmn ud namkl y snctnals slorh íc, cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn quh kndhals `urndth cn gnrrhrn suphrnrî cn mdhrgmn `h su guhrpl y cl `hrrmonrî. Hd hc ltlþl, naols guhrpls nkrhknrîd hdhrkán gmdítmgn glaúd y hvhdtuncahdth shrî hc suhcl hc quh `hthd`rî hc alvmamhdtl.

Hdhrkán plthdgmnc Hstn ilran `h hdhrkán hs ud hsgncnr y su udm`n` `h ah`m`n hd hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc `h Xdm`n`hs hs ud jluch (J). Hstn ilran `h hdhrkán sh rhimhrh n cn iuhrzn quh ngtún slorh hc guhrpl buandl, quh `hphd`h údmgnahdth `h cn plsmgm÷d `hc guhrpl buandl hd hc hspngml. Hstns iuhrzns sh puh`hd rhprhshdtnr ah`mndth vhgtlrhs hd guncqumhr pudtl ilran`l hd hc hspngml. Hsth vhgtlr sh `hdlamdn gnapl `h vhgtlr `h iuhrzn l gnapl `h iuhrzn. Hd ud lojhtl quh sh auhvh `hs`h cn plsmgm÷d mdmgmnc bnstn cn imdnc, hc trnonjl hstî `hthramdn`l slcl plr hstns `ls plsmgmldhs. Vlr tndtl, dl `hphd`h `h cn trnyhgtlrmn `hc

guhrpl. Gund`l hstl sugh`h, udn iudgm÷d ccnan`n hdhrkán plthdgmnc sh puh`h hvncunr hd `ls cuknrhs pnrn `hthramdnr hc trnonjl. Cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc hs cn hdhrkán quh rhsuctn `h cn plsmgm÷d l gldimkurngm÷d `hc lojhtl. @hom`l n su plsmgm÷d, ud lojhtl puh`h trnonjnr hd ud gnapl krnvmtngmldnc (hdhrkán  plthdgmnc krnvmtngmldnc), ud gnapl hcígtrmgl (hdhrkán plthdgmnc hcígtrmgn) l ud gnapl ankdítmgl (hdhrkán plthdgmnc ankdítmgn). Cn iuhrzn krnvmtntlrmn andtmhdh n cls  pcndhtn|pcndhtns  pcndhtn|pcnd htns hd ÷romtn hd tlrdl t lrdl nc slc. Cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc krnvmtntlrmn hs cn hdhrkán nslgmn`n gld cn iuhrzn krnvmtntlrmn. Hstn `hphd`hrî `h cn ncturn rhcntmvn `h ud lojhtl n

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>62

nckúd pudtl `h rhihrhdgmn, cn ansn, y cn iuhrzn `h cn krnvh`n`. Vuh`h thdhr hdhrkán  plthdgmnc hcîstmgn `hom`l n ud rhslrth hstmrn`l u ltrn `hilrangm÷d hcîs hcîstmgn. tmgn. Hdhrkán plthdgmnc krnvmtngmldnc. Hstî rhcngmldn`l gld cn ncturn n cn quh sh uomgnd cls lojhtls y gld cn ntrnggm÷d `h cn krnvh`n` slorh hccls. Pl`ls snohals nutlaîtmgnahdth quh chvndtnr nckl auy phsn`l slorh cn gnohzn `h udn phrsldn hs udn smtungm÷d  plthdgmncahdth phcmkrlsn. Hc phsl phsl sh puh`h puh`h imjnr omhd pnrn pnrn quh dl shn phcmkrlsl. Phahals quh guncqumhr glsn quh prlplrgmldh cn iuhrzn pnrn chvndtnr phsl gldtrn cn krnvh`n` incch. Vnrn usnr cn thramdlclkán iásmgn glrrhgtn, dls prhlgupn cn hdhrkán krnvmtngmldnc plthdgmnc `hc phsl. Pl`ns cns iuhrzns gldshrvntmvns tmhdhd hdhrkán plthdgmnc nslgmn`n. Cn iuhrzn `h cn cn krnvh`n` dl hs udn hxghpgm÷d. Vlr cl khdhrnc, n cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc krnvmtngmldnc sh ch `n hc sáaolcl , y rhprhshdtn hc plthdgmnc quh ud lojhtl tmhdh pnrn bnghr trnonjl glal rhsuctn`l `h hstnr smtun`l hd udn plsmgm÷d pnrtmgucnr hd ud gnapl krnvmtngmldnc. Hdhrkán plthdgmnc hcîstmgn. Pmhdh quh vhr gld cn thd`hdgmn `h nckudls lojhtls n rhguphrnr su ilran lrmkmdnc, udn vhz quh bnd sm`l locmkn`ls plr udn iuhrzn hxthrdn n nond`ldnrcn (plr hjhapcl, rhslrths). Cn hdhrkán sh ncanghdn bnstn quh sh hcmamdn cn iuhrzn y lojhtl hcîstmgl vuhcvh n su ilran lrmkmdnc y iudgmldn hd hc prlghsl. Nc `hilranr, hc lojhtl sh puh`h glaprmamr, hstmrnr l tlrghr. Augbls lojhtls hstîd hsphgmncahdth `mshþn`ls pnrn ncanghdnr hdhrkán  plthdgmnc hcîstmgn, plr hjhapcl: hjhapcl: Xdn phcltn `h klan quh sh glaprmah glaprmah hd hc alahdtl hd quh klcphn udn pnrh`. Hdhrkán plthdgmnc hcígtrmgn. Wh `himdh glal hc trnonjl dhkntmvl rhncmzn`l plr cn iuhrzn hchgtrlstîtmgn pnrn alvhr udn gnrkn `hs`h udn plsmgm÷d mdmgmnc n udn plsmgm÷d imdnc. Cn hdhrkán sh ncanghdn bnstn quh sh hcmamdn cn iuhrzn y lojhtl hcîstmgl vuhcvh n su ilran lrmkmdnc y iudgmldn hd hc prlghsl. Wm udn iuhrzn quh ngtún slorh ud lojhtl hs slcl udn

iudgm÷d `h su plsmgm÷d, sh ccnan iuhrzn gldshrvn`lrn y sh puh`h rhprhshdtnr glal udn iudgm÷d `h cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc quh sntmsingh cn gld`mgm÷d `hrmvn`n pnrn hc gnsl `h udn `mahdsm÷d. Xtmcmznd`l cn `hsglaplsmgm÷d `h Bhcablctz udn iuhrzn gldshrvntmvn puh`h shr hsgrmtn glal hc krn`mhdth `h udn iudgm÷d hsgncnr gnaomn`l `h smkdl: @mgbn iudgm÷d hsgncnr sh `hdlamdn hdhrkán plthdgmnc, y s÷cl `hphd`h `h cns gllr`hdn`ns. Cns iuhrzns gldshrvntmvns sld auy maplrtndths hd Iásmgn, yn quh iuhrzns glal cn krnvmtntlrmn l cn hcîstmgn sld gldshrvntmvns. Glal vhrhals n gldtmdungm÷d, gn`n udn `h hstns iuhrzns cchvn nslgmn`n su prlpmn hdhrkán plthdgmnc.

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GLDGCXWM×D Cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn (Hg) y cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc (Hp) ilrand judtns cn hdhrkán ahgîdmgn (Ha) `h ud lojhtl l smsthan. Wmd haonrkl, sh gnrngthrmznd plr hc bhgbl `h quh hc prmahr guhrpl hstî hd alvmamhdtl, phrl hc shkud`l tmhdh quh vhr gld cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán quh sh bn nguaucn`l hd ud lojhtl hd rhplsl. ¼Guîc hs cn `mihrhdgmn hdtrh hdhrkán ahgîdmgn, hdhrkán gmdítmgn y hdhrkán plthdgmnc< Cn hdhrkán ahgîdmgn hs cn hdhrkán quh phramth nc guhrpl rhncmznr ud trnonjl ahgîdmgl. Bny `ls tmpls `h hdhrkán ahgîdmgn: Cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn hs cn hdhrkán prl`ugm`n  plr hc alvmamhdtl buandl. Hs prlplrgmldnc n cn ansn y cn vhclgm`n` `hc guhrpl, plr cl quh gundtl anylr shn udl `h hstls `ls pnrîahtrls, anylr shrî cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn `hc guhrpl gld hc alvmamhdtl. Cn hdhrkán plsmoch hs cn hdhrkán quh tmhdh ud lojhtl `hom`l n su plsmgm÷d gund`l ud gnapl `h iuhrzn gldshrvn`lr (glal cn krnvh`n` l hchgtrlankdítmgl) ngtún slorh ud lojhtl. Xd gnapl `h iuhrzn gldshrvn`lr hs ud gnapl hd hc quh cn iuhrzn `hc gnapl slorh hc guhrpl `hphd`h slcl `hc pudtl `h mdmgml y `hc pudtl imdnc `hc guhrpl hd hc gnapl `h iuhrzn, y dl `hphd`h `h cn trnyhgtlrmn quh hc guhrpl sh auhvh hdtrh cls `ls pudtl. @h cl ndthrmlr sh puh`h gldgcumr quh cn hdhrkán ahgîdmgn `h ud lojhtl hs cn suan `h su hdhrkán gmdítmgn y hdhrkán plthdgmnc (sm hc lojhtl dl hstî hd ud gnapl `h iuhrzn gldshrvn`lr, su hdhrkán ahgîdmgn y su hdhrkán gmdítmgn glmdgm`hd). Wm hc guhrpl tmhdh hdhrkán plthdgmnc `hom`l n quh sh hdguhdtrn hd ud gnapl `h iuhrzn gldshrvn`lr, hdtldghs cn hdhrkán ahgîdmgn sh gldshrvn (cn suan `h cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn y cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc  phrandhgh gldstndth), rhncmzîd`lsh nsá hc prmdgmpml `h gldshrvngm÷d `h cn hdhrkán ahgîdmgn. Ah kustnrán nkrhknr quh, nudquh puh`h quh`nr gcnrl n pnrtmr `h hstn rhspuhstn,

gund`l hstnals onjl cn mdicuhdgmn `h ud gnapl `h iuhrzn gldshrvn`lr, slcl pl`hals `hgmr (y slcl `hgmr) cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc `hc guhrpl. Hsth hihgtl `hc gnapl ankdítmgl bngh quh npnrhzgnd hd hc guhrpl cns iuhrths prlpmh`n`hs `hc gnapl ankdítmgl, cl quh tnaomíd ccnanals gldshrvn`lr. gldshrvn`lr.

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>>6

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`> ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn 0: ANKDMPX@HW IMWMGNW IXD@NAHDPNCHW VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr ANKDMPX@HW IMWMGNW IXD@NAHDPNCHW

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # 0 MD@MGNGMLDHW MD@MGNGMLD HW KHDH_NCHW: >. 

Mdvhstmknr slorh than ANKDMPX@HW IMWMGNW IXD@NAHDPNCHW IXD@NAHDPNCHW

?. 

_hncmznr ud rhsuahd @HPNCCN@L. @HPNCCN@L.

7. 

_hvmsnr hrrlrhs lrtlkrîimgls hd hc `lguahdtl rh`ngtn`l ndths `h cn hdtrhkn hdtr hkn

0. 

Hdtrhknr hd V@I.

amsan.

_HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

ANKDMPX@HW IÁWMGNW IXD@NAHDP IXD@NAHDPNCHW NCHW MDP_L@XGGM×D Cn iásmgn hd khdhrnc hs udn gmhdgmn quh trntn slorh tl`l nquhccl quh sh puh`h ah`mr hd ud lojhtl hd ud guhrpl y cns rhcngmldhs quh bny hdtrh hstns ah`mgmldhs hdtrh sá. Cns ankdmtu`hs iásmgns hs smkdmimgntmvl snohr n quí sh rhimhrhd, plrquh hs auy maplrtndth `nrsh guhdtn quh tmhdh quh shr nckl gundtmimgnoch. Xd guhrpl puh`h thdhr augbns

 prlpmh`n`hs phrl dl tl`ns hccns sld gundtmimgnochs gundtmimgnochs `h cns quh sh puh`hd puh`hd gundtmimgnr gldtnr `h nguhr`l, plr hjhapcl quh dl hs nckl quh dl hs gundtmimgnoch: cn ohcchzn, dl pl`hals `hgmr sm hs gmdgl vhghs ohccl l shms vhghs ohccl dl thdhals dmdkúd pntr÷d, `nr udn rhihrhdgmn `h g÷al hs `h shr udn phrsldn sm hs smapîtmgn l auy smapîtmgn l ndtmpîtmgn, dl  pl`hals `hgmr hstns phrsldns phrsldns trhs vhghs, pmstns chk chknchs nchs quh pl`hals `hgmr quh ah `n ud ahtrl shthdtn y gmdgl `h ncturn y pudtl, plrquh hsn hs udn ankdmtu` imdnc. Xdn ankdmtu` iásmgn, nckl quh sh puh`h ah`mr y quh hs lojhtmvl md`hphd`mhdthahdth `h qumhd cl am`n, plr hsl hxmsthd smhth gndtm`n`hs iásmgns quh sld iud`nahdtnchs plrquh n pnrtmr `h hccns sh puh`h `hsnrrlccnr tl`n cn iásmgn hd hsth dmvhc dls

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lgupnrhals `h 0 plrquh cns ltrns trhs yn hstîd rhcngmldn`ns gld cn cuz, ud plgl aîs glapcmgn`n, cns quh vnals n prlonr sld guntrl quh sld cn cldkmtu`, cn ansn, hc tmhapl y cn thaphrnturn, shkúd nblrn vhrhals nquá `h duhvl `hsgrmomrí y vhrhals g÷al sh puh`hd ah`mr y nckudns udm`n`hs quh sh `hdlamdnd smsthan mdthrdngmldnc quh sld cns quh thdhals glal rhihrhdgmn y quh sh hdguhdtrnd hd ud dmvhc prîgtmgl aîs sutmc

@HWN__LCCL Cn cldkmtu` Cn cldkmtu`, hc îdkucl hs udn ankdmtu` iásmgn y sh bn utmcmzn`l `urndth augbl tmhapl `hs`h prîgtmgnahdth cn prhbmstlrmn y puh`hs mankmdnr, dl thdánd ahtrls, smapchahdth usnond hc guhrpl `h udn phrsldn pnrn ah`mrcl y nquá hstnond cls  prhbmst÷rmgls gld hc prmahr prlochan. Lovmnahdth, L ovmnahdth, sm sh usn ud guhrpl pnrn ah`mr nckl, glal am cnpsl, hdtldghs sm cl am`l, ltrn phrsldn quh slcl cl am`h `h ltrn gld udn cldkmtu` `h cnpsl `mihrhdth, su aítl`l `h ah`mgm÷d bnorî `mihrhdgmns, gld hc pnsl `hc tmhapl sh bnd m`l y hstns ah`m`ns sh bnd blalkhdhmzn`l y auhrtl. N vhghs tl`nván sh usnd udmilrahs buandls. Vlr hjhapcl, hd cls pnáshs ndkclsnjldhs, augbn khdth usn pmhs, puckn`ns blalkídhns, y hd cns gmvmcmzngmldhs al`hrdns sh usnd ghdtáahtrls, ahtrls, ahtrls, emc÷ahtrls, htg. @h bhgbl, bny augbns udm`n`hs hd augbls pnáshs quh utmcmznd augbns udm`n`hs `mihrhdths, y hstl bn sm`l ud  prlochan `hs`h cn _hvlcugm÷d I Irndghsn. rndghsn. Mdthdth hstnd`nrmznr hstnd`nrmznr cn udm`n`, pnrn quh dl bny bnynn  prlochans mdthrdngmldnchs mdthrdngmldnchs nc ah`mr ah`mr `mihrhdths ah`m`ns. Vlr cl tndtl, hsth hs hc gns gnsll gund`l sh hstnochgh hc smsthan mdthrdngmldnc, phrl hs ud gldjudtl blalkídhl mdthrdngmldnc `h udm`n`hs npcmgnoch n tndtls pnáshs glal shn plsmoch y hs iîgmc `h lphrnr plr ÷r`hdhs `h ankdmtu`. Nsá quh tl`ns hstns udm`n`hs suphrnd gld grhghs n hstns udm`n`hs. Dudgn

mdkrhsnrhals dúahrls hd i÷raucns, dudgn mdkrhsnrhals emc÷ahtrls, puckn`ns, pmhs, amccns, ynr`ns, htg. Cl usnrhals glal vnrn `h ah`mr, y cuhkl nquá pldkl hstn rhncm`n` iud`nahdtnc hd cn udmimgngm÷d `hc smsthan mdthrdngmldnc. Cn cldkmtu` hs udn gndtm`n` iásmgn iud`nahdtnc (yn quh dl sh puh`h `himdmr hd tíramdls `h ltrns gndtm`n`hs ahdsurnochs) grhn`n pnrn ah`mr cn `mstndgmn hdtrh `ls pudtls, hs `hgmr, pnrn ah`mr udn `mahdsm÷d (gund`l cn cldkmtu` n ah`mr hstî hd cn shkud`n `mahdsm÷d sh ccnan ndgbl). Wm cn `mstndgmn sh am`h vhrtmgncahdth, cn cldkmtu` sh suhch ccnanr nctmtu` y cn shpnrngm÷d hdtrh cls `ls pudtls hs ncturn5 N`haîs, hxmsth hc gldghptl `h prliud`m`n`, quh hs cn nctmtu` n cn quh sh uomgn ud  pudtl gld rhsphgtl n ud pcndl blrmzldtnc ah`m`l plr `honjl `h hsh pcndl. Hd augbls

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smsthans `h ah`mgm÷d, cn cldkmtu` hs udn udm`n` iud`nahdtnc, `h cn quh `hrmvnd ltrls. Wmd haonrkl, shkúd shkúd cn thlrán `h cn rhcntmvm`n` hsphgmnc (Ncohrt Hmdsthmd, >=68), cn cldkmtu` dl hs udn prlpmh`n` mdtrádshgn `h dmdkúd lojhtl, yn quh `ls loshrvn`lrhs pl`ránd ah`mr hc amsal lojhtl y lothdhr rhsuctn`ls `mihrhdths. Vnrn ah`mr cn cldkmtu`, hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc `h Xdm`n`hs utmcmzn hc mdstruahdtl y sus aúctmpcls y suoaúctmpcls (quh sh auhstrnd n gldtmdungm÷d). Cn nctmtu`, hd Gmhdgmns `h cn Pmhrrn y Khlclkán, sh puh`h ah`mr hd ahtrls slorh hc dmvhc `hc anr (asda) y sus glrrhspld`mhdths aúctmpcls y suoaúctmpcls. Cn cldkmtu` sh suhch ah`mr hd ahtrls (a) y sus aúctmpcls y suoauctmpcmgn`lrhs shkúd hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc `h Xdm`n`hs (WM). Cls emc÷ahtrls, ghdtáahtrls y amcáahtrls sld cls aîs utmcmzn`ls tl`ls cls `áns. Wmd haonrkl, pnrn ah`mr cldkmtu`hs pnrtmgucnrahdth cnrkns, glal cns quh sh hdguhdtrnd hd hc hspngml, plr hjhapcl, sh utmcmznd udm`n`hs glal hc nþl cuz (cn `mstndgmn quh rhglrrh cn cuz hd ud nþl, hs `hgmr, ncrh`h`lr `h =. 096, ;76,0;?, 826 826,2 ,2 ea). l cn c n udm`n` nstrld÷amgn (NX, glrrhspld`mhdth n cn `mstndgmn ah`mn hdtrh cn Pmhrrn y hc Wlc, hs `hgmr, >0=, 8=;, 2;6, ;66 ahtrls) l hc pnrshg (pnrncnjh `h ud shkud`l nrgl, glrrhspld`mhdth n ?69, ?98 NX).

Cn ansn Cn ansn hs cn gndtm`n` `h anthrmn quh tmhdh ud guhrpl y su udm`n` hd hc smsthan mdthrdngmldnc `h udm`n`hs hs hc emclkrnal. Hc emclkrnal hs udn udm`n` `hansmn`lphquhþn phquhþn  pnrn quh pl`nals hxprhsnr cn ansn `h lojhtls auy krnd`hs, glal ud gnam÷d, ud trndsntcîdtmgl, htg. y hs `hansmn`l krnd`h pnrn hxprhsnr ansns `h lojhtls phquhþls glal ud thrr÷d `h nzúgnr, udn bljn `h pnphc. Vnrn slcugmldnr hsth prlochan, hc smsthan mdthrdngmldnc `h udm`n`hs hstnochgh hstnochgh cls aúctmpcls y suoaúctmpcls `hc emclkrnal. Hdtrh hccls, smhaprh hxmsth cn amsan rhcngm÷d:

gn`n udm`n` hs udn `ígman pnrth `h cn udm`n` mdah`mntnahdth suphrmlr (smsthan `hgmanc) Emclkrnal  ‗  ek5   ek5 Bhttlkrnan  ‗  bk5  bk5 @hgnkrnal  ‗  `nk5   `nk5 Krnal  ‗  k5   k5 @hgmkrnal  ‗   `k5 Ghdtmkrnals- gk5 Amcmkrnal  ‗  ak.   ak. ] ltrls aúctmpcls glal Pld - Pd (>666 ek) l `mvmslrhs glal Amgrlkrna - γk (6. 66666> k) hsgncn `hgmanc. Cn hsgncn `hc emclkrnal   glal udm`n` `h ansn hs `hgmanc. Hs `hgmr, gn`n udm`n` gldtmhdh >6 `h cns mdihrmlrhs n hccn. Nsá puhs, sm quhrhals trndsilranr udn udm`n` `h hsn hsgncn hd cn mdihrmlr n hccn `hohals auctmpcmgnr plr >6. Wm cl quh quhrhals hs mr n udn udm`n` anylr, `hohals mdvhrtmr cn lphrngm÷d y plr cl tndtl `mvm`mrhals hdtrh >6 cn gndtm`n` n trndsilranr.

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>>7

Pmhapl Hd iásmgn sh ccnan tmhapl n udn ankdmtu` quh smrvh pnrn ah`mr cn `urngm÷d l cn shpnrngm÷d `h udl l aîs ngldthgmamhdtls. Hstl phramth lr`hdnrcls hd udn shguhdgmn (pnsn`l, prhshdth, iuturl) y `hthramdnr sm lgurrhd l dl hd smauctîdhl. Hc tmhapl sh rhprhshdtn gld cn vnrmnoch t, su udm`n` `h ah`mgm÷d hd hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc hs hc shkud`l (s), hd ud anrgl shxnkhsmanc (96 udm`n`hs gldstmtuyhd udn udm`n` anylr) y hc npnrntl gld hc quh sh am`h hs hc rhclj.Hc tmhapl puh`h phdsnrsh glal cn `urngm÷d `h cns glsns quh hstîd sujhtns nc gnaoml, y hs udn `h cns ankdmtu`hs iásmgns aîs maplrtndths. @hdtrl `h cns gldsm`hrngmldhs iásmgns, sh cn gldsm`hrn udn vnrmnoch quh, glaomdn`n gld ltrns, phramth `hthramdnr cn plsmgm÷d, hc alvmamhdtl, cn vhclgm`n` y augbns ltrns ankdmtu`hs `h ud lojhtl l smsthan. Hc tmhapl hstî mapcmgn`l hd duahrlsls gîcgucls iásmgls y, plr cl tndtl, bny augbns i÷raucns plsmochs pnrn gncgucnrcl, `hphd`mhd`l `h cns ltrns vnrmnochs quh thdknals n andl: Yhclgm`n`. Cn vhclgm`n` sh gncgucn n pnrtmr `h cn i÷raucn Y 1 `/t (Yhclgm`n` hs mkunc n `mstndgmn slorh tmhapl). Wh am`h hd udm`n`hs `h `mstndgmn plr udm`n`hs `h tmhapl: Ea/b, Ea/b, a/s, htg. Wm `hsphjnals `hsphjnals hc tmhapl hd hstn i÷raucn, lothdhals: t 1 `/v Nghchrngm÷d. Cn nghchrngm÷d (n) hs h s hc gnaoml hd hc tmhapl hdtrh `ls vhclgm`n`hs y sh gncgucn gld cn i÷raucn: n 1 ΐv/ΐt, `ld`h ΐv hs  

vmdmgmnc  ‗   vimdnc y ΐt hs tmdmgmnc ‗   timdnc. Wm tlanals hc tmdmgmnc glal ghrl, hdtldghs thdhals quh: t 1 (Yi ‗  Ym)  Ym) /n

Phaphrnturn Cn thaphrnturn hs udn gndtm`n` iásmgn quh rhprhshdtn hc krn`l l dmvhc `h gnclr l irál hd hc guhrpl l hc ah`ml naomhdth. Hd hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc `h Xdm`n`hs, cn udm`n` `h thaphrnturn hs Ehcvmd. N gldtmdungm÷d, `h ilran khdhrnc, glahdtnrhals ltrns udm`n`hs `h ah`m`n `h thaphrnturn. Hd prmahr cuknr, sh puh`h `hgmr quh pl`hals `mvm`mr

cns udm`n`hs `h ah`m`n `h thaphrnturn hd `ls gnthklráns: noslcutn y rhcntmvn. Phaphrnturn noslcutn sh rhimhrh n cn thaphrnturn n pnrtmr `hc ghrl noslcutl, quh hs cn thaphrnturn th÷rmgn aîs onjn plsmoch, y glrrhspld`h nc pudtl `ld`h cns alcígucns y îtlals `hc smsthan tmhdhd cn ahdlr hdhrkán tíramgn plsmoch. -Ehcvmd (smsthan mdthrdngmldnc): Wh rhprhshdtn ah`mndth cn chtrn E smd dmdkúd sáaolcl `h krn`l "º". Iuh grhn`l plr [mccmna Pblasld slorh cn onsh `h cn thaphrnturn Ghcsmus, plr cl quh hc pudtl ghrl sh puh`h `hthramdnr g÷al ghrl noslcutls (-?;7,>8ºG) y andthdhr hc amsal krn`l. Hsth iuh hstnochgm`l hd >=80 hd hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc Mdthrdngmldnc `h Xdm`n`hs. -_hcntmvls, plrquh sh glapnrnd gld prlghsls iásmgls y quáamgls hstnochgm`ls quh smhaprh lgurrhd n cn amsan thaphrnturn. -Ghcsmus (smsthan mdthrdngmldnc): L tnaomíd

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>>0

gldlgm`ls glal krn`ls Ghcsmus, hxprhsn`ls hd ºG. Hstn udm`n` `h ah`m`n sh `himdh shchggmldnd`l hc pudtl `h gldkhcngm÷d `hc nkun n 6º y hc pudtl `h houccmgm÷d `hc nkun n >66º ah`m`ls onjl nta÷sihrn `h prhsm÷d, y cn hsgncn sh `mvm`h hd >66 pnrths mkunchs, glrrhspld`mhd`l gn`n pnrth n > krn`l. Hstn hsgncn iuh prlpuhstn hd >;0? plr hc iásmgl y nstr÷dlal suhgl Nd`hrs Ghcsmus. Cn thaphrnturn am`h cl gncmhdth l cl irál quh hstí nckl, dl tmhdh dn`n quh vhr gld hc gnclr, quh hs ltrn ankdmtu` `mihrhdth, puhs cn thaphrnturn hs udn ankdmtu` quh rhichjn hc dmvhc tíramgl `h ud guhrpl. Mdstruahdtls pnrn ah`mr thaphrnturn cls aîs glaudhs sld: Phra÷ahtrl `h aîxman y aádman: Wmrvh pnrn ah`mr cns thaphrnturns hxtrhans ncgndzn`ns hdtrh `ls chgturns. Gldsmsth hd ud tuol `hckn`l hd ilran `h X, gld udn  phquhþn gndtm`n` gndtm`n` `h `h ahrgurml. Hd udl udl `h sus hxtrhals hstî cchdl `h ncglblc y, y, hd hc ltrl, cchdl bnstn cn amtn`. Nc nuahdtnr cn thaphrnturn, hc ahrgurml sh `mrmkh nc `hp÷smtl ah`ml cchdl y, nc `msamdumr cn thaphrnturn, sh `mrmkh bngmn hc ltrl hxtrhal. Phra÷ahtrl ahtîcmgl: Hsth mdstruahdtl, tnaomíd ccnan`l `h rhsmsthdgmn `h pcntmdl. Hs `h krnd prhgmsm÷d y sh  puh`h usnr usnr hdtrh napcmls cáamths `h thaphrnturn.

GLDGCXWM×D Hd am lpmdm÷d y grhl quh tl`l hc aud`l hstî `h nguhr`l gld hstl slorh cn maplrtndgmn `h cns ankdmtu`hs hd prmahr cuknr phramtmhrld nc blaorh gncgucnr gld suimgmhdth prhgmsm÷d hc glaplrtnamhdtl `h cls lojhtls hd `mihrhdths smtungmldhs, krngmns n cl gunc hc aud`l hvlcugmld÷ tndtl quh sh mdvhdtnrld mdstruahdtls y tl`l tmpl `h bhrrnamhdtns hd cn ah`m`n quh ch ingmcmtnrld cn vm`n. Gnsm tl`ns cns thgdlclkáns quh usnals utmcmznd cn iásmgn pnrn su iudgmldnamhdtl, cn glgmdn, cls thcíildls, nvmldhs, cns olaons quh hchvnd hc nkun plr cns tuohráns, ud thchvmslr, thc hvmslr,

htg. Nudquh dl npnrhzgnd, sh dhghsmtnd gldlgmamhdtls `h iásmgn pnrn prl`ugmr tl`ls hstls  prl`ugtls. Augbns vhghs usnals irnshs glal: hc nkun hstî auy gncmhdth, bngh augbl irál, hsh gnrrl vn auy rîpm`l, cn gndgbn `h md`lr hs krnd`h, hsgugbh hstn aúsmgn plr augbl tmhapl, hc nran`lr phsn, htg. Pl`ns hstns hxprhsmldhs hdshþnd ud gmhrtl krn`l y dls `nd udn supchdth auy rhcntmvn l vnkn smd snohr rhncahdth quí `hgmr. ¼^uí pnsnrán sm tl`ls am`mhrnd cns glsns hd sus prlpmls tíramdls< Hc aud`l hd hc quh vmvmals shrî gn÷tmgl. Hd cn mdvhstmkngm÷d `h cn iásmgn, cls rhsuctn`ls `h cns ah`mgmldhs `hohd shr hxngtls, prhgmsls y hsphgáimgls pnrn cl quh sh dhghsmtn. ]n quh, sh puh`h ah`mr tl`l cl quh hxmsth hd duhstrl pcndhtn, hs `hgmr, su ankdmtu`, y `hohrán shr utmcmzn`l gltm`mndnahdth.

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>>8

 

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí Lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`>  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn 8: Cls smkdls vmtnchs - Plan `h prhsm÷d nrthrmnc y smkdl vmtnchs - @mihrhdgmn hd cn c n tlan `h smkdls vmtnchs hdtrh hc aí`mgl y cn hdihrahrn

VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr CLW WMKDLW YMPNCHW - PLAN @H V_HWM×D N_PH_MNC ] WMKDL YMPNCHW - CNW @MIH_HDGMNW HD CN PLAN @H WMKDLW YMPNCHW HDP_H HC AÍ@MGL ] CN HDIH_AH_N

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # 8 _HWXAHD @HC >º YM@HL:

WMKDLW YMPNCHW MDP_L@XGGM×D Cls smkdls vmtnchs rhichjnd cns iudgmldhs oîsmgns `hc guhrpl buandl, mdgcum`n cn irhguhdgmn gnr`ángn, cn irhguhdgmn rhspmrntlrmn, cn thaphrnturn glrplrnc y cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc. Wu prlvhh`lr `h nthdgm÷d aí`mgn puh`h loshrvnr, ah`mr y gldtrlcnr sus smkdls vmtnchs pnrn hvncunr su dmvhc `h iudgmldnamhdtl iásmgl. Hd cls rhsúahdhs `h n gldtmdungm÷d sh `msgutmrî `htnccn`nahdth cns `hsgrmpgmldhs `h g÷al hxpcmgn cn hdihrahrn y hc `lgtlr slorh cls smkdls vmtnchs, nc mkunc quh vhrhals

quh hrrlrhs glahtmhrld nc hxpcmgnrcl.

@HWN__LCCL Cn tígdmgn `h gldtrlc `h smkdls vmtnchs, sh haphznrn hc gldtrlc `h cn thaphrnturn nxmcnr pnrn hc gldtrlc `h cn thaphrnturn nxmcnr. Cl prmahrl quh `hohals bnghr hs cn bmkmhdh `h andls, mdilranr nc pngmhdth `h cn tígdmgn n rhncmznr y rhvmsnr hd cn bmstlrmn gcádmgn cls pnrîahtrls `h cls vnclrhs prhvmls `h cns gldstndths vmtnchs pnrn cn tígdmgn dhghsmtnals duhstrn ond`hjn prhpnrn`n hd hc rmþ÷d hc thra÷ahtrl cmapml pnrn tlanr `h cn phrsldn nrthrmnc hc ildhd`lsg ildhd`lsglpml lpml gld hc and÷ahtrl `hc altlr pnr÷ hc ncglblc y duhstrl gnrrl `h onsurn gld su olcsn.

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>>9

N`haîs `h tlanr hc pucsl `h cn irhguhdgmn rhspmrntlrmn dhghsmtnals ud rhclj gld shkud`hrl pnrn glahdznr gld cn thaphrnturn nxmcnr cn prmahrn pmhc udn tlrucn gnr`mngn `hsmdihgtn hc oucol `hc thra÷ahtrl cuhkl gld ud pnþl shgl l tlnccn `h pnphc pnsnals n shgnr cn nxmcn `hc pngmhdth y cl `hsgnrknals hd hc gnrrmtl `h onsurn hd hc thra÷ahtrl `mkmtnc cl hdghd`hals y glclgnals hc oucol hd hc buhgl nxmcnr `h cn phrsldn y plsmgmldnals hc  ornzl gld hc gl`l nihgtn`l y cn andl bngmn hc blaorl lpuhstl y hsphrnals hc tmhapl dhghsnrml quh hc thra÷ahtrl md`mgnrî gld ud sldm`l cuhkl hsphrnals quh hc thra÷ahtrl bnkn su vnclr hd cn nxmcn mzqumhr`n. _hvmsnr hc pucsl hd hc ornzl `hrhgbl pnrn tlanr hc pucsl, sh `hoh uomgnr cn nrthrmn rn`mnc quh hstî hd cn auþhgn hd cn zldn `h gldtrlc `hc pucsl quh sh rhncmzn gld trhs `h`ls, hc '`h`l ád`mgh ah`ml y nducnr, y hc pucknr tmhdh tm hdh auþhgn prlpmn plr cl quh dl sh usn pnrn hstn tígdmgn, clgncmznrhals cn nrthrmn y `urndth 96 shkud`ls glaprlonrhals. Pl`ns cns gnrngthrástmgns `hc trnyhgtl, hs `hgmr, hd 96 shkud`ls gldtnrhals cn irhguhdgmn gnr`ángn, quh hs hc dúahrl `h cntm`ls cnt m`ls plr amdutl, hc vnclr dlranc hd n`uctls hs `h 96-26 cntm`ls plr amdutl sm hdgldtrnals aîs `h =6 cntm`ls plr amdutl bny udn tnqumgnr`mn `h 96 cntm`ls  plr amdutl hs orn`mgnr`mn cn ltrn gnrngthrástmgn gnrngthrástmgn quh tnaomíd gl glaprlonrhals aprlonrhals hd ud amdutl hs hc rmtal sh rhimhrh n cn rhkucnrm`n` `h cls cntm`ls hd ud hstn`l dlranc hc rmtal hs rhkucnr hs `hgmr hc tmhapl trndsgurrm`l hdtrh gn`n cntm`l hs hc amsal quh hc ltrl. Cn gnrngthrástmgn hs cn napcmtu` quh hs cn hxpndsm÷d `h cn pnrh` ongthrmndn glal gldshguhdgmn `hc vlcuahd `h hyhggm÷d `h cn sndkrh `hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l hd gld`mgmldhs dlranchs hc pucsl hs krnd`h l krnd`h hd gld`mgmldhs ndlranchs gund`l hc vlcuahd `h sndkrh hs onjl, hc pucsl hs `íomc l anrr÷d. Cn smkumhdth gnrngthrástmgn pnrn hvncunr cn prhsm÷d hs cn rhsmsthdgmn quh lirhgh cn nrthrmn n cn noslrgm÷d hd cl dlranc, hc gursl sh gldsm`hrn vhkhtnc, hs `hgmr, cn nrthrmn puh`h

`hprmamrsh l cmohrnrsh iîgmcahdth hd gld`mgmldhs ndlranchs, hc pucsl hs `url, hs `hgmr, cn nrthrmn hstî `hprmam`n gld `mimguctn`, udn vhz quh suhdh hc thra÷ahtrl cl rhtmrnrhals `h cn nxmcn `h cn phrsldn, hs maplrtndth chhr cn thaphrnturn t haphrnturn smhaprh tland`l hc thra÷ahtrl. Gnamdl plr hc glstn`l, dl plr hc glstn`l `hc oucol, pnrn dl ncthrnr hc vnclr `h thaphrnturn, udn vhz quh bhals chá`l cn thaphrnturn, `hjnals duhstrl thra÷ahtrl hd hc rmþ÷d, nsá rhvmsnrhals cn irhguhdgmn rhspmrntlrmn, plr cl quh hs maplrtndth dl mdilranr nc pngmhdth quh bnrhals hstn tígdmgn yn quh cn rhspmrngm÷d hs ud ngtl mdvlcudtnrml nc alahdtl `h mdilranrth mdah`mntnahdth sh vuhcvh vlcudtnrml mdgcusl ndths `h cns gnrngthrástmgns `h hstn rhspmrngm÷d pnrn hstl tlanrhals cn andl `h cn phrsldn y cn glclgnrhals slorh hc vhgtlr gld cls `h`ls `hsgndsnd`l slorh hc phgbl h mrhals n loshrvnr hc alvmamhdtls

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>>;

rhspmrntlrmls tndtl `h mdspmrngm÷d glal `h mdspmrngm÷d gldtnals slcl udl `h cls alvmamhdtls, tndtl cls `h mdspmrngm÷d glal cls `h rhspmrngm÷d `urndth ud amdutl, `urndth hsth tmhapl `hohals hvncunr tl`ns cns gnrngthrástmgns `h cn rhspmrngm÷d, hs `hgmr, cns irhguhdgmns rhspmrntlrmns y hc dúahrl `h gmgcls rhspmrntlrmls hd 96 shkud`ls hd hc n`uctl, cl dlranc hs ?6 rhspmrngmldhs `h gn`n ?6 rhspmrngmldhs y plr `honjl cns rnans `h >6->? rhspmrngmldhs ltrn `h cns gnrngthrástmgns `h cn rhspmrngm÷d. Hc rmtal sh rhimhrh n cn rhkucnrm`n` `h cls alvmamhdtls rhspmrntlrmls tnaomíd loshrvnrhals cn prliud`m`n` l napcmtu` quh hs hc vlcuahd `h nmrh mdbncn`l y hxbncn`l hd gn`n gmgcl rhspmrntlrml n`haîs `hc gnrîgthr Vnrn hc tmpl rhspmrntlrml quh sh rhimhrh nc tmpl `h rhspmrngm÷d hd blaorhs hs `h gnrngthrástmgns `h glstl no`lamdnc y hd aujhrhs `hc tmpl glstnc suphrmlr cn úctman gnrngthrástmgn n hvncunr hd cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh mdspmrngm÷d h mdspmrngm÷d cn mdspmrngm÷d hs ud ihd÷ahdl ngtmvl y `url ud plgl ahdls quh cn mdspmrngm÷d. mdspmrngm÷d Hc and÷ahtrl `h púns hstî glapuhstl plr hc andkumtl quh hs cl quh sh glclgnrn hd hc ornzl `hc pngmhdth cns gldhxmldhs `h hsphrn `h mdslcngm÷d y cn vîcvucn nsá glal hc and÷ahtrl g b imdncahdth `ld`h mrhals n chhr cls vnclrhs `h prhsm÷d smst÷cmgn y `mnst÷cmgn tnaomíd dhghsmtnals ud ildhan pnrn hsgugbnr cls sldm`ls `h cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc, cl  prmahrl quh `hohals bnghr hs cmapmnr gld udn tlnccn gld gld ncglblc, ncglblc, mdilranrhals n duhstrl duhstrl  pngmhdth `h cn tígdmgn bnghr. _hncmznals y rhvmsnals hd cn tnocn quáamgn cls prlochans `h prhsm÷d nrthrmnc quh thdán duhstrl pngmhdth prhvmnahdth glclgnrhals cls puþls `h `ls glcns n gmdgl ghdtáahtrls plr hdgman `hc pcmhkuh `hc gl`l hs maplrtndth quh cns gldhxmldhs dl smdusnchs, sh rhncmghd pnrn quh dl prl`uzgnd rum`ls n`bhrm`ls nc 'lsthdtngm÷d glclgnrhals cns gldhxmldhs slorh cn nrthrmn tlrîgmgn trnonjl quh nrrhkchals cn andl y dls  prhlguphals quh quh cns gldhxmldhs gldhxmldhs dl dls hstíd hstíd cchvnd`l.

Vnrn glahdznr cn tígdmgn, cl prmahrl quh `hthramdnrhals hs hc dmvhc `h mdicngm÷d  pnrn hc quh vnals n uomgnr cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc pncanr ousgnals hc pucsl rn`mnc tlanals t lanals cn mdsuicngm÷d, y vnals n mr n mdicnr bnstn `hjnr `h phrgmomr hc pucsl rn`mnc Xdn vhz quh `hjhals `h phrgmomr hc pucsl vnrmnr, amrnals hc vnclr, normals cn vîcvucn pnrn `hsmdicnr hsn anc`mtn glsn, hd hsth gnsl cn prhsm÷d `hc gnd`hcnorl iuh `h >?6 amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml , n cl gunc ch suanals 76 amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml, quh shrî duhstrl cáamth `h mdicn`l, hdtrh cn prhsm÷d `hc gnd`hchrl y su irnsgl duhvnahdth hc andkumtl pnrn tlanr cn nrthrmn `hoh suphrnr cls 76 shkud`ls, suanals cn nrthrmn ornqumlbuahrnc y glclgnals hc hsthtlsglpml, hs maplrtndth quh hc hsthtlsglpml quh`h iuhrn `hc andkumtl pnrn thdhr udn anylr prhgmsm÷d hd hc vnclr `h prhsm÷d nrthrmnc, ccuhkl uhkl ghrrnrhals

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>>2

duhstrn vîcvucn h mdicnrhals hc phknahdtl bnstn >86 aa `h ahrgurml udn vhz quh cchkuhals n ?86 normrhals ud plgl 'cn vîcvucn5 pnrn quh hc `hsghdsl `hc and÷ahtrl shn chdtl.

GLDGCXWMßD Hc prmahr rum`l quh hsgugbnals hs cn vhrsm÷d dl t÷dmgn shkud`l rnskuhnd`l chdtnahdth hc úctmal rum`l quh hsgugbnals hs cn prhsm÷d `mnst÷cmgn udn vhz quh bhals hsgugbn`l hc úctmal lrkuccl normals glapchtnahdth cn vîcvucn, `hspuís `h rhncmznr cn tígdmgn `h vhrmimgngm÷d `h smkdls.

_HWXAHD @HC ?º YM@HL:

PLAN @H V_HWM×D N_PH_MNC ] WMKDLW YMPNCHW MDP_L@XGGMLD Cn bmphrthdsm÷d nrthrmnc hs udn pntlclkán aí`mgn gldsm`hrn`n udl `h cls ingtlrhs `h rmhskl anylrhs pnrn cn hdihrah`n` gnr`mlvnsgucnr. gnr`mlvnsgucnr. @n`l su gnrîgthr nsmdtlaîtmgl, hc `mnkd÷stmgl sh hihgtún údmgnahdth plr cn ah`mgm÷d `h cn amsan. Wmd haonrkl, tl`nván dl sh bn tlan`l gldgmhdgmn `h cn maplrtndgmn quh `hoh thdhr cn hxngtmtu` `h cns ah`mgmldhs dm `h cn glrrhgtn mdthrprhtngm÷d `h cls vnclrhs lothdm`ls y sus vnrmngmldhs. N gldtmdungm÷d sh `hsgrmomrî cns tígdmgns y tlans slorh cns `mihrhdths vnrmndths `h `mnkd÷stmgls.

@HWN__LCCL Pígdmgn `h mdsuicngm÷d y tlan `h prhsm÷d nrthrmnc plr pucsl.

Gld`mgmldhs `hc pngmhdth _hcnjngm÷d iásmgn (hvmtnr hjhrgmgml iásmgl hd cls 76 amdutls prhvmls n ccnn ah`mgm÷d). _hplsl: plr cl ahdls `h 8 amdutls ndths `h cn tlan `h cn prhsm÷d. Hvmtnr ngtmvm`n` ausgucnr mslaítrmgn, gld hc pngmhdth shdtn`l gld cn hspnc`n rhgtn y ud ouhd slplrth5 hc  ornzl mzqumhr`l `hsguomhrtl nplyn`l n cn ncturn `hc glrnz÷d5 pmhrdns smd gruznr y pmhs nplyn`ls g÷al`nahdth slorh hc suhcl. Hvmtnr bnghr cn ah`mgm÷d hd gnsls `h anchstnr, gld vhjmkn cchdn, dhghsm`n` `h `hihgnr, htg. _hcnjngm÷d ahdtnc: rh`ugmr cn ndsmh`n` l cn hxphgtngm÷d plr pruhons `mnkd÷stmgns. Vrlpmgmnr ud naomhdth trndqumcl. Amdmamznr cn ngtmvm`n` ahdtnc: dl bnocnr, dl prhkudtnr.

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>>=

Hvmtnr hc gldsual `h gnihádn l tnongl (l hstmaucndths hd khdhrnc) hd cls 76 amdutls  prhvmls, cn n`amdmstrngm÷d rhgmhdth `h iîrangls gld hihgtl slorh cn VN (mdgcuyhd`l cls ndtm-bmphrthdsmvls). Dl sh `hoh bnghr hc hstu`ml hd pngmhdths smdtlaîtmgls l gld nkmtngm÷d  psáqumgn/halgmldnc, y tmhapl prlcld  psáqumgn/halgmldnc, prlcldkn`l kn`l `h hsph hsphrn rn ndths `h cn vmsmtn. vmsmtn.

Gld`mgmldhs Gld`mgmld hs `hc hqumpl Hc hsimkaland÷ahtrl andunc y hc and÷ahtrl `h ahrgurml l ndhrlm`h `homhrld shr gncmorn`ls hd cls úctmals shms ahshs y bny vhrmimgnr quh cn gncmorngm÷d shn glrrhgtn. Cn cldkmtu` `h cn iud`n `hc andkumtl `hoh shr suimgmhdth pnrn hdvlcvhr hc ornzl y ghrrnrsh gld ingmcm`n`. Hc ndgbl `h cn gîanrn `hoh rhprhshdtnr hc 06% `h cn cldkmtu` `hc ornzl. Cns gîanrns l andkumtls mdn`hgun`nahdth phquhþls tmhd`hd n slorhhstmanr cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc. Wh `hohd rhtmrnr cns prhd`ns kruhsns y hvmtnr quh sh hdrlcchd pnrn quh dl glaprmand hc ornzl5 smd haonrkl, nckudn prhd`n imdn (ahdlr `h ? aa `h krlslr) dl al`mimgnrî cls rhsuctn`ls. @hjnr cmorh cn ilsn ndthguomtnc (glclgnr hc olr`h mdihrmlr `hc  ornznchth ? n 7 ga plr hdgman `hc pcmhkuh pcmhkuh `hc gl`l) pnrn pl`hr pncpnr cn nrthrmn ornq ornqumnc umnc y `hspuís glclgnr glclgnr cn gnapndn `hc hsthtlsglpml hd hsh dmvhc (dudgn `hoh quh`nr plr `honjl `hc ornznchth). Hc ghdtrl `h cn gîanrn (l cn anrgn `hc andkumtl) `hoh glmdgm`mr gld cn nrthrmn  ornqumnc. Hc andkumtl andkumtl `hoh quh`nr quh`nr n cn ncturn `hc glrnz÷d, glrnz÷d, dl nsá nsá hc npnrntl (and÷ahtrl), (and÷ahtrl), quh `hoh shr phrihgtnahdth vmsmoch pnrn hc hxpclrn`lr. Hstnochghr prmahrl cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc smst÷cmgn (VNW) plr pncpngm÷d `h cn nrthrmnc ornqumnc/rn`mnc, y amhdtrns sh pncpn `mgbl pucsl sh mdicnrî rîpm`nahdth hc andkumtl bnstn quh ísth `hsnpnrhzgn, gld cn imdncm`n` `h `hthramdnr plr pncpngm÷d hc dmvhc `h cn prhsm÷d smst÷cmgn. Wh `hsmdicnrî duhvnahdth hc andkumtl y sh glclgnrî cn gîpsucn `hc hsthtlsglpml

slorh cn nrthrmn buahrnc. Wh mdicnrî rîpm`nahdth hc andkumtl bnstn 76 l 06 aaBk plr nrrmon `hc dmvhc pncpntlrml `h cn prhsm÷d smst÷cmgn pnrn mdmgmnr cn c n nusguctngm÷d `h cn amsan. @hsmdicnr n udn vhclgm`n` `h ? n 7 aaBk/shkud`l. Xsnr hc prmahr rum`l `h Elrltelii  pnrn m`hdtmimgnr cn gmirn `h VNW y hc qumdtl rum`l (`hsnpnrmgm÷d) pnrn cn gmirn g mirn `h prhsm÷d nrthrmnc `mnst÷cmgn (VN@). Njustnr cns gmirns gm irns nusguctn`ns n dúahrls pnrhs.

Gld`mgmldhs `hc loshrvn`lr Glaudmgnr nc pngmhdth su chgturn `h prhsm÷d nrthrmnc y hxpcmgnrch hc smkdmimgn`l `h cls vnclrhs quh sh lotuvmhrld. - Plan `h prhsm÷d nusguctntlrmn.

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Cn prhsm÷d nusguctntlrmn, glkhals duhstrl ildhd`lsglpml nshku nshkurîd`ldls rîd`ldls `h quh cns lcmvns hstíd npudtnd`l npudtnd`l bngmn n`hcndth y sm cn pmhzn thramdnc l pmhzn phgtlrnc `h supldhd ? glpm÷ tmhdh tndtl `mnirnkan glal gnapndn nshkuríaldls `h quh hstí hd hc shrvmgml n`hgun`l, cn nusguctngm÷d hs usnr cn gnapndn pnrn cns nrthrmns hdtldghs nquhccls chgtlrhs quh thdknd hd sus pmhs n thramdnc cn gnapndn utmcmghd cn gnapndn sh lyh ahjlr nudquh  puh`h quh dl dl thdkn tndtn glohrturn, glohrturn, ghrrnals ghrrnals cn phrmccn. Xomgnals n cn nrthrmn, pldhals cn pmhzn thramdnr slorh cn nrthrmn y suomals ?6 amcáahtrls `hc ahrgurml gn`n vhz nshkurîd`ldls `h lár gund`l suomals n 7?6 y npcmgnals dlsltrls hsgugbnals `ls rum`ls `urndth cn nusguctngm÷d hd rhncm`n` sld aîs iráls cls `hstrum`ls `h glrnz÷d phrl vnals n bnocnr prmahrl `h `ls rum`ls prmdgmpnchs quh hsgugbnals dlsltrls y nsá `hthramdnals cn prhsm÷d `hc pngmhdth cuhkl hd ltrl vá`hl bnocnrhals `h tl`ls cls rum`ls quh sh lyhd quh sld cls rum`ls `h elrltelv. Vlr hjhapcl: hc prmahr rum`l sh hsgugbn nprlxman`nahdth hc >>6 amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml hsl hs cl quh anrgn duhstrn prhsm÷d smst÷cmgn cuhkl cls rum`ls sh vnd nicljnd`l bnstn quh `hjn `h lárcls hd nprlxman`nahdth ;6 amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml nbá ah md`mgn cn prhsm÷d `mnst÷cmgn. -Pígdmgns `h tlanr cn thaphrnturn _hvmsn hc thra÷ahtrl pnrn glaprlonr quh cn chgturn hs =9¶ I (78.9¶ G) l ahdlr. Xtmcmznd`l ud pnþuhcl `hshgbnoch, cmapmn sunvhahdth cn nxmcn. Dl irlth cn nxmcn nc shgnrcn  plrquh bngh quh cn pmhc sh gncmhdth. Glclgn hc hxtrhal `h cn ouroujn pcnthn`n l `h glclr `honjl `hc ornzl. Hc pngmhdth slstmhdh slstmhdh hc ornzl nprhtn`l gldtrn hc cn`l. Hc pngmhdth andtmhdh andtmhdh hc thra÷ahtrl `honjl `hc ornzl `urndth gmdgl amdutls l aîs. _htmrh hc thra÷ahtrl smd tlgnr cn pudtn. Hc ah`mgl Cmapmn gum`n`lsnahdth hc thra÷ahtrl gld ud pnþuhcl `hshgbnoch. Glclgn hc thra÷ahtrl nc dmvhc `h sus ljls. Kmrn `hspngml hc

thra÷ahtrl bnstn vhr cn cádhn pcnthn`n `h ahrgurml. Gn`n cádhn cnrkn hqumvnch n > krn`l. Cns cádhns glrtns hqumvnchd n 6.? krn`ls.

GLDGCXWM×D Cls smkdls vmtnchs mdstmtuyhd ud mdstruahdtl hxghchdth glal kuáns quh sld `hc hstn`l prîgtmgl `hc pngmhdth. Hc rhkmstrl `h cls smkdls vmtnchs dl `hoh gldvhrtmrsh hd udn ngtmvm`n` nutlaîtmgn nutlaîtmgn l rutmdnrmn5 cls rhsuctn`ls `hohd shr hc rhichjl `h cn hvncungm÷d gcádmgn gldimnoch `hc pngmhdth plr pnrth `h hdihrahrán, y su mdthrprhtngm÷d n`hgun`n phrtmdhdth nyu`n n cn hdihrahrn y nc `lgtlr n rhslcvhr and`ls `h andhjl. Hc vnclr `h cls smkdls vmtnchs tmhdh hxgcusmvn krn`l `h maplrtndgmn hd cls shrvmgmls `h urkhdgmn, `ld`h cchknd pngmhdths gld krnd vnrmh`n` `h gun`rls gcádmgls, nckudls hd

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hstn`l grátmgl y hs aîs quh dn`n vmtnc glal su dlaorh cl `mgh pnrn quh hc phrsldnc aí`mgl, glal plr hjhapcl cns hdihrahrns quh cl rhncmghd.

@mihrhdgmn hd cn tlan `h smkdls vmtnchs hdtrh hc aí`mgl y cn hdihrahrn Hdihrahrn • 

@hsmdihgtnrsh cns andls nc mkunc quh tl`ls cls mdstruahdtls quh sh vn n

• 

Hxpcmgn cn tígdmgn n cn phrsldn.

• 

Hd su vm`hl hxpcmgn slorh hc gldtrlc thaphrnturn nxmcnr, gldtrlc `hc pucsl,

utmcmznr

gldtrlc `h irhguhdgmn rhspmrntlrmn y hc gldtrlc `h prhsm÷d nrthrmnc. • 

Wmtún n cn c n phrsldn hd udn plsmgm÷d g÷al`n y rhcnjn`n, hd hsth gnslnglstn`l nglstn`l,,

gld hc ornzl hxthd`m`l y nplyn`l nplyn`l slorh udn suphrimgmh imrah. • 

Npcmgnr hc ornznc `hc hsimkaland÷ahtrl ncrh`h`lr `hc ornzl, `hjnd`l cmorh cn zldn `h ichxm÷d `hc gl`l. • 

Clgncmznrr plr pncpngm÷d hc pucsl ornqumnc y glclgnr hd cn Clgncmzn c n zldn cn ahaorndn

`hc hsthtlsglpml. • 

Ghrrnr cn vîcvucn `h nmrh h mdsuicnr rîpm`nahdth hc andkumtl bnstn quh

`hsnpnrhzgn hc pucsl (>26 aa Bk l aîs sm cn phrsldn hs bmphrthdsn, bnstn dltnr cn `hsnpnrmgm÷d `hc pucsl glaprlon`n plr cn pncpngm÷d `h nrthrmn rn`mnc). • 

Normr cn vîcvucn `h nmrh y `hjnr quh hc andkumtl sh `hsmdich chdtnahdth,

loshrvnd`l cn hsgncn `hc and÷ahtrl y hsgugbnd`l cn rhnpnrmgm÷d `h cntm`ls gld hc hsthtlsglpml. Hc pudtl hd quh sh hsgugbn hc prmahr rum`l glrrhspld`h n cn prhsm÷d smst÷cmgn l aîxman. Hc pudtl hd quh `hjnd `h hsgugbnrsh plr glapchtl cls cntm`ls l sh n`vmhrth ud lsthdsmoch gnaoml hd su dmtm`hz l mdthdsm`n` glrrhspld`h n cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc `mnst÷cmgn l

aádman. • 

@hsmdicnr glapchtnahdth hc andkumtl y rhtmrnr hc ornznc.

• 

_hkmstrnr cn ah`mgm÷d hd cn krîimgn `h cn phrsldn, ndltnd`l cn prhsm÷d

smst÷cmgn y cn `mnst÷cmgn.

Aí`mgl - 

Wh lcvm`÷ quh `hoh `hsmdihgtnr hc thra÷ahtrl.

- 

Xtmcmzl ouhdls tíramdls y hxpcmgl `htnccn`nahdth cns tígdmgns quh sh `hoh utmcmznr pnrn ah`mr cls smkdls vmtnchs. - 

Hc aí`mgl `hoh hstnr pnrn`l dl shdtn`l.

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- 

Vlr cl khdhrnc sh puh`h ah`mr `h cls ornzls phrl sh rhglamhd`n `hc ornzl

`hrhgbl `hom`l n quh hc ornzl mzqumhr`l cn prhgnrkn y plstgnrkn vn hstnr nuahdtn`n plr cn prhsm÷d bm`rlstîtmgn `h cn sndkrh. -  _hglahd`÷ tlanr hc pucsl `urndth ud amdutl, yn quh gldtnr `urndth >8 l 76 shkud`ls y auctmpcmgnr auctmpcmgnr plr guntrl l plr `ls, rhsphgtmvnahdth, dl knrndtmzn ud rhguhdtl hxngtl hd hc gnsl `h quh bnyn pntlclkáns vnsgucnrhs l nrrmtamns gnr`mngns dl m`hdtmimgn`ns  prhvmnahdth. - 

Hxpcmgl cls smkumhdths thans:

- 

Pígdmgn `h mdsuicngm÷d y tlan `h prhsm÷d nrthrmnc plr pucsl.

- 

Plan `h prhsm÷d nusguctntlrmn.

- 

Plan `h rhstls `h smkdls vmtnchs hd gldjudtl.

- 

Pígdmgns `h tlanr cn thaphrnturn.

_HWXAHD @H HDH_KÁN. CH]HW @H CN PH_AL@MDÎAMGN Cmorl Omlclkán `h Wlclald Gnpátucl ; pk. >80->8;

HDH_KMN ] AHPNOLCMWA AHPNOLCMWAL L MDP_L@XGGMßD Cls shrhs vmvls dhghsmtnd hdhrkán pnrn rhncmznr prlghsls vmtnchs. Vuh`h pnrhghr lovml quh cns gícucns dhghsmtnd hdhrkán pnrn grhghr y auctmpcmgnrsh, phrl mdgcusl m dgcusl cns gícucns quh dl grhghd dhghsmtnd hdhrkán pnrn andthdhrsh. Cns gícucns tmhdhd augbns ilrans `h

lothdhr hdhrkán, phrl hsn hdhrkán rnrn vhz sh usn `mrhgtnahdth hd cls prlghsls ghcucnrhs. @hom`l n hstl, cns gícucns tmhdhd ahgndmsals quh gldvmhrthd cn hdhrkán `h udn ilran n ltrn. Cn lrkndmzngm÷d `hc smsthan ghcucnr prlplrgmldn cn mdilrangm÷d quh phramth hstns gldvhrsmldhs `h hdhrkán. @n`l quh cn anylrán `h cls ahgndmsals `h gldvhrsm÷d `h hdhrkán sh `hsnrrlccnrld auy thaprndl hd cn bmstlrmn `h cn vm`n, augbls nsphgtls `hc ahtnolcmsal ahtnolcms al `h cn hdhrkán sld smamcnrhs hd udn vnrmh`n` `h lrkndmsals. Hc slc hs cn iuhdth imdnc `h gnsm tl`n cn hdhrkán quh susthdtn cn vm`n. Hstn hdhrkán rn`mndth icuyh `hc slc glal ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns. Cns pcndtns y ltrls lrkndmsals iltlsmdtítmgls gnpturnd ncrh`h`lr `hc 6. 6?% `h cn hdhrkán slcnr quh cchkn n cn Pmhrrn. Cls lrkndmsals iltlsmdtítmgls gldvmhrthd cn hdhrkán `h cn rn`mngm÷d hd hdhrkán quáamgn hd cls hdcnghs `h

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alcígucns lrkîdmgns. Hstn hdhrkán quáamgn sh pldh n `msplsmgm÷d `h pcndtns, ndmanchs glal hc pnd`n kmkndth quh sh auhstrn hd cn iltl y ltrls lrkndmsals n trnvís `hc prlghsl `h rhspmrngm÷d ghcucnr. @urndth cn rhspmrngm÷d ghcucnr, quh sh ndncmzn, cns alcígucns lrkîdmgns sh `hsglapldhd y su hdhrkán sh gldvmhrth pnrn usls aîs `mrhgtls. Wh hstu`mnrn nckudls `h cls prmdgmpmls oîsmgls quh `hthramdnd g÷al cns gícucns gnpturnd, trndsimhrhd, ncanghdnd y utmcmznd cn hdhrkán. Wh ndncmznd cns iudgmldhs `hc trmilsintl `h n`hdlsmdn (NPV) y ltrns alcígucns hapchn`ns hd gldvhrsmldhs `h hdhrkán, mdgcuyhd`l nquhccns quh trndsimhrhd hchgtrldhs hd rhnggmldhs `h rh`uggm÷d lxm`ngm÷d (rh`lx).

@HWN__LCCL P_NONJL OMLCLKMGL Cn hdhrkán sh puh`h `himdmr glal nckl `hansmn`l maplrtndth hd omlclkán, glal cl quh hs cn anthrmn quh tl`l cl quh tmhdh ud hspngml hd hc udmvhrsl hs anthrmn. Cn hdhrkán sh cmamtn glal cn gnpngm`n` pnrn bnghr trnonjl, quh hs guncqumhr gnaoml `h hstn`l l `h alvmamhdtl `h cn anthrmn. Gmhdtáimgnahdth, cn ansn hs udn ilran `h hdhrkán, quh hs cn  onsh `h cn hdhrkán khdhrn`n plr hc Wlc y ltrns hstrhccns. L shn hd hc Wlc, aîs `h 0 amc amccldhs `h emclkrnals `h anthrmn sh gnaomnd hd hdhrkán gn`n shkud`l. Dlrancahdth, cls om÷clkls hxprhsnd cn hdhrkán hd udm`n`hs `h trnonjl, emcljluchs (eJ). N`haîs sh puh`hd ilraucnr hd udm`n`hs `h hdhrkán gnclráimgn, emclgnclráns(egnc), cn hdhrkán tíramgn quh imctrn `h ud lojhtl gld anylr thaphrnturn n ud lojhtl gld ahdlr thaphrnturn. Xdn emclgnclrán hs mkunc n 0.>20 eJ. Cn hdhrkán gnclráimgn dl puh`h rhncmznr trnonjl ghcucnr plrquh udn gícucn hs tnd phquhþn quh tmhdh rhkmldhs quh `mim hrhd hd thaphrnturn. Vlr hsn rnz÷d, ngtuncahdth cn udm`n` aîs prhihrm`n plr cls om÷clkls hs hc

emcljluch. Nudquh hd chkunjh gmhdtáimgl sh utmcmznd cns Emclgnclráns. Cls lrkndmsals rhncmznd gldvhrsmldhs hdtrh hdhrkán plthdgmnc y hdhrkán gmdítmgn Cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn hs cn hdhrkán quh tmhdh ud lojhtl `hom`l n su alvmamhdtl. Wm quhrhals nghchrnr ud lojhtl, `hohals npcmgnr iuhrzn. Vnrn bnghr hstl, dhghsmtnals bnghr ud trnonjl. Glal rhsuctn`l, trndsihrmals hdhrkán nc lojhtl y sh alvhrî n udn duhvn vhclgm`n` gldstndth. Gldlghals cn hdhrkán trndsihrm`n glal hdhrkán gmdítmgn y `hphd`h `h cn ansn y cn vhclgm`n` ncgndzn`n. Cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn puh`h trndsihrmrsh hdtrh lojhtls y trndsilranrs trndsilranrshh hd ltrls tmpls t mpls `h hdhrkán. Vlr hjhapcl, udn nr`mccn vlcn`lrn puh`h gblgnr gld udn nr`mccn mda÷vmc.

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@hspuís `h cn glcmsm÷d, pnrth `h cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn mdmgmnc `h cn nr`mccn vlcn`lrn sh bnorî trndsihrm`l n cn nr`mccn hd rhplsl l sh bnorî trndsilran`l hd ltrn ilran `h hdhrkán. Cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc hs cn hdhrkán quh rhsuctn `h cn plsmgm÷d l gldimkurngm÷d `hc lojhtl. Xd lojhtl puh`h thdhr cn gnpngm`n` `h trnonjnr `hom`l n su plsmgm÷d hd ud gnapl krnvmtngmldnc (hdhrkán plthdgmnc krnvmtngmldnc), ud gnapl hcígtrmgl (hdhrkán plthdgmnc hcígtrmgn) l ud gnapl ankdítmgl (hdhrkán plthdgmnc ankdítmgn). Vuh`h thdhr hdhrkán  plthdgmnc hcîstmgn rhsuctndth rhsuctndth `h ud ud rhslrth hstmrn`l hstmrn`l u ltrn `hilrangm÷d `hilrangm÷d hcîstmgn. Cn hdhrkán quáamgn hs cn hdhrkán glaprhd`m`n l prl`ugm`n n trnvís `h cns lostruggmldhs hdtrh cns alcígucns `h udl l aîs glapuhstls. Hs cn hdhrkán mdthrdn quh  plshh ud guhrpl l sustndgmn sustndgmn hd iudgm÷d iudgm÷d `h cls tmpls `h hdcnghs quáamgls quh sh prl`ughd hdtrh sus glapldhdths y cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán quh puh`hd cmohrnr cns rhnggmldhs hdtrh hccls.

CNW CH]HW @H CN PH_AL@MDNAMGN Cn thral`mdîamgn, hs cn gmhdgmn quh hstu`mn cn hdhrkán y sus trndsilrangmldhs, gundtn hdhrkán sh puh`h hxtrnhr y gld quí himgmhdgmn. Glal plr hjhapcls thdhals n cn ah`mgm÷d `h cn thaphrnturn y buah`n` `hc nmrh, hstn hs udn npcmgngm÷d `h cn thral`mdîamgn. Gldstnd `ls chyhs `h hdhrkán: cn prmahrn y shkud`n chyhs `h cn thral`mdîamgn t hral`mdîamgn

V_MAH_N CH] @H CN PH_AL@MDNAMGN @mgh quh cn hdhrkán tltnc hd hc udmvhrsl dl gnaomn, dl sh puh`h grhnr l `hstrumr, slcl puh`l trndsihrmr l gldvhrtmr `h udn ilran n ltrn, mdgcuyhd`l hdtrh anthrmn y hdhrkán.

Hd cn ngtuncm`n`, cn ansn-hdhrkán tltnc `h nblrn hs mkunc n cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán `h bngh >0 amc amccldhs `h nþls hd hc udmvhrsl. Pnaomíd cn hdhrkán `h guncqumhr smsthan hs gldstndth. Hsh smsthan puh`h noslrohr hdhrkán `h sus ncrh`h`lrhs phrl mkunc hs hc amal hdhrkán tltnc `h hsh smsthan aîs sus ncrh`h`lrhs. ncr h`h`lrhs.

WHKXD@N CH] @H CN PH_AL@MDNAMGN Cn shkud`n chy `h cn thral`mdîamgn udn `h sus prhamsns hs quh cn hdtrlpán `hc udmvhrsl slcl nuahdtn plrquh slcl nuahdtn, cn pl`hals `himdmr glal hc dmvhc `h `hslr`hd `h ud smsthan y rhncahdth hstnals bnocnd`l `hc dúahrl `h hstn`ls quh ud smsthan pl`rán nsuamr hd hsth gnsl hstnals bnocnd`l `hc udmvhrsl phrl tnaomíd  pl`ránals `hgmr quh quh cn hdtrlpán `h `h ud smsthan ghrrn`l ghrrn`l slcl nuahdtn. nuahdtn.

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Hc udmvhrsl hs ud smsthan quh hstî tltncahdth gldthdm`l quh dl hstî mdthrngtund`l gld su hdtlrdl plrquh hc udmvhrsl hs hc smsthan ghrrn`l imdnc, dl bny dn`n gld cl quh  puh`n mdthrngtunr mdthrngtunr thral`mdîamgnahdth thral`mdîamgnahdth iuhrn `h íc. íc. Hc iuhkl hstl vn n shr ud smsthan nomhrtl plrquh gcnrnahdth hstî mdthrngtund`l thral`mdîamgnahdthh gld su hdtlrdl hstî cmohrnd`l gnclr y hstî gnchdtnd`l cns alcígucns thral`mdîamgnahdt `h nmrh n su ncrh`h`lr hstî cmohrnd`l cuz bngmn hc udmvhrsl pl`rán bnohr mdthrnggmldhs  prlvhdmhdths `hc rhstl `hc udmvhrsl bngmn bngmn hc smsthan plr cl tndtl dl hstî nmscn`l `hc rhstl `hc udmvhrsl phrl ud smsthan ghrrn`l hs nmscn`l y hs auy `miágmc grhnr ud smsthan rhncahdth ghrrn`l hd duhstrn vm`n gltm`mndn phrl pl`hals thdhr nckl nprlxman`l prlonochahdth udl quh yn bns vmstl ndths hs udn bmhchrn hd udn bmhchrn hstnals mdthdtnd`l nmscnr thral`mdîamgnahdthh hc mdthrmlr `h ccnn bmhchrn `hc hxthrmlr `hc rhstl `hc udmvhrsl y cn ilran thral`mdîamgnahdt hd quh cl bnghals hs ah`mndth nckúd tmpl `h anthrmnc nmscndth tnc vhz gld nckl `h  plcmhstmrhdl hxtrum`l y pl`ránals usnrcn pnrn ncanghdnr bmhcl dl hs ud smsthan ghrrn`l  phrihgtl plrquh hvhdtuncahdth hvhdtuncahdth hc gnclr `hc rhstl `hc udmvhrsl gnchdtnrî cns pnrh`hs `h cn bmhchrn y hsh gnclr shrî trndsihrm`l nc bmhcl bmhc l gnchdtnd`l cl y `hrrmtmhd`l cl nsá quh dl hs ud smsthan ghrrn`l phrihgtl phrl hs udn ouhdn nprlxmangm÷d plrquh hstnals nc ahdls mdthdtnd`l nmscnrcl thral`mdîamgnahdth. thral`mdîamgnahdth. Cn hdtrlpán `hc udmvhrsl slcl nuahdtn plrquh hstl dls khdhrn hc shdtm`l `h andhrn mdtumtmvn hc ahjlr hjhapcl quh puh`l phdsnr pnrn hccl hs cn `miusm÷d. Glal gldshguhdgmn `h cn shkud`n chy `h cn thral`mdîamgn, dmdkúd prlghsl quh rhqumhrn udn gldvhrsm÷d `h hdhrkán hs >66% himgmhdth yn quh augbn hdhrkán hs `msphrsn`n glal gnclr, mdgrhahdtnd`l cn hdtrlpán. Vlr hjhapcl, hc altlr `h ud nutla÷vmc, quh gldvmhrth cn hdhrkán quáamgn `h cn knslcmdn hd hdhrkán ahgîdmgn, tmhdh udn himgmhdgmn hdtrh

hc ?6% y 76%. Nsá, s÷cl `hc ?6% nc 76% `h cn hdhrkán lrmkmdnc ncanghdn`n hd cls hdcnghs quáamgls `h cns alcígucns `h knslcmdn rhncahdth sh trndsilran hd hdhrkán ahgîdmgn5 hc ltrl `hc ;6% nc 26% sh `msmpn glal `hshgbl gnc÷rmgl. Cn hdhrkán hapchn`n hd duhstrns gícucns tmhdh ud 06% `h himgmhdgmn y gh`h cn hdhrkán rhstndth hd ilran `h gnclr n cls ncrh`h`lrhs. Cls lrkndmsals tmhdhd ud nctl krn`l `h lrkndmzngm÷d, y n prmahrn vmstn puh`h  pnrhghr quh dl guapchd cn shkud`n shkud`n chy ch y `h cn thral`mdîamgn. Gldilrah cls lrkndmsals grhghd y sh `hsnrrlccnd, andtmhdhd ud hchvn`l dmvhc `h lr`hd y dl pnrhghd mrsh `hslrkndmznd`l. Wmd haonrkl, cls lrkndmsals sld smsthans nomhrtls5 gldilrah pnsn hc tmhapl slstmhdhd su dmvhc `h lr`hd s÷cl gld cn gldstndth hdtrn`n `h hdhrkán `h sus ncrh`h`lrhs. ncrh`h`l rhs. Vlr hstl cns c ns pcndtns `hohd rhncmznr cn iltlsádthsms y cls ndmanchs `hohd glahr.

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Nudquh, `hdtrl `h cls lrkndmsals, hc lr`hd puh`h thd`hr n mdgrhahdtnrsh thaplrncahdth, cn hdtrlpán tltnc `hc udmvhrsl (lrkndmsals aîs ncrh`h`lrhs) smhaprh nuahdtn gld hc tmhapl.

HDH_KMN ] AHPNOLCMWAL Cns gícucns hstîd gldtmdunahdth rhncmznd`l amchs `h rhnggmldhs quáamgns dhghsnrmns pnrn andthdhr vmvns y sndns n cns gícucns y n tl`l tu lrkndmsal. Hstns rhnggmldhs quáamgns n ahdu`l hstîd vmdgucn`ns hd gn`hdns l váns. Pl`ns cns rhnggmldhs quáamgns quh sugh`hd `hdtrl `h udn gícucn sh gldlghd hd gldjudtl glal hc ahtnolcmsal `h cn gícucn. Glal ud hjhapcl `h udn ván quh cmohrn hdhrkán, vhnals g÷al udn `h tus gícucns pl`rán `hkrn`nr udn alcígucn `h nzúgnr (`mknals, `hc `ucgh quh tlansth glal  plstrh). Augbns gícucns, mdgcusl cn anylrán `h cns gícucns `h tu guhrpl, lotmhdhd hdhrkán `h cn kcuglsn hd ud prlghsl ccnan`l rhspmrngm÷d ghcucnr. @urndth hsth prlghsl, udn alcígucn `h kcuglsn sh `hkrn`n krn`uncahdth, hd augbls pnsls phquhþls. Cn `hsglaplsmgm÷d `h cn kcuglsn cmohrn hdhrkán, y hstn hs gnpturn`n hd cn gícucn hd cn ilran `h trmilsintl `h n`hdlsmdn, l NPV. Hc NPV hs udn alcígucn phquhþn quh ch `n n cn gícucn udn andhrn gldvhdmhdth `h ncanghdnr hdhrkán hdhrkán plr ud phrml`l orhvh. Xdn vhz quh sh prl`ugh hc NPV, ltrns rhnggmldhs hd cn gícucn cl puh`hd usnr glal iuhdth `h hdhrkán. @h mkunc ilran quh cls buandls utmcmznals `mdhrl plrquh hs aîs shdgmccl quh usnr hc truhquh t ruhquh gn`n vhz quh dhghsmtnals nckl, nsá cns gícucns usnd NPV pnrn thdhr udn ilran hstnd`nrmzn`n pnrn trndsihrmr hdhrkán. @hom`l n hstl, hd lgnsmldhs hc NPV sh `hsgrmoh glal cn "aldh`n hdhrkítmgn" `h cn gícucn.

Cn hdtncpmn hs cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc tltnc `h ud smsthan Cn hdtncpán hs hc dlaorh quh sh ch `n n udn iudgm÷d `h hstn`l `h cn thral`mdîamgn `ld`h cn vnrmngm÷d phramth hxprhsnr cn gndtm`n` `h gnclr quh hdtrn hd juhkl `urndth udn trndsilrangm÷d msloîrmgn (hs `hgmr, n prhsm÷d gldstndth) hd ud smsthan thral`mdîamgl (thdmhd`l hd guhdtn quh sh hdtmhd`h glal smsthan thral`mdîamgl), trndsilrangm÷d `urndth cn gunc sh puh`h rhgmomr l nplrtnr hdhrkán (plr hjhapcl, cn utmcmzn`n pnrn trnonjls ahgîdmgls). Hs hd hsth shdtm`l quh cn hdtncpán hs duaírmgnahdth mkunc nc gnclr mdthrgnaomn`l gld hc hdtlrdl hxthrmlr nc smsthan hd guhstm÷d. Cn hdhrkán cmorh hstî `mspldmoch pnrn rhncmznr trnonjl ghcucnr

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>?;

Xd prlghsl slcl sugh`hrî `h andhrn hspldtîdhn, smd nþn`mr hdhrkán, sm nuahdtn cn hdtrlpán `hc udmvhrsl glal ud tl`l (l, hd hc cáamth `h ud prlghsl rhvhrsmoch, cl `hjn smd gnaomls), hstn hs cn Whkud`n chy `h cn thral`mdîamgn. B 1 K + PW B hs hc gnaoml hd hdtncpán. Hd omlclkán hdtncpán sh rhimhrh n cn hdhrkán ncanghdn` ncanghdn`nn hd cls hdcnghs, y hc gnaoml hd cn hdtncpán hs cn `mihrhdgmn hd cn hdhrkán `h cls hdcnghs hdtrh rhngtmvls y prl`ugtls. Xd B dhkntmvl smkdmimgn quh sh cmohrn gnclr `h rhngtmvls n  prl`ugtls, amhdtrns quh ud B plsmtmvl smkdmimgn smkdmimgn quh sh noslroh noslroh gnclr. (Hstn mdthrprhtngm÷d mdthrprhtngm÷d `h B nsuah udn prhsm÷d gldstndth, cl gunc hs udn suplsmgm÷d rnzldnoch `hdtrl `h udn gícucn vmvn). W hs hc gnaoml `h hdtrlpán `hc smsthan `urndth cn rhnggm÷d. Wm W hs plsmtmvl, hc smsthan sh vuhcvh aîs `hslr`hdn`l `urndth cn rhnggm÷d (plr hjhapcl, gund`l udn alcígucn krnd`h sh `mvm`h hd vnrmns aîs phquhþns). Wm W hs dhkntmvl, smkdmimgn quh hc smsthan sh vuhcvh aîs lr`hdn`l. Xd gnaoml `h lr`hd `h cn hgungm÷d auhstrn quh gldilrah cn hdtrlpán sh mdgrhahdtn, hdtldghs `hgrhgh cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán cmorh: K 1 B ∟ PW Cn thaphrnturn (P) `hthramdn hc mapngtl rhcntmvl `h cls tíramdls W y B hd hc gnaoml `h hdhrkán cmorh tltnc `h cn rhnggm÷d. r hnggm÷d. (N anylr thaphrnturn, any anylr lr hs hc mapngtl `hc tíramdl W hd rhcngm÷d gld hc tíramdl B). Plan dltn `h quh cn thaphrnturn `hoh hstnr hd krn`ls ehcvmd (E) pnrn quh cn hgungm÷d iudgmldh n`hgun`nahdth. n`hgun`nahdth. Cns rhnggmldhs quáamgns mapcmgnd gnaomls hd cn hdhrkán cmorh Hd udn ilran prîgtmgn y auy utmcmzn`n `h cn hgungm÷d `h hdhrkán cmorh, sh gncgucn ΐK n pnrtmr `h ud gldjudtl `h vnclrhs iîgmcahdth ah`mochs: cls gnaomls `h hdtncpán y hdtrlpán `h udn rhnggm÷d, judtl gld cn thaphrnturn n cn quh lgurrh cn rhnggm÷d. . Cn rnz÷d

hs quh puh`hd ah`mrsh cls gnaomls hd cn hdhrkán cmorh. Cls gmhdtáimgls utmcmznd cn chtrn krmhkn anyúsgucn `hctn (∉) pnrn `hdltnr guncqumhr gnaoml quh lgurrh hd hc smsthan hdtrh  

su hstn`l mdmgmnc ndths `h cn rhnggm÷d y su hstn`l imdnc plsthrmlr n cn rhnggm÷d. Wh utmcmzn hstn hgungm÷d: ∉K 1 ∉B ∟ P∉W  Cn hdhrkán cmorh `msamduyh `urndth udn rhnggm÷d hxhrk÷dmgn Xdn rhnggm÷d hxhrk÷dmgn hs udn rhnggm÷d quáamgn `ld`h cn vnrmngm÷d `h cn hdhrkán cmorh `h Kmoos hs dhkntmvn. Hstl dls md`mgn cn `mrhggm÷d quh cn rhnggm÷d shkumrî. N thaphrnturn thaphrntu rn y prhsm÷d gldstndths udn rhnggm÷d hxhrk÷dmgn sh `himdh `him dh gld cn gld`mgm÷d: ^uh `hsgrmoh udn rhnggm÷d quáamgn quh cmohrn hdhrkán hd ilran `h gnclr, cuz, htg. Cns rhnggmldhs hxhrk÷dmgns sld udn ilran `h prlghsls hxhrk÷dmgls hd khdhrnc l prlghsls hspldtîdhls y sld cl gldtrnrml `h cns rhnggmldhs hd`hrk÷dmgns.

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>?2

Cn hdhrkán cmorh sh mdgrhahdtn `urndth udn rhnggm÷d hd`hrk÷dmgn Xdn rhnggm÷d hd`hrk÷dmgn hs udn rhnggm÷d quáamgn hd `ld`h hc mdgrhahdtl `h hdhrkán cmorh hs plsmtmvl. Onjl gld`mgmldhs `h thaphrnturn y prhsm÷d gldstndths, hstl qumhrh `hgmr quh hc mdgrhahdtl m dgrhahdtl hd cn hdhrkán cmorh `hoh shr plsmtmvl.

GLDGCXWMLD Hd gldgusm÷d cls shrhs vmvls dhghsmtnd hdhrkán pnrn prl`ugmr sus ngtmvm`n`hs y hxmsthd `mvhrsns ilrans `h n`qumrmrcns. Hdhrkán hs cn gnpngm`n` pnrn hihgtunr trnonjl (hxprhsn`n hd emcljluchs, eJ). Cn hdhrkán sh puh`h ah`mr gldvhdmhdthahdth gldvhdmhdthahdth glal hdhrkán gnclráimgn, cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc hs hdhrkán ncanghdn`n5 cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn hs hdhrkán `h alvmamhdtl. Pl`ns cns ilrans `h hdhrkán sld mdthrgldvhrtmochs. Vlr hjhapcl, cls lrkndmsals iltlsmdtítmgls gnpturnd hdhrkán rn`mndth y gldvmhrthd  pnrth `h ístn n hdhrkán quáamgn, udn ilran `h hdhrkán plthdgmnc quh mapucsn augbls  prlghsls vmtnchs, glal cn gldtrnggm÷d ausgucnr. Xdn rhnggm÷d hxhrk÷dmgn tmhdh ud vnclr dhkntmvl `h ∉K5 hs `hgmr, cn

hdhrkán cmorh `msamduyh. Hstn rhnggm÷d hs hspldtîdhn5 cmohrn

hdhrkán cmorh quh puh`h hihgtunr trnonjl. Hd udn rhnggm÷d hd`hrk÷dmgn cn hdhrkán cmorh sh mdgrhahdtn. Hstn rhnggm÷d tmhdh ud vnclr plsmtmvl `h ∉K y dl hs hspldtîdhn. Hd udn  

rhnggm÷d nglpcn`n, cn hdtrn`n `h cn hdhrkán cmorh rhquhrm`n pnrn gld`ugmr udn rhnggm÷d hd`hrk÷dmgn cn prlplrgmldn udn rhnggm÷d hxhrk÷dmgn.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>?=

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí Lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`>  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn ?: VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr cls vm`hls: CN H@XPHGN-CN @MHPN WNCX@NOCH5 DXP_MGM×D: NCMAHDPNGM×D WNCX@NOCH

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # 9 _HWXAHD @H YM@HL #>

CN H@XPHGN  ‗  CN  CN @MHPN WNCX@NOCH MDP_L@XGGMßD Cn vm`n hs cn glaplsmgm÷d `h ncmahdtls y ohom`ns quh udn phrsldn glah dlrancahdth. Xdn `mhtn sndn dhghsmtn shr hqumcmorn`n y n`hgun`nahd n`hgun`nahdth th hqumcmorn`n sm dls nplrtn gndtm`n`hs suimgmhdths `h gn`n ncmahdtl y suimgmhdth sm dls nplrtn cn hdhrkán quh dhghsmtnals, phrl udn vm`n aîs hqumcmorn`n y n`hgun`n dl `hphd`h `h gn`n phrsldn quh cls dmþls dhghsmthd tlanr. Hrhs prlthádn y gncgml pnrn cn grán `h phrsldns quh bnghd hjhrgmgml y naols pnrn ncmahdtls quh nplrtnd hdhrkán. Xdn `mhtn sncu`noch hs udn `mhtn hqumcmorn`n y n`hgun`n. ¼Guîchs sld cns rhglahd`ngmldhs pnrn udn `mhtn sncu`noch< Vuh`hs shkumr nckudns rhglahd`ngmldhs khdhrnchs l bnghr gmdgl glam`ns nc `án, ghdnr,

glahr udn vnrmh`n` `h ncmahdtls `h hstn andhrn dls hs aîs iîgmc gldshkumr tl`ls cls ncmahdtls quh dhghsmtnals pnrn dl hxnkhrnr cls ncmahdtls prhpnrn`ls yn quh hd lgnsmldhs gldtmhdhd `hansmn`n krnsn.

@HWN__LCCL Cn ruh`n sh `mvm`h hd krupls `h ncmahdtls quh dhghsmtnals pnrn tlanr ncmahdtls `h tl`ls cls krupls. Wmd haonrkl nckudls krupls lgupnd aîs hspngml hd nckudls krupls tmhdhd ncmahdtls aîs phquhþls quh dl `hohals ancknstnr hd hc ghdtrl. Wh mdgcuyhd `ls glsns hshdgmnchs: ohohr ohohr augbn nkun y hjhrgmtnr cn c n ruh`n. Cl puh`hs hdgldtrnr `h andhrn `mihrhdth hd ilran `h pmrîam`h. Dhghsmtnals glahr augbns irutns y vhr`urns y ncmahdtls

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gld ahjlrhs gnrolbm`rntls gnrolbm`rntls gund`l hstîd hdthrls. Dl `hohals nousnr `h cls `ucghs y tnrt tnrtns ns dm `h cns gnrdhs rljns y krnsns `h lrmkhd ndmanc. Xdn `mhtn sncu`noch nyu`n n prlthkhrdls `h cn ancdutrmgm÷d hd tl`ns sus ilrans, nsá glal `h cns hdihrah`n`hs dl trndsamsmochs, hdtrh hccns cn `mnohths, cns gnr`mlpntáns, cls nggm`hdths ghrhorlvnsgucnrhs y hc gîdghr. Hd tl`l hc aud`l, cns `mhtns mdsncuorhs y cn inctn `h ngtmvm`n` iásmgn hstîd hdtrh cls  prmdgmpnchs ingtlrhs `h `h rmhskl pnrn cn sncu`. Cls bîomtls ncmahdtnrmls sndls glamhdznd hd cls prmahrls nþls `h vm`n5 cn cngtndgmn anthrdn invlrhgh hc grhgmamhdtl sndl y ahjlrn hc `hsnrrlccl glkdmtmvl5 n`haîs,  puh`h prlplrgmldnr ohdhimgmls n cnrkl pcnzl, hdtrh hccls cn rh`uggm÷d `hc rmhskl `h slorhphsl y lohsm`n` y `h hdihrah`n`hs dl trndsamsmochs hd htnpns plsthrmlrhs `h cn vm`n. Cn mdkhstn gnc÷rmgn `hoh `hoh hstnr hqumcmorn`n gld hc knstl gnc÷rmgl. Vnrn hvmtnr ud nuahdtl ancsndl `h phsl, cns krnsns dl `hohránd suphrnr hc 76% `h cn mdkhstn gnc÷rmgn tltnc. Cmamtnr hc gldsual `h nzúgnr cmorh n ahdls `hc >6% `h cn mdkhstn gnc÷rmgn tltnc ilran pnrth `h udn `mhtn sncu`noch. Vnrn lothdhr anylrhs ohdhimgmls sh rhglamhd`n rh`ugmr su gldsual n ahdls `hc 8% `h cn mdkhstn gnc÷rmgn tltnc. Andthdhr hc gldsual `h snc plr `honjl `h 8 krnals `mnrmls (hqumvnchdths n ahdls `h ? k `h sl`ml plr `án) nyu`n n prhvhdmr cn bmphrthdsm÷d y rh`ugh hc rmhskl `h gnr`mlpntáns y nggm`hdth ghrhorlvnsgucnr hdtrh cn plocngm÷d n`uctn. Cn glaplsmgm÷d hxngtn `h udn ncmahdtngm÷d vnrmn`n, hqumcmorn`n y sncu`noch hstnrî `hthramdn`n plr cns gnrngthrástmgns `h gn`n phrsldn (h`n`, shxl, bîomtls `h vm`n y krn`l

`h ngtmvm`n` ngtmvm`n` iásmgn), hc gldthxtl gucturnc, cls ncmahdtls `mspldmochs hd hc cuknr cu knr y cls bîomtls ncmahdtnrmls. Dl lostndth, cls prmdgmpmls oîsmgls `h cn ncmahdtngm÷d sncu`noch smkuhd smhd`l cls amsals. Cn ncmahdtngm÷d hvlcugmldn gld hc tmhapl, y hd hccn mdicuyhd augbls ingtlrhs slgmlhgld÷amgls quh mdthrngtúnd `h andhrn glapchjn y `hthramdnd al`hcls `mhtnrmls  phrsldnchs. Hdtrh hsls hsls ingtlrhs gno gnohh ahdgmldnr cls mdkrhsls, cls prhgmls `h cls ncmahdtls (quh nihgtnrîd cn `mspldmomcm`n` y nshqumomcm`n` `h ncmahdtls sncu`nochs), cns prhihrhdgmns y grhhdgmns md`mvm`unchs, cns trn`mgmldhs gucturnchs, y cls ingtlrhs khlkrîimgls y naomhdtnchs (mdgcum`l hc gnaoml gcmaîtmgl). Vlr gldsmkumhdth, hc ilahdtl `h ud hdtlrdl ncmahdtnrml sncu`noch y, hd pnrtmgucnr, `h smsthans ncmahdtnrmls quh prlauhvnd udn `mhtn `mvhrsmimgn`n, hqumcmorn`n y sndn, rhqumhrh cn pnrtmgmpngm÷d `h `mstmdtls shgtlrhs y pnrths mdthrhsn`ns, mdgcum`ls cls klomhrdls, hc shgtlr púocmgl y hc shgtlr prmvn`l.

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@n`l quh dl bny ud údmgl ncmahdtl glapchtl, hxghptl cn chgbh anthrdn pnrn hc  ohoí, tl`ls dhghsmtnals udn ncmahdtngm÷d cl suimgmhdthahdth vnrmn`n quh dls knrndtmgh ud nplrth dutrmtmvl n`hgun`l. K_XVL M, MM (HDH_KHPMGLW) Vhramthd hc iudgmldnamhdtl dlranc `h duhstrl lrkndmsal nc nplrtnr hc ‒glaoustmoch” dhghsnrml pnrn tl`ns duhstrns ngtmvm`n`hs gltm`mndns: trnonjnr, hstu`mnr,  

`hsgndsnr, htg. Wld cls gnrolbm`rntls y cns krnsns. K_XVL MMM, MY (IL_AN@L_HW ( IL_AN@L_HW)) Vhramthd hc grhgmamhdtl, hc `hsnrrlccl y hc andthdmamhdtl `h cns hstrugturns `h duhstrl guhrpl: aúsgucls, vásghrns, buhsls… Wh trntn `h ncmahdtls rmgls hd prlthádns. K_XVL Y, YM (_HKXCN@L_HW) Bnghd quh duhstrl guhrpl puh`n utmcmznr gldvhdmhdthahdth gldvhdmhdthahdth hc rhstl `h ncmahdtls: cls ilran`lrhs y cls hdhrkítmgls. Wmd cls rhkucn`lrhs, duhstrl ahtnolcmsal dl iudgmldnrán `h ilran n`hgun`n. Wld cns irutns y cns blrtncmzns.

GLDGCXWMLD Cchvnr udn `mhtn sndn n cl cnrkl `h cn vm`n nyu`n n prhvhdmr cn ancdutrmgm÷d hd tl`ns sus ilrans, nsá glal `mihrhdths hdihrah`n`hs dl trndsamsmochs y trnstlrdls. Wmd haonrkl, hc nuahdtl `h cn prl`uggm÷d `h ncmahdtls prlghsn`ls, cn rîpm`n urondmzngm÷d y hc gnaoml hd cls hstmcls `h vm`n bnd `n`l cuknr n ud gnaoml hd cls bîomtls ncmahdtnrmls. Ngtuncahdth, cns phrsldns gldsuahd aîs ncmahdtls bmphrgnc÷rmgls, krnsns, nzúgnrhs cmorhs y snc/sl`ml5 plr ltrn pnrth, augbns phrsldns dl glahd suimgmhdths irutns, vhr`urns

y imorn `mhtítmgn, glal plr hjhapcl ghrhnchs mdthkrnchs. Cn dutrmgm÷d hs maplrtndth pnrn tl`ls. Glaomdn`n gld cn ngtmvm`n` iásmgn y ud phsl sncu`noch, cn ouhdn ncmahdtngm÷d hs udn ilran hxghchdth `h nyu`nr n tu guhrpl n andthdhrsh iuhrth y sncu`noch. Wm tmhdhs ndthgh`hdths `h gîdghr `h anan l hstîs hd trntnamhdtl, cn ouhdn ncmahdtngm÷d hs hsphgmncahdth maplrtndth pnrn tm. Cl quh glahs  puh`h mdicumr hd tu smsthan smsthan mdaudmtnrml, tu hstn`l `h îdmal îdmal y tu dmvhc `h hdhrkán. Hd gldgcusm÷d, cn ncmahdtngm÷d sncu`noch dl sh cmamtn slcl nc ncmahdtl smdl quh n`haîs `hc ncmahdtl hstî rhihrm`n tnaomíd n guîdtl, g÷al y gld quí irhguhdgmn sh gldsuahd cls ncmahdtls y `hoh hstnr hd rhcngm÷d n cns dhghsm`n`hs dutrmgmldnchs y `h hdhrkán `h gn`n phrsldn. Cn ncmahdtngm÷d sncu`noch hs ud ingtlr prmalr`mnc pnrn andthdhrdls sndls, hstl sh gnrngthrmzn plr hc gldsual `h ncmahdtls gld vnrmh`n` hd dutrmhdths quh invlrhghd ud ouhd `hsnrrlccl iásmgl y ahdtnc. Vnrn thdhr udn ouhdn

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>7?

ncmahdtngm÷d ncmahdtng m÷d sncu`noch hs dhghsnrml dhghsnrml gldsuamr `mihrhdths tmpls `h ncmahdtls quh gldthdknd gldthdknd vmtnamdns, prlthádns y amdhrnchs, pnrn pl`hr grhghr sndls y iuhrths, nsá tnaomíd pnrn dl gldtrnhr `mvhrsns hdihrah`n`hs. hdihrah`n`hs. Cns gldshguhdgmns `h udn ancn ncmahdtngm÷d, dls cchvn n gldtrnhr `mstmdtls tmpls `h hdihrah`n`hs glal cn lohsm`n`, cn lsthlplrlsms, cn bmphrthdsm÷d, cn ndhamn, `mstmdtls tmpls `h gîdghr, cls quh `msamduyhd cn gncm`n` `h vm`n `h cns phrsldns sm dl tnaomíd su hsphrndzn `h vmvmr

_HWXAHD @HC YM@HL #? DXP_MGM×D: NCMAHDPNGM×D WNCX@NOCH MDP_L@XGMßD Cn dutrmgm÷d sh `h`mgn n glaprhd`hr hc hihgtl `h cl quh glahals y ohohals hd cls prlghsls imsmlc÷kmgls `hc guhrpl. Glal gmhdgmn, cn dutrmgm÷d hstu`mn cls ncmahdtls y su rhcngm÷d gld cn sncu`. Pl`ls cls `áns glahals y ohohals `h nguhr`l n duhstrl gldthxtl slgmnc, gucturnc y hgld÷amgl. Cn `mhtn hs hc gldjudtl `h ncmahdtls quh mdkhrmals `h ilran dlranc. Cls tmpls `h `mhtn `hphd`hd `hc hstmcl `h vm`n `h cns phrsldns, cn h`n`, hc shxl y cn ngtmvm`n` iásmgn. Cn glam`n dls nyu`n n rhgldstrumr cns `hihdsns `hc lrkndmsal y dls `n hdhrkán, n`haîs, udn `mhtn sncu`noch puh`h nyu`nrdls n prhvhdmr hdihrah`n`hs, onjnr hc nzúgnr hd sndkrh, onjnr hc glchsthrlc, gldtrlcnr y phr`hr

 phsl, gldtrlcnr gldtrlcnr cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc, nrthrmnc, rh`ugmr hc rmhskl rmhskl `h mdinrtl, prhvhdmr hc hstrhþmamhdtl hstrhþmamhdtl y ahjlrnr cn sncu` y hc omhdhstnr khdhrnc gund`l dl ch hstnals `nd`l n duhstrl guhrpl tl`ls cls dutrmhdths dhghsnrmls, hc guhrpl mdthdtn rhglaphdsnr gld sus rhshrvns gund`l hstns sh nkltnd. Cns iudgmldhs y ÷rkndls `hc guhrpl glamhdznd n inccnr, plr hjhapcl, hc smsthan mdaudlc÷kmgl puh`h `hjnr `h `hthgtnr lrkndmsals `nþmdls pnrn hc guhrpl, phramtmhd`l nsá quh hdihrah`n`hs glal hc gîdghr tnaomíd cn `hsdutrmgm÷d puh`n gld`ugmr n `mnohths,  prlochans gnr`mlvnsgucnrhs, gnr`mlvnsgucnrhs, ndhamn, mdihggmldhs, amkrnþns, hdtrh ltrns hdihrah`n`hs glaudhs.

@HWN__LCCL ¼^uí hs udn `mhtn sncu`noch pnrn quh hc guhrpl trnonjh glrrhgtnahdth< Dhghsmtn  prlthádns, vmtnamdns, vmtnamdns, amdhrnchs, gnrolbm`rntls, gnrolbm`rntls, krnsns krnsns y nkun

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>77

n) 

 Duhstrl guhrpl dhghsmtn prlthádns `h cls ncmahdtls quh glahals pnrn

ilrtnchghr y andthdhr cls buhsls, cls aúsgucls y cn pmhc, lothdhals prlthádns `h cns gnrdhs, prl`ugtls cîgthls, duhghs y nckudls krndls y kumsndths, ncmahdtls quh  prlplrgmldnd cn anylr anylr gndtm`n` `h prlthádns hd udn `mhtn vhkhtnrmndn, vhkhtnrmndn, sld cns chkuao chkuaorhs, rhs,  plr hjhapcl, knrondzls, knrondzls, cchdthjns, hdthjns, prl`ugtls `h sljn tnaomíd ghrhnchs glal nvhdn nrrlz ghon`n amjl pnstn y pnd mdthkrnc tnaomíd irutls shgls duhghs nvhccndns ncahd`rns pnsns bmkls tl`ns cns irutns shamccns y shamccns, plr hjhapcl, gncnonzn, sísnal, shamccns `h kmrnslc. Cns vmtnamdns sld sustndgmns quh hc guhrpl dhghsmtn pnrn grhghr y `hsnrrlccnrsh, dlrancahdth tu guhrpl dhghsmtn >7 vmtnamdns khdhrncahdth cns vmtnamdns prlvmhdhd `h cls ncmahdtls quh mdkhrmals gn`n vmtnamdn tmhdh iudgmldhs hsphgáimgns sm tmhdhs dmvhchs  onjls gmhrtns vmtnamdns puh`h `hsnrrlccnr udn hdihrah`n` plr `himgmhdgmn gmhrtns vmtnamdns puh`hd nyu`nr n prhvhdmr prlochans. Hd nckudls gnsls, cls aí`mgls puh`hd dhghsmtnr ud auctmvmtnaádmgl `mnrml pnrn udn sncu` ÷ptman, cls ncmahdtls quh  prlplrgmldnd cn anylr gndtm`n` ``hh vmtnamdns hd udn `mhtn sld cns irutns. Cn `mhtn tápmgn puh`h cchknr n gldthdhr >66.666 glapuhstls, `h cns gunchs nphdns 766 sld dutrmhdths. Xdn `mhtn hqumcmorn`n l oncndghn`n gldtmhdh tl`ls cls dutrmhdths quh hc lrkndmsal dhghsmtn pnrn su glrrhgtl iudgmldnamhdtl, hd cns prlplrgmldhs n`hgun` n`hgun`ns ns n cls rhquhrmamhdtls dutrmgmldnchs y hdhrkítmgls `h gn`n phrsldn. Pnaomíd phramth andthdhr hc phsl glrplrnc n`hgun`l. Cls dutrmhdths sld sustndgmns quáamgns quh hc guhrpl lotmhdh `h cls ncmahdtls n trnvís `hc prlghsl `h `mkhstm÷d. Bny dutrmhdths hshdgmnchs quh sld nquhccls quh dl puh`hd

shr grhn`ls plr hc ahtnolcmsal `hc ndmanc y dhghsmtn lothdhrcl `h cn `mhtn. Vlr hjhapcl, hc shr buandl dl puh`h smdthtmznr trmpt÷indl, quh hs ud namdlîgm`l auy maplrtndth pnrn cn prl`uggm÷d `h prlthádns y shrltldmdn. Pl`ls cls shrhs vmvls dhghsmtnd nkun pltnoch sncu`noch. Cn gndtm`n` dhghsnrmn `hphd`h `h su tnanþl. Hc dmvhc `h ngtmvm`n` gcmaîtmgn `mimhrh hd cls Hstn`ls Xdm`ls. Hs udl `h cls suamdmstrls `h nkun pltnoch aîs sncu`nochs `hc aud`l. Wmd haonrkl, cn gncm`n` `hc nkun pltnoch vnrán `h ud cuknr n ltrl y `hphd`h `hc hstn`l `h cn iuhdth `h nkun y `hc trntnamhdtl quh rhgmoh (aúsmgn), hs rhglahd`noch rhglahd`noch hcmamdnr l nc ahdls rh`ugmr hc gldsual `h glam`n gbntnrrn. Hstl mdgcuyh tl`ls cls ncmahdtls rhimdn`ls hcnolrn`ls gld gnrdhs rljns, plccl,  phsgn`l y pnvl, glal snolrhs nrtmimgmnchs y prl`ugtls cîgthls. ¼^uí sh puh`h bnghr< Guhstn gnaomnr cls bîomtls ncmahdtnrmls, bnghr gnaomls plgl n plgl, gldstndthahdth y

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>70

gld augbn pngmhdgmn. Cls gnaomls hd cn vm`n tland tmhapl. Cn gcnvh hs nprhd`hr n  prhpnrnr glam`ns sncu`nochs hd gnsn. • 

Glaprnr ud cmorl `h rhghtns sncu`nochs y nprhd`n n bnghr ud pcntmccl. pcntmcc l. Hvmth glahr l glam`n gbntnrrn tl`ns cns shandns gund`l dhghsmth glahr `hs`h gnsn, ousquh cuknrhs quh vhd`nd sîd`wmgbhs, slpns y kumsls, y pruhoh. • 

Glahr ncmahdtls `h ltrns gucturns glal cn glam`n krhgl-md`mn, putnanas

gbmdls y ltrls. Vrhpnrh ncmahdtls sncu`nochs pnrn ud ouhd `hsnyudl. Hstl mdgcuyh hdsncn`n `h irutns. Ontm`l `h irutns gld tí t í `h chgbh `h sljn. • 

Hvmth cls jukls `h irutns dnturnchs l hc auhscm `h vhr`urns gld irutn l gnií.

Vuh`h rhapcnznr plr Nvhdn pnrn glahr Cn hdsncn`n `h irutns l vhr`urns hs udn ouhdn slpn `h hspîrrnkls. Whtns Nrrlz, chdthjns. • 

Hvmth cls im`hls, cn gnrdh ndmanc. Cns lpgmldhs pnrn cn ghdn mdgcuyhd hdsncn`n `h irutns, tí sunvh `h irutns, jukls `h irutns dnturnchs l vhkhtnchs, nvhdn, irutns, ghrhnchs, slpn `h hspîrrnkls, pnpns, gbnapmþldhs, nrrlz. Hvmth glahr augbl `hspuís `h cns ; `h cn c n anþndn. Cn dutrmgm÷d hstî rhcngmldn`n gld hc iudgmldnamhdtl iudgmldnamhdtl mdthkrnc `hc guhrpl buandl. Xdn dutrmgm÷d n`hgun`n sh rhichjn hd ud md`mvm`ul gld udn gnpngm`n` nctn pnrn hc trnonjl iásmgl y ahdtnc y ud hstn`l `h sncu` ÷ptmal. Cn hpm`hamlclkán, ah`mndth aítl`ls hstn`ástmgls, hstu`mn glal ud `hthramdn`l tmpl `h ncmahdtngm÷d l `mhtn `h udn glaudm`n` hstî rhcngmldn`n gld nsphgtls `h sncu` l hdihrah`n` `h cn amsan. @h hsth al`l, snohals `h cls ohdhimgmls `h cn `mhtn ah`mthrrîdhn l `h cls phrjumgmls `h cn c n glam`n "gbntnrrn".

Cns hdihrah`n`hs `hc glrnz÷d, cn `mnohths y cls tualrhs ancmkdls sld cns  prmdgmpnchs gnusns `h auhrth. Hstns hdihrah`n`hs tmhdhd udn rhcngm÷d hstrhgbn gld cn dutrmgm÷d. @h bhgbl, udn `mhtn onsn`n hd irutns, blrtncmzns, krndls y onjl gldthdm`l `h krnsns snturn`ns puh`h rh`ugmr cn npnrmgm÷d `h hstns `lchdgmns. Cls angrldutrmhdths sld nquhccls dutrmhdths quh quh suamdmstrnd cn anylr pnrth `h cn hdhrkán ahtno÷cmgn `hc lrkndmsal. Cls prmdgmpnchs sld kcúgm`ls, prlthádns, y cápm`ls. Ltrls mdgcuyhd ncglblc y îgm`ls lrkîdmgls. Wh `mihrhdgmnd `h cls amgrldutrmhdths glal cns vmtnamdns y amdhrnchs hd quh hstls sld dhghsnrmls hd phquhþns gndtm`n`hs pnrn andthdhr cn sncu`, phrl dl pnrn prl`ugmr hdhrkán. Cls angrldutrmhdths hstîd gldstmtum`ls plr hstrugturns `h onjl phsl alchgucnr, nckudns `h cns gunchs sld hshdgmnchs pnrn cn vm`n. Cn hshdgmncm`n` `h hsls gldstmtuyhdths aîs smapchs (namdlîgm`ls hd hc gnsl `h cns prlthádns, îgm`ls krnsls hd cls `h cls cápm`ls,

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>78

y aldlsngîrm`ls hd hc `h cls gnrolbm`rntls), rn`mgn hd su maplsmomcm`n` `h sádthsms plr hc lrkndmsal l hd cn maplrtndgmn `h su iudgm÷d. N`haîs `h cls dutrmhdths, cls ncmahdtls nc mahdtls gldtmhdhd ltrls glapuhstls dl dutrmhdths, nckudls `h cls gunchs puh`hd thdhr maplrtndgmn pnrn cn sncu`. Cls dutrmhdths sh rhqumhrhd hd gndtm`n`hs `hthramdn`ns plr hc lrkndmsal5 sm `urndth phrál`ls prlcldkn`ls `h tmhapl hsh rhquhrmamhdtl dl sh guorh, sh andmihstnrîd sádtlans `h `himgmhdgmn `h hsh dutrmhdth l `h vnrmls quh puh`hd hstnr rhcngmldn`ls hd hc ahtnolcmsal. Hd nckudls gnsls, cn mdkhstm÷d hxghsmvn `h ud dutrmhdth hd pnrtmgucnr, puh`h prlvlgnr tnaomíd trnstlrdls pnrn cn sncu`.

GLDGCXWMLD Gld cn mdilrangm÷d m dilrangm÷d vmstn bnstn nblrn, hs iîgmc hdthd`hr cn maplrtndgmn quh jjuhknd uhknd cls dutrmhdths prhshdths hd cls ncmahdtls. Cls dutrmhdths sh puh`hd gntnclknr glal dl hshdgmnchs hshdg mnchs y hshdgmnchs, smhd`l hstls úctmals dl smdthtmznochs n pnrtmr `h ltrls y rhsuctnd`l maprhsgmd`moch su mdkhstn n trnvís `h cls ncmahdtls. Glal cls dutrmhdths hshdgmnchs sld nckudls îgm`ls krnsls, namdlîgm`ls, vmtnamdns, amdhrnchs, htg... Vlr tl`l hccl, hc lrkndmsal dhghsmtnrn ud oncndgh `h tl`ls cls dutrmhdths n`nptn`l n sus dhghsm`n`hs, yn quh tndtl ud hxghsl glal udn inctn `h dutrmhdths puh`hd prlvlgnr  prlochans hd cn sncu`. Vnrn udn ouhdn dutrmgm÷d y sncu` hs maplrtndth thdhr ud phsl glrplrnc n`hgun`l. Cn inctn `h phsl puh`h hstnr nglapnþn`n `h `hsdutrmgm÷d, grhgmamhdtl `hihgtulsl, ahdlr gnpngm`n` `h trnonjl, mdihrtmcm`n`, lsthlplrlsms y ltrls prlochans dutrmgmldnchs. Hc hxghsl `h phsl (lohsm`n`) hs udn ilran `h ancn dutrmgm÷d quh puh`h lgnsmldnr krnvhs prlochans pnrn cn sncu`, glal cn bmphrthdsm÷d, cn `mnohths ahccmtus y cns

hdihrah`n`hs gnr`mlvnsgucnrhs, gnr`mlvnsgucnrhs, cchdnd`l cn vm`n `h mdgnpngm`n m dgnpngm`n`hs. `hs. Xdn ncmahdtngm÷d sh gldsm`hrn sncu`noch gund`l tl`ls l hd su `hihgtl cn krnd anylrán `h cls prl`ugtls quh cn glapldhd sld ncmahdtls sncu`nochs quh nplrtnd udn vnrmh`n` `h dutrmhdths y gnclráns quh phramth guormr ccns ns dhghsm`n`hs `mnrmns smd hxghsls dm `himgmhdgmns. Cls ncmahdtls sncu`nochs sh gnrngthrmznd plr shr nquhccls quh hd su udm`n` gldghdtrnd dnturncahdth udn vnrmh`n` `h dutrmhdths, sld ncmahdtls dnturnchs lirhgm`ls  plr cn prlpmn dnturnchzn dnturnchzn y sld ahjlrhs gund`l gund`l dl pnsnd plr prlghsls md`ustrmnchs. Xd ncmahdtl sncu`noch puh`h pnsnr plr ud prlghsl md`ustrmnc y shkumr smhd`l sncu`noch phrl tnaomíd puh`h `hjnr `h shrcl sm sh slahth n prlghsls l trndsilrangmldhs imsmglquáamgns quh `msamduyh su gncm`n` dutrmgmldnc l plr cn mdglrplrngm÷d smkdmimgntmvn `h n`mtmvls nrtmimgmnchs l plr su plorh vnclr dutrmtmvl y hchvn`l vnclr gnc÷rmgl.

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>79

Hs md`u`noch cn maplrtndgmn `h cn ncmahdtngm÷d y dutrmgm÷d hd hc andthdmamhdtl `h cn sncu` `h cn c n plocngm÷d, cns prîgtmgns ncmahdtnrmns hrr÷dhns sh nslgmnd gld ud `hthrmlrl `h cn sncu` n cnrkl pcnzl, cchvnd n cn auhrth l phrju`mgnd cn gncm`n` `h vm`n `hc md`mvm`ul. Prnonjnr gld hc prlp÷smtl `h clkrnr c lkrnr udn ncmahdtngm÷d sncu`noch hd duhstrn plocngm÷d hs ud  prlochan `h tl`n cn slgmh`n`, slgmh`n`, y dl slcl `h gn`n udl `h cls md`mv md`mvm`uls m`uls quh cn glapldhd. Vlr gldsmkumhdth, rhqumhrh ud hdilquh plocngmldnc, auctmshgtlrmnc, auctm`msgmpcmdnrml y n`nptn`l n cns gmrgudstndgmns gucturnchs. Cn vm`n shrî aîs sndn y dnturnc sm sh andtmhdh udn ncmahdtngm÷d sncu`noch.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>7;

_HWXAHDHW @H CNW GCNWHW @H CN XDM@N@ > GCNWH#>

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>72

GCNWH#?

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>7=

GCNWH#7

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>06

 

GCNWH#0

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GCNWH#8

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>0?

XDM@N@ ? PH_ALAHP_ÁN Cn Cn thralahtrán  thralahtrán sh hdgnrkn `h cn ah`mgm÷d `h cn thaphrnturn `h guhrpls l smsthans. Vnrn hsth imd, sh utmcmzn hc thra÷ahtrl, quh hs ud mdstruahdtl quh sh onsn hd hc gnaoml `h nckudn prlpmh`n` `h cn anthrmn `hom`l nc hihgtl `hc gnclr5 nsá sh tmhdh hc thra÷ahtrl `h ahrgurml y `h ncglblc, quh sh onsnd hd cn `mcntngm÷d, cls thralpnrhs quh `hohd su iudgmldnamhdtl nc gnaoml `h cn gld`ugtmvm`n` hcígtrmgn, cls ÷ptmgls quh `hthgtnd cn vnrmngm÷d `h cn mdthdsm`n` `hc rnyl hamtm`l gund`l sh rhichjn hd ud guhrpl gncmhdth. (Omlimsmgn Xk, ?6>;) Hxmsthd vnrmns hsgncns thralaítrmgns pnrn ah`mr thaphrnturns, rhcntmvns y noslcutns. N pnrtmr `h cn shdsngm÷d imsmlc÷kmgn, hs plsmoch bnghrsh udn m`hn nprlxman`n `h cn thaphrnturn n cn quh sh hdguhdtrn ud lojhtl. Vhrl hsn nprhgmngm÷d `mrhgtn hstî cmamtn`n plr `mihrhdths ingtlrhs5 nsá hc mdthrvncl `h thaphrnturns n cl cnrkl `hc gunc hstl hs plsmoch hs  phquhþl5 n`haîs, pnrn pnrn udn amsan thaphrnturn thaphrnturn cn shdsngm÷d shdsngm÷d glrrhspld`mhdth glrrhspld`mhdth puh`h vnrmnr shkúd sh bnyn hstn`l prhvmnahdth hd gldtngtl gld ltrls guhrpls aîs gncmhdths l aîs iráls y, plr sm iuhrn plgl, dl hs plsmoch hxprhsnr gld prhgmsm÷d hd ilran `h gndtm`n` cls rhsuctn`ls `h hsth tmpl `h nprhgmngmldhs suojhtmvns. Vlr hccl pnrn ah`mr thaphrnturns sh rhgurrh n cls thra÷ahtrls. (Omlimsmgn Xk, ?6>;)

Hd tl`l guhrpl anthrmnc cn vnrmngm÷d `h cn thaphrnturn vn nglapnþn`n `h cn glrrhspld`mhdth vnrmngm÷d `h ltrns prlpmh`n`hs ah`mochs, `h al`l quh n gn`n vnclr `h nquhccn ch glrrhspld`h ud slcl vnclr `h ístn. Pnc hs hc gnsl `h cn cldkmtu` `h udn vnrmccn ahtîcmgn, `h cn rhsmsthdgmn hcígtrmgn `h ud ahtnc, `h cn prhsm÷d `h ud kns, `hc vlcuahd `h ud cáqum`l, htg. Hstns ankdmtu`hs guyn vnrmngm÷d hstî cmkn`n n cn `h cn thaphrnturn sh `hdlamdnd prlpmh`n`hs thralaítrmgns, plrquh puh`hd shr hapchn`ns hd cn gldstruggm÷d `h thra÷ahtrls. (Omlimsmgn Xk, ?6>;) Vnrn `himdmr udn hsgncn `h thaphrnturns hs dhghsnrml hchkmr udn prlpmh`n` thralaítrmgn quh rhúdn cns c ns smkumhdths gld`mgmldhs: Cn hxprhsm÷d anthaîtmgn `h cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh cn prlpmh`n` y cn thaphrnturn `hoh shr gldlgm`n. (PhxtlsGmhdtmimgls, ?6>6)

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>07

Cn prlpmh`n` thralaítrmgn `hoh shr cl onstndth shdsmoch n cns vnrmngmldhs `h thaphrnturn glal pnrn pl`hr `hthgtnr, gld udn prhgmsm÷d nghptnoch, phquhþls gnaomls tíramgls. Hc rndkl `h thaphrnturn t haphrnturn ngghsmoch `hoh shr suimgmhdthahdth krnd`h. Xdn vhz quh cn prlpmh`n` thralaítrmgn bn sm`l hchkm`n, cn hcnolrngm÷d `h udn hsgncn thralaítrmgn l `h thaphrnturns cchvn gldsmkl, nc ahdls, `ls lphrngmldhs5 plr udn  pnrth, cn `hthramdngm÷d `h cls pudtls imjls l thaphrnturns `h rhihrhdgmn quh phrandhghd gldstndths hd cn dnturnchzn y, plr ltrn, cn `mvmsm÷d `hc mdthrvncl `h thaphrnturns glrrhspld`mhdth n tnchs pudtls imjls hd udm`n`hs l krn`ls. (PhxtlsGmhdtmimgls, ?6>6) Cl quh sh dhghsmtn pnrn gldstrumr ud thra÷ahtrl, sld pudtls imjls, hs `hgmr  prlghsls hd cls gunchs cn thaphrnturn phrandhgh phrandhgh gldstndth. gldstndth. Hjhap Hjhapcls cls `h prlghsls `h hsth tmpl sld hc prlghsl `h houccmgm÷d y hc prlghsl `h iusm÷d. Nc glclgnr ud guhrpl n cn nggm÷d `hc slc, `hc iuhkl u ltrn iuhdth gnc÷rmgn, ísth sh gncmhdtn. Hsth gnchdtnamhdtl dls `n m`hn `hc "hstn`l tíramgl" `hc guhrpl, `himdmhd`l hdtldghs quh hc hstn`l tíramgl `h ud guhrpl hs anylr l ahdlr quh ltrl sm hstî aîs l ahdls gncmhdth quh ísth. N`haîs pl`hals loshrvnr quh gund`l `hohals hdirmnr ud cáqum`l auy gncmhdth ch nkrhknals ud cáqum`l aîs irál, lothdmíd`lsh ud hstn`l tíramgl ahdlr quh hc `hc prmahr cáqum`l phrl anylr quh hc `hc shkud`l. shkud`l. (PhxtlsGmhdtmimgls, ?6>6) Hsth hjhapcl dls phramth `hthramdnr quh: n. @ls guhrpls l sustndgmns `h `mstmdtl hstn`l tíramgl puhstls hd gldtngtl, tmhd`hd

n mkuncnr sus hstn`ls tíramgls, ncgndzîd`lsh nsá ud hqumcmorml tíramgl. Hd hsth gnsl  pl`hals nimranr quh hc guhrpl aîs gncmhdth ch gh`h gh`h gnclr nc aîs irál.  o.  Wm glclgnals `ls guhrpls quh thdknd mkunc hstn`l tíramgl, ístls dl hxphrmahdtnd vnrmngmldhs. Hd ísth gnsl nimranals quh hdtrh cls `ls guhrpls dl bny mdthrgnaoml `h gnclr. g.  Cls hstn`ls tíramgls dl sld ankdmtu`hs, yn quh sm ahzgcnals cáqum`ls, plr hjhapcl, hd `mstmdtls hstn`ls tíramgls dl sh lotmhdh ltrl hstn`l tíramgl quh shn hc  prl`ugtl `h cn suan `h cls hstn`ls tíramgls mdmgmnchs. Vlr cl tndtl nc dl pl`hr shr suanochs l `mvmsmochs (prlpmh`n`hs maprhsgmd`mochs `h cns ankdmtu`hs) dl sld ankdmtu`hs. Cn glapnrngm÷d `h cls hstn`ls tíramgls `h cls guhrpls, cchvn n cn dhghsm`n` `h hstnochghr ud lr`hdnamhdtl duaírmgl hdtrh gn`n udl `h hccls, hs `hgmr hstnochghr udn hsgncn `h thaphrnturns. t haphrnturns.

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Phaphrnturn: hs hc dúahrl quh rhprhshdtn hc hstn`l tíramgl t íramgl `h ud guhrpl,tland`l glal rhihrhdgmn ud hstn`l tíramgl phrihgtnahdth `himdm`l (plr hjhapcl cn iusm÷d `hc nkun hs `hgmr hc pnsnjh `h bmhcl n nkun l cn c n houccmgm÷d `hc nkun hs `hgmr hc pnsl `hc nkun cáqum`n n vnplr. (PhxtlsGmhdtmimgls, ?6>6)

PH_A×AHP_LW Wld npnrntls `hstmdn`ls n hstnochghr hc hstn`l tíramgl `h cls guhrpls. Wu iudgmldnamhdtl sh onsn hd hc bhgbl `h quh tl`ls cls guhrpls nc gnchdtnrsh suirhd ud nuahdtl `h cldkmtu` l `h vlcuahd, hsth ihd÷ahdl sh cl gldlgh glal `mcntngm÷d. Vnrn su inormgngm÷d sh bnd hchkm`l sustndgmns quh puh`nd `mcntnrsh glal gldshguhdgmn `h phquhþls gnaomls hd cls hstn`ls tíramgls. Khdhrncahdth sh hapchn ahrgurml, ncglblc y nckudls knshs. (PhxtlsGmhdtmimgls, ( PhxtlsGmhdtmimgls, ?6>6) Vl`hals vhrmimgnr quh: n.  Gn`n sustndgmn hd hc hstn`l `h iusm÷d, andthdmhd`l gldstndth cn prhsm÷d, `hthramdn ud hstn`l tíramgl l thaphrnturn `himdm`n y gldstndth.  o.  Gn`n sustndgmn hd hstn`l `h houccmgm÷d, andthdmhd`l gldstndth cn prhsm÷d, `hthramdn ud hstn`l tíramgl l thaphrnturn `himdm`n y gldstndth. g.  Pl`l nuahdtl loshrvn`l hd ud hstn`l tíramgl (thaphrnturn) prlvlgn udn `mcntngm÷d. Vlr hc gldtrnrml cn `msamdugm÷d prlvlgn prlvlgn udn gldtrnggm÷d.

Vudtls imjls `hc thra÷ahtrl: Hd tl`n hsgncn thralaítrmgn sh bnd `himdm`l `ls  pudtls imjls quh glrrhspld`hd n cls hstn`ls tíramgls phrihgtnahdth `himdm`ls (iusm÷d y

houccmgm÷d) `h cn sustndgmn gld cn quh sh gldstruyh hc thra÷ahtrl. (PhxtlsGmhdtmimgls, ?6>6)

Hsgncns thralaítrmgns Iud`nahdtncahdth sh hapchnd 0 hsgncns: Hsgncn Ghdtákrn`n l Ghcsmus, Hsgncn _hnuaur, Hsgncn Inbrhdbhmt y Hsgncn Ehcvmd. (PhxtlsGmhdtmimgls, ?6>6)

Hsgncn Ghdtákrn`n l Ghcsmus: Hd hstn hsgncn sh gldsm`hrn glal pudtl imjl mdihrmlr hc 6º ghdtákrn`l (6º G) quh hqumvnch nc dmvhc ncgndzn`l plr hc ahrgurml gund`l tmhdh hc hstn`l tíramgl `hc bmhcl hd iusm÷d. Hc pudtl imjl suphrmlr sld cls >66º ghdtákrn`ls (>66º G), quh hqumvnch nc dmvhc ncgndzn`l plr hc ahrgurml gund`l sh hdguhdtrn hd hc amsal hstn`l tíramgl quh hc `h cls vnplrhs `hc nkun hd houccmgm÷d. Cn `mstndgmn quh shpnrnd naons anrgns sh cns `mvm`h hd >66 pnrths mkunchs, pu`míd`lsh hxprhsnr hdtldghs quh ud krn`l ghdtákrn`l hs cn vnrmngm÷d `h thaphrnturn hqumvnchdth n cn ghdtísman pnrth `h cn

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vnrmngm÷d `h vlcuahd suirm`n plr udn ansn `h ahrgurml quh pns÷ `h ud hstn`l tíramgl mkunc nc `hc bmhcl hd iusm÷d y nc `hc nkun hd houccmgm÷d. (PhxtlsGmhdtmimgls, ?6>6)

Hsgncn _hnuaur: Pnaomíd sh gldsm`hrn cls pudtls imjls glrrhspld`mhdths n cn iusm÷d y n cn houccmgm÷d `hc nkun, phrl sh `mvm`m÷ hstn `mstndgmn hd 26 pnrths mkunchs, plr cl quh su pudtl imjl mdihrmlr sh hxprhsn glal 6º _ y su pudtl imjl suphrmlr glal 26º _. (PhxtlsGmhdtmimgls, ?6>6)

Hsgncn Inbrhdbhmt: Wh gldsm`hrn glal pudtl imjl mdihrmlr hc 6º I quh hqumvnch nc dmvhc quh ncgndzn hc ahrgurml gund`l cchkn nc amsal hstn`l tíramgl `h udn ahzgcn irmklráimgn `h bmhcl y gclrurl `h naldml hd pnrths mkunchs. Hc pudtl imjl suphrmlr hs ?>?º I quh hs hqumvnchdth nc dmvhc ncgndzn`l plr hc ahrgurml gund`l clkrn hc hstn`l ttíramgl íramgl `h cls vnplrhs `hc nkun hd houccmgm÷d. N`haîs nc glclgnr ud thra÷ahtrl Inbrhdbhmt Inbrhdbhmt hd bmhcl hd hstn`l `h iusm÷d, hc thra÷ahtrl t hra÷ahtrl anrgn 7?ºI. (PhxtlsGmhdtmimgls, ?6>6)

Hsgncn Ehcvmd: Hc pudtl imjl mdihrmlr mdihrm lr hs ?;7º E, quh hqumvnch n 6º G. Hs gldlgm`n glal thaphrnturn noslcutn. (PhxtlsGmhdtmimgls, (PhxtlsGmhdtmimgls, ?6>6)

PH_ALAÍP_MGN HD CLW WMWPHANW OMLC×KMGLW –@urndth tl`n su vm`n, cls shrhs buandls andtmhdhd cn thaphrnturn glrplrnc  

`hdtrl `h udls cáamths `h vnrmngm÷d auy hstrhgbls y prlthkm`ls n tl`n glstn. Cls cáamths

aîxmals `h tlchrndgmn pnrn cns gícucns vmvns glrrhspld`hd n udls 6ºG (ilrangm÷d `h grmstnchs `h bmhcl) y udls 08ºG (glnkucngm÷d tíramgn `h prlthádns mdtrnghcucnrhs)5 smd haonrkl, cls shrhs buandls puh`hd slplrtnr thaphrnturns mdthrdns mdihrmlrhs n 78ºG l suphrmlrhs n 0>ºG, nudquh s÷cl `urndth phrál`ls auy glrtls `h tmhapl. tm hapl. Vnrn andthdhr cn thaphrnturn mdthrdn `hdtrl `h hsls cáamths, hc shr buandl bn `hsnrrlccn`l udns rhspuhstns imsmlc÷kmgns auy himgnghs, y hd nckudls gnsls hsphgmncmzn`ls, nc hstrís tíramgl nku`l. Cn imdncm`n` `h hsns rhspuhstns hs ingmcmtnr cn gldshrvngm÷d, prl`uggm÷d l hcmamdngm÷d `hc gnclr glrplrnc, rhqumhrhd cn gllr`mdngm÷d imrahahdth gldtrlcn`n `h vnrmls smsthans glrplrnchs. (Ylk, ?6?6) Hc smsthan `h gldtrlc `hc lrkndmsal hs smamcnr nc gldtrlc thralstîtmgl `h udn vmvmhd`n gld iudgmldhs tndtl `h gnchinggm÷d glal `h rhirmkhrngm÷d. Gund`l cn thaphrnturn glrplrnc slorhpnsn udn gmhrtn thaphrnturn th÷rmgn –`h rhihrhdgmn‑, sh ngtmvnd cns rhspuhstns `h cls hihgtlrhs nslgmn`ns n cn thra÷cmsms (su`lrngm÷d, nuahdtl `hc icujl

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sndkuádhl phrmiírmgl). Gund`l cn thaphrnturn glrplrnc `hsgmhd`h plr `honjl `hc vnclr `h rhihrhdgmn, sh mdmgmnd cns rhspuhstns `h thralkídhsms (rh`uggm÷d `hc icujl sndkuádhl  phrmiírmgl, hsgncliráls). Vhrl, nc gldtrnrml quh cls smsthans `h gnchinggm÷d gnchinggm÷d y rhirmkhrngm÷d `h cns vmvmhd`ns, hc smsthan `h rhkucngm÷d tíramgn `hc shr buandl dl iudgmldn glal ud shdgmccl smsthan `h hdghd`m`l y npnkn`l, smdl quh tmhdh tnaomíd iudgmldhs `h gldtrlc krn`unc y gldtrlc `h cn vhclgm`n` `hc gnaoml. @hoh thdhrsh hd guhdtn quh cn –thaphrnturn  `h rhihrhdgmn‑ hxmsth s÷cl hd thlrán, phrl hs útmc pnrn glaprhd`hr hstls gldghptls. Dl  

lostndth, tl`nván quh`n augbl trnonjl pnrn glaprhd`hr pchdnahdth cls ahgndmsals nslgmn`ls n cn thaphrnturn thralrrhkucn`lrn `h rhihrhdgmn. (Ylk, ?6?6)

GNCL_MAHP_ÁN Cn Gnclrmahtrán hs cn ah`m`n `h cn gndtm`n` `h gnclr quh gh`h l noslroh uudd guhrpl hd hc gursl `h ud prlghsl iásmgl l quáamgl. (imsmgn>6y>>, ?6>;) Cn gnclrmahtrán hs cn gmhdgmn l hc ngtl `h ah`mr cls gnaomls hd cns vnrmnochs `h hstn`l `h ud guhrpl gld hc prlp÷smtl `h `hrmvnr cn trndsihrhdgmn `h gnclr nslgmn`n gld cls gnaomls `h su hstn`l `hom`l, plr hjhapcl, n rhnggmldhs quáamgns, gnaomls iásmgls l trndsmgmldhs `h insh, onjl rhstrmggmldhs hsphgáimgns. Cn gnclrmahtrán sh rhncmzn gld ud gnclráahtrl. Cn Cn pncnorn gnclrmahtrán sh `hrmvn `h cn pncnorn cntmdn gnclr y cn pncnorn krmhkn γΡπώμα (ahtr÷d), quh smkdmimgn ah`m`n. Wh `mgh quh hc aí`mgl

y gmhdtáimgl hsglgís Jlshpb

Ocnge, qumhd iuh hc prmahrl hd rhgldlghr cn `mstmdgm÷d hdtrh gnclr y thaphrnturn, hs hc

iud`n`lr `h cn gmhdgmn `h cn gnclrmahtrán. (Cnm`chr & Ehmtb, ?6>=)

GNCL_ Hs cn Hdhrkán Píramgn quh sh trndsimhrh `h ud lojhtl n ltrl gund`l hdtrnd hd gldtngtl autul, `hom`l n udn `mihrhdgmn `h thaphrnturns

hdtrh

hccls.Cn

`mrhggm÷d `h cn trndsihrhdgmn `h cn Hdhrkán Píramgn hs smhaprh `hs`h cn sustndgmn `h anylr thaphrnturn bngmn cn `h ahdlr thaphrnturn (l shn `hs`h cn aîs gncmhdth n cn aîs irán). (imsmgn>6y>>,, ?6>;) (imsmgn>6y>> Gnclr hs ud tmpl `h hdhrkán quh sh prl`ugh plr cn vmorngm÷d `h alcígucns y quh  prlvlgn cn suom`n `h cn thaphrnturn, cn `mcntngm÷d `mcntngm÷d `h guhrpls, guhrpls, cn iud`mgm÷d `h `h s÷cm`ls y cn hvnplrngm÷d hvnplrng m÷d `h cáqum`l. @h udn ilran khdírmgn, hs udn thaphrnturn hchvn`n hd hc naomhdth l hd hc guhrpl. Wh npcmgn tnaomíd pnrn rhihrmrsh nc al`l `h rhncmznr nckl gld pnsm÷d, ihrvlr

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y hdtusmnsal. @h udn ilran smao÷cmgn, tnaomíd hxprhsn nihgtl, gnrmþl. Vrlgh`h `hc cntád gnclr, gncŁrms. (Gnclr , ?6?>)  Cn gnclrmahtrán md`mrhgtn gncgucn hc gnclr quh prl`ughd cls lrkndmsals vmvls am`mhd`l su prl`uggm÷d `h `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl y rhsm`uls `h dmtr÷khdl (gld irhguhdgmn naldángl hd lrkndmsals nguîtmgls l urhn hd lrkndmsals thrrhstrhs), l n pnrtmr `h su gldsual `h lxákhdl. Cnvlmsmhr loshrv÷ hd >;26 quh cn prl`uggm÷d `h gnclr sh puh`h  prh`hgmr n pnrtmr `hc gldsual `h lxákhdl lxákhdl `h hstn andhrn, andhrn, ah`mnd ah`mndth th rhkrhs rhkrhsm÷d m÷d aúctmpch. C Cnn thlrán `hc oncndgh `mdîamgl hdhrkítmgl hxpcmgn plr quí hsth prlgh`mamhdtl hs glrrhgtl. Hc gnclr khdhrn`l plr cls lrkndmsals vmvls tnaomíd puh`h ah`mrsh plr gnclrmahtrán gnc lrmahtrán `mrhgtn, hd cn gunc hc lrkndmsal hdthrl sh glclgn `hdtrl `hc gnclráahtrl pnrn cn ah`mgm÷d. Xd mdstruahdtl al`hrdl napcmnahdth utmcmzn`l hs hc gnclráahtrl `h onrrm`l `mihrhdgmnc, ud `msplsmtmvl quh phramth lothdhr `ntls tíramgls t íramgls hd phquhþns gndtm`n`hs `h anthrmnc. Mapcmgn gnchdtnr cn auhstrn n udn vhclgm`n` gldtrlcn`n y rhkmstrnr hc icujl `h gnclr

bngmn

l

`hs`h

cn

auhstrn.

- Gnclr hsphgáimgl

Hc gnclr hsphgáimgl hs cn c n gndtm`n` `h gnclr quh dhghsmtn shr suamdmstrn`n n cn c n udm`n` `h ansn `h udn sustndgmn pnrn nuahdtnr cn thaphrnturn hd udn udm`n`. Hstn ankdmtu` iásmgn sh rhprhshdtn `h hstn andhrn: 'g'. Cn i÷raucn utmcmzn`n pnrn bnccnr hc gnclr hsphgáimgl hs cn `mvmsm÷d hdtrh cn gnpngm`n` gnclráimgn y cn ansn `h cn sustndgmn (g 1 G / a). (Gnclr , ?6?>)

-

Gnclr cnthdth

Gnclr cnthdth hs cn gndtm`n` `h gnclr trndsihrm`l n udn udm`n` `h ansn `h udn sustndgmn pnrn gnaomnr su hstn`l. Wh `mstmdkuh hdtrh gnclr cnthdth `h iusm÷d, `h hvnplrngm÷d y `h slcm`mimgngm÷d. Hc gnclr ('^') quh bny quh npcmgnr pnrn quh udn ansn `h gmhrtn sustndgmn gnaomh `h insh sh hxprhsn gld cn i÷raucn ^ 1 a C. 'C' rhprhshdtn hc gnclr cnthdth `h cn sustndgmn y `hphd`h `hc tmpl `h gnaoml `h insh. Xd hjhapcl puh`h shr hc gnaoml `h hstn`l `hc nkun `h s÷cm`l n cáqum`l. cá qum`l. Gld udn thaphrnturn `h 6ºG hs dh dhghsnrml ghsnrml ud gnclr cnthdth `h 770»>67 J/ek. @hc amsal al`l, pnrn quh hc nkun gnaomh `h hstn`l cáqum`l n vnplr n >66 ºG hs dhghsnrml ud gnclr cnthdth `h ??96»>67 J/ek. (Gnclr , ?6?>) -

Gnclr shdsmoch

Hc gnclr shdsmoch hs cn gndtm`n` `h gnclr quh noslroh l cmohrn ud guhrpl smd quh sh  prl`uzgnd hd íc gnaomls hd su hstn`l iásmgl. Gund`l sh suamdmstrn gnclr shdsmoch n ud guhrpl su thaphrnturn nuahdtn. Hsth tmpl `h gnclr (yn shn noslrom`l l gh`m`l), `hphd`h `hphd`h

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`h cn prhsm÷d hjhrgm`n slorh hc guhrpl. Gund`l hxmsth anylr prhsm÷d, hxmsth ud anylr gnclr shdsmoch. Vlr hc gldtrnrml, n ahdlr prhsm÷d, ahdlr gnclr shdsmoch. (Gnclr , ?6?>)

GLDPNGPL PÍ_AMGL. Amhdtrns dl bnccnd ltrls ingtlrhs hxthrdls (hc smsthan shn ghrrn`l) hc gnclr phr`m`l  plr hc guhrpl N hs mkunc nc gnclr kndn`l hd hc guhrpl O. O. Loshrvngm÷d: Hs glaúd, phrl hrr÷dhl, phdsnr quh cn anthrmn gldtmhdh gnclr. Cn anthrmn gldtmhdh hdhrkán hd `mvhrsns ilrans (Hdhrkán ( Hdhrkán Mdthrdn), phrl dl gldtmhdh gnclr, yn quh hc gnclr hs cn hdhrkán quh pnsn hdtrh `ls lojhtls quh sh hdguhdtrnd hd gldtngtl tíramgl `hom`l n udn `mihrhdgmn `h thaphrnturn. (imsmgn>6y>>, ?6>;) Gund`l `ls lojhtls sh hdguhdtrnd hd gldtngtl tíramgl, cn thaphrnturn `hc aîs gncmhdth `msamduyh y cn `hc aîs irál nuahdtn, bnstn cchknr naols n cn amsan thaphrnturn, t haphrnturn, hs `hgmr, quh`nd hd hqumcmorml tíramgl. (imsmgn>6y>>, (imsmgn>6y>>, ?6>;) Nc `msamdumr cn thaphrnturn `h ud guhrpl, cn hdhrkán `h sus alcígucns tnaomíd `msamduyh, y vmghvhrsn, sm cn thaphrnturn nuahdtn, su Hdhrkán Mdthrdn tnaomíd. Hc gnclr  plr cl tndtl, ndths `h shr shr hamtm`l hs Hdhrkán Mdthrdn Mdthrdn y `hspuís `hspuís nc shr trndsihrm`l vuhcvh vuhcvh n shr Hdhrkán Mdthrdn. (imsmgn>6y> (i msmgn>6y>>, >, ?6>;)

Vrmdgmpmls khdhrnchs `h cn gnclrmahtrán M.  Wmhaprh

quh hdtrh vnrmls guhrpls bnyn ud mdthrgnaoml `h hdhrkán tíramgn, cn

gndtm`n` `h gnclr phr`m`l plr udls guhrpls hs mkunc n cn gndtm`n` `h gnclr kndn`n plr cls ltrls. MM.  Cn

gndtm`n` `h gnclr noslrom`n l `hsprhd`m`n plr ud guhrpl hs `mrhgtnahdth

 prlplrgmldnc n su vnrmngm÷d vnrmngm÷d `h thaphrnturn. N Nsá, sá, pnrn hchvnr cn thaphrn thaphrnturn turn `h ud guhrpl `h ?6¶G sh rhqumhrh hc `loch `h gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán tíramgn quh pnrn hchvnrcn n >6¶G. MMM.  Cn gndtm`n` `h gnclr noslrom`n l `hsprhd`m`n plr ud guhrpl hs `mrhgtnahdth

 prlplrgmldnc n su ansn. MY.  Gund`l

vnrmls guhrpls n thaphrnturns `mihrhdths sh pldhd hd gldtngtl, cn

hdhrkán tíramgn sh `hspcnzn bngmn cls guhrpls guyn thaphrnturn hs aîs onjn. Hc hqumcmorml tíramgl lgurrh gund`l tl`ls cls guhrpls quh`nd n cn amsan thaphrnturn. (imsmgn>6y>>, ?6>;)

Xdm`n`hs `h ah`m`ns `hc gnclr Cn udm`n` `h ah`m`n `hc gnclr hd hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc hs hc jluch (J).

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>0=

N vhghs, cn gnclrán (gnc) tl`nván sh usn hd cns npcmgngmldhs gmhdtáimgns y thgdlc÷kmgns. Cn gnclrán sh `himdh glal cn gndtm`n` `h gnclr dhghsnrml pnrn nuahdtnr hd > ¶G y n cn prhsm÷d `h udn nta÷sihrn (> nta), cn thaphrnturn `h ud krnal `h nkun `hstmcn`n, hd hc mdthrvncl `h >0,8 ¶G n >8,8 ¶G.2 Hs `hgmr, tmhdh udn `himdmgm÷d onsn`n hd hc gnclr hsphgáimgl. Bny quh bnghr dltnr quh cn gnclrán dl hstî rhgldlgm`n hd hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc, `h al`l quh hd augbls pnáshs dl sh rhgldlgh su usl hd `lguahdtls limgmnchs, plr cl quh dl hs ngldshjnoch su usl. (Kcnsnrml `h Norhvmngmldhs, ?6>6) Hd hc smsthan `h udm`n`hs ndkclsnj÷d sh usn cn OPX, quh sh `himdh glal cn gndtm`n` `h gnclr quh sh rhqumhrh pnrn hchvnr ud krn`l Inbrhdbhmt cn thaphrnturn `h udn cmorn `h nkun hd gld`mgmldhs ntalsiírmgns dlranchs. Hs `hgmr, tmhdh cn amsan `himdmgm÷d quh cn gnclrán utmcmznd`l udm`n`hs `hc smsthan ndkclsnj÷d. (Kcnsnrml `h Norhvmngmldhs, ?6>6)

GNCL_ÁN (G) Hs cn gndtm`n` `h gnclr quh sh rhqumhrh pnrn hchvnr cn thaphrnturn `h > krnal `h nkun

hd

>¶G.

Cn Cn

rhcngm÷d

hdtrh

gnclráns gnclrán s

y

jluchs

hs

`h: Hxmsth

tnaomíd cn Emclgnclrán, l shn >666 gnclráns (gndtm`n` `h gnclr dhghsnrmn pnrn hchvnr hchvnrhd hd >¶G cn thaphrnturn `h > Ek `h nkun). Cn Emclgnclrán hs cn udm`n` hd cn quh sh am`h hc gldthdm`l hdhrkítmgl `h cls ncmahdtls y hd cn prîgtmgn sh cn ccnan usuncahdth Gnclrán, l Krnd Gnclrán

(gld "G" anyúsgucn), pnrn `mihrhdgmnrcn `h cn vhr`n`hrn gnclrán (gld "g" amdúsgucn) ccnan`n tnaomíd phquhþn gnclrán. (imsmgn>6y>>, (imsmgn>6y>>, ?6>;)  DLPN: _hglr`nr _hglr`nr quh cn thaphrnturn DL hs udn ah`m`n `h cn hdhrkán tíramgn tltnc `hc guhrpl, hs slcl `h su hdhrkán prlah`ml. Hs plr hstl quh `ls guhrpls puh`hd thdhr cn amsan thaphrnturn phrl `mstmdtn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán mdthrdn. Hjhapcl: Wm sh qumhrh q umhrh bhrvmr >6 cmtrls `h nkun, sh rhqumhrh >6 vhghs aîs hdhrkán quh hd hc gnsl `h ud s÷cl cmtrl, y nudquh nc imdnc cns thahphrnturns shnd cns amsans (thaphrnturn `h houccmgm÷d`hc houccmgm÷d `hc nkun) `hom`l n cn `mihrhdgmn `h ansns hc gldsual `h hdhrkán hs `mstmdtl. (imsmgn>6y>>, (imsmgn>6y>>,?6>;) ?6>;)

GNCL_ HWVHGÁIMGL Hs cn gndtm`n` `h gnclr quh hs dhghsnrml suamdmstrnrch n cn udm`n` `h ansn `h udn sustndgmn

pnrn

hchvnr

su

thaphrnturn

hd

>¶G.

Gn`n sustndgmn tmhdh su prlpml vnclr `h gnclr hsphgáimgl, plr cl quh gn`n udl rhquhrmrî

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>86

`mstmdtns gndtm`n`hs `h gnclr pnrn bnghr quh udn amsan gndtm`n` `h ansn hchvh su thaphrnturn

hd

>¶G.

Vnrn glaprhd`hr hstn `himdmgm÷d, hc smkdmimgn`l `hc gnclr hsphgáimgl, sh cl puh`h gldsm`hrnr glal cn "mdhrgmn tíramgn", rhglr`nd`l quh hc tíramdl `h mdhrgmn sh usn hd cn ahgîdmgn pnrn `hdltnr cn rhsmsthdgmn quh lpldh ud lojhtl n cls gnaomls hd su hstn`l `h alvmamhdtl. @h mkunc al`l, hc gnclr hsphgáimgl rhprhshdtn cn mdhrgmn tíramgn plrquh `hdltn cn rhsmsthdgmn quh lpldh udn sustndgmn n cls gnaomls `h thaphrnturn: Hjhapcl: Wm sh gncmhdtnd ansns mkunchs `h nkun y `h ncuamdml, hc ncuamdml sh gncmhdtn augbl aîs rîpm`l quh hc nkun5 y sm sh chs mdthrruaph hc suamdmstrl `h gnclr nc amsal tmhapl, hc ncuamdml sh hdirán aîs rîpm`l quh hc nkun. Hd hsth gnsl, hc nkun prhshdtn udn anylr gndtm`n` `h gnclr hsphgáimgl quh hc ncuamdml, yn quh rhqumhrh aîs gnclr pnrn hchvnr su thaphrnturn y sh `halrn aîs tmhapl hd nsmamcnr cls gnaomls `h thaphrnturn (tmhdh aîs "mdhrgmn tíramgn"). (imsmgn>6y>>, ?6>;)

Ilraucn `hc gnclr hsphgáimgl Cn gndtm`n` `h gnclr ^ quh hs dhghsnrml `nrch n udn ansn a `h udn sustndgmn pnrn hchvnr su thaphrnturn `h P> n P? hstî `n`n plr cn i÷raucn:

 Hgungm÷d ? Ilraucn `h gnclr hsphgmimgl (ims (imsmgn>6y>>, mgn>6y>>, ?6>;)

@h `ld`h "ë" rhprhshdtn cn gldstndth `h gnclr hsphgáimgl `h cn sustndgmn. Hsth vnclr

hs prlpml `h gn`n anthrmnc y sh am`h hd: gnc/(k*¶G).

V_LVNKNGM×D V_LVNKNGM ×D @HC GNCL_ Cn trndsamsm÷d `hc gnclr `h udn rhkm÷d n ltrn sh puh`h hihgtunr s÷cl plr nckudn `h hstns trhs ilrans.

GLD@XGGM×D Prndsihrhdgmn `h gnclr n trnvís `h ud guhrpl l hdtrh `ls guhrpls hd gldtngtl, smd quh sh `hspcnghd cns alcígucns `h cls amsals. Lgurrh s÷cl hd cls anthrmnchss÷cm`ls. Hjhapcl: Xdn onrrn `h ahtnc guyl hxtrhal sh cl nghrgn n udn ccnan, phramth quhicuyn quh icuyn  

gnclr

bnstn

su

hxtrhal

lpuhstl.

Hc `hspcnznamhdtl `h gnclr sh rhncmzn shkúd cn ingmcm`n` gld cl quh phramtn hc anthrmnc, `h cl gunc surkh hc gldghptl `h Gld`ugtmvm`n` Gld`ugtmvm`n` Píramgn. (imsmgn>6y>>, ?6>;)

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>8>

GLDYHGGM×D Cn gldvhggm÷d hs udn `h cns trhs ilrans `h trndsihrhdgmn `h gnclr (gld`uggm÷d, gldvhggm÷d y rn`mngm÷d) quh trndsplrtn hc gnclr hdtrh zldns gld `mihrhdths thaphrnturns. Cn gldvhggm÷d sh prl`ugh údmgnahdth plr ah`ml `h anthrmnchs, ant hrmnchs, cn hvnplrngm÷d `hc nkun l icum`ls. (imsmgn>6y (i msmgn>6y>>, >>, ?6>;) Cn gldvhggm÷d hd sá hs hc trndsplrth `h gnclr plr ah`ml `hc alvmamhdtl `hc icum`l. Vlr hjhapcl, nc gnchdtnr hc nkun hd udn gnghrlcn, hc nkun quh hdtrn hd gldtngtl gld cn onsh `h cn gnghrlcn nsgmhd`h nc gnchdtnrsh, amhdtrns quh hc nkun `h cn suphrimgmh `hsgmhd`h plr cls cn`ls nc hdirmnrsh, y lgupn hc cuknr quh `hj÷ cn plrgm÷d gncmhdth. @hc amsal al`l quh hd cn gld`uggm÷d, rhqumhrh ud anthrmnc pnrn cn trndsihrhd t rndsihrhdgmn. gmn. N `mihrhdgmn `h cn rn`mngm÷d, dl dhghsmtn ud ah`ml pnrn quh lgurrn cn trndsihrhdgmn. Cn trndsihrhdgmn `h gnclr mapcmgn hc trndsplrth `h gnclr hd ud vlcuahd y cn ahzgcn a hzgcn `h hchahdtls angrlsg÷pmgls `h plrgmldhs gncmhdths y iráns `h ud kns l ud cáqum`l. Mdgcuyh tnaomíd hc mdthrgnaoml `h hdhrkán hdtrh udn suphrimgmh s÷cm`n y ud icum`l l plr ah`ml `h udn olaon, ud vhdtmcn`lr u ltrl `msplsmtmvl ahgîdmgl (gldvhggm÷d ahgîdmgn, ilrzn`n l nsmstm`n). Hstn sh gnrngthrmznn gnrngthrmznn trnvís `hc dúahrl `h Dusshct quh hs iudgm÷d `hc _hydlc`s y hc Vrnd`tc. Hd hc gnsl `hc icujl cnamdnr `hdtrl `h cn tuohrán sh utmcmzn cn hgungm÷d `h Wmh`hr-Pnth. Vnrn icujl turouchdtl `hdtrl `h tuohrán sh Hd cn trndsihrhdgmn t rndsihrhdgmn `h gnclr cmorh l dnturnc, ud icum`l hs aîs gncmhdth l aîs irál. Hc gldtngtl gld udn suphrimgmh s÷cm`n, gnusn udn gmrgucngm÷d `hom`l n cns

`mihrhdgmns `h `hdsm`n`hs quh rhsuctnd `hc krn`mhdth `h thaphrnturns hd hc icum`l. Cn gmrgucngm÷d hs gnusn `h cns iuhrzns `h icltngm÷d y cns iuhrzns vmsglsns. Cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh naons iuhrzns hs hc dúahrl `h Krnsblii quh hs iudgm÷d `hc dúahrl `h _hydlc`s y ocn. (imsmgn>6y>>,, ?6>;) (imsmgn>6y>> Cn gldvhggm÷d puh`h shr hxthrdn l mdthrdn. Gund`l hs hxthrdn hdtldghs hc icum`l sh auhvh slorh cns suphrimgmhs y sm hs mdthrdn hdtldghs sh auhvh plr `hdtrl `h cns suphrimgmhs. Nsá glal cn gnpn bm`rl`mdîamgn hd trndsihrhdgmn `h alahdtl, cn gnpn cáamth tíramgl hd trndsihrhdgmn `h gnclr smrvh pnrn gldstntnr cls hsphslrhs `h cns gnpns. Cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh cns gnpns `h trndsihrhdgmn `h prlpmh`n`hs smrvh pnrn snohr guîc trndsihrhdgmn hs anylr n dmvhc alchgucnr, tnc rhcngm÷d hs hc dúahrl `h Vrnd`tc. Hc dúahrl `h Vr hs anylr n >, ahdlr n > l mkunc n >. Wmrvh pnrn snohr g÷al sh vmdgucnd hdtrh hccns. Cls cuormgndths tmhdhd dúahrls `h Vr hchvn`ls. Hc Vr `h cls knshs hs 6,;6. (imsmgn>6y>>, (imsmgn>6y>>, ?6>;) Prndsihrhdgmn `h gnclr hdtrh `ls pnrths `h ud guhrpl n gnusn `hc `hspcnznamhdtl `h sus alcígucns. Lgurrh s÷cl hd cls icuá`ls (cáqum`ls y knshs). Hc alvmamhdtl `h cns

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>8?

alcígucns sh lrmkmdn plr cn `mihrhdgmn `h `hdsm`n`hs quh bny `hdtrl `h cn sustndgmn, khdhrnd`l glrrmhdths `h gldvhggm÷d gldvhggm÷d `hs`h cns pnrths aîs gncmhdths bngmn cns aîs iráns hd cn ansn `hc icuá`l. ic uá`l. Hjhapcl: Gund`l sh gncmhdtn ud rhgmpmhdth gld nkun, cns alcígucns `hc cáqum`l quh hstîd hd gldtngtl gld cn zldn gncmhdth (ccnan) sh auhvhd bngmn cn suphrimgmh `ld`h sh hdguhdtrnd gld hc rhstl `h alcígucns aîs iráns, bngmhd`l quh n su vhz hstns alcígucns iráns sh `hspcnghd bnstn cn zldn `h gnclr y glamhdghd hc gmgcl duhvnahdth. Hsth  prlghsl `hdtrl `hc `hc cáqum`l bngh quh hc nk nkun un n`qumhrn gnclr rhphtm`nahdth, rhphtm`nahdth, bnstn ncgnd ncgndznr znr cn thaphrnturn suimgmhdth `h houccmgm÷d. (imsmgn>6y>>, ?6>;)

_N@MNGM×D Cn rn`mngm÷d prlpnkn`n hd ilran `h `h ld`ns  ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns (rnyls XY, rnyls knaan,   rnyls R, htg.) sh ccnan rn`mngm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn, amhdtrns quh cn ccnan`n knaan, rn`mngm÷d glrpusgucnr hs cn rn`mngm÷d trndsamtm`n hd ilran `h  pnrtágucns suont÷amgns ( pnrtágucns  pnrtágucns ξ, pnrtágucns pnrtágucns ο,  ο, dhutrldhs, htg.) quh sh auhvhd n krnd vhclgm`n`,gld nprhgmnoch trndsplrth `h hdhrkán. `h hdhrkán. Wm cn rn`mngm÷d trndsplrtn hdhrkán suimgmhdth glal pnrn prlvlgnr  mldmzngm÷d  mldmzngm÷d hd hd hc ah`ml quh ntrnvmhsn, sh `mgh quh hs udn rn`mngm÷d udn rn`mngm÷d mldmzndth. Hd mldmzndth. Hd gnsl gldtrnrml sh bnocn `h rn`mngm÷d dl mldmzndth.  mldmzndth.  Hc gnrîgthr mldmzndth l dl mldmzndth `h cn rn`mngm÷d hs md`hphd`mhdth `h su dnturnchzn glrpusgucnr u ld`ucntlrmn. (imsmgn>6y> (i msmgn>6y>>, >, ?6>;) Wld rn`mngmldhs mldmzndths cls rnyls R, rnyls η, pnrtágucns ξ y pnrth `hc hsphgtrl  

`h cn rn`mngm÷d XY hdtrh ltrls. Vlr ltrl cn`l, rn`mngmldhs glal cls rnyls `h cuz vmsmoch, cns ld`ns `h rn`ml, PY l `h thchildán a÷vmc, sld nckudls hjhapcls `h rn`mngmldhs dl mldmzndths. Prndsihrhdgmn `h gnclr y hdhrkán `h ud guhrpl ccnan`l ilgl n ltr ltrll guhrpl `mstndth, n trnvís `hc vngál, hs `hgmr, smd cn prhshdgmn `h nckúd nkhdth anthrmnc l sustndgmn mdthrah`mn. Hstn trndsihrhdgmn sh clkrn krngmns n quh cn hdhrkán sh trndsplrtn plr ah`ml `h Ld`ns Hchgtrlankdítmgns cns gunchs puh`hd prlpnknrsh plr hc vngál smd dmdkúd mdgldvhdmhdth. Hjhapcl: Xdn olaomccn hamth cuz y gnclr hd ilran `h rn`mngm÷d. Hstn rn`mngm÷d glrrhspld`h n: Ld`ns `h Cuz Ymsmoch (quh dls phramthd vhr) y n cns ld`ns mdirnrrljns (quh dls `nd cn shdsngm÷d `h gnclr). Ltrns iuhdths `h cuz glal hc Wlc, npnrth `h cns ndthrmlrhs, tnaomíd hamthd rnyls R, amgrlld`ns, uctrnvmlchtn, htg., cns c ns gunchs dl slals gnpnghs `h shdtmr, phrl quh sá cl puh`hd bnghr npnrntls h mdstruahdtls nprlpmn`ls. (imsmgn>6y>>, ?6>;)

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>87

GLD@XGPMYM@N@ GLD@XGPMYM@ N@ PÍ_AMGN Hc gnclr sh prlpnkn hd cls anthrmnchs shkúd cn ingmcm`n` ingmcm `n` quh ístls phramtnd bnghrcl. Hd khdhrnc, cls anthrmnchs s÷cm`ls sld cls ahjlrhs gld`ugtlrhs `hc gnclr (hsphgmncahdth cls ahtnchs), cuhkl ch smkuhd cls cáqum`ls y imdncahdth cls knshs, smhd`l ístls písmals gld`ugtlrhs `hc gnclr. N cns sustndgmns quh sld ancls gld`ugtlrhs `hc gnclr sh chs ccnan nmscndths tíramgls, Hj: krndmtl, an`hrn, guhrls, thjm`ls, htg. Cn gld`ugtmvm`n` tíramgn `h ud anthrmnc sh bnccn plr ah`ml `h cn i÷raucn`h Ilurmhr. Wm hd udn onrrn `hc anthrmnc sh tmhdhd `ls shggmldhs mkunchs N> y N? (naons `h îrhns N) n cns thaphrnturns P> y P? rhsphgtmvnahdth y shpnrn`ns hdtrh sá plr udn `mstndgmn `, hdtldghs cn gndtm`n` `h gnclr ^ quh pnsn hdtrh cns `ls shggmldhs hd ud tmhapl `n`l t, sh lotmhdh plr: @h `ld`h "E" hs cn gldstndth `h gld`ugtmvm`n` tíramgn quh hs prlpmn `hc anthrmnc. Hstn gldstndth sh am`h hd: gnc/(a*shk*ºG). (imsmgn>6y>>, (imsmgn>6y>>, ?6>;)

HDH_KÁN Cn hdhrkán sh gldlgh glal cn gnpngm`n` `h ud smsthan pnrn prl`ugmr trnonjl. Guncqumhr smsthan quáamgn, n udn prhsm÷d y thaphrnturn `n`ns, plshh: udn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán quh hs ah`moch angrlsg÷pmgnahdth, y udn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán ncanghdn`n ncanghdn`n hd su

mdthrmlr `hom`l n su glaplsmgm÷d, quh sh `hdlamdn hdhrkán mdthrdn. (VlrtncH`ugntmvl, ?6?>) Cn udm`n` `h hdhrkán aîs gldlgm`n hs cn gnclrán (gnc) y glrrhspld`h n cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán dhghsnrmn pnrn hchvnr cn thaphrnturn `h > k `h nkun hd >¶G. Glal hstn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán hs auy phquhþn sh hapchn cn emclgnclrán (egnc), gldsm`hrnd`l quh > egnc hqumvnch n >666 gnc. gnc . (VlrtncH`ugntmvl, ?6?>) Wmd haonrkl, hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc (W.M) `hthramdn quh cn udm`n` `h cn hdhrkán hs hc Jluch (J). Cn hdhrkán tltnc `h ud smsthan hs cn suan `h tl`ns cns hdhrkáns gmdítmgns (Hg) y hdhrkáns plthdgmnchs (Hp) `h sus pnrths glapldhdths y hs gldlgm`n glal cn hdhrkán mdthrdn `hc smsthan (X), quh glrrhspld`h n udn iudgm÷d `h hstn`l. @hom`l n quh cls smsthans hstîd ilran`ls plr krnd gndtm`n` `h îtlals, mldhs l alcígucns, hs `miágmc pl`hr ah`mr cn gndtm`n` y vnrmh`n` `h alvmamhdtls h mdthrnggmldhs quh plshhd, dm cn hdhrkán hxngtn `hc smsthan. Vlr cl tndtl, cl quh sá sh puh`h ah`mr hs cls gnaomls `h hdhrkán mdthrdn

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>80

quh nglapnþnd cls prlghsls iásmgls y quáamgls, `himdmíd`lcn glal cn `mihrhdgmn hdtrh cn hdhrkán mdthrdn `hc smsthan nc tíramdl `hc prlghsl y cn quh thdán nc prmdgmpml: X 1 X (imdnc) - X (mdmgmnc) (VlrtncH`ugntmv (VlrtncH`ugntmvl, l, ?6?>) Cns udm`n`hs `h cn hdhrkán mdthrdn, nsá glal ltrns gndtm`n`hs thral`mdîamgns, hstîd glapuhstns plr trhs pnrths5 ud dúahrl, udn udm`n` quh `n cn ankdmtu` `hc gnaoml y ud smkdl quh `n cn `mrhggm÷d. @h hstn andhrn quh`n `h andmimhstl quh cn hdhrkán quh ud smsthan pmhr`n `hohrî shr kndn`n plr hc hdtlrdl y vmghvhrsn: vmghvhrsn: Hd udn rhnggm÷d quáamgn, hc hstn`l mdmgmnc `hc smsthan sh rhimhrh n cls rhngtmvls y hc hstn`l imdnc, n cls prl`ugtls: Gund`l hc gldthdm`l `h hdhrkán `h cls prl`ugtls hs ahdlr quh hc `h cls rhngtmvls, cn hdhrkán mdthrdn pnrn hc prlghsl hs dhkntmvl. Hstl mapcmgn quh cn hdhrkán mdthrdn `h cls rhngtmvls hs anylr quh cn `hc prl`ugtl. (VlrtncH`ugntmvl, (VlrtncH`ugntmvl, ?6?>)

P_NONJL Xsuncahdth gund`l sh bnocn `h trnonjl, sh hdtmhd`h quh `hohals utmcmznr duhstrls aúsgucls knstnd`l knstnd`l udn krnd gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán l bnghr ud gmhrtl hsiuhrzl pnrn rhncmznr udn tnrhn. Wmd haonrkl, hd tíramdls quáamgls hc trnonjl sh rhcngmldn gld cn gndtm`n` `h iuhrzn plr cn `mstndgmn `h hsn iuhrzn: [ 1 I • `

Hc trnonjl ([) sh gncgucn auctmpcmgnd`l cn iuhrzn (I) hjhrgm`n slorh hc guhrpl plr cn `mstndgmn (`) quh hsth rhglrrh. Cn udm`n` `h ah`m`n hd hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc `h Xdm`n`hs hs hc jluch (J) y sh `himdh glal hc trnonjl rhncmzn`l gld cn iuhrzn `h > dhwtld (D) n cl cnrkl `h cn `mstndgmn `h > ahtrl. (VlrtncH`ugntmv ( VlrtncH`ugntmvl, l, ?6?>)

@MIH_HDGMNW @MIH_HDGMN W HDP_H GNCL_ ] PH PHAVH_NPX_N AVH_NPX_N @urndth hc vhrndl cn thaphrnturn hs augbl anylr quh hd hc mdvmhrdl, plr hsl sh suhch `hgmr quh hd hstn íplgn –thdhals gnclr‑, smd haonrkl, `hs`h hc pudtl `h

vmstn

thral`mdîamgl hstn m`hn dl hs glrrhgtn. Cl ndthrmlr sh `hoh, n quh hc gnclr (q) hs cn c n hdhrkán quh sh trndsimhrh `h ud smsthan n ltrl glal gldshguhdgmn gldshguhdgmn `h udn `mihrhdgmn `h thaphrnturn, bnstn quh sh ncgndznhc hqumcmorml tíramgl, hs `hgmr, gund`l naols smsthans ncgndznd cn amsan thaphrnturn. Cn thaphrnturn, plr ltrl cn`l, hs cn ah`m`n `h cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn `h cns alcígucns `h ud

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smsthan. Gund`l ud smsthan rhgmoh gnclr, nuahdtn cn vhclgm`n` gld quh sh auhvhd `mgbns alcígucns. N anylr hdhrkán gmdítmgn anylr shrî cn thaphrnturn, t haphrnturn, y vmghvhrsn. Cn ah`mgm÷d `hc icujl `h gnclr sh ccnan gnclrmahtrán y hc npnrntl quh am`h hc icujl `h gnclr, sh `hdlamdn gnclráahtrl. Xd hjhapcl `h ud gnclráahtrl hs ud thral l ud rhgmpmhdth rl`hn`l `h anthrmnc nmscndth. (Vlrtnc H`ugntmvl, ?6>8) Cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán quh noslroh ud guhrpl, `hphd`h `h su gnpngm`n` gnclráimgn (G)  `himdm`n glal cn gndtm`n` `h gnclr dhghsnrmn pnrn hchvnr su thaphrnturn hd > krn`l.

@h hstn andhrn, amhdtrns anylr hs cn gnpngm`n` gnclráimgn `h ud guhrpl, aîs gnclr sh dhghsmtn pnrn prl`ugmr ud nuahdtl `h cn thaphrnturn. (Vlrtnc H`ugntmvl, ?6>8)  Dlrancahdth, cn gnpngm`n` gnclráimgn sh hxprhsn plr alc l plr krnal `h sustndgmn, smd haonrkl, gund`l sh hxprhsn plr krnal `h sustndgmn sh ch `hdlamdn gnclr hsphgáimgl (s) y sm sh hxprhsn plr alc `h sustndgmn, sh `hdlamdn gnpng gnpngm`n` m`n` gnclráimgn alcnr (G). (Vlrtnc H`ugntmvl, ?6>8)

_HCNGM×D HDP_H GNCL_, HC P_NONJL ] CN HDH_KÁN Guncqumhr smsthan puh`h mdthrgnaomnr hdhrkán gld su hdtlrdl, hd `ls ilrans khdhrnchs, glal gnclr y glal trnonjl. Cn hdhrkán mdthrdn `h ud smsthan gnaomn gund`l sh rhncmzn trndsihrhdgmn tíramgn hd ilran `h gnclr l trnonjl. Nsá, cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh hc gnaoml `h hdhrkán mdthrdn, gnclr y trnonjl, hstî `n`n plr cn smkumhdth hxprhsm÷d, quh glrrhspld`h

n cn prmahrn cn prmahrn chy `h cn thral`mdîamgn:  thral`mdîamgn:   ΐ X  1  1 q • w  Hgungm÷d 7_HCNGM×D HDP_H GNCL_, HC P_NONJL ] CN H HDH_KÁN DH_KÁN (Vlrtnc H`ugntmvl, ?6>8)

@h hstl, sh puh`h `hgmr quh: - Gund`l sh trndsimhrh gnclr `hc hdtlrdl nc

smsthan, hc gnclr tmhdh smkdl plsmtmvl5

- Gund`l sh trndsimhrh trndsimhrh gnclr `hc smsthan nc hdtlrdl, hc gnclr tmhdh ud vnclr dhkntmvl5

-Gund`l hc hdtlrdl hihgtún trnonjl slorh hc smsthan, hc trnonjl tmhdh ud vnclr  plsmtmvl5 -  y,

gund`l hc smsthan hihgtún trnonjl slorh hc hdtlrdl, hc trnonjl tmhdh ud vnclr

dhkntmvl. Gund`l hc gnclr noslrom`l plr hc smsthan y hc trnonjl hihgtun`l slorh hc smsthan sld gndtm`n`hs gndtm`n`hs plsmtmvns, gldtrmouyhd gldtrmouyhd n nuahdtnr nu ahdtnr hc gnaoml `h hdhrkán mdthrdn `hc smsthan. Gund`l ud smsthan noslroh hdhrkán, hs `hgmr, nuahdtn cn hdhrkán mdthrdn, smkdmimgn quh hc hdtlrdl rhncmzn trnonjl slorh hc smsthan y sh trndsimhrh hdhrkán bngmn hc smsthan hd ilran `h gnclr, prlghsl gldlgm`l glal hd`ltíramgl. Vlr ltrn pnrth, gund`l hc smsthan

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hjhrgh trnonjl slorh hc hdtlrdl y hdtrhkn gnclr, hc prlghsl bnorî cmohrn`l hdhrkán nc hdtlrdl, gldvmrtmíd`lsh hd ud prlghsl hxltíramgl. (Vlrtnc H`ugntmvl, ?6>8)

 Mcustrngm÷d 6->_hcngm÷d gnclr, trnonjl y hdhrkãn (mdkhdmhrl, ?6>8)

PHAVH_NPX_N ] HWGNCNW PH_ALAÍP_MGNW PHAVH_NPX_N Hs udn ankdmtu` iásmgn hsgncnr quh dls md`mgn hc krn`l `h nkmtngm÷d `h cns alcígucns `h ud guhrpl. Hs `hgmr, gundtl anylr shn hc alvmamhdtl `h cns alcígucns `h ud guhrpl, anylr shrî su thaphrnturn. (Hshdz (Hshdzmnch, mnch, ?6>2) Cn thaphrnturn hs udn ankdmtu` rhihrm`n n cn dlgm÷d `h gnclr ah`moch ah`mndth ud thra÷ahtrl. Hd iásmgn, sh `himdh glal udn ankdmtu` hsgncnr rhcngmldn`n gld cn hdhrkán mdthrdn `h ud smsthan thral`mdîamgl, `himdm`n plr hc prmdgmpml ghrl `h cn thral`mdîamgn.

Aîs hsphgáimgnahdth, hstî rhcngmldn`n `mrhgtnahdth gld cn pnrth `h cn hdhrkán mdthrdn gldlgm`n glal hdhrkán gmdítmgn, quh hs cn hdhrkán nslgmn`n n cls alvmamhdtls `h cns  pnrtágucns `hc smsthan, shn hd ud shdtm`l trnscngmldnc, rltngmldnc, l hd ilran `h vmorngmldhs. N ah`m`n quh shn anylr cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn `h ud smsthan, sh loshrvn quh hsth sh hdguhdtrn aîs «gncmhdthµ5 hs `hgmr, quh su thaphrnturn t haphrnturn hs anylr. (Hshdzmnch, ?6>2) Hd hc gnsl `h ud s÷cm`l, cls alvmamhdtls hd guhstm÷d rhsuctnd shr ccns ns vmorngmldhs `h cns pnrtágucns hd sus smtmls `hdtrl `hc s÷cm`l. Hd hc gnsl `h ud kns m`hnc aldlnt÷amgl sh trntn `h cls alvmamhdtls trnscngmldnchs `h sus pnrtágucns (pnrn cls knshs auctmnt÷amgls cls alvmamhdtls rltngmldnc y vmorngmldnc `hohd tlanrsh hd guhdtn tnaomíd). (Hshdzmnch, ?6>2)

Hc `hsnrrlccl `h tígdmgns pnrn cn ah`mgm÷d `h cn thaphrnturn bn pnsn`l plr ud cnrkl

 prlghsl bmst÷rmgl, yn yn quh hs dhghsnrml `nrch ud vnclr vnclr duaírmgl n udn m`hn mdtumtmv mdtumtmvnn glal hs cl irál l cl gncmhdth. Xdn auctmtu` `h prlpmh`n`hs imsmglquáamgns `h cls anthrmnchs l cns sustndgmns vnránd hd iudgm÷d `h cn thaphrnturn n cn quh sh hdguhdtrhd, glal plr hjhapcl su hstn`l

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(s÷cm`l, cáqum`l, knshlsl, pcnsan), su vlcuahd, cn slcuomcm`n`, cn prhsm÷d `h vnplr, su glclr l cn gld`ugtmvm`n` hcígtrmgn. Nsmamsal, hs udl `h cls ingtlrhs quh mdicuyhd hd cn vhclgm`n` n cn quh tmhdhd cuknr cns rhnggmldhs quáamgns. (Hshdzmnch, ?6>2) Cn thaphrnturn sh am`h gld thra÷ahtrls, cls gunchs puh`hd shr gncmorn`ls `h nguhr`l n udn auctmtu` `h hsgncns quh `nd cuknr n udm`n`hs `h ah`mgm÷d `h cn thaphrnturn. Hd hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc `h Xdm`n`hs, cn udm`n` `h thaphrnturn hs hc ehcvmd (E), y cn hsgncn glrrhspld`mhdth hs cn hsgncn Ehcvmd l hsgncn noslcutn, quh nslgmn hc vnclr «ghrl ehcvmdµ (6 E) nc «ghrl noslcutlµ, y sh krn`ún gld ud tnanþl `h krn`l mkunc nc `hc krn`l Ghcsmus. Wmd haonrkl, iuhrn `hc îaomtl gmhdtáimgl hc usl `h ltrns hsgncns `h thaphrnturn hs glaúd. Cn hsgncn aîs hxthd`m`n hs cn hsgncn Ghcsmus, ccnan`n «ghdtákrn`nµ, y, hd augbn ahdlr ah`m`n, y prîgtmgnahdth slcl hd cls Hstn`ls Xdm`ls, cn hsgncn Inbrhdbhmt. (Gncnblrrl)

HWGNCNW PH_ALAÍP_MGNW Vnrn pl`hr glapnrnr hc hstn`l gnc÷rmgl `h cls guhrpls y pl`hr `hgmr sm ud guhrpl hstî aîs irál l gncmhdth quh ltrl, hs dhghsnrml thdhr nckudls pudtls `h rhihrhdgmn. Hstl sh gldsmkuh gld cls thra÷ahtrls quh am`hd cn thaphrnturn `h cls guhrpls y puh`hd krn`unrsh `h `mihrhdths andhrns.

Hc thra÷ahtrl aîs gldlgm`l hs hc cáqum`l (ahrgurml l ncglblc glclrhn`l) quh sh glapldh `h ud tuol gnpmcnr hdsndgbn`l hd su hxtrhal mdihrmlr l oucol5 udn vhz mdtrl`ugm`l hc cáqum`l, sh gmhrrn hc tuol (nckudns vhghs sh gmhrrn nc vngál). Nc suomr cn thaphrnturn nuahdtnrî hc vlcuahd `hc oucol `hc tuol gnpmcnr y `hc cáqum`l, phrl glal ísth sh `mcntn aîs quh hc anthrmnc `hc tuol, t uol, hc cáqum`l nsghd`hrî plr hc gnpmcnr nc prl`ugmrsh ud gnchdtnamhdtl l `hsghd`hrî plr ud hdirmnamhdtl. (Hshdzmnch, ?6>2) Pl`ls cls thra÷ahtrls tmhdhd udn hsgncn `h ah`mgm÷d quh bn sm`l prhvmnahdth hstnochgm`n. Cn thaphrnturn glrplrnc dlranc `h cls shrhs buandls vnrán hdtrh 79,8 ¶G y 7;,8 ¶G.

Bmplthramn.-Gund`l cn thaphrnturn glrplrnc hs mdihrmlr n cls 79 ¶G Ihorágucn.-gund`l Ihorágucn.-gund `l cn thaphrnturn hs `h 7;,>¶G n 7;,= ¶G Bmphrthramn l imhorh.-gund`l cn thaphrntu thaphrnturn rn hs mkunc l suphrmlr suphrmlr n 72 ¶G. Wh lotmhdhd nsá `mstmdtns hsgncns thralaítrmgns, smhd`l trhs cns aîs usn`ns:

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Hsgncns thralaítrmgns t hralaítrmgns >. 

Hsgncn Ghcsmus

Hd hstn hsgncn sh nsmkdn hc ghrl (6¶G) n cn c n thaphrnturn hd cn quh hc nkun sh gldkhcn y hc dúahrl gmhd (>66¶G), n cn thaphrnturn hd cn quh hc nkun bmhrvh l vnplrmzn. Hc mdthrvncl hdtrh hc pudtl `h gldkhcngm÷d y hc `h houccmgm÷d `hc nkun sh `mvm`h hd >66 pnrthsmkunchs pnrthsmkunchs y n gn`n udl sh ch `hdlamdn ud krn`l Ghcsmus.(>¶G).Hs cn hsgncn aîs utmcmzn`n. (Hshdzmnch, ?6>2) ?. 

Hsgncn Inbrhdbhmt

Hd hstn hsgncn sh nsmkdn nsmkdn hc dúahrl trhmdtn y `ls (7? ¶I) n cn thaphrnturn hd cn quh hc nkun sh gldkhcn l slcm`mimgn, y hc dúahrl `lsgmhdtls `lgh (?>?¶I) n cn thaphrnturn hd cn quh hc nkun bmhrvh l vnplrmzn. Hstn hsgncn hs `h usl glaúd hd Hstn`ls Xdm`ls h Mdkcnthrrn. (Hshdzmnch, ?6>2) 7.-Hsgncn Ehcvmd Hd hstn hsgncn sh nsmkdn hc ghrl (6¶E) n cn thaphrnturn aîs onjn plsmoch, tnaomíd `hdlamdn`n –ghrl noslcutl‑, quh

glrrhspld`h hd cn hsgncn Ghcsmus n -?;7 y nc pudtl `h

gldkhcnamhdtl `hc nkun glrrhspld`h n ?;7 E. Hs cn hsgncn hapchn`n hd cns

mdvhstmkngmldhss gmhdtáimgns. mdvhstmkngmldh gm hdtáimgns. (Hshdzmnch, ?6>2)

AHGNDMWAL @H V_LVNKNGM×D @H GNCL_ G NCL_ _n`mngm÷d. Cn rn`mngm÷d hs cn prlpnkngm÷d `h hdhrkán n trnvís `hc hspngml vngál, smd rhquhrmr prhshdgmn `h anthrmn. @h hstn andhrn, hc Wlc quh hstî augbl aîs gncmhdth quh cls pcndhtns y hc hspngml `h ncrh`h`lr nc rh`h`lr trnsamth su hdhrkán hd hc vngál. Gld`uggm÷d. Cn gld`uggm÷d hs cn trndsihrhdgmn `h gnclr plr gldtngtl gld hc nmrh, cn rlpn, hc nkun, u ltrls lojhtls (udn smccn, smcc n, plr hjhapcl). Hsth prlghsl `h trndsihrhdgmn sh  prl`ugh `hom`l n cn mdthrnggm÷d hdtrh cns alcígucns quh gldilrand cls guhrpls, nsá nquhccns alcígucns quh hstîd n anylr thaphrnturn vmornd gld anylr rnpm`hz gblgnd`l gld nquhccns ahdls hdhrkítmgns (gld thaphrnturns aîs onjns) trndsimrmhd`l pnrth `h su hdhrkán. Wm cn thaphrnturn `hc ah`ml gmrgud`ndth hs mdihrmlr n cn `hc guhrpl, cn trndsihrhdgmn lgurrh `hc guhrpl nc naomhdth (pír`m`n), smdl, cn trndsihrhdgmn sh mdvmhrth (kndndgmn). Hd hsth prlghsl sh pmhr`h hc 7% `hc gnclr, sm hc ah`ml gmrgud`ndth hs nmrh n

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thaphrnturn dlranc. Wm hc ah`ml gmrgud`ndth hs nkun, cn trndsihrhdgmn nuahdtn gldsm`hrnochahdth gldsm`hrnocha hdth plrquh hc glhimgmhdth `h trndsamsm÷d tíramgn `hc nkun hs anylr quh hc `hc nmrh. (GLDWP_XANPMGN, ?6?6) Gldvhggm÷d. -Hsth prlghsl, quh lgurrh hd tl`l icum`l, bngh quh hc nmrh gncmhdth nsgmhd`n y shn rhhapcnzn`l plr nmrh aîs irál. Nsá sh pmhr`h hc >?% `hc gnclr. Cn rlpn `msamduyh cn pír`m`n. Wm hxmsth udn glrrmhdth `h nmrh (vmhdtl l vhdtmcn`lr ahgîdmgl) sh  prl`ugh udn gldvhggm÷d ilrzn`n y cn c n trndsihrhdgmn t rndsihrhdgmn hs anylr. Wm dl bny bn y nmrh aîs irhsgl  pnrn bnghr hc rhhapcnzl rhhapcnzl hc prlghsl prlghsl sh sh `htmhdh. `htmhdh. Hstl Hstl sugh`h, sugh`h, plr hjhapcl, hd udn bnomtngm÷d  phquhþn gld augbns phrsldns. phrsldns. (GLDWP_XANPMGN, (GLDWP_XANPMGN, ?6?6)

HDPNCVMN ] CN HDP_LVÁN. Hdtrlpán Hd thral`mdîamgn, cn hdtrlpán (smaolcmzn`n glal W) hs udn ankdmtu` iásmgn quh, ah`mndth gîcgucl, phramth `hthramdnr cn pnrth `h cn hdhrkán quh dl puh`h utmcmznrsh pnrn  prl`ugmr trnonjl. Hs udn iudgm÷d `h hstn`l `h gnrîgthr hxthdsmvl y su vnclr, hd ud smsthan nmscn`l, grhgh hd hc trndsgursl `h ud prlghsl quh sh `í `h ilran dnturnc. Cn hdtrlpán `hsgrmoh cl mrrhvhrsmoch `h cls c ls smsthans thral`mdîamgls. (Imsmgn, icum`l y thral`mdnamgn, ?6>=) Gund`l sh pcndthn cn prhkudtn: «¼Vlr quí lgurrhd cls sughsls hd cn dnturnchzn `h

udn andhrn `hthramdn`n y dl `h ltrn andhrn96

ud aîxmal gund`l hc smsthan sh nghrquh nc hqumcmorml, y hdtldghs sh ncgndznrî cn gldimkurngm÷d `h anylr prlonomcm`n`. (GLDWP_XANPMGN, ?6?6) Xdn ankdmtu` hs udn iudgm÷d udn iudgm÷d `h hstn`l, sm y s÷cl sm, su gnaoml `h vnclr hdtrh `ls hstn`ls hs md`hphd`mhdth `hc prlghsl shkum`l pnrn cchknr `h ud hstn`l n ltrl. Hsn gnrngthrmzngm÷d `h iudgm÷d `h hstn`l hs iud`nahdtnc n cn blrn `h `himdmr cn vnrmngm÷d `h hdtrlpán. Cn vnrmngm÷d `h hdtrlpán dls auhstrn cn vnrmngm÷d `hc lr`hd alchgucnr lgurrm`l hd udn rhnggm÷d udn  rhnggm÷d quáamgn. Wm hc mdgrhahdtl `h hdtrlpán hs plsmtmvl, cls prl`ugtls cls prl`ugtls prhshdtnd  prhshdtnd ud anylr `hslr`hd alchgucnr (anylr hdtrlpán) quh cls rhngtmvls. cls  rhngtmvls. Hd gnaoml, gund`l hc mdgrhahdtl hs dhkntmvl, cls prl`ugtls sld aîs lr`hdn`ls. Bny udn rhcngm÷d hdtrh cn hdtrlpán y cn hspldtndhm`n` `h udn rhnggm÷d quáamgn, quh vmhdh `n`n plr cn hdhrkán cn  hdhrkán `h Kmoos. (GLDWP_XANPMGN, ?6?6) Kmoos. (GLDWP_XANPMGN,

Hdtrlpán y thral`mdîamgn Ankdmtu` thral`mdîamgn quh am`h cn pnrth `h cn hdhrkán dl utmcmznoch utmc mznoch pnrn rhncmznr trnonjl y quh sh hxprhsn glal hc glgmhdth hdtrh hc gnclr gh`m`l plr ud guhrpl y su thaphrnturn noslcutn. (Imsmgn, icum`l y thral`mdnamgn, ?6>=) @hdtrl `h cn thral`mdîamgn l rnan `h cn iásmgn quh hstu`mn cls prlghsls quh surkhd n pnrtmr `hc mdthrgnaoml m dthrgnaoml `h hdhrkáns y `h cn puhstn hd alvmamhdtl `h `mihrhdths `mi hrhdths hchahdtls dnturnchs, cn hdtrlpán imkurn glal udn hsphgmh `h `hslr`hd `h tl`l nquhccl quh hs

smsthantmzn`l, hs `hgmr, glal cn rhihrhdgmn l cn `halstrngm÷d `h quh gund`l nckl dl hs gldtrlcn`l puh`h trndsilranrsh y `hslr`hdnrsh. Cn hdtrlpán, n`haîs, supldh quh `h hsh gnls l `hslr`hd hxmsthdth hd ud smsthan surjn udn smtungm÷d `h hqumcmorml u blalkhdhm`n` blalkhdhm`n` quh, n phsnr `h shr `mihrhdth n cn gld`mgm÷d mdmgmnc, supldkn quh cns pnrths sh bnccnd nblrn mkuncn`ns l hqumcmorn`ns. (Imsmgn, icum`l y thral`mdnamgn, ?6>=) Hstn m (Ohdn`h & Nrtbur, ?6>6)`hn `h `hslr`hd thral`mdîamgl iuh pcnsan`n ah`mndth udn iudgm÷d m`hn`n plr _u`lci Gcnusmus n pnrtmr `h ud prlghsl gágcmgl rrhvhrsmoch. hvhrsmoch.

Hdtncpmn Cn Hdtncpán hs cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán `h ud smsthan thral`mdîamgl quh ísth puh`h mdthrgnaomnr gld su hdtlrdl. Vlr hjhapcl, hd udn rhnggm÷d quáamgn n prhsm÷d gldstndth, hc gnaoml `h hdtncpán `hc smsthan hs hc gnclr noslrom`l l `hsprhd`m`l hd cn rhnggm÷d. Hd ud gnaoml `h insh, plr hjhapcl `h cáqum`l n kns, hc gnaoml `h hdtncpán `hc smsthan hs hc gnclr cnthdth, hd hsth gnsl hc `h vnplrmzngm÷d. Hd ud smapch gnaoml `h thaphrnturn, hc gnaoml `h hdtncpán plr gn`n krn`l `h vnrmngm÷d glrrhspld`h n cn gnpngm`n` gnclráimgn `hc

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smsthan n prhsm÷d gldstndth. Hc tíramdl `h hdtncpán iuh nguþn`l plr hc iásmgl nchaîd _u`lci J.H. Gcnusmus hd >286. Anthaîtmgnahdth, cn hdtncpán B hs mkunc n X + pY, `ld`h X hs cn hdhrkán mdthrdn, p hs cn prhsm÷d y Y hs hc vlcuahd. B sh am`h hd jucmls: B 1 X +  pY (Imsmgn, icum`l y thral`mdnamgn, ?6>=) Gund`l ud smsthan pnsn `hs`h udns gld`mgmldhs mdmgmnchs bnstn ltrns imdnchs, sh am`h hc gnaoml `h hdtncpán (ΐ B): ΐB 1 Bi ‗  Bm  Bm (Imsmgn, icum`l i cum`l y thral`mdnamgn, ?6>=)

_hnggmldhs quáamgns hd`ltíramgns y hxltíramgns Cn thralquáamgn hs udn pnrth `h cn quáamgn quh hstu`mn cn rhcngm÷d `hc gnclr gld cns rhnggmldhs quáamgns. N cns rhnggmld r hnggmldhs hs quáamgns quh cmohrnd gnclr sh chsccnand hxltíramgns. N thaphrnturn naomhdth, hc gnclr cmohrn`l plr udn rhnggm÷d quáamgn hs suimgmhdth pnrn prl`ugmr ud nuahdtl `h thaphrnturn quh phrgmohs nc tlgnr hc tuol `h

hdsnyl l antrnz y shdtmrcl –gncmhdth‑. Cns alcígucns hxgmtn`ns `hc vm`rml vmornd tnd  

mdthdsnahdth quh nc tlgnrcns puh`hd cnstmanr l –quhanr‑ tu pmhc `hphd`mhd`l `h cn   gndtm`n` `h gnclr khdhrn`l. (Imsmgn, icum`l y thral`mdnamgn, thral`mdnamgn, ?6>=) Xdn rhnggm÷d hxltíramgn hs nquhccn quh nc hihgtunrsh cmohrn (khdhrn l prl`ugh) gnclr. Xdn rhnggm÷d hd`ltíramgn hs nquhccn quh pnrn hihgtunrsh dhghsmtn gnclr. N thaphrnturn naomhdth, nckudns rhnggmldhs hd`ltíramgns tland hc gnclr suimgmhdth `hc ah`ml hd quh sh hdguhdtrnd, pnrn prl`ugmr udn `msamdugm÷d `h thaphrnturn loshrvnoch. Cns rhnggmldhs rhnggm ldhs hxltíramgns hxltíramg ns y hd`ltíramg hd` ltíramgns, ns, `h andhrn a ndhrn khdhrnc, sh ccnand

rhnggmldhs tíramgns pnrn rhsnctnr hc pnphc `hc gnclr hd hc gnaoml. (Imsmgn, icum`l y thral`mdnamgn, ?6>=)

IHD×AHDLW PH_AL@MDÎAMGLW, BLAHLWPÎPMGLW BLAHLWPÎPMGL W @H _HKXCNGM×D @HC GXH_VL BXANDL. N phsnr `h cns gldstndths vnrmngmldhs naomhdtnchs, cls lrkndmsals tmhd`hd n andthdhr gmhrtn hstnomcm`n` `h sus gld`mgmldhs mdthrdns. Vlr hsl, sm hd ud `án gncurlsl y hd ltrl auy irál, udn phrsldn am`h su thaphrnturn glrplrnc, sh `nrî guhdtn `h quh hd naols gnsls hsh vnclr shrî smamcnr n phsnr `h cns krnd`hs vnrmngmldhs `h thaphrnturn naomhdtnc. N hsth ahgndmsal, plr hc gunc cls lrkndmsals gldshrvnd gldshrvnd su ah`ml mdthrdl hd gld`mgmldhs rhcntmvnahdth gldstndths y `hdtrl `h ud rndkl n`hgun`l, sh ch `hdlamdn blahlstnsms. (OmlimsmgnXk, blahlstnsms.  (OmlimsmgnXk, ?6>8)

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>9?

Cn blahlstnsms hs ud prlghsl `h nutl-rhkucngm÷d plr ah`ml `h cn gunc cls smsthans  omlc÷kmgls tmhd`hd n andthdhr su hstnomcm`n` pnrn n`nptnrsh n cns gld`mgmldhs ÷ptmans  pnrn cn suphrvmvhdgmn. suphrvmvhdgmn. Pl`ls cls prlghsls `h mdthkrngm÷d y iudgmldhs `h gllr`mdngm÷d ah`mn`ns plr gmrgumtls ahgîdmgls l smsthans blraldnchs y dhrvmlsls, sld hjhapcls `h rhkucngm÷d blahlstîtmgn. Cn hstnomcm`n` clkrn`n clkrn`n hs hd rhncm`n` ud hqumcmorml `mdîamgl hd hc quh sh prl`ughd gnaomls gldtmduls, nudquh cns gld`mgmldhs rhcntmvnahdth udmilrahs  prhvnchghd. (OmlimsmgnXk, (OmlimsmgnXk, ?6>8) ?6>8)

PHAVH_NPX_N Hc guhrpl buandl puh`h shr gldsm`hrn`l glal ud smsthan thral`mdîamgl nomhrtl, quh `hoh andthdhr su thaphrnturn su thaphrnturn gldstndth gldstndth `h 7;ºG, n phsnr `h hdgldtrnrsh hd ud hdtlrdl `h thaphrnturn khdhrncahdth mdihrmlr quh sh pu`h tlanr glal udn ah`mn `h >8ºG. Vlr ltrn pnrth hstî gldtmdunahdth mdthrgnaomnd`l anthrmnc y hdhrkán gld sus ncrh`h`lrhs (ahtnolcmsal), gldsuamhd`l hdhrkán pnrn `hsnrrlccnr cls trnonjls mdthrdls y hxthrdls, y  pnrn inormgnr alcígucns hstnochs (ndnolcmsal) pnrn cl gunc dhghsmtn ncmahdtnrsh mdkmrmhd`l alcígucns `h krnd hdhrkán cmorh (dutrmgm÷d) quh n pnrtmr `h `hthramdn`ns rhnggmldhs `h glaoustm÷d `nd cuknr n prl`ugtls `h ahdlr hdhrkán (gntnolcmsal). (OmlimsmgnXk, ?6>8)

_N@MNGM×D

Wh ccnan rn`mngm÷d ccnan rn`mngm÷d n tl`n hdhrkán quh sh prlpnkn hd ilran `h ld`n n trnvís `hc hspngml. @h hstn ilran hxmsth udn gcnsmimgngm÷d gcnsmimgngm÷d `hs`h cn cuz vmsmoch n cns ld`ns `h rn`ml y `h thchvmsm÷d glal rn`mngm÷d gldlgm`n glal rn`mngm÷d dl mldmzndth. Ltrn gcnsmimgngm÷d cn ilran cn rn`mngm÷d mldmzndth cn gunc vn `hs`h cn cuz uctrnvmlchtn n cls rnyls R l cn hdhrkán ilt÷dmgn. (OmlimsmgnXk, ?6>8)

HYNVL_NGMLD HYNVL_NGM LD ] WX@L_ Hvnplrngm÷d Cn hvnplrngm÷d hs hc prlghsl plr hc gunc cns alcígucns hd hstn`l cáqum`l (plr hjhapcl, hc nkun) sh bnghd knshlsns knshlsns hspldtîdhnahdth (hj.: vnplr `h nkun). Hs cl lpuhstl n cn gld`hdsngm÷d. Khdhrncahdth, cn hvnplrngm÷d puh`h vhrsh plr cn `hsnpnrmgm÷d krn`unc `hc cáqum`l gund`l sh hxpldh n ud vlcuahd smkdmimgntmvl `h kns. (Gmgcl Bm`rlclkmgl, s.i.)

Wu`lr Wh ccnan su`lr nc cáqum`l nckl îgm`l gldstmtum`l oîsmgnahdth plr nkun, gclrurl s÷`mgl, urhn y îgm`l cîgtmgl, guyns iudgmldhs sld `msamdumr cn thaphrnturn glrplrnc

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>97

krngmns n su hvnplrngm÷d, buam`mimgnr cn pmhc y hcmamdnr cls c ls prl`ugtls `h `hshgbl. Hc su`lr hs shgrhtn`l `h ilran `msgldtmdun plr cns kcîd`ucns su`lrápnrns `h cn pmhc. ([memph`mn, Hvnplrngmld , ?6>=)

PH_AL__HKXCNGM×D Phralrrhkucngm÷d hd shrhs buandls Cn Cn thralrrhkucngm÷d  thralrrhkucngm÷d hd cls shrhs buandls hstî hstî gldtrlcn`n plr hc bmpltîcnal, quh hs `ld`h sh ghdtrncmzn hc gldtrlc `h cn thaphrnturn. Hc bmpltîcnal sh hdgnrkn `h rhkucnr cns prlpmh`n`hs `hc ah`ml mdthrdl, glal cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h snchs l cn thaphrnturn. Hc bmpltîcnal iudgmldn `h ilran pnrhgm`n nc thralstntl `h udn gnsn. Hc bmpltîcnal glapnrn cn thaphrnturn hd hc bmpltîcnal y hd cn pmhc gld hc vnclr `h rhihrhdgmn `h 7;ºG, sm cn thaphrnturn glrplrnc hs anylr anylr `h 7;ºG pldh hd anrgbn ahgndmsals pnrn quh `msamduyn, sm hs ahdlr `h 7;ºG bngh quh nsgmhd`n. Gund`l hxmsth udn `msgrhpndgmn hdtrh cn thaphrnturn ghdtrnc, hd hc bmpltîcnal, y cn thaphrnturn hd cn pmhc, plr hjhapcl sm cn thaphrnturn hd hc bmpltîcnal hs anylr `h 7;ºG y hd cn pmhc hs ahdlr `h 7;ºG, tlan  prhihrhdgmn cn thaphrnturn thaphrnturn ghdtrnc. (OmlimsmgnXk, (OmlimsmgnXk, ?6>=)

Vrlghslss `h ncmahdtngm÷d Vrlghsl Hc prlghsl `h dutrmgm÷d hd hc shr buandl mdmgmn gld trhs htnpns maplrtndths quh

vhrhals n gldtmdungm÷d: cn mdkhstm÷d, cn `mkhstm÷d y cn noslrgm÷d.

Mdkhstm÷d Cn mdkhstm÷d hs hc prlghsl plr ah`ml `hc gunc sh mdglrplrn l mdkrhsn hc ncmahdtl nc guhrpl. Hd hc shr buandl, cls ncmahdtls nc mahdtls mdkrhsnd plr cn olgn y nccá cls `mhdths cls glrtnd y trmturnd hd irnkahdtls gn`n vhz ahdlrhs nsá amsal cn sncmvn cls buah`hgh. @h hstn andhrn cls ncmahdtls trmturn`ls y buah`hgm`ls puh`hd alvhrsh aîs iîgmcahdth plr hc tuol `mkhstmvl. (Aud`l `h cn Omlimsmgn, ?6?>)

@mkhstm÷d Hc prlghsl `h `mkhstm÷d lgurrh n dmvhc ougnc, dmvhc ougnc, kîstrmgl h mdthstmdnc y, hd gn`n htnpn, hc ncmahdtl suirh trndsilrangmldhs maplrtndths quh phramthd shpnrnr cls dutrmhdths `h nquhccns sustndgmns quh dl sld útmchs pnrn hc guhrpl. (Aud`l `h cn Omlimsmgn, ?6?>) Cn `mkhstm÷d hs hc prlghsl `h trndsilrangm÷d plr bm`r÷cmsms `h cls ncmahdtls hd alcígucns suimgmhdthahdth phquhþns (dutrmhdths) pnrn quh ntrnvmhshd cn ahaorndn

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>90

 pcnsaîtmgn plr ván ahgîdmgn l quáamgn.> Hd hsth prlghsl pnrtmgmpnd `mihrhdths tmpls `h hdzmans. Hc npnrntl `mkhstmvl hs auy maplrtndth hd cn `mkhstm÷d yn quh cls lrkndmsals bhthr÷trlils `hphd`hd `h iuhdths hxthrdns `h anthrmns prmans y hdhrkán pnrn grhgmamhdtl, andthdmamhdtl y iudgmldnamhdtl. Hc ncmahdtl sh hapchn pnrn khdhrnr y rhpnrnr thjm`ls y lothdgm÷d `h hdhrkán. Cls lrkndmsals nut÷trlils (cns pcndtns, lrkndmsals iltlsmdtítmgls),  plr hc gldtrnrml, gldtrnrml, gnptnd cn hdhrkán hdhrkán cuaádmgn y cn trndsilrand hd hdhrkán hdhrkán quáamgn, utmcmznoch  plr cls ndmanchs. ndmanchs. (_lshcc Vumk, Kldzîchz Indl, Indl, Guí Alurhcls, Alurhcls, & @lvnch Olrjns, Olrjns, ?660) Hd gn`n pnsl `h cn gldvhrsm÷d hdhrkítmgn `h ud dmvhc n ltrl bny udn pír`m`n `h anthrmn y hdhrkán utmcmznoch nslgmn`n nc andthdmamhdtl `h thjm`ls y tnaomíd n cn `hkrn`ngm÷d `hc ncmahdtl hd pnrtágucns aîs phquhþns, quh `hspuís sh rhgldstmtumrîd hd alcígucns tmsucnrhs aîs glapchjns. Hd hc guhrpl buandl, hs hc prlghsl hd quh cls ncmahdtls, nc pnsnr plr hc smsthan `mkhstmvl, sld trndsilran`ls hd dutrmhdths dhghsnrmls pnrn su ouhd iudgmldnamhdtl.

Inshs >.  Insh ghiîcmgn: hstn insh lgurrh ndths quh cls ncmahdtls hdtrhd nc hst÷ankl h mdvlcugrn cn prhpnrngm÷d `hc lrkndmsal pnrn hc gldsual y cn `mkhstm÷d. Cn vmstn y hc

 phdsnamhdtl, hstmaucnd cn glrthzn glrthzn ghrhornc. ghrhornc. Cls hstáaucls nc kustl y nc lclr sld hdvmn`ls nc bmpltîcnal y cn aí`ucn hspmdnc. @hspuís `h hstl, Wh cmohrn nghtmcglcmdn plr hstmaucngm÷d  pnrnsmapîtmgn (dhrvmls vnkls), quh mdmgmn cn cmohrngm÷d `h knstrmdn hd cns gícucns K. Wh hstman quh hdtrh hc 76% y hc 86% `h cn rhspuhstn îgm`n sh prl`ugh n trnvís `h hstn ván. (J. N. I. Prhskuhrrhs, ?6>6) ?. Insh kîstrmgn: Hs hstmaucn`n plr cn `msthdsm÷d `hc hst÷ankl y hc pB îgm`l. Cn `msthdsm÷d ngtmvn cls rhghptlrhs `h hstmrnamhdtl y cn puhstn hd anrgbn `h rhichjls vnklvnknchs h mdtrnknstrmgls glrtls. Hstl prl`ugh cn cmohrngm÷d `h nghtmcglcmdn, quh hstmaucn cn cmohrngm÷d `h aîs jukls kîstrmgls. Gund`l cns prlthádns hdtrnd nc hst÷ankl, udhd mldhs `h bm`r÷khdl, cl gunc `msamduyh hc pB `hc hst÷ankl bnstn ud dmvhc îgm`l, nprlxman`nahdth hc pB lsgmcn hdtrh >,6-0,6. Hstl `mspnrn cns gícucns K pnrn quh cmohrhd knstrmdn, cn gunc plr su pnrth hstmaucn cns gícucns pnrmhtnchs pnrn quh shgrhthd BGc (îgm`l gclrbá`rmgl), ingtlr mdtrádshgl y phpsmd÷khdl. Cn prl`uggm÷d `h BGc tnaomíd hs `hshdgn`hdn`n `hshdgn`hd n`n plr cn nghtmcglcmdn y cn bmstnamdn. Cn insh kîstrmgn hs rhspldsnoch `hc 0686% `h cn shgrhgm÷d îgm`n hd gn`n glam`n. (J. N. I. Prhskuhrrhs, ?6>6)

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>98

7.  Insh mdthstmdnc: hstn insh tmhdh `ls pnrths, cn hxgmtntlrmn y cn mdbmomtlrmn. Cls ncmahdtls pnrgmncahdth `mkhrm`ls cchdnd hc `ul`hdl. Hstl `hshdgn`hdn cn cmohrngm÷d `h knstrmdn mdthstmdnc. Hc rhichjl hdthrlkîstrmgl mdbmoh hc dúgchl vnkl, ngtmvnd`l cns imorns smapîtmgns gnusnd`l quh hc hsiádthr pmc÷rmgl sh nprmhth pnrn prhvhdmr cn hdtrn`n `h aîs glam`n, mdbmomhd`l cls rhichjls. Wh hstman quh hc 8% `h cn rhspuhstn îgm`n îgm`n sh prl`ugh hd hstn insh `h cn `mkhstm÷d. (J. N. I. Prhskuhrrhs, ?6>6) >. 

Cn `mkhstm÷d glamhdzn hd cn olgn, `ld`h cls ncmahdtls sh anstmgnd

y sh ahzgcnd gld cn sncmvn quh gldtmhdh hdzmans quh mdmgmnd hc prlghsl quáamgl `h cn `mkhstm÷d, ilraîd`lsh hc olcl ncmahdtmgml. (J. N. I. Prhskuhrrhs, ?6>6) ?. 

Cn glam`n hs glaprmam`n y `mrmkm`n `hs`h cn olgn bngmn hc hs÷inkl

ah`mndth cn `hkcugm÷d, y `hc hs÷inkl nc hst÷ankl, `ld`h cls ncmahdtls sld ahzgcn`ls gld îgm`l gclrbá`rmgl quh cls `hsglapldh, slorh tl`l, n cns prlthádns prlthá dns `hsdnturncmzîd`lcns. Hc olcl ncmahdtmgml sh trndsilran hd qumal. (J. N. I. Prhskuhrrhs, ?6>6) 7. 

@hom`l n cls gnaomls `h ngm`hz (pB) hd cls `mstmdtls trnals `hc

tuol `mkhstmvl, sh ngtmvnd l `hsngtmvnd `mihrhdths hdzmans quh `hsglapldhd cls ncmahdtls. (J. N. I. Prhskuhrrhs, ?6>6) 0. 

Hd hc mdthstmdl `hckn`l hc qumal, krngmns n cn omcms shgrhtn`n plr hc

bákn`l, invlrhgh cn haucsm÷d `h cns krnsns y krngmns n cns cmpnsns `h cn shgrhgm÷d  pndgrhîtmgn sh prl`ugh su `hkrn`ngm÷d n îgm`ls krnsls y kcmghrmdn. N`haîs, hc  jukl pndgrhîtmgl gldtmhdh prlthnsns y namcnsns quh ngtúnd slorh prlthádns y kcúgm`ls. Cn anylrán `h cls dutrmhdths sh noslrohd hd hc mdthstmdl m dthstmdl `hckn`l. Pl`n hstn ahzgcn gldstmtuyh nblrn hc qumcl. (J. N. I. Prhskuhrrhs, ?6>6) 8. 

Hc imdnc `h cn `mkhstm÷d hs cn nguaucngm÷d `hc qumcl hd hc mdthstmdl

kruhsl `ld`h sh noslroh hc nkun y plsthrmlrahdth `hihgnr cns bhghs. (J. N. I. Prhskuhrrhs, ?6>6)

Noslrgm÷d Hc prlghsl `h noslrgm÷d `h noslrgm÷d gldsmsth hd hc pnsl `h dutrmhdths l sustndgmns dutrmtmvns `hs`h hc smsthan `mkhstmvl bngmn hc smsthan gmrgucntlrml, quh sh hdgnrkn `h trndsplrtnrcls y `mstrmoumrcls n gn`n gícucn `hc guhrpl. Hsth prlghsl lgurrh n dmvhc `h cn olgn, hd hc mdthstmdl `hckn`l y hd hc mdthstmdl kruhsl. (Aud`l `h cn Omlimsmgn, ?6?>)

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>99

HWP_NPHKMNW AHPNO×CMGNW @H CLW WH_HW YMYLW NDNOLCMWAL Cn pncnorn ndnolcmsal vmhdh `hc krmhkl ndn, quh smkdmimgn ‒bngmn nrrmon”, y oncchmd, quh pl`hals trn`ugmr glal ‒cndznr”. Hc ndnolcmsal hs udn `h cns `ls pnrths hd cns quh sh `mvm`h hc ahtnolcmsal, quh tnaomíd hs gldlgm`l gld hc dlaorh `h omlsádthsms. Hc ndnolcmsal hs udn rhnggm÷d quáamgn gldstrugtmvn `ld`h sh smdthtmznd alcígucns glapchjns n pnrtmr `h ltrns aîs smapchs quh puh`hd shr lrkîdmgns l mdlrkîdmgns. Nsá cns alcígucns puh`hd grhghr y rhdlvnrsh, l shr ncanghdn`ns glal rhshrvns `h hdhrkán. (Ndnolcmsal y gntnolcmsal, ?6?6) Hsth prlghsl ahtno÷cmgl `h gldstruggm÷d, `ld`h sh gldsuah hdhrkán pnrn lothdhr alcígucns krnd`hs n pnrtmr `h ltrns aîs phquhþns, hs plsmoch krngmns nc nplrth `h hdhrkán `hc n`hdlsád trmilsintl (NPV). Hd hstns rhnggmldhs, cls glapuhstls aîs lxm`n`ls sh rh`ughd. N trnvís `hc ndnolcmsal, cls shrhs vmvls puh`hd ilranr prlthádns n pnrtmr `h namdlîgm`ls y nsá andthdhr cls thjm`ls glrplrnchs. (Ndnolcmsal y gntnolcmsal, ?6?6)

Iudgmldhs `hc ndnolcmsal >. 

Nuahdtnr cn ansn ausgucnr.

?. 

Ilranr cls glapldhdths y thjm`ls ghcucnrhs `hc grhgmamhdtl.

7. 

Ncanghdnr hdhrkán.

-Htnpns `hc ndnolcmsal >.  Hd cn prmahrn htnpn sh prl`ughd prhgurslrhs, glal cls namdlîgm`ls, aldlsngîrm`ls y ltrls. ?.  Cuhkl, cls prhgurslrhs sh ngtmvnd, utmcmznd`l hdhrkán `hc n`hdlsád trmilsintl (NPV). 7. Hd cn thrghrn htnpn, sh prl`ughd alcígucns aîs glapchjns, glal cns prlthádns,  plcmsngîrm`ls, cápm`ls cápm`ls y îgm`ls dugchmgls.

¼^XÍ HW GNPNOLCMWAL< G NPNOLCMWAL< Gntnolcmsal hs ud vlgnocl quh prlvmhdh `hc krmhkl entl, quh smkdmimgn ‒bngmn   nonjl”,  y

oncchmd, quh qumhrh `hgmr ‒cndznr”. Hc  gntnolcmsal hs cn pnrth `hc prlghsl

ahtno÷cmgl ah`mndth hd cn gunc sh `hkrn`nd, rh`ughd u lxm`nd `mihrhdths dutrmhdths lrkîdmgls n sus ilrans aîs smapchs pnrn quh hc guhrpl cns nsmamch y cns trndsilrah hd

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>9;

hdhrkán. Hstn hdhrkán hs hshdgmnc pnrn hc iudgmldnamhdtl `hc ndnolcmsal. (Nd (Ndnolcmsal nolcmsal y gntnolcmsal, ?6?6) Cn hdhrkán quh sh cmohrn sh ncanghdn hd alcígucns `h n`hdlsád trmilsintl (NPV), y nsá cn gícucn puh`h rhncmznr nggmldhs vmtnchs glal cn gldtrnggm÷d ausgucnr y cn sádthsms `h alcígucns. (Ndnolcmsal y gntnolcmsal, ?6?6) Hs udn insh `hstrugtmvn `h rh`uggm÷d `ld`h, `h udn alcígucn lrkîdmgn glapchjn, glal kcúgm`ls y cápm`ls, sh lotmhdhd ltrns aîs smapchs glal B?L, GL?, îgm`l cîgtmgl l naldmngl. Xd prlghsl gntno÷cmgl hs cn `mkhstm÷d, hd hccn sh `hsglapldhd krnd`hs glapchjls alchgucnrhs y sh trndsilrand hd ilrans aîs smapchs pnrn quh puh`nd shr usn`ns glal anthrmn prman y hdhrkán hd cls  prlghsls ndno÷cmgls. Vlr hstl, cn `mkhstm÷d hs hshdgmnc pnrn quh hc ndnolcmsal iudgmldh n`hgun`nahdth. Augbns vhghs cns ongthrmns sld gnpnghs `h ahtnolcmznr hc bmhrrl y hc nzuirh. (Ndnolcmsal y gntnolcmsal, ?6?6)

Iudgmldhs `hc gntnolcmsal >. 

@hkrn`nr cls dutrmhdths lrkîdmgls.

?. 

Hxtrnhr cn hdhrkán quáamgn `h cls dutrmhdths `hkrn`n`ls pnrn shr

utmcmzn`n plr hc guhrpl. 7.  ncmahdtls.

 Dutrmr nc lrkndmsal utmcmznd`l cls thjm`ls gund`l bny gnrhdgmn `h

Htnpns `hc gntnolcmsal >.  Cns krnd`hs alcígucns lrkîdmgns, glal cns prlthádns, plcmsngîrm`ls l cápm`ls, sld `hkrn`n`ns n namdlîgm`ls, namdlîgm`ls, aldlsngîrm`ls y îgm`ls krnsls. ?. 

Cns alcígucns phquhþns sld cchvn`ns n cns gícucns y sh trndsilrand hd

alcígucns núd aîs smapchs, cmohrnd`l cm ohrnd`l hdhrkán `urndth hc prlghsl. 7. 

Imdncahdth, sh lxm`nd cns glhdzmans hd cn gn`hdn trndsplrtn`lrn `h

hchgtrldhs. (Ndnolcmsal y gntnolcmsal, ?6?6)

DXP_MHDPHW V_MDGMVNCHW Hs ud prl`ugtl quáamgl prlgh`hdth `hc hxthrmlr `h cn gícucn y quh hstn dhghsmtn  pnrn rhncmznr sus iudgmldhs vmtnchs. Hs tlan`l plr cn gícucn y trndsilran`l hd gldstmtuyhdth gldstmtuyhd th ghcucnr n trnvís t rnvís `h ud prlghsl ahtno÷cmgl `h omlsádthsms ccnan`l ndnolcmsal, omhd, hs `hkrn`n`l pnrn cn lothdgm÷d `h ltrns alcígucns y `h hdhrkán. (Ncmahdtls y Dutrmhdths, ?6>>) Cls ncmahdtls sld cls hdgnrkn`ls `h nplrtnr nc lrkndmsal tl`n cn hdhrkán quh dhghsmtn pnrn cchvnr n gnol sus iudgmldhs y pl`hr andthdhrsh hd phrihgtl hstn`l. Hstn

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hdhrkán sh hdguhdtrn hd ilran `h gnclráns gldthdm`ns hd cls dutrmhdths `h cls ncmahdtls,  prmdgmpncahdth hd cls bm`rntls `h gnroldl, prhshdths hd cns pntntns, cns chkuaorhs y cls ghrhnchs y sus `hrmvn`ls glal hc pnd l cn pnstn5 y hd cns krnsns quh sh hdguhdtrnd hd nghmths, andthqumccn y anrknrmdn l dntn, y gnauicn`ns hd ltrls ncmahdtls glal hs hc gnsl `h nckudns gnrdhs, phsgn`ls phsgn`ls y cls irutls shgls. Vlr tndtl, gundtl anylr shn cn mdkhstn `h ncmahdtls rmgls hd hstls dutrmhdths, anylr shrî tnaomíd hc vnclr hdhrkítmgl `h cn `mhtn. . (Ncmahdtls y Dutrmhdths, ?6>>) Cls dutrmhdths sld guncqumhr hchahdtl l glapuhstl quáamgl dhghsnrml pnrnhc ahtnolcmsal `h ud shr vmvl. Hs `hgmr, cls dutrmhdths sld nckudns `h cns sustndgmns gldthdm`ns gldthdm` ns hd cls c ls ncmahdtls quh pnrtmgmpnd ngtmvnahdth hd cns rhnggmldhs ahtno÷cmgns pnrn andthdhr cns iudgmldhs `hc lrkndmsal. @hs`h hc pudtl `h vmstn `h cn oltîdmgn y cn hglclkán, cls dutrmahdtls oîsmgls sld hc lxákhdl, hc nkun y cls amdhrnchs dhghsnrmls pnrn cn vm`n `h cns pcndtns, quh n trnvís `h cn iltlsádthsms mdglrplrnd cn anthrmn vmvn, gldstmtuyhd`l nsá cn onsh `h cn gn`hdn ncmahdtnrmn, udn vhz quh hstls vhkhtnchs vnd n shrvmr `h ncmahdtl n cls ndmanchs. (Dutrmhdths) Cls shrhs vmvls quh dl tmhdhd gnpngm`n` iltlsmdtítmgn, glal cls ndmanchs, cls bldkls y augbls prltlgtmstns, sh ncmahdtnd `h pcndtns y `h ltrls ndmanchs vucknrahdth,

yn shn vmvls l hd `hsglaplsmgm÷d. Vnrn hstls shrhs, cls dutrmahdtls sld cls glapuhstls lrkîdmgls h mdlrkîdmgls gldthdm`ls hd cls ncmahdtls y quh, `h nguhr`l gld su dnturnchzn quáamgn, sh gcnsmimgnd hd cls smkumhdths tmpls tm pls `h sustndgmns: (K E, ?6>=)

Kcúgm`ls, gnrolbm`rntls Cls hdgldtrnals hd cns blrtncmzns, cns irutns, cn chgbh. Cns alcígucns aîs shdgmccns `h cls kcúgm`ls sld cls aldlsngîrm`ls, aldlsngîrm`ls, glal cn kcuglsn y cn irugtlsn, y cns aîs glapchjns sld cls plcmsngîrm`ls, glal hc ncam`÷d y hc kcug÷khdl. Hs cn prmdgmpnc iuhdth `h hdhrkán. `h  hdhrkán. (Wncu`hamn, ?6>=)

Vrlthádns Cns hdgldtrnals hd cn gnrdh, cn chgbh y sus `hrmvn`ls, cls buhvls y cns chkuaorhs. Wld `hkrn`n`ns `urndth cn `mkhstm÷d n namdlîgm`ls, quh sld trndsplrtn`ls plr cn sndk sndkrh rh y `mstrmoum`ls n cls `mihrhdths thjm`ls. Wld iud`nahdtnchs pnrn hc hqumcmorml ÷samgl `h cns gícucns. (Wncu`hamn, ?6>=)

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Krnsns Cns hdgldtrnals hdgldtrnals hd cls prl`ugtls cîgthls, cns gnrdhs, cls nghmths y cls irutls shgls. Wu nplrth sld cls îgm`ls krnsls hshdgmnchs. Hs udn iuhdth `h hdhrkán. (Wncu`hamn, ?6>=)

Ymtnamdns Wld glapuhstls lrkîdmgls glapchjls quh hstîd prhshdths hd cls thjm`ls thj m`ls ndmanchs y vhkhtnchs. Nshkurnd cns iudgmldhs ghcucnrhs y tnaomíd nckudls prlghsls ahtno÷cmgls.  Dl sld hcnolrn`ns plr plr hc lrkndmsal lrkndmsal h mdkrhsnd mdkrhsnd n íc gld gld cls ncmahdtls. ncmahdtls. (Wncu`hamn, ?6>=) ?6>=)

Amdhrnchs _hprhshdtnd hc 8% `hc phsl glrplrnc y rhkucnd augbls prlghsls `hc lrkndmsal. Vuh`hd shr:   Angrldutrmhdths l angrl hchahdtls (gncgml, ankdhsml y



i÷silrl), `h cls gunchs dhghsmtnals dmvhchs suphrmlrhs n cls >66 k `mnrmls.   Amgrldutrmhdths u lcmklhchahdtls (yl`l, glorh, bmhrrl,



 pltnsml, sl`ml y gclrl, icúlr, nzuirh, zmdg zmdg y andkndhsl). andkndhsl).

Nkun Hc nkun (`hc cntád nqun) hs udn sustndgmn guyn alcígucn hstî glapuhstn plr `ls

îtlals `h bm`r÷khdl y udl `h lxákhdl (B?L). ( Gnapohcc, Dhmc, & _hhgh, ?6>;) Hc tíramdl nkun, khdhrncahdth, sh rhimhrh n cn sustndgmn hd su hstn`l cáqum`l, nudquh hstn  puh`h bnccnrsh hd su ilran s÷cm`n, ccnan`n bmhcl, y hd su ilran knshlsn, knshlsn, `hdlamdn`n vnplr. Hs udn sustndgmn onstndth glaúd hd cn Pmhrrn y hc smsthan slcnr, `ld`h sh hdguhdtrn  prmdgmpncahdth hd ilran `h vnplr l `h bmhcl. Hs md`msphdsnoch pnrn hc lrmkhd y suphrvmvhdgmn `h cn krnd anylrán anylrán `h ilrans `h vm`n gldlgm`ns. ( Gnapohcc, Dhmc, & _hhgh, ?6>;) Hs ud glapldhdth md`msphdsnoch pnrn cn vm`n y hs auy noud`ndth hd cn anylrán `h cls ncmahdtls. Ingmcmtn hc trndsplrth `h dutrmhdths y prl`ugtls rhsm`unchs.

WMWPHANW OMLIÁWMGLW AHGÎDMGLW: IXH_ZN ] HDH_KÁN IXH_ZN Hs tl`n nggm÷d quh tmhd`h n vnrmnr hc hstn`l `h alvmamhdtl l `h rhplsl `h ud guhrpl. Hd hc guhrpl buandl cns iuhrzns sld `hsnrrlccn`ns plr cls aúsgucls, cls gunchs

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>;6

tmrnd `hs`h cls pudtls `h mdshrgm÷d m dshrgm÷d pnrn prl`ugmr alvmamhdtl. @n`l quh pnrn `himdmr udn iuhrzn n`haîs `h su vnclr noslcutl dhghsmtnals gldlghr su `mrhggm÷d y shdtm`l, cns iuhrzns sld gndtm`n`hs vhgtlrmnchs. Cn Cn udm`n` utmcmzn`n plr hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc hs hc  Dhwtld quh rhprhshdtn cn iuhrzn quh bny quh maprmamrch n udn ansn `h >Ek pnrn nghchrnrcn >a/s?. (Omlahgndmgn, ?6?>)

IXH_ZNW MDPH_DNW ] IXH_ZNW HRPH_DNW Hd Omlahgîdmgn sh suhchd gldsm`hrnr n cns pnrths gldstmtuyhdths `hc guhrpl buandl glal ud ud smsthan, smsthan, y guncqumhr iuhrzn iuhrzn quh ud udnn pnrth `h hsth hjhrzn slorh ltrn, hs gldsm`hrn`n udn iuhrzn mdthrdn. Vlr hjhapcl, gund`l ud aúsgucl sh gldtrnh y khdhrn ud hsiuhrzl slorh su pudtl `h mdshrgm÷d, hstn iuhrzn hs gldsm`hrn`n mdthrdn. Vlr hc gldtrnrml, cn iuhrzn krnvmtntlrmn, cn rhsmsthdgmn nhrl`mdîamgn, cns iuhrzns quh sh hjhrghd gldtrn hc suhcl, l gldtrn ltrl guhrpl, sld gldsm`hrn`ns gldsm`hrn`ns iuhrzns hxthrdns. ((Erldk, Erldk, ?6>8)

PMVLW @H IXH_ZNW WHKÚD NVCMGNGM×D V_ÎGPMGN >º. Iuhrzn Iuhrzn _hsmsthdgmn. Hs cn gnpngm`n` quh tmhdhd cls aúsgucls l krupls ausgucnrhs pnrn slplrtnr ud

gndsndgml `urndth rhphtm`ns gldtrnggmldhs ausgucnrhs. (Ouhgbh, ?6?6) Wh rhncmzn hsth tmpl `h iuhrzn hd `hplrths y ngtmvm`n`hs `h hsiuhrzl prlcldkn`l, glal puh`hd shr suomr guhstns cnrkns glrrmhd`l, suomr nc aldth, hc rhal, y chvndtnr phsns gld augbns rhphtmgmldhs. ?º. Iuhrzn Yhclgm`n`. Hs cn gnpngm`n` quh tmhdhd cls aúsgucls l krupls ausgucnrhs `h nghchrnr udn ansn bnstn cn vhclgm`n` aîxman `h alvmamhdtl (plthdgmn). Hstn iuhrzn hd ud phrál`l auy glrtl `h tmhapl hs himgnz. (Ouhgbh, ?6?6) Hsth tmpl `h iuhrzn sh rhncmzn gld vnrmls tmpls `h cndznamhdtls l tl`ns cns ngtmvm`n`hs quh rhqumhrnd gmhrtn –vhclgm`n` hxpclsmvn‑ hd sus alvmamhdtls. 7º. Iuhrzn Aîxman. Hstn iuhrzn hs cn gnpngm`n` aîxman `h thdsm÷d quh puh`hd hjhgutnr cls aúsgucls l krupls ausgucnrhs. ausgucnrhs. 0º. Iuhrzn Khdhrnc y Iuhrzn Hsphgáimgn. Hc lojhtmvl `h cn iuhrzn khdhrnc hs cn hjhrgmtngm÷d `h cn iuhrzn kclonc, dl hsphgáimgn. (Ouhgbh, ?6?6)

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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Cn iuhrzn hsphgáimgn sh rhncmzn gld hc lojhtmvl `h gldshkumr ngld`mgmldnr iásmgnahdth krupls ausgucnrhs clgncmzn`ls clgncmzn`ls y hstî `mrmkm`n n ccnn prîgtmgn `hplrtmvn `h nctl rhd`mamhdtl. (Ouhgbh, ?6?6)

HDH_KÁN Hc tíramdl hdhrkán tmhdh `mvhrsns nghpgmldhs y `himdmgmldhs, rhcngmldn`ns gld cn m`hn `h udn gnpngm`n` pnrn lornr, trndsilranr l pldhr hd alvmamhdtl. Hd iásmgn, «hdhrkánµ sh `himdh glal cn gnpngm`n` pnrn rhncmznr ud trnonjl. Hd thgdlclkán y hgldlaán, «hdhrkánµ sh rhimhrh n ud rhgursl (mdgcuyhd`l n su thgdlclkán nslgmn`n) pnrn hxtrnhrcn, trndsilranrcn y `nrch ud usl md`ustrmnc l hgld÷amgl. (Ouhgbh, ?6?6) Hd hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc `h Xdm`n`hs, cn udm`n` `h ah`m`n `h iuhrzn hs hc dhwtld quh sh rhprhshdtn gld hc sáaolcl: D, dlaorn`n nsá hd rhgldlgmamhdtl n Msnng  Dhwtld plr su nplrtngm÷d n cn iásmgn, hsphgmncahdth n cn ahgîdmgn gcîsmgn. Hc dhwtld hs udn udm`n` `hrmvn`n quh sh `himdh glal cn iuhrzn dhghsnrmn pnrn prlplrgmldnr udn nghchrngm÷d `h > a/s¿ n ud lojhtl `h > ek `h ansn. (Ouhgbh, ?6?6)

HCNWPMGM@N@ HCNWPMGM@ N@ ] _HWMWPHDGMN @H CLW PHJM@LW BXANDLW

Ncrh`h`lr `h 28% `h cn ansn ausgucnr hsquhcítmgn `hc shr buandl hstî glapuhstn  plr imorns ausgucnrhs ausgucnrhs prlpmnahdth ``mgbns. mgbns. Hc >8% rhstndth hstî ilran`l hd krnd pnrth plr thjm`l gldhgtmvl glapuhstl hd gndtm`n`hs vnrmnochs plr imorns glcîkhdns, glcîkhdns, rhtmgucnrhs rhtm gucnrhs y hcîstmgns.

Imorns glcîkhdns. Wld cns aîs noud`ndths. Hstîd ilran`ns plr cn prlthádn glcîkhdl. Ormd`nd rmkm`hz y rhsmsthdgmn nc thjm`l. Hc glcîkhdl hs cn prlthádn aîs noud`ndth `hc lrkndmsal buandl, rhprhshdtnd`l hc 76% `hc tltnc. Wh hdguhdtrnd hd cn krnd anylrán `h cls thjm`ls gldhgtmvls, slorh tl`l hd hc buhsl, hc gnrtácnkl, cls thd`ldhs y cls cmknahdtls. Wld ichxmochs y rhsmsthdths. (Wmsthans Omlimsmgls Ahgndmgls, ?6>;)

Imorns hcîstmgns. Wld aîs phquhþns quh cns `h glcîkhdl, sh rnamimgnd y vuhcvhd n rhudmrsh cmorhahdth udns gld ltrns. Hstîd gldstmtum`ns plr cn prlthádn (glcîkhdl) y hcnstmdn. Nc mkunc quh cns imorns `h glcîkhdl, prlplrgmldnd rhsmsthdgmn, phrl n`haîs puh`hd hstmrnrsh napcmnahdth, smd rlaphrsh. Cns imorns hcîstmgns sld auy au y noud`ndths hd cn pmhc, cls vnsls

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sndkuádhls y cls pucaldhs, sh hstmrnd smd rlaphrsh bnstn hc >86% `h su cldkmtu`. (Wmsthans Omlimsmgls Ahgndmgls, ?6>;) Cn hcnstmgm`n` hs udn prlpmh`n` quh tnaomíd sh hdguhdtrn hd augbls ÷rkndls, thjm`ls y aúsgucls `h cls lrkndmsals, thdmhd`l hstl rhcngm÷d gld cn gnpngm`n` `h grhghr y vlcvhrsh hcîstmgls `h nguhr`l n `mihrhdths smtungmldhs. Xd hjhapcl gcnrl `h ÷rkndl hcîstmgl hs cn `hc hst÷ankl, quh puh`h nuahdtnr vnrmns vhghs su tnanþl lrmkmdnc pnrn cuhkl vlcvhr n su hstn`l `h rhplsl cuhkl `h bnohrsh rhncmzn`l hc prlghsl `h ncmahdtngm÷d.  Dlrancahdth, hd hc gnsl gnsl `h cls ÷rkndls y aúsgucls, aúsgucls, cn hcnstmgm`n` tmhdh tmhdh quh vhr gld udn udn glrrhgtn bm`rntngm÷d yn quh cn nushdgmn `h nkun (glal sugh`h gld cn pmhc) rhsquhornjn y ntrlimn n cls `mihrhdths `mi hrhdths thjm`ls. (Wmsthans Omlimsmgls Ahgndmgls Ahgndmgls,, ?6>;) Cn rhsmsthdgmn hs cn thd`hdgmn `h ud anthrmnc n rhsmstmr hc icujl `h glrrmhdth y hs hsphgáimgn pnrn gn`n thjm`l, `hphd`mhd`l `h su glaplsmgm÷d, thaphrnturn y `h ltrns  prlpmh`n`hs iásmgns. iásmgns. Cls dhrvmls, hdgnrkn`ls hdgnrkn`ls `h trndsamtmr tr ndsamtmr shþnchs hcígtrmgns, cls aúsgucls, y cls vnsls sndkuádhls gld su nctl gldthdm`l hd hchgtrlcmtls y nkun sld ouhdls gld`ugtlrhs. Cls buhsls, cls thd`ldhs y cn krnsn tmhdhd udn krnd rhsmsthdgmn y tmhd`hd n gnchdtnrsh y glnkucnrsh ndths quh trndsamtmr cn glrrmhdth. (Wmsthans Omlimsmgls Ahgndmgls, ?6>;)

¼^XÍ HW HC GLCÎKHDL< Vlr `himdmgm÷d, hc glcîkhdl rhprhshdtn hc "n`bhsmvl" `hc guhrpl. Nsá, pl`ránals `hgmr quh hc glcîkhdl hs hc n`bhsmvl quh andtmhdh udm`l tl`l duhstrl guhrpl, n trnvís `h cls `mihrhdths tmpls `h thjm`ls gldhgtmvls. Ístls sld cls buhsls, gnrtácnkls, aúsgucls, thd`ldhs, cmknahdtls y pmhc, thjm`l n`mplsl, nsá glal cls ÷rkndls y smsthans mdthrdls. @himdmtmvnahdth, smd cn prhshdgmn `h cn antrmz `h glcîkhdl, duhstrl guhrpl dl pl`rán iudgmldnr glal gldtmdhdth `h tl`ls sus glapldhdths, tndtl mdthrdnahdth, glal hxthrdnahdth, plr duhstrn pmhc, n cn blrn `h rhthdhr duhstrls cáqum`ls (96-;6% `h nkun),  plr cl quh dls gldvhrtmránals, prîgtmgnahdth, hd ud gbnrgl `h cáqum`l. (Wmsthans Omlimsmgls Ahgndmgls, ?6>;) Hc glcîkhdl hs udn prlthádn guyn iudgm÷d hs andthdhr udm`ns cns `mihrhdths hstrugturns `hc lrkndmsal. "Hs udn prlthádn inormgn`n plr udns gícucns ccnan`ns imorlocnstls y hstî prhshdth hd tl`ls cls ndmanchs y tnaomíd hd hc guhrpl buandl", shþncn _lgál Hsgncndth, inrangíutmgn y hxphrtn hd @hralinrangmn. Hs cn alcígucn prlthmgn aîs

Í

 

>;7

noud`ndth hd cls vhrthorn`ls y sh gncgucn quh udn `h gn`n guntrl prlthádns `hc guhrpl hs glcîkhdl (nprlxman`nahdth (nprlxman`nahdth hc ; plr gmhdtl `h cn ansn glrplrnc `h ud shr buandl). ¼VN_N ^XÍ WM_YH HC GLCÎKHDL< Hc glcîkhdl sh hdgnrkn `h udmr cls thjm`ls gldhgtmvls (aúsgucls, thd`ldhs, cmknahdtls, pmhc, buhsls, gnrtácnkls, thjm`l bhantlc÷kmgl y n`mplsl y ÷rkndls). @h hstn andhrn, ngtunrán glal ud hchahdtl `h slstíd quh phramth andthdhr udm`l hc gldjudtl `hc guhrpl. Wu iudgm÷d gldsmsth hd cn ilrangm÷d `h cns imorns n pnrtmr `h cns quh sh grhnd cns hstrugturns `hc lrkndmsal5 plr cl tndtl, hs hc rhspldsnoch `hc krn`l `h imrahzn y hcnstmgm`n` `h hstns hstrugturns y tmhdh ud pnphc hshdgmnc hd su bm`rntngm÷d. (Wmsthans Omlimsmgls Ahgndmgls, ?6>;) Cn imorn `h glcîkhdl tmhdh cn gnpngm`n` `h ahzgcnrsh gld augbls tmpls `h sustndgmns sustndg mns y amdhrnchs: hd hc gnsl `h cls buhsls, cn c n glaomdngm÷d `hc glcîkhdl gld grmstnchs `h gncgml phramth cn ilrangm÷d `h udn hstrugturn `urn y rákm`n5 hd cn pmhc, sh ahzgcn gld cn hcnstmdn y cn hstrugturn rhsuctndth tmhdh ilran `h rh`5 hd hc gnsl `h cls gnrtácnkls, sh glaomdn tnaomíd gld hcnstmdn y gld ltrl tmpl `h sustndgmns y ilran ud khc quh noslroh cls mapngtls prl`ugm`ls plr cls alvmamhdtls `h cns c ns nrtmgucngmldhs. Hstl lgurrh gld tl`ns t l`ns cns hstrugturns y thjm`ls `hc guhrpl. (Wmsthans Omlimsmgls Ahgndmgls, ?6>;)

N ah`m`n quh pnsnd cls nþls y hc guhrpl hdvhjhgh, cn prl`uggm÷d `h glcîkhdl sh vn rh`ugmhd`l krn`uncahdth. Wh gncgucn quh n cls 06 nþls hc lrkndmsal prl`ugh cn amtn` `h glcîkhdl quh hd cn n`lchsghdgmn. Hstn rh`uggm÷d hd cls dmvhchs `h prl`uggm÷d prlvlgn, hdtrh ltrns glsns, cn pír`m`n `h hcnstmgm`n` y ichxmomcm`n` `h cn pmhc, `lclrhs hd cns nrtmgucngmldhs y aúsgucls, lsthlplrlsms, `hthrmlrl hd cn vmstn, `himgmhdgmns gmrgucntlrmns, alchstmns hd `mhdths y hdgáns, htgíthrn5 hs `hgmr, hc `hthrmlrl prlpml `h cn vhjhz. (Wmsthans Omlimsmgls Ahgndmgls, ?6>;)

PMVLW @H GLCÎKHDL Hxmsthd aîs `h >= tmpls `h glcîkhdl, quh `hphd`hd, hdtrh ltrls ingtlrhs, `hc thjm`l hd hc quh ngtúh y `h cns sustndgmns gld cns quh sh glaomdh, plr cl quh dl hs gldsm`hrn`l glal udn prlthádn údmgn, smdl aîs omhd glal udn inamcmn `h alcígucns hstrhgbnahdth rhcngmldn`ns phrl `mihrhdths hdtrh sá. Cls prmdgmpnchs tmpls sld: Pmpl M: Wh hdguhdtrn slorh tl`l hd cls buhsls, cn g÷rdhn, cn `hrams y cls thd`ldhs y sh prhshdtn hd ilran `h imorn gld hstráns quh sh nkrupnd y ilrand gn`hdns pnrn `ltnr n cls thjm`ls `hc lrkndmsal `h hcnstmgm`n` y rhsmsthdgmn. Pmpl MM: Vrhshdth hd cls gnrtácnkls, gnrtác nkls, hd nckudns hstrugturns `h cls haormldhs y hd hc bualr vátrhl `hc ljl. Ltlrkn rhsmsthdgmn n hstls thjm`ls ndth prhsmldhs mdthramthdths.

Í

 

>;0

Pmpl MMM: Hstî hd cls thjm`ls `h cls aúsgucls, cns vhdns y cn pmhc. Ngtún glal slstíd `h cls ÷rkndls quh tmhdhd cn gnpngm`n` `h hxpnd`mrsh y gldtrnhrsh. Pmpl MY: Wh hdguhdtrn prmdgmpncahdth hd cn pmhc. Wu iudgm÷d hs cn `h `nrch slstíd y cn gnpngm`n` `h imctrnr sustndgmns `mihrhdths. `mihrhdths. Pmpl Y: Vrhshdth prmdgmpncahdth hd cls ÷rkndls y hd cls thjm`ls smtun`ls hd hc mdthrmlr `hc guhrpl. Wu iudgm÷d sh nslgmn gld cn `hc tmpl M, hs `hgmr, ltlrkn rhsmsthdgmn n cls thjm`ls. (Wmsthans Omlimsmgls Ahgndmgls, ?6>;)

Glcîkhdl pnrn cn pmhc Cn prmdgmpnc iudgm÷d `hc glcîkhdl hs cn `h grhnr y andthdhr cns hstrugturns `h cls thjm`ls quh ilrand hc lrkndmsal, mdgcum`n cn pmhc, plr cl quh tmhdh udn maplrtndgmn `hgmsmvn hd prlpmh`n`hs glal cn imrahzn y ichxmomcm`n`. Hc nsphgtl `h cn pmhc, cns uþns l hc gnohccl `hphd`hd gldsm`hrnochahdth `h hstn prlthádn. Nudquh cn prl`uggm÷d `h glcîkhdl sh rh`ugh mrrhah`mnochahdth gld cn h`n`, hxmsthd udn shrmh `h rhah`mls quh nyu`nd, hd gmhrtl krn`l, n rhstnurnr cls dmvhchs `h hstn sustndgmn hd hc guhrpl, glal hc glcîkhdl bm`rlcmzn`l (hs `hgmr, quh bn pnsn`l plr ud prlghsl `h bm`r÷cmsms, quh hs cn rupturn `h gmhrtns alcígucns pnrn quh hc glcîkhdl puh`n shr noslrom`l plr hc lrkndmsal). Hsth prl`ugtl suhch hstnr glal glcîkhdl hd plcvl, nudquh tnaomíd hxmsthd cns pnstmccns

`h glcîkhdl. Hd lgnsmldhs, n cn blrn `h tlanr t lanr glcîkhdl tnaomíd sh bnghd `mstmdgmld `mstmdgmldhs hs hdtrh cn  prlthádn prlgh`hdth `h ndmanchs y cn quh prlgh`h `h cls phghs, quh sh gldlgh glal glcîkhdl anrmdl.

Glcîkhdl pnrn aúsgucls y nrtmgucngmldhs Xdl `h cls prl`ugtls aîs `hstngn`ls hs hc glcîkhdl gld ankdhsml, quh gldtrmouyh nc glrrhgtl iudgmldnamhdtl `h aúsgucls y cmknahdtls. Hstl sh `hoh n quh hc ankdhsml hs ud amdhrnc quh mdthrvmhdh hd hc prlghsl `h ilrangm÷d `h cns c ns prlthádns, plr cl quh invlrhgh hc hihgtl `hc glcîkhdl. -

Cn glaomdngm÷d `h glcîkhdl y îgm`l bmncur÷dmgl tnaomíd tmhdh

hihgtls plsmtmvls slorh aúsgucls y nrtmgucngmldhs. Hc îgm`l bmncur÷dmgl sh hdguhdtrn hd cls buhsls y cn pmhc, ngtund`l glal cuormgndth pnrn gnrtácnkls y cmknahdtls, cl quh nplrtn maplrtndths ohdhimgmls: -

Nc ngtunr glal cuormgndth pnrn gnrtácnkls y cmknahdtls, khdhrn ud

hihgtl prlthgtlr ndth `hthramdn`ns iuhrzns ahgîdmgn ahgîdmgns. s.

Í

 

>;8

-

Nyu`n n rhguphrnr cn hcnstmgm`n`, `msamduyhd`l hc `lclr y

ahjlrnd`l cn alvmcm`n` `h cns nrtmgucngmldhs.

¼^XÍ HW CN HCNWPMDN< HCNWPMDN< Cn hcnstmdn hs udn prlthádn bm`rli÷omgn quh sh lrkndmzn hd imcnahdtls y gnpns krngmns n hdtrhgruznamhdtls y hs hc prmdgmpnc glapldhdth `h cns imorns hcîstmgns. Hs smdthtmzn`n plr cls imorlocnstls. (Nd`rhs, ?6>8)

 Mcustrngm÷d 6-> Hcnstmdn (XK O. , ?6>=)

CH]HW @H DH[PLD Cns chyhs `h Dhwtld, tnaomíd gldlgm`ns glal chyhs `hc alvmamhdtl `h Dhwtld, sld trhs prmdgmpmls n pnrtmr `h cls gunchs sh hxpcmgnd cn anylr pnrth `h cls prlochans  pcndthn`ls plr cn ahgîdmgn, hd pnrtmgucnr, nquhccls rhcntmvls nc alvmamhdtl alvmamhdtl `h clsguhrpls. guhrpls.

_hvlcugmldnrld _hvlcugm ldnrld cls gldghptls oîsmgls `h cn iásmgn y hc alvmamhdtl `h cls guhrpls hd hc udmvhrsl.

V_MAH_N CH] @H DH[PLD L CH] @H CN MDH_GMN. Xd guhrpl phrandhghrî hd ud hstn`l `h rhplsl l `h alvmamhdtl udmilrah, n ahdls `h quh udn iuhrzn hxthrdn ngtúh slorh íc. Hstn chy dls `mgh quh gund`l sh ch npcmgn udn iuhrzn n ud guhrpl hd rhplsl, hsth thd`hrî n alvhrsh, plr hjhapcl, udn phrsldn rhgmoh ud hstáaucl `h irml, hstl prlvlgnrî quh sus aúsgucls hapmhghd n gldtrnhrsh, (cls aúsgucls `hc trldgl) ÷shn quh hc guhrpl gnaomh su hstn`l `h rhplsl. (Lrthkn, ?6>2)

WHKXD@N CH] @H DH[PLD L CH] @H IXH_ZN Cn shkud`n chy `hc alvmamhdtl `h Dhwtld `mgh quh: Wmhaprh quh udn iuhrzn ngtúh slorh ud guhrpl prl`ugh udn nghchrngm÷d hd cn `mrhggm÷d `h cn iuhrzn quh hs `mrhgtnahdth prlplrgmldnc n cn iuhrzn phrl mdvhrsnahdth  prlplrgmldnc n cn ansn.

LW Í L  

>;9

Hstn chy `mgh quh cn iuhrzn npcmgn`n slorh hc guhrpl hd rhplsl vn n shr mkunc n cn nghchrngm÷d quh hsth vn n prl`ugmr. Plan`l hd guhdtn hc hjhapcl hd cn prmahrn chy, shkúd cn gndtm`n` `h irml quh cn phrsldn smhdtn, sus aúsgucls sh vnd gldtrnhr, yn shn udn gldtrnggm÷d iuhrth l udn gldtrnggm÷d `íomc. (Lrthkn, ?6>2)

PH_GH_N CH] @H DH[PLD L CH] @H NGGM×D ] _HNGGM×D. N tl`n nggm÷d glrrhspld`h udn rhnggm÷d hd mkunc ankdmtu` y `mrhggm÷d phrl `h shdtm`l lpuhstl. Wmkumhd`l gld hc hjhapcl ndthrmlr, cn nggm÷d hs quh cn phrsldn vn n shdtmr irml y sus aúsgucls `hc trldgl haphznrnd n gldtrnhrsh y rhcnjnrsh, y cn rhnggm÷d shrmn quh vn n khdhrnr gnclr. ] nsá hc guhrpl hstnrî hqu hqumcmorn`l mcmorn`l hd su thaphrnturn. (Lrthkn, (Lrthkn, ?6>2)

_HWMWPHDGMN ] HWP_XGPX_N @H CLW AÚWGXCLW ] BXHWLW HWP_XGPX_N @H CLW AÚWGXCLW Cns imorns ausgucnrhs sh hdguhdtrnd prlthkm`ns y sh andtmhdhd hd sus cuknrhs

N N NK

`hom`l n quh hc thjm`l gldjudtmvl ngtún glal hdvlcturn y `mvmsm÷d. Nsá, hsth sh `hdlamdn hpmamsml gund`l hs cn iud`n `h thjm`l thjm `l quh guorh nc aúsgucl5 phrmamsml, n cn vnmdn `h thjm`l quh hdvuhcvh gn`n insgágucl ausgucnr (bnghs l gldjudtls `h imorns ausgucnrhs), y hd`lamsml nc quh rl`hn gn`n imorn. (WGLXPMDKYMWMLD, (WGLXPMDKYMWMLD, ?6>>) Hd gldgrhtl, cn imorn ausgucnr hs udn gícucn auctmdugchn`n (vnrmls dúgchls, smhd`l `h cns plgns `h hsth tmpl hd hc lrkndmsal), hcîstmgn y `h ilran gmcád`rmgn. (WGLXPMDKYMWMLD, ?6>>) Gn`n imorn ausgucnr hstî rl`hn`n plr udn `hckn`n ahaorndn pcnsaîtmgn, hc snrglchan (uomgn`n `honjl `hc hd`lamsml), y gldtmhdh amchs `h imorns ahdlrhs quh hstîd hd krupls, ccnan`ns amlimormccns. Ghrgn `hc 26% `h cn imorn hstî mdthkrn`n plr amlimormccns, quh vnd hd dúahrl `h vnrmls gmhdtls n vnrmls amchs, shkúd hc ndgbl `h cn imorn. (WGLXPMDKYMWMLD, ?6>>)

_HWMWPHDGMN _HWMWPHDG MN @H CLW AÚWGXCLW _hsmsthdgmn ausgucnr hs cn gnpngm`n` `h ud aúsgucl pnrn rhncmznr gldtrnggmldhs rhphtm`ns `urndth ud phrml`l `h tmhapl smd intmkn5 hstn gncm`n` `hphd`h hd krnd ah`m`n

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>;;

`h cn gndtm`n` `h lxákhdl quh hc smsthan gnr`mlrrhspmrntlrml gldsmkuh trndsplrtnr bngmn cls aúsgucls. (OmlimsmgnXk, ?6>=)

HWP_XGPX_N @H CLW BXHWLW Hc buhsl hs thjm`l `url quh gldstmtuyh cn anylr pnrth `hc hsquhchtl y gldstn `h hchahdtls lrkîdmgls (gícucns y antrmz) h mdlrkîdmgl mdlrkîdmglss (amdhrnchs). Wus glapldhdths sld:

Gnrtácnkl Phjm`l imrah, phrl ichxmoch, quh guorh cls hxtrhals `h cls buhsls hd udn nrtmgucngm÷d.

@msgl hpmimsmnrml Wh smtún hd cls buhsls cnrkls h md`mgn hc smtml `h udm÷d hdtrh hpáimsms (hxtrhal `hc buhsl) y `mîimsms (plrgm÷d gmcád`rmgn), y hstî prhshdth s÷cl hd cls buhsls hd grhgmamhdtl.

Vhrmlstml Ahaorndn hxthrdn quh gldtmhdh dhrvmls y vnsls sndkuádhls sndkuádhls quh dutrhd nc buhsl.

Buhsl glapngtl Vnrth suphrimgmnc cmsn y auy `urn `hc hsquhchtl.

Buhsl hspldjlsl Wh hdguhdtrn `hdtrl `hc buhsl glapngtl y nudquh dl hs tnd `url glal ísth, tmhdh gmhrtn rhsmsthdgmn.

Hd`lstml Phjm`l quh guorh cn pnrh` mdthrdn m dthrdn `h cn gnvm`n` ah`ucnr `hc buhsl.

Gnvm`n` ah`ucnr Hspngml quh gldtmhdh cn aí`ucn ÷shn hd cn `mîimsms `mîim sms `h ud buhsl cnrkl.

Aí`ucn ÷shn. Wustndgmn hsphsn guyn iudgm÷d gldsmsth hd prl`ugmr gícucns sndkuádhns. Nohrturn Vhramth cn hdtrn`n `h vnsls dutrmhdths.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>;2

Ynsls dutrmhdths. Gld`ughd sustndgmns nc mdthrmlr `hc buhsl pnrn prlplrgmldnr dutrmhdths y phramth cn sncm`n `h cns gícucns quh sh ilrand hd íc.

_HWMWPHDGMN _HWMWPHDG MN @H CLW BXHWLW Cns vmkns quh ilrand cn pnrth ah`ucnr `h ud h`mimgml sld slahtm`ns n pruhons ahgîdmgns quh `hthramdnd su rhsmsthdgmn ndth cns iuhrzns n cns quh puh`hd hstnr sujhtns, quh sh rh`ughd n cns `h thdsm÷d, glaprhsm÷d y tlrsm÷d. Hstns amsans pruhons sh utmcmznd  pnrn lothdhr cn rhsmsthdgmn `h cls buhsls, buhsls, cn gunc dl s÷cl `hphd`h ``hc hc anthrmnc gld hc quh hstîd gldstmtum`ls smdl `h cn ilran quh tmhdhd. Vnrn hihgtunr cns pruhons `h rhsmsthdgmn ahgîdmgn sh usn udn auhstrn `h anthrmnc hd ilran `h M n cn quh sh npcmgn cn iuhrzn. (OmlimsmgnXk, ?6>=) Hc buhsl hstî slahtm`l phrandhdthahdth n iuhrths prhsmldhs. Whdtnrsh slahth n cns vírthorns mdihrmlrhs n udn prhsm÷d hqumvnchdth n cn quh slplrtn ud oughn`lr quh sh hdguhdtrn n >;6 ahtrls `h prliud`m`n`. ] ud snctl `h cldkmtu` prlvlgn hd hc iíaur `h ud ntchtn udn iuhrzn hqumvnchdth nc phsl `h = tldhcn`ns. (OmlimsmgnXk, ?6>=)

GLDP_NGGM×D AXWGXCN_ Cn gldtrnggm÷d `h cls  cls  aúsgucls hstrmn`ls lgurrh glal rhsuctn`l `h ud hsiuhrzl gldsgmhdth lrmkmdn`l hd hc ghrhorl. hc ghrhorl. Cns shþnchs Cns shþnchs `hc ghrhorl vmnjnd auy rîpm`l hd cn ilran `h plthdgmnchs `h nggm÷d  plr cls dhrvmls bnstn cn dhurldn altlrn quh mdjhrtn imorn ausgucnr. Hd hc gnsl `h cls rhichjls mdvlcudtnrmls, cn shþnc hrígtmc puh`h lrmkmdnrsh hd cn aí`ucn hspmdnc n trnvís `h ud gmrgumtl gld cn anthrmn cn anthrmn krms. Hd cn ausgucnturn mdvlcudtnrmn, glal sld hc gnsl `hc glrnz÷d y cn ausgucnturn cmsn (plr hjhapcl, hd hc mdthstmdl l hc hc smsthan  smsthan vnsgucnr), cn gldtrnggm÷d lgurrh glal rhsuctn`l `h ngtmvm`n` mdgldsgmhdth `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl nut÷dlal l omhd plr hstmaucngm÷d hd`÷khdn `hc amsal am sal aúsgucl. (Pmpls `h gldtrnggmldhs ausgucnrhs y g÷al rhgldlghrcns, ?6>2) Nckudns gldtrnggmldhs glal cn clglalgm÷d, cn rhspmrngm÷d, y cn anstmgngm÷d  puh`hd mdmgmnrsh tndtl gldsgmhdth gldsgmhdth glal mdgldsgmhdthahdth, mdgldsgmhdthahdth, phrl sh sh gldtmdúnd plr ah`ml `h ud rhichjl mdgldsgmhdth. Cn gldtrnggm÷d ausgucnr sh puh`h hxpcmgnr glal ud `hspcnznamhdtl `h cls amlimcnahdtls, hs `hgmr cn gnohzn `h cn amlsmdn sh ndgcn n cn ngtmdn prl`ugmíd`lsh nsá hc `mgbl `hspcnznamhdtl. `hspcnznamhdtl. Gnoh `hgmr quh cn gldtrnggm÷d ausgucnr hstî rhkucn`n plr hc gncgml,

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>;=

hc NPV y hc Ankdhsml, nudquh sh `hsgldlgh plrquh hc Ankdhsml gnusn gldtrnggm÷d hd aúsgucls plst alrtha y hstl hstî onjl mdvhstmkngm÷d. onjl  mdvhstmkngm÷d.   Cls imcnahdtls `h ngtmdn sh `hscmznd bngmn n`hdtrl hdtrh cls imcnahdtls `h amlsmdn `hom`l n iuhrzns `h ntrnggm÷d rhsuctndths `h iuhrzns ahgîdmgns, quáamgns y hchgtrlstîtmgns khdhrn`ns plr cn mdthrnggm÷d `h cls puhdths gruzn`ls `h cls imcnahdtls `h ngtmdn. (Pmpls `h gldtrnggmldhs ausgucnrhs y g÷al rhgldlghrcns, ?6>2) Hd rhplsl, cns iuhrzns `h ntrnggm÷d hdtrh cls imcnahdtls `h ngtmdn y amlsmdn hstîd mdbmom`ns. Cls plthdgmnchs `h nggm÷d sh lrmkmdnd hd hc hc smsthan  smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc y vmnjn bnstn cchknr n cn ahaorndn `h cn altldhurldn: cn imorn ausgucnr. Hc plthdgmnc `h nggm÷d ngtmvn cls gndnchs `h gncgml `hphd`mhdths `h vlctnjh hd hc nx÷d bngmhd`l quh hc gncgml icuyn `hdtrl `h cn dhurldn. Hc gncgml bngh quh cns vhságucns, gldthdmhd`l hc dhurltrndsamslr ccnan`l nghtmcglcmdn, sh udnd n cn ahaorndn ghcucnr `h cn dhurldn, cmohrnd`l cn nghtmcglcmdn nc hspngml smdîptmgl `ld`h sh hdguhdtrnd cn dhurldn gld cn imorn ausgucnr hstrmn`n.Cn nghtmcglcmdn ngtmvn rhghptlrhs dmgltádmgls `h cn nghtmcglcmdn hd cn imorn ausgucnr normhd`l cls gndnchs pnrn sl`ml y pltnsml bngmhd`l quh naols sh auhvnd bngmn `ld`h sus

gldghdtrngmldhs shnd ahdlrhs: sl`ml bngmn `hdtrl `h cn gícucn y pltnsml bngmn iuhrn. (Gldtrnggmld ausgucnr , ?6>8) Cn duhvn `mihrhdgmn `h gnrkns gnusn`n plr cn amkrngm÷d `h sl`ml y pltnsml `hsplcnrmzn (cn bngh aîs plsmtmvn) hc mdthrmlr `h cn ahaorndn, ngtmvnd`l gndnchs `h gncgml `hphd`mhdths `h vlctnjh clgncmzn`ls hd cn ahaorndn ghcucnr (gndnchs `h `mbm`rlpmrm`mdn) cls gunchs plr ah`ml `h ud gnaoml gldilrangmldnc thramdnd thramdnd ngtmvnd`l `h andhrn ahgîdmgn n cls n cls rhghptlrhs `h _yndl`mdn _yndl`mdn uomgn`ls hd hc rhtágucl hd`lpcîsamgl `hcn `hcn imorn ausgucnr, ccnan`l rhtágucl snrglpcnsaîtmgl (_W). Hc gncgml snch `hc rhtágucl snrglpcnsaîtmgl y sh udh n cn prlthádn trlpldmdn G, prhshdth glal pnrth `hc imcnahdtl `h ngtmdn, bngmhd`l quh al`uch gld cn trlplamlsmdn, guyn iudgm÷d hs lostrumr hc smtml `h udm÷d hdtrh cn ngtmdn y cn amlsmdn. Cmorh `hc lostîgucl `h cn trlplamlsmdn, lgurrh cn cmohrngm÷d `h krnd`hs gndtm`n`hs `h mldhs gncgml bngmn hc snrglpcnsan. Hstls mldhs gncgml ngtmvnd cns iuhrzns `h ntrnggm÷d hd cls imcnahdtls, im cnahdtls, y glamhdzn cn gldtrnggm÷d. Cn amlsmdn, cmstn gld ndtmgmpngm÷d plr cn glapnþán hdhrkítmgn `h NPV sh udh n cn ngtmdn `h andhrn iuhrth, cmohrnd`l hc N@V y hc ilsintl mdlrkîdmgl gnusnd`l ud iuhrth bnc÷d `h cn ngtmdn, nglrtnd`l cns ond`ns M udn n cn ltrn y prl`ugmhd`l gldtrnggm÷d `h cn imorn ausgucnr. (Gldtrnggmld ausgucnr , ?6>8)

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>26

Hd tl`l hsth prlghsl tnaomíd sh dhghsmtn hdhrkán pnrn andthdhr cn gldtrnggm÷d ausgucnr, quh prlvmhdh `h cls hdcnghs rmgls hd hdhrkán `hc n`hdlsmdtrmilsintl n`hdlsmdtrmilsintl (NPV), quh sh `hsmdthkrn hd n`hdlsmd`milsintl (N@V) pnrn prlplrgmldnr cn hdhrkán rhquhrm`n. (Gldtrnggmld ausgucnr , ?6>8)

IMO_NW AXWGXCN_HW Bny `ls tmpls `h imorns ausgucnrhs, chdtns y rîpm`ns. Cls aúsgucls quh rhnggmldnd gld krnd rnpm`hz hstîd glapuhstls plr cns rîpm`ns hd su anylr pnrth y aúsgucls quh rhncmznd gldtrnggmldhs aîs chdtns phrl aîs prlcldkn`ns hstîd glapuhstns plr imorns chdtns. Cns `mihrhdgmns hdtrh cns imorns rîpm`ns y chdtns sld cns smkumhdths:

Imorns rîpm`ns: Augbl aîs krnd`hs, pnrn lothdhr aîs iuhrzn `h gldtrnggm÷d. _htágucl snrglpcîsamgl hxthdsl, pnrn cmohrngm÷d rîpm`n `h mldhs gncgml quh mdmgmhd cn gldtrnggm÷d Krnd`hs gndtm`n`hs `h hdzmans kcuglcátmgls, pnrn cmohrnr hdhrkán rîpm`nahdth plr kcug÷cmsms.

Ahdlr nplrth sndkuádhl, yn quh su ahtnolcmsal lxm`ntmvl hs `h maplrtndgmn shgud`nrmn. Ahdls amtlgld`rmns, tnaomíd plrquh hc ahtnolcmsal lxm`ntmvl hs shgud`nrml.

Imorns chdtns: Aîs phquhþns. Mdhrvn`ns plr dhrvmls phquhþls. Anylr nplrth sndkuádhl plr vnsls y gnpmcnrhs, pnrn ud anylr suamdmstrl `h lxákhdl. Krnd dúahrl `h amtlgld`rmns, pnrn ud ahjlr ahtnolcmsal lxm`ntmvl Imorns gld augbn amlkclomdn, quh hs udn prlthádn quh gldtmhdh bmhrrl. Hstn ncanghdn lxákhdl, nghchrn hc trndsplrth hc trndsplrth `h hsth n cns amtlgld`rmns. Gldimhrh nc aúsgucl udn pmkahdtngm÷d rljmzn quh cl `mihrhdgmn `hc rîpm`l, quh hs ocndgl.

PMVLW @H GLDP_NGGMLDHW AXWGXCN AXWGXCN_HW _HW GLDP_NGGMLDHW GLDP_NGGMLD HW MWLP×DMGNW Cn pncnorn mslt÷dmgns smkdmimgn (msl: (msl: mkunc  mkunc - t÷dmgn: thdsm÷d) mkunc thdsm÷d. Wh `himdh glal gldtrnggmldhs mslt÷dmgns n nquhccns (`hs`h hc pudtl `h vmstn imsmlc÷kmgl)

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>2>

gldtrnggmldhs hd cns quh cns imorns ausgucnrhs n`haîs `h gldtrnhrsh, al`mimgnd su cldkmtu`. Cns gldtrnggmldhs mslt÷dmgns sld cns aîs glaudhs hd cn anylrán `h cls cls `hplrths,  `hplrths, ngtmvm`n`hs iásmgns y ngtmvm`n`hs glrrhspld`mhdths n cn vm`n `mnrmn, yn quh hd cn anylrán `h cns thdsmldhs ausgucnrhs quh sh hjhrghd suhchd mr nglapnþn`ns plr nglrtnamhdtl y ncnrknamhdtl `h cns imorns ausgucnrhs `h ud aúsgucl `hthramdn`l. Cns gldtrnggmldhs mslt÷dmgns sh `mvm`hd hd: gldgídtrmgns y hxgídtrmgns. (Imssmlthrnpmn, ?6>?)

GLDP_NGGMLDHW GLDP_NGGM LDHW MWLAÍP_MGNW Cn pncnorn mslaítrmgn mslaítrmgn smkdmimgn (msl: mkunc, aítrmgn: ah`m`n/cldkmtu`) mkunc ah`m`n l mkunc cldkmtu`. Hd hsth gnsl hc aúsgucl phrandhgh hstîtmgl, smd nglrtnrsh dm ncnrknrsh,  phrl nudquh phrandhgh hstîtmgl khdhrn thdsm÷d. Xd hjhapcl `h cn vm`n gltm`mndn shrán gund`l cchvnals n ud gbmgl hd ornzls, cls ornzls dl sh auhvhd, andtmhdhd nc dmþl hd cn amsan plsmgm÷d y khdhrnd thdsm÷d pnrn quh hc dmþl dl sh gnmkn nc nc suhcl.  suhcl. Dl  Dl sh prl prl`ugh `ugh dm nglrtnamhdtl dm ncnrknamhdtl `h cns imorns ausgucnrhs. (Imss ( Imssmlthrnpmn, mlthrnpmn, ?6>?) Hd hc `hplrth sh prl`ugh hd augbls gnsls, ud hjhapcl pl`rán shr hd gmhrtls

alahdtls `hc wmd` suri, gund`l `hohals andthdhr cn vhcn hd udn plsmgm÷d imjn. Gld cl gunc pl`ránals `hgmr quh sh khdhrn udn gldtrnggm÷d hstîtmgn, gldtrnggm÷d  hstîtmgn, gund`l gund`l khdhrnd`l thdsm÷d dl sh prl`ugh al`mimgngm÷d hd cn cldkmtu` `h ud aúsgucl `hthramdn`l. (Imssmlthrnpmn, ?6>?)

GLDP_NGGMLDHW GLDP_NGGMLD HW NXRLP×DMGNW Hsth gnsl hs gund`l sh glaomdnd gldtrnggmldhs mslt÷dmgns gld gldtrnggmldhs mslaítrmgns. Nc mdmgmnrsh cn gldtrnggm÷d, sh nghdtún aîs cn pnrth mslt÷dmgn, amhdtrns quh nc imdnc `h cn gldtrnggm÷d sh nghdtún aîs cn mslaítrmgn. Xd hjhapcl prîgtmgl `h hsth tmpl `h gldtrnggm÷d cl hdgldtrnals gund`l sh trnonjn gld «"hxthdslrhs"µ. Hc hxthdslr sh hstmrn bnstn ud gmhrtl pudtl, hc aúsgucl sh gldtrnh gldgídtrmgnahdth, andthdhals udls shkud`lss hstîtmgnahdth (mslaítrmgnahdth) y cuhkl vlcvhals n cn plsmgm÷d mdmgmnc gld udn shkud`l gldtrnggm÷d hd ilran hxgídtrmgn. (Imssmlthrnpmn, ?6>?)

GLDP_NGGMLDHW GLDP_NGGMLD HW MWLGMDÍPMG MWLGMDÍPMGNW NW Wh trntn aîs omhd `h ud duhvl tmpl `h gldtrnggm÷d, plr cl ahdls hd cl quh rhimhrh n su npcmgngm÷d hd cn prîgtmgn `hplrtmvn. Wh `himdh glal udn gldtrnggm÷d aîxman n vhclgm`n` gldstndth hd tl`n cn knan `h alvmamhdtl. Wld glaudhs hd nquhccls `hplrths

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>2?

hd cl quh dl sh dhghsmtn khdhrnr udn nghchrngm÷d hd hc alvmamhdtl, hs `hgmr, hd nquhccls `hplrths hd cls quh cl quh dhghsmtnals hs udn vhclgm`n` gldstndth y udmilrah, glal  puh`h shr cn dntngm÷d cn dntngm÷d l hc rhal. r hal. (Imssmlthrnpmn, ?6>?) Hc nkun h jhrgh udn iuhrzn gldstndth y udmilrah, gund`l nuahdtnals cn iuhrzn, hc hc nkun  nkun nuahdtn nuahdtn hd cn rhsmsthdgmn. cn rhsmsthdgmn. Vnrn  Vnrn hccl sh `mshþnrld cls npnrntls mslgmdítmgls, pnrn `hsnrrlccnr n vhclgm`n` gldstndth y udmilrah `urndth tl`l hc alvmamhdtl. Nudquh cns gldtrnggmldhs mslgmdítmgns h mslt÷dmgns sld naons gldgídtrmgns y hxgídtrmgns, dl sld m`ídtmgns, smdl plr hc gldtrnrml sld onstndth `mstmdtns, yn quh glal `mjmals ndthrmlrahdth cns gldtrnggmldhs mslgmdítmgns sld n vhclgm`n` gldstndth rhkucn`n y sh `hsnrrlccn udn thdsm÷d aîxman `urndth tl`l hc alvmamhdtl. (Imssmlthrnpmn, ?6>?) Hd cns gldtrnggmldhs mslt÷dmgns dl sh gldtrlcn cn vhclgm`n` `hc alvmamhdtl gld dmdkúd `msplsmtmvl, y n`haîs dl sh hjhrgh cn amsan thdsm÷d `urndth hc alvmamhdtl, yn quh plr udn guhstm÷d `h pncndgns ÷shns vnrán cn thdsm÷d n ah`m`n quh sh rhncmzn hc hjhrgmgml. Vlr hjhapcl, hd hxthdsmldhs `h guî`rmghps gund`l glahdznals hc hjhrgmgml, hjhrghals anylr thdsm÷d quh nc imdncmznr plr vnrmns rnzldhs: >.  Xdn hs plrquh vhdghals cn mdhrgmn.

?.  Cn ltrn hs plrquh nc nghrgnrsh cls pudtls `h mdshrgm÷d ausgucnr, hc aúsgucl hjhrgh ahdlr thdsm÷d. Vnrn rhncmznr ud hdtrhdnamhdtl gld aîqumdns mslgmdítmgns sh dhghsmtnd hqumpls hsphgmnchs. @mgbls hqumpls gldtmhdhd oîsmgnahdth, oîsmgnahdth, ud rrhkucn`lr hkucn`lr `h vhclgm`n`, `h andhrn quh cn vhclgm`n` `hc alvmamhdtl sh andtmhdh gldstndth, guncqumhrn quh shn cn thdsm÷d  prl`ugm`n hd cls aúsgucls quh sh gldtrnhd. Hs plsmoch rhkucnr cn vhclgm`n` `hc alvmamhdtl hd augbls `h hstls `msplsmtmvls mslgmdítmgls y cn amsan puh`h vnrmnr hdtrh 6º y ?66º `h alvmamhdtl plr shkud`l. (Imssmlthrnpmn, ?6>?)

GN_NGPH_ÁWPMGNW, GN_NGPH_ÁWPM GNW, HWP_XGPX_N ] IXDGMLDHW @H CNW N_PMGXCNGMLDHW Pl`ns hccns prhshdtnd n gldsm`hrnr: Cns suphrimgmhs ÷shns l nrtmgucnrhs, quh rhprhshdtnd hc hsquhchtl `h cn nrtmgucngm÷d5 Cns ilrangmldhs mdthr÷shns, ocnd`ns, mdthrgncn`ns hdtrh cns suphrimgmhs nrtmgucnrhs5 Cns ilrangmldhs phrmiírmgns, tnaomíd ocnd`ns, quh rl`hnd y hdvuhcvhd n cns ndthrmlrhs.

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>27

VN_PHW @H XDN N_PMGXCNGM N_PMGXCNGM×D ×D >. 

Gnrtácnkl

?. 

Gîpsucn y ahaorndn smdlvmnc

7. 

Cmknahdtls

0. 

Phd`ldhs

8. 

Oursns

9. 

Ahdmsgl

Cns nrtmgucngmldhs sld cls pudtls `h udm÷d hdtrh `ls l aîs buhsls, su iudgm÷d hs  phramtmr hc alvmamhdtl `hc smsthan clglaltlr y nyu`nr n nalrtmkunr cns iuhrzns quh mdgm`hd mdgm`hd hd hc guhrpl nc alvhrdls. a lvhrdls. (Imssmlthrnpmn, (Imssmlthrnpmn, ?6>?)

GCNWMIMGNGM×D GCNWMIMGN GM×D @H CNW N_PMGXCNGMLDHW -Nrtmgucngmldhs imjns l smdnrtrlsms Wld nrtmgucngmldhs hd cns quh dl hs plsmoch alvmamhdtl nckudl hdtrh cls buhsls quh cn ilrand (hjhapcls: cns quh sh hstnochghd hdtrh cls buhsls `hc grîdhl y `h ccnn gnrn). Wh hdguhdtrnd khdhrncahdth hdtrh buhsls pcndls, prl`ugmíd`lsh prl`ugmíd`lsh udn udm÷d hstnoch

quh dl phramth hc alvmamhdtl. Cls buhsls sh udhd `mrhgtnahdth hdtrh sá ah`mndth olr`hs gld hdtrndths y sncmhdths (`hdtn`ls), ilrand`l udn suturn. Vlr hjhapcl, hdgldtrnals hsth tmpl `h nrtmgucngm÷d hd cls buhsls quh gldilrand hc grîdhl. -Nrtmgucngmldhs shama÷vmchs l ndimnrtrlsms Nudquh hxmsthd vnrmls tmpls `h nrtmgucngmldhs tl`ns tmhdhd cls smkumhdths hchahdtls: Wuphrimgmh nrtmgucnr: zldn `h gldtngtl hdtrh cls buhsls. Gnrtácnkl nrtmgucnr: thjm`l quh rhguorh cn suphrimgmh nrtmgucnr. Cmknahdtls nrtmgucnrhs. Gldjudtl `h imorns quh udhd ud buhsl gld ltrl, rhilrznd`l cn nrtmgucngm÷d. @hphd`mhd`l `h cn alvmcm`n` quh prhshdthd cls buhsls krngmns n cn nrtmgucngm÷d, sh `mstmdkuhd trhs tmpls: Nrtmgucngmldhs mda÷vmchs, imjns l smdnrtrls smdnrtrlsms ms Wh hdguhdtrnd khdhrncahdth hdtrh buhsls pcndls, prl`ugmíd`lsh udn udm÷d hstnoch quh dl phramth hc alvmamhdtl. Cls buhsls sh udhd `mrhgtnahdth hdtrh sá ah`mndth olr`hs gld hdtrndths y sncmhdths (`hdtn`ls), ilrand`l udn suturn. Vlr hjhapcl, hdgldtrnals hsth tmpl `h nrtmgucngm÷d hd cls buhsls quh gldilrand hc grîdhl.

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>20

Nrtmgucngmldhs shama÷vmchs l ndimnrtrlsms Wld nquhccns quh phramthd gmhrtn alvmcm`n`. Cls buhsls `h cn nrtmgucngm÷d dl hdtrnd hd gldtngtl5 hdtrh hccls sh clgncmzn udn hstrugturn `hdlamdn`n imorlgnrtácnkl `h udm÷d. Pl`l hccl tmhdh glal hchahdtls `h sujhgm÷d n cls cmknahdtls, quh hstîd ilran`ls  plr ud thjm`l gldjudtmvl imorlsl. Xd hjhapcl gcnrl cl hdgldtrnals hd cn glcuadn vhrthornc. Cns vírthorns sh hdguhdtrnd shpnrn`ns plr `msgls mdthrvhrthornchs quh gldimhrhd gmhrtn alvmcm`n`, phrl tl`l hc gldjudtl `h vírthorns, `msgls y cmknahdtls phramthd cls alvmamhdtls `h ichxm÷d, kmrl l hxthdsm÷d `h cn glcuadn. Wh gnrngthrmznd plr prhshdtnr hdtrh cls ? guhrpls nrtmgucnrhs udn ansn `h thjm`l imorlgnrtmcnkmdlsl quh cls udh iuhrthahdth, nudquh phramtmíd`lchs ud gmhrtl krn`l `h alvmcm`n` (hj.: nrtmgucngmldhs hdtrh cls guhrpls vhrthornchs, sádimsms sádim sms puomndn,..) (Omlsihrn, ?6>=)

Nrtmgucngmldhs a÷vmchs l `mnrtrls `mnrtrlsms ms Wu gnrngthrástmgn prmdgmpnc hs cn prhshdgmn `h udn gnvm`n` nrtmgucnr hdtrh cls `ls buhsls quh sh nrtmgucnd. Vhramthd quh cls buhsls, nggmldn`ls plr cls aúsgucls, sh `hspcnghd pnrn rhncmznr alvmamhdtls hd >, ? l 7 hjhs, shkúd cn nrtmgucngm÷d `h cn quh sh

trnth (tmhdh `mihrhdths ilrans y sh nrtmgucnd `h `mihrhdths andhrns). (Omlsihrn, ?6>=) Nrtmgucngmldhs quh phramthd krnd vnrmh`n` `h alvmamhdtls `hom`l n su glapchjm`n`. Cls buhsls `h cn nrtmgucngm÷d dl hdtrnd hd gldtngtl, yn quh cls hxtrhals `hc buhsl hstîd rhguomhrtls `h ud thjm`l gnrtmcnkmdlsl gnrtmcnkmdlsl `hdlamdn`l cîamdn gnrtmcnkmdlsn. Hstn zldn hstî cuormgn`n plr hc cáqum`l smdlvmnc quh sh hdguhdtrn hdghrrn`l hd cn olcsn smdlvmnc. Nckudns `mnrtrlsms hstîd gldstmtum`ns n`haîs plr ncalbn`mccns gnrtmcnkmdlsns, `hdlamdn`ns ahdmsgls. Ístns smrvhd `h nalrtmkun`lrhs y n`nptnd cls buhsls `h cn nrtmgucngm÷d. Pl`l hc gldjudtl hstî rhilrzn`l plr ond`ns `h thjm`l imorlsl, quh sld cls cmknahdtls. Wh puh`hd `mstmdkumr `mihrhdths suotmpls `h nrtmgucngmldhs a÷vmchs, nthd`mhd`l nc alvmamhdtl quh phramthd rhncmznr: (Omlsihrn, ?6>=) l

 

@hscmznamhdtl (nrtrl`mns): sh prl`ughd hd cns nrtmgucngmldhs `h cn

auþhgn y hc tlomccl. l

 

Ichxm÷d hd ud pcndl (trlgchnrhs): sh hdguhdtrnd hd hc gl`l y cn

l

 

_ltngm÷d (hdnrtrlsms): sh hdguhdtrnd hd hc blaorl y cn gn`hrn.

rl`mccn.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>28

OMLAHGÎDMGN OMLAHGÎDM GN @H CN AN_GBN N anrgbn hs hc ah`ml ahgîdmgl `h clglalgm÷d `hc shr buandl. Ynrmls hstu`mls `h cn anrgbn bnd sm`l hstu`mn`ls plr duahrlsls mdvhstmkn`lrhs, smd haonrkl, bny cmamtn`n mdilrangm÷d slorh cns údmgns gnrngthrástmgns `hc gnaoml `h `mrhggm÷d `urndth cn anrgbn. (Nglstn, ?6>9) Nc suphrpldhr ud al`hcl smapcmimgn`l slorh hc pmh rhnc sh loshrvn glal nc mdmgmnr hc alvmamhdtl, hc hjh vhrtmgnc rltn bnstn ncgndznr ud îdkucl aîxmal (hsth îdkucl `hphd`h `h cn vhclgm`n` y ltrls ingtlrhs). Hd hsh alahdtl hc hjh blrmzldtnc mdmgmn su rltngm÷d, mdgcmdîd`lsh bngmn n`hcndth amhdtrns hc pudtl `h rltngm÷d glaúd sh hchvn mapucsnd`l tl`l hc pmh y cn pmhrdn bngmn nrrmon y bngmn `hcndth. (Nglstn, ?6>9) Hc gmgcl `h anrgbn glamhdzn gund`l hc pmh gldtngtn gld hc suhcl y thramdn gld hc smkumhdth gldtngtl gld hc suhcl `hc amsal pmh. Cls `ls anylrhs glapldhdths `hc gmgcl `h cn anrgbn sld: sld: cn insh `h `h nplyl (96% `hc gmgcl) y cn insh `h oncndghl oncndghl (06% `hc gmgcl). gmgcl). Xdn pmhrdn hstî hd insh `h nplyl gund`l hstî hd gldtngtl gld hc suhcl y hstî hd insh `h  oncndghl gund`l dl gldtngtn gldtngtn gld hc suhcl. Hc nplyl shdgmccl sh rhimhrh nc phrm phrml`l l`l gund`l s÷cl udn pmhrdn hstî hd gldtngtl gld hc suhcl. Hc phrml`l `h `loch nplyl lgurrh gund`l

naols pmhs hstîd hd gldtngtl gld hc suhcl smauctîdhnahdth. (Ngls (Nglstn, tn, ?6>9) Gld hc nuahdtl `h cn vhclgm`n` `h cn anrgbn bny ud nuahdtl rhcntmvl hd hc tmhapl knstn`l hd cn insh `h oncndghl, y gld cn `msamdugm÷d `h cn vhclgm`n` udn rhcntmvn `msamdugm÷d. Cn `urngm÷d `hc `loch nplyl `msamduyh gldilrah nuahdtn cn vhclgm`n` `h cn anrgbn. Cn nushdgmn `h ud phrál`l `h `loch nplyl hs cl quh `mihrhdgmn glrrhr `h gnamdnr. Hc gmgcl `h anrgbn sh `mvm`h hd `ls inshs prmdgmpnchs: nplyl y oncndghl. - Insh `h nplyl 

 

Gldtngtl `hc tnc÷d: mdstndth hd quh hc tnc÷d `h cn pmhrdn `h

rhihrhdgmn tlgn hc suhcl. 

 

Nplyl pcndtnr: gldtngtl `h cn pnrth ndthrmlr `hc pmh gld hc suhcl.

  Nplyl ah`ml: lgurrh gund`l hc trlgîdthr anylr hstî ncmdhn`l vhrtmgncahdth gld hc ghdtrl `hc pmh, vmstl `hs`h ud pcndl snkmtnc. 



 

Nplyl thramdnc: lgurrh gund`l hc tnc÷d sh hchvn hc hvn `hc suhcl.



 

@hsphkuh: lgurrh gund`l cls `h`ls sh hchvnd `hc suhcl.

Cn insh `h nplyl puh`h tnaomíd `mvm`mrsh hd mdthrvncls gld cls tíramdls `h nghptngm÷d `hc phsl, nplyl ah`ml y `hsphkuh. Hc mdthrvncl `h nghptngm÷d `hc phsl

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>29

hapmhzn hd hc gldtngtl `hc tnc÷d y thramdn gld hc nplyl pcndtnr. Hc mdthrvncl `h nplyl ah`ml hapmhzn gld hc nplyl pcndtnr y thramdn gld hc nplyl thramdnc `hc tnc÷d. Hc `hsphkuh sh hxtmhd`h `hs`h hc nplyl thramdn bnstn hc `hsphkuh `h cls `h`ls. (Nglstn, ?6>9) - Oncndghl 

 

Oncndghl mdmgmnc: sh gnrngthrmzn plr cn rîpm`n nghchrngm÷d

`hc hxtrhal `h cn pmhrdn mdah`mntnahdth `hspuís `h quh cls `h`ls `hjnd hc suhcl. 

 

Oncndghl ah`ml: cn pmhrdn oncndghn`n pnsn n cn ltrn pmhrdn,

alvmíd`lsh bngmn `hcndth `h cn amsan, yn quh hstî hd insh `h nplyl. 

 

Oncndghl thramdnc: sh `n cn `hsnghchrngm÷d `h cn pmhrdn quh sh

auhvh rîpm`nahdth gund`l sh nghrgn nc imdnc `hc mdthrvncl.

Vnrîahtrls 

 

Gmgcl `h anrgbn: rhglrrm`l hdtrh `ls nplyls sughsmvls `h ud amsal



 

Zndgn`n: shguhdgmn Zndgn`n:  shguhdgmn `h ngldthgmamhdtls quh tmhdh cuknr hdtrh `ls

tnc÷d. gblquhs `h tnc÷d gldshgutmvls `hc amsal pmh. Cn `mstndgmn ah`mn hdtrh `ls nplyls

gldshgutmvls `hc amsal pmh sh `hdlamdn cldkmtu` `h zndgn`n y hs, hd `himdmtmvn, cn suan `h cns cldkmtu`hs c ldkmtu`hs `hc pnsl mzqumhr`l y `hc `hrhgbl. 

 

Yhclgm`n` `h anrgbn: `mstndgmn quh rhglrrh hc guhrpl bngmn `hcndth

hd cn udm`n` `h tmhapl (plr hjhapcl, >.8 a/s). 

 

Gn`hdgmn `h anrgbn: gmgcls l pnsls plr udm`n` `h tmhapl (>?6

 pnsls/amd l > gmgcl/s). 

 

Cldkmtu` `h gmgcl: `mstndgmn hdtrh `ls gblquhs gldshgutmvls `h

tnc÷d `h ud amsal pmh.

@HPH_AMDNDPHW @HPH_AMDNDP HW @H CN AN_GBN @urndth cn anrgbn, hc alvmamhdtl quh maprmah hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` hs smdulsl y dl rhgtmcádhl, cl gunc hxmkh gmhrtls mdthrgnaomls `h hdhrkán: gldvhrsmldhs hdtrh hdhrkán gmdítmgn y plthdgmnc y trndsihrhdgmns `h hdhrkán hdtrh shkahdtls. (Nglstn, ?6>9) @urndth cn insh `h nplyl ompl`nc hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` `h `hcc trldgl sh hdguhdtrn hd su plsmgm÷d aîs onjn y prhshdtn su aîxman vhclgm`n` bngmn `hcndth, hs `hgmr, su hdhrkán  plthdgmnc hs aádman y su hdhrkán gmdítmgn aîxman (Nglstn, ?6 ?6>9) >9)

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>2;

Prn`mgmldncahdth sh bnd m`hdtmimgn`l shms ahgndmsals iud`nahdtnchs `h lptmamzngm÷d `h cn anrgbn hdgnamdn`ls n cn rh`uggm÷d `h cns lsgmcngmldhs quh prhshdtnrán th÷rmgnahdth hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` `hc guhrpl. Hstls shms ahgndmsals iud`nahd iud`nahdtnchs tnchs sld: 

 

_ltngm÷d pícvmgn pícvmgn hd hc pcndl trndsvhrsnc: cn phcvms rltn bngmn `hcndth

hd hc pcndl blrmzldtnc l gn`n cn`l `h cn cádhn ghdtrnc, gund`l hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` hstî hd hc pudtl mdihrmlr `h cn trnyhgtlrmn `h cn gurvn. Hstn rltngm÷d phramth quh hc `hspcnznamhdtl `hspcnznamhd tl vhrtmgnc `hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` krnvh`n` `msamduyn > ga. Vnrn glaphdsnr, cls ornzls sh auhvhd hd shdtm`l lpuhstl n cls amhaorls mdihrmlrhs y cn gmdturn hsgnpucnr kmrn hd hc shdtm`l gldtrnrml n cn phcvmndn. 

 

Mdgcmdngm÷d pícvmgn: cn phcvms `hsgmhd`h bngmn hc cn`l `h cn pmhrdn

hd oncndghl, oncndghl, amhdtrns quh cn pmhrdn quh slplrtn hc phsl hdtrn hd n`uggm÷d n ah`m`n quh cn phcvms `h `hspcnzn bngmn hccn. Hsth cmkhrl `hspcnznamhdtl smrvh pnrn rh`ugmr cn hchvngm÷d `hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` hd 7 aa. 

 

Ichxm÷d `h cn rl`mccn `urndth cn insh `h nplyl: cuhkl `hc nplyl `h

tnc÷d, cn rl`mccn sh ichxmldn udls >8º, cl c l gunc `hsgmhd`h hd ltrls 7 aa hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` hd su pudtl aîxmal.



 

Ndgbl `h cn onsh `h susthdtngm÷d: Hd cn anrgbn dlranc, cn phcvms

`hoh `hspcnznrsh `hspcnznrsh blrmzldtncahdth pnrn andthdhr su hstnomcm`n` hd hc nplyl ah`ml. Cn hstrhgbn onsh `h susthdtngm÷d susthdtngm÷d,, hdtrh 8 y >6 gas rh`ugh hc `hspcnzn `hspcnznamhdtl amhdtl cnthrnc `hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n`. krnvh`n`. 

 

Gldtngtl ah`mndth hc tnc÷d y `hsphkuh ah`mndth hc ndthpmí.



 

Cmkhrn ndkucngm÷d imsmlc÷kmgn hd vnckl `h cn rl`mccn: Vhrsmkumhd`l

udn rh`uggm÷d `hc `hspcnznamhdtl cnthrnc `hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n`. Gund`l sh pmhr`h guncqumhrn `h hstls 9 ahgndmsals iud`nahdtnchs, sh prl`ugh ud nuahdtl `hc knstl `h hdhrkán. (Xrmoh, ?6>8)

CÁ^XM@L Hc cáqum`l hs ud hstn`l `h nkrhkngm÷d `h cn anthrmn hd ilran`h icum`l nctnahdth mdglaprhsmoch cl quh smkdmimgn quh su vlcuahd hs, onstndth nprlxman`l, hd ud rndkl krnd`h `h prhsm÷d. Hs hc údmgl hstn`l gld ud vlcuahd `himdm`l, phrl  phrl dl ilran imjn. Xd cáqum`l hstî ilran`l plr phquhþns pnrtágucns vmorndths `h cn anthrmn, glal cls îtlals y cns alcígucns, udm`ns plr hdcnghs ádthr alchgucnrhs.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>22

Hc nkun hs, hs, gld augbl, hc cáqum`l aîs glaúd hd cn Pmhrrn y hc aîs noud`ndt noud`ndth. h. Glalud kns, ud cáqum`l hs gnpnz `h `h icumr y tlanr cn ilran `h ud ud rhgmpmhdth. N `mihrhdgmn `mihrhdgmn `h ud kns, ud cáqum`l dl sh `msphrsn pnrn cchdnr gn`n hspngml `h ud gldthdh`lr, y andtmhdh udn `hdsm`n` onstndth gldstndth. Xdn gnrngthrástmgn `mstmdtmvn `hc hstn`l cáqum`l hscn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc, `nd`l cuknr n ihd÷ahdls buahgtndths. Hc hstn`l cáqum`l hs ud hstn`l `h nkrhkngm÷d `h cn anthrmn mdthrah`ml hdtrh hc hstn`l s÷cm`l y hc hstn`l `h kns. Cns alcígucns `h cls cáqum`ls dl hstîd tnd pr÷xmans glal cns `h cls s÷cm`ls, phrl hstîd ahdls shpnrn`ns quh cns `h cls knshs. Cns alcígucns hd hc hstn`l cáqum`l lgupnd plsmgmldhs nc nznr quh vnránd gld hc tmhapl. Cns `mstndgmns ádthralchgucnrhs sld gldstndths `hdtrl `h ud hstrhgbl anrkhd. Hd nckudls cáqum`ls, cns alcígucns tmhdhd udn lrmhdtngm÷d prhihrhdth, cl quh bngh quh hc cáqum`l prhshdth  prlpmh`n`hs ndms÷trlpns ndms÷trlpns (prlpmh`n`hs, glal hc ád`mgh `h rhirnggm÷d, quh vnránd shk shkúd úd cn `mrhggm÷d `hdtrl `hc anthrmnc). Cls cáqum`ls prhshdtnd thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc y gnpmcnrm`n`, khdhrncahdth sh `mcntnd gund`l sh mdgrhahdtn su thaphrnturn y pmhr`hd vlcuahd gund`l sh hdiránd, nudquh slahtm`ls n glaprhsm÷d su vlcuahd hs auy plgl vnrmnoch n `mihrhdgmn `h cl quh sugh`h

gld ltrls icum`ls glal cls knshs. Cls lojhtls mdahrsls hd nckúd cáqum`l hstîd sujhtls n ud ihd÷ahdl gldlgm`l glal icltnomcm`n`. (Ourondl & Knrgmn, ?6>6)

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>2=

_HWXAHDHW @H YM@HLW @H CN XDM@N@ ? IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: jlsuh lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`>  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn >: ¼^XÂ HW NDNOLCMWAL< VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr ¼^XH HW NDNOLCMWAL<

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # ; _HWXAHD @HC YM@HL:

¼^XÂ HW NDNOLCMWAL< MDP_L@XGMßD

Hc ndnolcmsal hs hc prlghsl plr hc gunc cn gícucn mdvmhrth cn hdhrkán quh bn lothdm`l y quh bn ncanghdn`l pnrn gldstrumr duhvns hstrugturns, hstrugturns, hs `hgmr, sm yl ah glal ud pcntl `h nrrlz, pnrth `h hsn hdhrkán cn vly n knstnr hd ams iudgmldhs `hc `án n `án, hd gnamdnr, hd rhspmrnr, hd bnocnr, htg…, phrl sm yl dl cl knstl tl`l, hsn hdhrkán quh yl thdkl puh`l  

mdvhrtmrcn hd gldstrumr alcígucns aîs krnd`hs l mdgcusl hd grhghr, `h bhgbl plr hsl tnaomíd pl`hals cchknr n hdklr`nals.

Vlr hjhapcl, yl ah glal ud pcntl `h nrrlz, pnsl `hc ncam`÷d quh tmhdh hsh nrrlz n alcígucns `h kcuglsn shdgmccns (cl quh shrán gntnolcmsal, dl ndnolcmsal) y gund`l yn thdkl hsns alcígucns phquhþns `h kcuglsn rhsuctn quh ah `ly guhdtn quh dl cns vly n gldsuamr tl`ns plrquh ah vly n hgbnr udn smhstn, nsá quh cl puh`hd bnghr hsns alcígucns `h kcuglsn hd am bákn`l hs bnghrsh rhshrvn `h kcug÷khdl, hc kcug÷khdl shrmn glal hc ncam`÷d quh tmhdh hc nrrlz, cns pnpns, cls vhkhtnchs phrl hd vhrsm÷d ndmanc, cls ndmanchs gund`l bnghd angrlalcígucns `h kcuglsn dl bnghd ncam`÷d, bnghd kcug÷khdl, gld cl gunc tl`n hsn kcuglsn yl cn hdcnzl udn gld ltrn amchs `h vhghs y ah snch udn angrlalcígucn `h kcug÷khdl glal yl pnrtl `h cnkl phquhþl y plgl hdhrkítmgl pnrn gldshkumr nckl krnd`h y auy hdhrkítmgl, cl quh hs hstly bngmhd`l hs rh`ugmr, hstly rh`ugmhd`l udn alcígucn, n dmvhc quáamgl udn rh`uggm÷d mapcmgn `nr hdhrkán, hstly

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>=6

gldvmrtmhd`l cn kcuglsn hd kcug÷khdl pnrn quh hstl shn nsá dhghsmtl mdvhrtmr hsn hdhrkán, quh cn lothdkl `h cn hdhrkán quh bh ncanghdn`l `urndth cn `hkrn`ngm÷d l hc gntnolcmsal, hs `hgmr quh ndnolcmsal y gntnolcmsal vnd judtls phrl tmhdhd iudgmldhs `mstmdtns y pnrthd `h cuknrhs lpuhstls, tl`l hc ncangíd `h hdhrkán quh bh hxtrná`l `hc nrrlz cl kunr`l hd ilran `h NPV plrquh gund`l qumhrl pnsnr cn kcuglsn nc kcug÷khdl thdkl quh knstnr hsh NPV.

@HWN__LCCL Hc NPV plr cl tndtl sh ah lxm`nrn quh hs cl gldtnrml `h rh`ugmr, hs `hgmr, `nrî su hdhrkán y nsá hs quh cn kcuglsn pl`rî rh`ugmrsh, plr cl tndtl, hstnals n trnvís t rnvís `h rhnggmldhs `h lxm`ngm÷d y rh`uggm÷d phrl n `mihrhdgmn `h l quh pnsnon gld hc gntnolcmsal hstns rhnggmldhs sld hd`ltíramgns, cl quh smkdmimgn quh dl sh `nd hspldtîdhnahdth plr quh dhghsmtnd ud nplrth `h hdhrkán, dhghsmtn quh chs hdtrh iuhrzn, hd hsth gnsl hc prl`ugtl imdnc hs auy hdhrkítmgl hs aîs hdhrkítmgl quh hc sustrntl quh bn hdtrn`l y udn pnrth `h ndnolcmsal quh khdhrncahdth hs cn prmahrn quh sh hstu`mn tmhdh quh vhr gld hc ndnolcmsal

`h cn kcuglsn, hd cns pcndtns hs nckl auy lovml y cl vhals n trnvís `h cn iltlsádthsms, cns  pcndtns nprlvhgbnd udn alcígucn auy lxm`n`n glal hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl pnrn trndsilranr hsn alcígucn mdlrkîdmgn hd hc prhgurslr `h kcuglsn, cápm`ls, prlthádn pnsn `h cnkl quh dl tmhdh hdhrkán dmdkudn n alcígucns quh sld auy hdhrkítmgns quh vnd n bnghr quh cn pcndtn thdkn tnccl y bljns, hsn hs cn iudgm÷d `hc ndnolcmsal, gldstruyh, gldstruyh, dl `hkrn`n. Hd hc gnsl `hc ndnolcmsal thdhals hxngtnahdth udn smtungm÷d gldtrnrmn n cn loshrvn`n hd hc gntnolcmsal. Hd hihgtl, sm hd hc gntnolcmsal hxmstán ud prlghsl `h `hsglaplsmgm÷d `h alcígucns alcígucns glapchjns hd ltrns aîs smapchs pnrn lothdhr hdhrkán, hd hc ndnolcmsal thd`rhals ud prlghsl gldsmsthdth hd cn ilrangm÷d `h alcígucns aîs glapchjns y aîs rmgns hd hdhrkán. Hd gldtrnplsmgm÷d gld hc gntnolcmsal, hsth prlghsl hd vhz `h cmohrnr hdhrkán thd`rî glal gldshguhdgmn ud gldsual `h cn amsan. Hs plr tl`l cl hxpuhstl quh hsth ihd÷ahdl suhch gldsm`hrnrsh udn insh gldstrugtmvn tndtl `h cn gícucn glal `h ud lrkndmsal glapchtl. @h aîs hstî `hgmr quh pnrn quh hstls prlghsls puh`nd cchvnrsh n gnol, cn gícucn `hoh mdthrngtunr gld hc naomhdth, rhgmomhd`l dutrmhdths `hc amsal y hcmamdnd`l cls `hshgbls, hs `hgmr, nquhccls hchahdtls quh gnrhghd `h nckudn utmcm`n`. Pnaomíd hs dhghsnrml hc lxákhdl hd hc gnsl `hc blaorh y `h cn krnd anylrán `h lrkndmsals. Hstn mdthrnggm÷d sh cchvn n gnol ah`mndth cn ahaorndn ghcucnr, ahaorndn quh hsh hdgnrkn `h shpnrnr n cns rhnggmldhs quh tmhdhd cuknr `hdtrl `h cn gícucn y cns gmrgudstndgmns `hc

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>=>

hxthrmlr5 cn amsan `mstmdkuh hdtrh cls hchahdtls quh puh`hd shr ohdhimgmlsls pnrn cls  prlghsls ahtno÷cmgls ahtno÷cmgls y nquhccls nquhccls quh sld mdtrndsghd`hdths mdtrndsghd`hdths l `mrhgtnahdth dhkntmvls. dhkntmvls. Hc tíramdl Ndnolcmsal, sh rhimhrh n nckudns `h cns rhnggmldhs quáamgns quh lgurrhd hd hc lrkndmsal. Hstns rhnggmldhs sh prl`ughd `hdtrl `h gn`n gícucn gíc ucn y su iudgm÷d gldsmsth hd nplrtnr cn hdhrkán dhghsnrmn, pnrn quh sh hihgtúhd cns iudgmldhs i udgmldhs ghcucnrhs y cn ilrangm÷d `h duhvls thjm`ls. Wh `mstmdkuhd `ls nsphgtls `hc Ndnolcmsal. Xdl quh sh rhimhrh n cn sádthsms dl hsphgmimgn `h prlthádn, quh rhphrguth hd hc mdgrhahdtl `h phsl y ltrn nggm÷d aîshsphgáimgn cmamtn`n nc aúsgucl hsquhcítmgl gldlgm`n glal hihgtl amltr÷pmgl. Krngmns n cls prlghsls ndno÷cmgls cns gícucns mdgrhahdtnd mdgrhahdtnd `h hd tnanþl y dúahrl. Hc ahtnolcmsal `h gícucns hsphgmnchs phramth cn ilrangm÷d `h hstrugturns glal buhsls y thjm`l ausgucnr, cl quh phramth hc nuahdtl `h tnanþl `hc guhrpl. Vlr cl tndtl hc ahtnolcmsal dl slcl hs cn onsh pnrn cn lothdgm÷d `h hdhrkán dhghsnrmn pnrn cls prlghsls glrplrnchs, smdl quh tnaomíd pnrn hc prlpml grhgmamhdtl.

Iudgmldhs

Hdtrh sus prmdgmpnchs iudgmldhs sh `hstngnd `hstngnd cns smkumhdths: • 

Grhgmamhdtl krngmns n su `hthramdndth prhshdgmn n cn blrn `h cn c n ilrangm÷d

`h glapldhdths y thjm`ls ghcucnrhs. • 

Ncanghdnamhdtl `h hdhrkán ah`mndth cls hdcnghs quáamgls.

• 

Hc ndnolcmsal hs gnpnz `h inormgnr cls thjm`ls `hc guhrpl y omhd cls

glapldhdths ghcucnrhs, ghcucnrhs, hd ltrns pncnorns sh `mgh quh krngmns nc ndnolcmsal tmhdh cuknr hc `hsnrrlccl y grhgmamhdtl `h cls shrhs vmvls. • 

Pnaomíd puh`h mdgrhahdtnr cn ansn ausgucnr.

• 

Hs gnpnz `h ncanghdnr cn hdhrkán hd alcígucns lrkîdmgns (hd hsth gnsl sh

bnocn `h cls trmkcmgírm`ls, hc ncam`÷d y kcug÷khdl) plr ah`ml `h hdcnghs quáamgls.

Htnpns Prhs htnpns sld cns quh mdvlcugrn hc ndnolcmsal: •

 

Hd udn prmahrn mdstndgmn thd`rî cuknr cn prl`uggm÷d `h prhgurslrhs tnchs glal cls namdlîgm`ls, aldlsngîrm`ls, hdtrh ltrls. • 

Hc smkumhdth pnsl shrî cn ngtmvngm÷d hd rhngtmvls hapchnd`l hdhrkán `hc

NPV y imdncahdth `hvhd`rîd hd cns alcígucns aîs glapchjns ahdgmldn`ns, glal Vrlthádns, Vlcmsngîrm`ls, Cápm`ls y Îgm`ls dugchmgls.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>=?

• 

Hd tndtl, cn inalsn y dhghsnrmn hdhrkán quh rhqumhrhd lothdhr cns gícucns

shrî lothdm`n n trnvís `h trhs iuhdths `h hdhrkán `mihrhdths glal sld: cuz slcnr ah`mndth hc tápmgl y dnturnc prlghsl `h iltlsádthsms quh suirhd cns pcndtns, `h ltrls glapldhdths lrkîdmgls y `h nckudls ltrls mdlrkîdmgls. ] n hsth gldjudtl `h prlghsls ccnan`l ndnolcmsal, ilrancahdth, sh cl gcnsmimgnrî `h nguhr`l n cns alcígucns quh sh smdthtmghd hd íc, glal sld: `upcmgngm÷d `h N@D, sádthsms `h N_D, sádthsms `h cápm`ls, `h kcúgm`ls y prlthádns.

GLDGCXWMßD Hs cn insh gldstrugtmvn `hc ahtnolcmsal. Hc gldjudtl `h rutns ahtno÷cmgns guyl lojhtmvl hs cn lothdgm÷d `h alcígucns lrkîdmgns aîs l ahdls glapchjns iuhrthahdth rh`ugm`ns n pnrtmr `h ltrns aîs smapchs y rhcntmvnahdth lxm`n`ns. Vlr tndtl sld prlghsls quáamgls `h rh`uggm÷d. Cns gnrngthrástmgns `h hstns rutns ahtno÷cmgns sld cns smkumhdths: Cns rutns ndno÷cmgns pnrn cn sádthsms `h alcígucns sld `mihrhdths `h cns gntno÷cmgns nudquh gld augbn irhguhdgmn glapnrthd rhnggmldhs rhvhrsmochs pr÷xmans nc hqumcmorml,

smhaprh hxmsth nckúd pnsl `mstmdtl hd gn`n rutn. Cns hdzmans quh rhkucnd cns rutns ndno÷cmgns y gntno÷cmgns sld `mihrhdths. Cn anylrán `h cns rutns ndno÷cmgns tmhdhd cuknr hd ch bmnclpcnsan nudquh utmcmznd glal prhgurslrhs sustndgmns prlgh`hdths `hc gntnolcmsal khdhrn`l hd `mihrhdths lrkîducls: _.H.C. ↟ ilsilcápm`ls y glchsthrlc5 _.H._. ↟ kcmglsmcngm÷d `h prlthádns5 Npnrntl `h Klckm ↟ Kcmglsmcngm÷d `h   prlthádns y cápm`ls5 _molslans ↟ prlthádns5 Dúgchl ↟ 

Îgm`ls dugchmgls. Hd lrkndmsals nut÷trlils y bhthr÷trlils, cn c n anylrán `h rhnggmldhs `h ndnolcmsal sld glaudhs. Gldstmtuyhd cns rutns `hc ndnolcmsal bhthr÷trlil.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>=7

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí Lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`>  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn ?: ¼^XÍ HW GNPNOLCMWAL< G NPNOLCMWAL< VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr ¼^XH HW GNPNOLCMWAL<

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # ; ¼^XÂ HW GNPNOLCMWAL< MDP_L@XGGMßD Gntnolcmsal hs hc prlghsl `h `hkrn`nr l `hsglapldhr dutrmhdths lrkîdmgls glapchjls hd sustndgmns smapchs gld hc lojhtmvl lothdhr hdhrkán útmc pnrn cns gícucns. Hc gntnolcmsal, judtl nc `h ndnolcmsal, glapchtn hc prlghsl `hc ahtnolcmsal.

Hc tíramdl gntnolcmsal prlvmhdh `hc krmhkl, y hstî gldilran`l plr `ls vlgnocls: gntn, quh qumhrh `hgmr 'bngmn nonjl', y oncchmd, quh qumhrh `hgmr 'cndznr'. Nsá, hc gntnolcmsal rh`ugh l `hkrn`n cns sustndgmns. Amhdtrns quh hc ndnolcmsal sh hdgnrkn `h khdhrnr sustndgmns glapchjns n pnrtmr `h sustndgmns smapchs, hc gntnolcmsal cchvn n gnol prlghsls `h rh`uggm÷d y lxm`ngm÷d. Hs `hgmr, hc lrkndmsal sh hdgnrkn `h `hkrn`nr omlalcígucns pnrn lothdhr `h hccns hdhrkán. Hsth prlghsl hs aîs l ahdls shahjndth hd tl`ls cls shrhs vmvls, ndmanchs l vhkhtnchs, gld hxghpgm÷d `h gmhrtl tmpl `h ongthrmns.

@HWN__LCCL Hdtrh cns alcígucns lrkîdmgns pl`hals ahdgmldnr cns prlthádns, cls cápm`ls y cls  plcmsngîrm`ls, quh quh sld trndsilran` trndsilran`ns ns `urndth hc prl prlghsl ghsl `h `mkhstm÷d. `mkhstm÷d. Hstls dutrmhdths `hohd `hkrn`nrsh hd namdlîgm`ls, îgm`ls krnsls y aldlsngîrm`ls rhsphgtmvnahdth. Ltrl hjhapcl quh pl`hals ahdgmldnr hs hc prlghsl gntno÷cmgl quh gldvmhrth n cn kcuglsn hd hdhrkán y nkun. Hd tl`l gnsl, hc gntnolcmsal dl slcl hxtrnh hdhrkán `hc prlghsl `h rh`uggm÷dlxm`ngm÷d, smdl quh tnaomíd hs gnpnz `h `hshgbnr nquhccns rhnggmldhs quáamgns quh sld `hstrugtmvns.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>=0

Cns rhnggmldhs gntno÷cmgns, n`haîs, sh `mvm`hd hdtrh cns quh rhqumhrhd lxákhdl (nhr÷omgns) y cns quh dl (ndnhr÷omgns). Naons sh `nd hd hc lrkndmsal `hc shr buandl,  plr hjhapcl, n ah`m`n quh trndsgurrh cn `mkhstm÷d (quh rlaph cns angrlalcígucns lrkîdmgns hd sus ald÷ahrls gldstmtutmvls) y cuhkl hc gmgcl ahtno÷cmgl mdtrnghcucnr.

Gntnolcmsal ausgucnr Wh bnocn `h gntnolcmsal ausgucnr gund`l hc lrkndmsal, nc dl rhgmomr ncmahdtl nckudl y, plr tndtl, nc dl rhgmomr sustndgmns glapchjns pnrn cn lothdgm÷d `h hdhrkán, `hoh  prlgurnrcns `mrhgtnahdth `mrhgtnahdth hd hc thjm`l ausgucnr. Hs `hgmr, hc guhrpl glamhdz glamhdznn n "glahrsh n sá amsal". Glal gldshguhdgmn, cn phrsldn pmhr`h ansn ausgucnr. Hsth prlghsl hs auy irhguhdth hd cns phrsldns quh sh slahthd n `mhtns `h bnaorh l quh cchvnd udn ncmahdtngm÷d `himgmhdth pnrn hc dmvhc `h hdhrkán quh dhghsmtnd. Hd `mgbls gnsls, hc lrkndmsal rhgurrh n cns krnsns `hc guhrpl pnrn lothdhr hdhrkán n`mgmldnc quh cmohrnr y, udn vhz nkltn`n, rhgurrh n ah`m`ns `hshsphrn`ns glal –quhanr‑  cn ausgucnturn pnrn knrndtmznr quh hc ahtnolcmsal smkn nd`nd`l.

Vnrn hvmtnr hc gntnolcmsal ausgucnr, sh `hoh andthdhr udn `mhtn nprlpmn`n n cn gndtm`n` `h hjhrgmgml l ngtmvm`n` iásmgn `hshaphþn`n. N`haîs, hs maplrtndth ormd`nr nc lrkndmsal suimgmhdths suimgmhdths lplrtudm`n`hs lplrtudm`n`hs `h `hsgndsl yn quh `urndth hc suhþl sh grhn cn anylr gndtm`n` `h ansn ausgucnr. Gntnolcmsal ghcucnr Hc gntnolcmsal sh cchvn n gnol `hdtrl `h cns gícucns `hc lrkndmsal n trnvís `h udn shrmh `h prlghsls quh gldstmtuyhd cn rhspmrngm÷d ghcucnr. Hstl lgurrh n trnvís `h prlghsls `mihrhdths, `hphd`mhd`l `h sm sh hdguhdtrn l dl prhshdth hc lxákhdl, phrl n krnd`hs rnskls gldsmsth hd cn lxm`ngm÷d `h cns omlalcígucns `h kcuglsn pnrn lothdhr hdhrkán. Hsth prlghsl, ccnan`l kcug÷cmsms, tmhdh cuknr hd hc gmtlslc `h cns gícucns, lothdmhd`l plr gn`n alcígucn `h kcuglsn (gld 9 îtlals `h gnroldl) `ls `h pmr pmruvntl uvntl (gld 7 îtlals `h gnroldl gn`n udn), hd ud prlghsl quh mdvmhrth `ls alcígucns `h NPV pnrn gldshkumr guntrl n gnaoml. Cuhkl, hsth pmruvntl shrî prlghsn`l shkúd gldshkumr shkúd bnyn l dl lxákhdl  prhshdth hd: _hspmrngm÷d ghcucnr. Hd prhshdgmn `h lxákhdl (naomhdth nhrloml) hc pmruvntl hs lxm`n`l bnstn lothdhr GL?, cmohrnd`l cn hdhrkán `h sus hdcnghs pnrn inormgnr gld hccn NPV. Hstl lgurrh hd cn antrmz `h cns amtlgld`rmns `h cn gícucn hd su prmahrn insh (hc gmgcl `h cls îgm`ls rmgnrolxácmgls l hc Gmgcl `h Erhos) y cuhkl hd cn gn`hdn rhspmrntlrmn quh

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>=8

lgurrh hd cns ahaorndns amtlgld`rmnchs. Hsth prlghsl hs nctnahdth prl`ugtmvl `hs`h ud  pudtl `h vmstn vmstn hdhrkítmgl y rmd`h udns 79 alcígucns alcígucns `h NPV plr alcígucn `h kcug kcuglsn. lsn. Ihrahdtngm÷d ghcucnr. Gund`l dl bny prhshdgmn `h lxákhdl (naomhdth ndnhrloml), cls lrkndmsals dl puh`hd lxm`nr hc pmruvntl smdl ihrahdtnrcl, prl`ugmhd`l alcígucns `h htndlc l îgm`l cîgtmgl hd cuknr `h GL?. Hstns alcígucns sld augbl aîs `miágmchs `h hcmamdnr y rmd`hd augbl ahdls hdhrkítmgnahdth: nphdns udns ? alcígucns `h NPV plr alcígucn `h kcuglsn. Hdtrh cls `mstmdtls tmpls `h omlalcígucns lrkîdmgns lrkîdmgns quh ilrand pnrth `h cns gícucns vmvns bny quh `mstmdkumr plr ud cn`l n cns prlthádns y cls îgm`ls dugchmgls, guyn amsm÷d iud`nahdtnc hs hc ncanghdnamhdtl, trndsamsm÷d y hxprhsm÷d `h cn mdilrangm÷d khdítmgn ("omlalcígucns mdilrantmvns"), y plr ltrl n cls kcúgm`ls y cápm`ls ("omlalcígucns hdhrkítmgns") guyn prmdgmpnc amsm÷d hs cn `h prlplrgmldnr hdhrkán pnrn cls `mstmdtls  prlghsls ghcucnrhs y quh plr cl tndtl hstîd ccnan`ls n shr cls krnd`hs prltnkldmstns `hc gntnolcmsal. @h tl`ls al`ls, `n`l quh cns gícucns sh hdguhdtrnd hd ud gldtmdul prlghsl `h rhdlvngm÷d `h sus glapldhdths alchgucnrhs, hc gntnolcmsal glaprhd`h rutns quh

 phramthd cchvnr n gnol cn `hkrn`ngm÷d `h tl`ns y gn`n udn `h cns omlalcígucns. Hd hsth gnpátucl ndncmznrhals cns `mstmdtns rutns gntno÷cmgns gld hsphgmnc mdgm`hdgmn hd nquhccns rhspldsnochs `h cn `hkrn`ngm÷d `h kcúgm`ls y cápm`ls, plr shr ístns cns quh aîs irhguhdthahdth utmcmznd cns gícucns. Cns rhnggmldhs gntno÷cmgns, l shn, cns quh glapldhd hc gntnolcmsal, puh`hd shr auy `mihrhdths hdtrh sá, nudquh nc amsal tmhapl vnránd plgl hdtrh cns `mvhrsns ilrans `h vm`n gldlgm`n. Khdhrncahdth gldsmsthd hd rhnggmldhs `h rh`uggm÷d-lxm`ngm÷d rh`uggm÷d -lxm`ngm÷d `h alcígucns lrkîdmgns, nudquh hxmsthd amgrllrkndmsals gnpnghs `h ahtnolcmznr bmhrrl y nzuirh. Cns rhnggmldhs gntno÷cmgns, n`haîs, sh `mvm`hd hdtrh cns quh rhqumhrhd lxákhdl (nhr÷omgns) y cns quh dl (ndnhr÷omgns). Naons sh `nd hd hc lrkndmsal `hc shr buandl,  plr hjhapcl, n ah`m`n quh trndsgurrh cn `mkhstm÷d (quh rlaph cns angrlalcígucns angrlalcígucns lrkîdmgns hd sus ald÷ahrls gldstmtutmvls) gldstmtutmvls) y cuhkl hc gmgcl ahtno÷cmgl mdtrnghcucnr (Gmgcl `h Erhos y Ilsilrmcngm÷d lxm`ntmvn) Hc gntnolcmsal hs hc prmdgmpml oîsmgl `htrîs `h cn `mkhstm÷d `h cls ncmahdtls quh gldsuamals. Vlr hjhapcl, cn glam`n quh mdkhrmals hs prlghsn`n y `hsglapuhstn hd sus  omlalcígucns `h anylr tnanþl, quh quh mdkrhsnd nc lrkndmsal pnrn shr gntnolcmzn gntnolcmzn`ns. `ns. Nsá, cns prlthádns sld `hsglapuhstns hd namdlîgm`ls, cápm`ls hd îgm`ls krnsls y nzúgnrhs hd aldlsngîrm`ls. Hstls glapuhstls aîs smapchs cuhkl gldvhrkhd hd udn

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>=9

amsan rutn ahtno÷cmgn: cn `hc Nghtmc GlN, hc glapuhstl quh mdkrhsn n cns gícucns pnrn mdmgmnr cn rhspmrngm÷d ghcucnr (Gmgcl `h Erhos). Hc gntnolcmsal tmhdh auy ancn inan hd hc aud`l `hc `hplrth yn quh sh nsmamcn n cn pír`m`n `h ansn ausgucnr. Nquhccns phrsldns quh ghdtrnd su prhpnrngm÷d iásmgn hd hc ndnolcmsal, hs `hgmr, hd hc grhgmamhdtl ausgucnr tmhdhd hc gntnolcmsal glal su phlr  phsn`mccn. Wh prl`ugh gund`l inctn hdhrkán y sh `hsglapldhd cls thjm`ls ausgucnrhs. Nc dl rhgmomr ncmahdtl, hc lrkndmsal thramdn plr dutrmrsh `h cn prlpmn ansn ausgucnr. Hstl puh`h sugh`hr gund`l sh slahth nc guhrpl n hdtrhdnamhdtls `hansmn`l `urls smd cn ncmahdtngm÷d n`hgun`n l gund`l sh smkuhd `mhtns auy hstrmgtns, anc oncndghn`ns l smd hc nshslrnamhdtl `h ud prlihsmldnc. Vnrn hvmtnr hsh gntnolcmsal cl prmdgmpnc hs quh hc lrkndmsal thdkn prlthádns suimgmhdths pnrn quh hc aúsgucl hstí omhd ncmahdtn`l y quh, hd khdhrnc, sh trntn `h `ls krnals `h prlthádns plr emcl `h phsl.

Vrlghslss gntn Vrlghsl gntno÷cmgls o÷cmgls dnturnchs Cn `mkhstm÷d: Nc glahr hc guhrpl `hsglapldh cls dutrmhdths lrkîdmgls hd

glapldhdths aîs iîgmchs `h usnr pnrn hc guhrpl. _hspmrngm÷d ghcucnr: _lturn `h alcígucns krnd`hs `h glapuhstls lrkîdmgls hd ltrns aîs phquhþns cmohrnd`l cn hdhrkán dhghsnrmn pnrn ncmahdtnr cns ngtmvm`n`hs ghcucnrhs y prl`ugmr cns alcígucns `h NPV. Ihrahdtngm÷d: Hd nushdgmn `h lxákhdl sh `hsglapldh cn kcuglsn. Wh trntn `h ud  prlghsl `h lxm`ngm÷d lxm`ngm÷d mdglapchtl. mdglapchtl. Gmgcl `h Erhos: Gldlgm`l glal hc gmgcl `hc îgm`l gátrmgl, hs cn insh imdnc `h cn lxm`ngm÷d. Hsth prlghsl sh hdguhdtrn prhshdth hd tl`ns y gn`n udn `h cns gícucns `h cls shrhs vmvls. @hkrn`ngm÷d `h îgm`ls dugchmgls: Cls îgm`ls dugchmgls -îgm`l `hslxmrrmoldugchmgl (N@D) y îgm`l rmoldugchmgl (N_D)- suirhd gldtmduls prlghsls `h `hkrn`ngm÷d, nplrtnd`l hchahdtls quh sh utmcmznd pnrn cn sádthsms `h duhvls îgm`ls dugchmgls. Kcug÷cmsms: Cls plcmsngîrm`ls sld `hkrn`n`ls n kcuglsn `urndth cn `mkhstm÷d.

GLDGCXWMßD Hd gldgcusm÷d, hc gntnolcmsal hs hsn pnrth `hc prlghsl ahtno÷cmgl gldsmsthdth hd cn `hkrn`ngm÷d `h dutrmhdths lrkîdmgls trndsilraîd`lcls hd prl`ugtls imdnchs smapchs gld lojhtl `h hxtrnhr cn hdhrkán dhghsnrmn pnrn cns gícucns. Hsn hdhrkán cmohrn`n plr hc gntnolcmsal hs cn quh sh usn hd cn sádthsms `h NPV. Hc gntnolcmsal hs shahjndth hd cls

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>=;

lrkndmsals nut÷trlils y bhthr÷trlils y gldsmsthd trndsilrangmldhs quáamgns hdzmaîtmgns hdzmaîtmgns,, quh hd su anylrán sld rhnggmldhs `h lxm`ngm÷d y rh`uggm÷d, hd cns quh udls glapuhstls sh lxm`nd n hxphdsns `h ltrls quh sh rh`ughd.

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: jlsuh lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`>

  Pnrhn >: Ndncmznr @MIH_HDGMN ] _HCNGMLD HDP_H

 ‗ 

NDNOLCMWAL ] GNPNOLCMWAL VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7

Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr @MIH_HDGMN ] _HCNGMLD HDP_H NDNOLCMWAL ] GNPNOLCMWAL

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # ;

_HWXAHD @HC YM@HL:

@MIH_HDGMN ] _HCNGMLD HDP_H NDNOLCMWAL ] GNPNOLCMWAL MDP_L@XGGMLD Ndnolcmsal y gntnolcmsal dl pl`ránd hxmstmr hc udl smd hc ltrl yn quh rhncahdth dl sld cádhns smdl quh sld gmgcls, hc ahtnolcmsal aht nolcmsal pnrth `h cn prhamsn quh dls hdshþnd hd quáamgn `h quh cn hdhrkán dm sh grhn, dm sh `hstruyh `hstruyh smdl quh sh trndsilran, nsá quh tl`l cl quh tmhdh quh vhr gld ndnolcmsal y gntnolcmsal tnaomíd tmhdh quh vhr gld hsn trndsilrangm÷d `h cn hdhrkán. Hjhapcl: ]l pnrtl `h ud `hcmgmlsl pcntl `h nrrlz, bnkl cn `mkhstm÷d, quh hs quh vly `hstruyhd`l y `hkrn`nd`l cn alcígucn `h ncam`÷d, quh hs cn alcígucn quh ah vn n `nr tl`n cn iuhrzn quh ah `n hc pcntl `h nrrlz. Hsn alcígucn sld amchs `h kcuglsns judtns, plr cl tndtl t ndtl vly n glrtnr hsns kcuglsns hd udm`n`hs md`hphd`mhdths y glal hstly `hsbngmhd`l hdcnghs tl`n cn hdhrkán `h cls hdcnghs vn n sncmr `h cn alcígucn hspldtîdhnahdth bngmn niuhrn, dl qumhrl quh sh pmhr`n

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

>=2

hsn hdhrkán nsá quh am gícucn sh hdgnrkn `h ncanghdnrcn phrl pnrn ncanghdnrcn dhghsmtl ltrn alcígucn quh dl thdkn quh vhr gld ncam`÷d ncam `÷d dm kcuglsn smdl quh shnd glhdzmans, hstns glhdzmans hstîd ghrgn `hc ncam`÷d gund`l hc ncam`÷d hs rltl y cmohrn hsn hdhrkán y glal hstîd ghrgn cl quh bngh hs gnptnr hsn hdhrkmn.hs `hgmr, hc ncam`÷d tmhdh augbn hdhrkán y ngnon smhd`l kcuglsn, quh hs udn trmsth alcígucn `h shms gnroldls nsm quh hs plgl hdhrkítmgn, plr cl tndtl, cn hdhrkán pnsn `hc ncam`÷d n ud glhdzman, hc ncam`÷d haphz÷ rh`ugm`l y vn n ngnonr lxm`n`l hd ilran `h kcuglsn plrquh cn hdhrkán `hc ncam`÷d vn n hc glhdzman y hc glhdzman glh dzman quh hapmhzn lxm`n`l lxm` n`l ngnon rh`ugm`l. rh`ugm `l. Nblrn, yl hstlybngmhd`l bngmhd` l cn `mkhstm÷d, ah vly n `nr udn smhstn y dl vly n knstnr tl`n cn hdhrkán quh ah bn `n`l hsh  pcntl `h nrrlz, `hspuís `h rhstnr cn hdhrkán hdhrkán quh yl dhghsmtl pnrn bnghr ams iudgmldhs  oîsmgns, glal: glal: rhspmrnr, alvhrah, bnocnr, bnocnr, htg… 

@HWN__LCCL Pl`l hc hxghsl `h hdhrkán sh cl vn n usnr pnrn bnghr alcígucns `h rhshrvn l omhd

gldstrumr hstrugturns ghcucnrhs, plr hjhapcl: rhkhdhrnr ahaorndns pcnsaîtmgns quh sh bnynd `nþn`l, hsl mapcmgn ud knstl `h hdhrkán plr pnrth `h cn c n gícucn, `h andhrn quh tl`n cn iuhrzn quh yl thdkl `hdtrl `h cn gícucns hd ilran `h glhdzmans rh`ugm`ls, cls glhdzmans rh`ugm`ls sh sngrmimgnd, nsá quh hsls glhdzmans sh lxm`nd y krngmns n quh hccls sh lxm`nd, udn alcígucn quh dl thdán iuhrzn dmdkudn glal glal cn kcuglsn, puh`l pnsnrcn n udn alcígucn auy rh`ugm`n, gld augbl pl`hr, hd hc gnsl `h cls ndmanchs, hstl hs cl quh dls pnsn n dlsltrls, glahals nrrlz, cl rlaphals hd ph`ngmtls `h kcuglsn y cl quh dl knstnals duhstrl bákn`l cl rhshrvn hd ilran `h kcug÷khdl plrquh snch aîs n guhdtns ncanghdnr udn alcígucn krnd`h quh ud aldt÷d phquhþmtns plr hsl cl ncanghdnals y cl glapngtnals omhd y plr hsl cn hdhrkán hstî hd hc kcug÷khdl, hs `hgmr tl`l hsl tmhdh quh `nrsh `h andhrn gágcmgn smdl cchknrán ud alahdtl hd hc quh cls glhdzmans jnaîs rhgmomránd hdhrkán, cl gunc yl ah quh`nrán smd hdhrkán pnrn gldstrumr, nsá n rhsuam`ns guhdtns, hc gntnolcmsal trntn `h `hkrn`ngm÷d, `hkrn`ngm÷d `h alcígucns krnd`hs, hc gntnolcmsal rhglkh cn hdhrkán `hc hxthrmlr pnrn mdvhrtmrcn hd tus iudgmldhs l omhd knstn rhshrvns pnrn bnghr sus iudgmldhs. Nblrn, hc ndnolcmsal gldstruyh rhshrvns y gldstruyh hstrugturns, hc ndnolcmsal mdvmhrth hsn hdhrkán pnrn pl`hr bnghr duhvns hstrugturns ghcucnrhs glal sld hc kcug÷khdl. kcug÷khdl. Hc ahtnolcmsal gldjudtl `h rhnggmldhs quh prl`ughd `mgbn trndsilrangm÷d `h anthrmn hd cls shrhs vmvls bny `ls prlghsls oîsmgls hd hc ahtnolcmsal thdhals plr ud cn`l ud prlghsl `h `hkrn`ngm÷d `h anthrmn sm dlsltrls thdhals nquá vnals n pldhr quh

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hsl hs ud prl`ugtl hc quh shn cl quh vn n prl`ugmrsh hs udn `hkrn`ngm÷d `h hsn anthrmn vn n rhsuctnr `ls pnrths y bny ud `hsprhd`mamhdtl `h hdhrkán hd hsth prlghsl n hstl sh gldlgh glal gntnolcmsal y hs udl `h cls `ls prlghsls khdhrnchs hd hc bny udn `hkrn`ngm÷d `h cn anthrmn y bny ud `hsprhd`mamhdtl `h hdhrkán sh `hsprhd`h hdhrkán sld rhnggmldhs hxltíramgns cn rhnggmldhs omlquáamgns gntno÷cmgns hc ltrl krnd tmpl shrán hc gldtrnrml hd hc gunc cl quh bnghals hs `h udn anthrmn aîs shdgmccn aîs smapch vnals n pldhr cn hdhrkán hd rljmtl andthdhr hc amsal ilrantl `h glclr ud nþn`m`l hdhrkítmgl vnals n lothdhr udn sádthsms gld ud glapuhstl nckl aîs glapchjl hdtldghs hd hsth gnsl thd`ránals hc prlghsl gldtrnrml sh ccnan n dn`n ahtnolcmsal y hd hc ndnolcmsal cl quh bny hs udn sádthsms `h anthrmn y sh dhghsmtn hdhrkán omhd ud gldghptl maplrtndth hs gund`l sh hstu`mn hc ahtnolcmsal hs hc quh hc rutn ahtno÷cmgn cns rutns ahtno÷cmgns hc gldjudtl `h rhnggmldhs. r hnggmldhs.

_hcngmÿd Nudquh sld `ls prlghsls `mstmdtls, iudgmldnd `h andhrn gllr`mdn`n.

Amhdtrns hc ndnolcmsal gldstruyh alcígucns krnd`hs n pnrtmr `h ltrns aîs  phquhþns, hc gntnolcmsal gntnolcmsal hs udn rhnggm÷d `h rh`uggm÷d rh`uggm÷d `ld`h sh gldvmhrth udn alcígucn alcígucn glapchjn hd ltrn aîs smapch. Hc gldjudtl `h rhnggmldhs omlquáamgns y `h ud `hthramdn`l prlghsl `ld`h thramdn prlghsl `h ud shr vmvl plr hjhapcl dlsltrls thdhals ud prl`ugtl ud rhngtmvl  phr`÷d sustrntl sustrntl sh ccnan hc ahtnolcmsal quh quh `n cuknr n ud rhngtmvl y ísth n su su vhz puh`h shr prl`ugtl `h ltrl quh vn n `nr cuknr l shn rhngtmvl quh `nd cuknr nc prl`ugtl rhnc hs n su vhz rhngtmvl sustrntl quh `n cuknr n ltrl ltr l prl`ugtl n quh `n ccuknr uknr n vhz `h quh `n cuknr bngh n hstl sh ch ccnan hd omlquáamgn n gn`n udl `h cls ljls `h cn sustndgmn pnrtmgmpndth  plr nsá `hgmrcl hd cn c n rhnggm÷d sh ch c h ccnan ahtn cmtrls y hstl shrán udn rutn ahtno÷cmgn hd hsn rutn ahtno÷cmgn n gn`n udn `h cns rhnggmldhs n`haîs hstî gldtrlcn`n plr ud  omlgntncmzn`lr cn trndsilrangm÷d `h bn `h hstnr rhkucn`n hstî ah`mn`n plr ud  omlgntncmzn`lr quh hs udn hdzman, hstî rhkucn`n plr ltrn hdzman plr cl tndtl cns rutns ahtno÷cmgns cns rhnggmldhs sh gnrngthrmznd plr udn rhkucngm÷d hdzmaîtmgn bny hdzmans n`haîs bny ud hdgn`hdnamhdtl `h `mihrhdths váns `ls rutns ahtno÷cmgns rhsuctnd`l udn rh` l hdtrnan`l auy onstndth aîs glapchjl quh hstî cmdhnc `h rhnggmldhs plr hjhapcl nblrn hsth sh hvncún `nr cuknr n ltrn ltrn sustndgmn `h y ístn n su vhz n ltrn y hs quh  pl`hals thdhr t hdhr quh hsth ahtnolcmtl mdthrah`ml puh`h shr hc lrmkhd `h ltrn rutn quh `í cuknr n n hih vmnjh plr hjhapcl plr cl tndtl nquá yn thd`ránals ltrns `ls `áns vnals n ccnanrch n ístn rutn > cuhkl thd`ránals nquá ltrn rutn cn rutn ? y nquá thdhals ltrn dltn

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cuhkl bny ud hdgn`hdnamhdtl hdgn`hdnamhdtl `h rutn l ván ahtno÷cmgn aht no÷cmgn phrl hs quh n`haîs sh gnrngthrmznd  plr hstns `mihrhdths rutns tnaomíd hstns rhnggmldhs `hc ahtnolcmsal. ahtnolcmsal. Cn rutn ahtno÷cmgn plr cl quh sh gldlgh glal ud nglpcnamhdtl hdhrkítmgl y quí smkdmimgn hsl `h nglpcnamhdtl hdhrkítmgl ouhdl glal plr hjhapcl quh thdhals udn sustndgmn quh prl`ugh udn sustndgmn vh y hs udn rhnggm÷d hxltíramgn `hgás hs ud `hsprhd`mamhdtl hd hc oncndgh khdhrnc hdhrkítmgl bny ud `hsprhd`mamhdtl `h hdhrkán tmhapl n hsn hdhrkán vn n shr nprlvhgbn`n plr ltrn rhnggm÷d phrl khdhrncahdth dl bny ud nprlvhgbnamhdtl `mrhgtl hs `hgmr hsn hdhrkán vn n shr tlan`n plr ltrn rhnggm÷d vnals n ccnanrch `h ilrangm÷d `h `h n pnrtmr `h cn gunc dhghsmtn hdhrkán pnrn quh sh ilrah hs hd`íamgn pnrn quh sh prl`uzgn phrl dl sh hdguhdtrn hd amsal smtml supldknals supldknals quh ístn sh hdguhdtrn hdguhdtrn hd hc pîdgrhns y ístn sh hdguhdtrn hd hc ghrhorl nctl quh glal sh cc cchvn hvn hdhrkán g÷al sh gldsmkuh trndsplrtnr hsn hdhrkán hdhrkán quh nquá dls slorn n hstn ltrn rhnggm÷d y plr cl tndtl shr augbl aîs himgnz puhs omhd sh utmcmzn cl quh sh ccnand trns trndsplrtn`lrn hdhrkítmgl quh suhchd shr ud dugch÷tm`l ngtmvn`l y hc aîs inalsl hs aîs glaúd cn

aldh`n hdhrkítmgn quh sh ch ccnan hs hc n`hdlsád trmilsintl l NPVN gld hsn hdhrkán cl quh sh bngh hs quh n pnrtmr `h N@V aîs i÷silrl mdlrkîdmgl utmcmznd`l hstn hdhrkán sh lotmhdh NPV. Hc NPV hs hc quh vn n mr n cchvnr c chvnr trndsplrtnr hstn hdhrkán bnstn hstn rhnggm÷d cn gd n hstn rhnggm÷d pnrn quh sh prl`uzgn y vlcvhránals vlcvhránals n thdhr hc n`hanr hc i÷silrl mdlrkîdmgl m dlrkîdmgl y puh`h shkumr rhpmtmíd`lsh hsth hstl cl quh sh ch ccnan nglpcnamhdtl hdhrkítmgl y hs auy maplrtndth h mdthrhsndth pnsnals nblrn y plr thramdnr hstn phquhþn mdtrl`uggm÷d nc ahtnolcmsal ahtnolcms al udn rnan insgmdndth `h cn c n omlclkán vnals n bnocnr `h cls ttmpls mpls `h lrkndmsals lr kndmsals tmpls khdhrnchs `h lrkndmsal shkúd su ahtnolcmsal oîsmgl y hstl sldnrî n aîs `h udl dlsltrls thdhals `ls tmpls nut÷trlils y íthr ltrls cls nut÷trlils sh gnrngthrmznd plrquh su iuhdth `h gnroldl hs hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl gl? hs su iuhdth `h gnroldl gld cn c n quh vnd n smdthtmznr su prlpmn anthrmn bny `ls tmpls khdhrnchs thdhals cls smdtítmgls tnaomíd sh gldlghd glal nut÷trlils iltlcmtl n ltrls ilgls trn`mgmldncahdth iltlsmdtítmgls quh cl quh utmcmznd hs iltls cuz smdtítmgls `h smdthtmznr utmcmznd cn cuz pnrn smdthtmznr su anthrmn lrkîdmgn n pnrtmr `h nggm÷d shrán plr tndtl gld ud usl `h hdhrkán cuaádmgn quh khdhrncahdth n prlvhhr hc slc hc hjhapcl aîs tápmgl cns pcndtns phrl bny ltrl tmpl quh shránd cls qumaml smdtítmgls cn qumaml smdtîgtmgn cl utmcmznd hs cn hdhrkán quáamgn pnrn trndsilranr hsh Gl? hd su prlpmn anthrmn lrkîdmgn lsgmcnd`l hd hsth gnsl smknd puhs sustndgmn mdlrkîdmgn.

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Whahjndzns: 

  Naols sld prlghsls ahtno÷cmgls.



  Naols sh prl`ughd hd ilran gldstndth hd tl`l shr vmvl.



  Naols sh hdguhdtrnd rhcngmldn`ls `h ilran hqumcmorn`n gld su lpuhstl.



  Naols utmcmznd gntncmzn`lrhs l hdzmans pnrn rhncmznr su lojhtmvl.



  Cls `ls prlghsls sh am`hd hd iudgm÷d `h cn hdhrkán.



  Cls `ls sh al`mimgnd shkúd gld`mgmldhs hxthrdns.



  Naols tmhdhd glal aldh`n hc NPV.



  Cls `ls tmhdhd rhngtmvls y prl`ugtls.



  Naols sld prlghsls glapchjls.



  Cls `ls lgurrhd hd tl`ls cls dmvhchs, `hs`h ghcucnr bnstn lrkîdmgl.

@mihrhdgmns:



  Hc ndnolcmsal udh alcígucns smapchs y ilran alcígucns glapchjns, hc

gntnolcmsal bngh cl mdvhrsl. 





  Hc Ndnolcmsal ncanghdn hdhrkán (rhnggm÷d hd`hrk÷dmgn), hc gntnolcmsal cn cmohrn

(rhnggm÷d hxhrk÷dmgn).   Hc ndnolcmsal `msamduyh gld cns ngtmvm`n`hs nhr÷omgns, hc gntnolcmsal nuahdtn.   Hc ndnolcmsal prl`ugh cns rhshrvns pnrn phrml`ls `h bnaorudn, plr hjhapcl, hc

gntnolcmsal cns gldsuah.

GLDGCXWMLD Vnrn am gldgcusm÷d Ndnolcmsal y gntnolcmsal sld cns pnrths hd cns quh sh `mvm`h hc ahtnolcmsal. Hc ndnolcmsal hs udn rhnggm÷d `h sádthsms `ld`h sh gldsuah hdhrkán. Hc gntnolcmsal hs udn rhnggm÷d `hkrn`ntmvn `ld`h sh cmohrn hdhrkán. Nudquh sld `ls  prlghsls `mstmdtls, iudgmldnd iudgmldnd `h andhrn gllr`mdn`n. gllr`mdn`n. Hc Hc hjhapcl hs cn `mkhstm÷d. Hd íc, cls ncmahdtls `h gldsual sh `hsglapldhd y trndsilrand hd vnrmns sustndgmns aîs smapchs, quh cuhkl shrîd utmcmzn`ns plr hc ahtnolcmsal hd mdduahrnochs m dduahrnochs iudgmldhs glrplrnchs. glrplrnchs. Hc gntnolcmsal prl`ugh hdhrkán. Vlr hjhapcl, nc gldsuamr ncam`÷d, ud ncmahdtl  plcmsngîrm`l - gnrolbm`rntl- hc lrkndmsal hs gnpnz `h trndsilranrcl hd alcígucns `h kcuglsn, augbl aîs shdgmccns y hdírkmgns. hdírkmgns. Cns prlthádns sh trndsilrand, tr ndsilrand, prmdgmpncahdth,

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hd namdlîgm`ls. Hstls sh utmcmznrîd hd cls prlghsls ndno÷cmgls `hc guhrpl. Hs `hgmr, hs `urndth hc gntnolcmsal gund`l sh inormgnd cns c ns hdhrkáns dhghsnrmns pnrn hc ndnolcmsal

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: jlsuh lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`>  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn ?: GLDYH_KHDGMN @H CNW _XPNW AHPNO×CMGNW VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr GLDYH_KHDGMN @H CNW _XPNW AHPNO×CMGNW

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # 2 _HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

GLDYH_KHDGMN @H CNW _XPNW AHPNO×CMGNW MDP_L@XGGMßD Hc ahtnolcmsal vmhdh `mrmkm`l plr udn shrmh `h blraldns, quh sld gnpnghs `h gllr`mdnr cns rhnggmldhs ahtno÷cmgns, gldsm`hrnd`l gldsm`hrnd`l cns dhghsm`n`hs y hc rhd`mamhdtl `hc lrkndmsal. Wh `mgh quh cns rutns gntno÷cmgns sld gldvhrkhdths plrquh gldicuyhd bngmn udls plgls prl`ugtls imdnchs, hs `hgmr, n pnrtmr `h augbls sustrntls `mihrhdths sh ilrand gnsm smhaprh cls amsals prl`ugtls: nkun, `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl, pmruvntl, cngtntl, htg. Hc gntnolcmsal hs cn insh `hkrn`ntmvn `hc ahtnolcmsal hd cn quh alcígucns lrkîdmgns aîs l ahdls glapchjns sld trndsilran`ns hd ltrns alcígucns lrkîdmgns l mdlrkîdmgns aîs smapchs. Glal rhsuctn`l `h hstn `hkrn`ngm÷d sh cmohrn hdhrkán quh hd  pnrth sh gldshrvn hd ilran `h NPV, `h `ld`h n su vhz puh`h shr utmcmzn`n pnrn hc ndnolcmsal, pnrn hc alvmamhdtl, pnrn cn prl`uggm÷d `h gnclr, pnrn hc trndsplrth ngtmvl, htg.

@HWN__LCCL Hc gntnolcmsal hs shahjndth hd cls lrkndmsals nut÷trlils y bhthr÷trlils y gldsmsthd trndsilrangmldhs quáamgns hdzmaîtmgns, quh hd su anylrán sld rhnggmldhs `h

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lxm`ngm÷d y rh`uggm÷d, hd cns quh udls glapuhstls sh lxm`nd n hxphdsns `h ltrls quh sh rh`ughd. Hd hstns rhnggmldhs mdthrvmhdhd prmdgmpncahdth hdzmans `hc krupl `h cns `hsbm`rlkhdnsns quh utmcmznd glal glhdzmans hc DN@ (dmgltmdnam`n-n`hdád`mdugch÷tm`l), y hc IN@ (icnvád-n`hdmd`mdugch÷tm`l). Cn lxm`ngm÷d `h cls prmdgmpmls mdah`mntls quh sh cchvn n gnol hd cns rhnggmldhs `h gntnolcmsal, gldsmsth udn pír`m`n `h hchgtrldhs quh hd augbls gnsls hstî nslgmn`n n cn pír`m`n `h prltldhs.

Gntnolcmsal `h gnrolbm`rntls Kcuglcmsms Cn kcug÷cmsms hs cn prmdgmpnc rutn pnrn hc ahtnolcmsal `h cn kcuglsn y cn prmdgmpnc ván pnrn hc ahtnolcmsal `h cn irugtlsn, kncngtlsn y ltrls gnrolbm`rntls `hrmvn`ls `h cn `mhtn. Cn gnpngm`n` `h cn kcug÷cmsms pnrn prlplrgmldnr NPV hd nushdgmn `h lxákhdl tmhdh hsphgmncc maplrtndgmn, plrquh hstl phramth nc aúsgucl hstrmn`l tthdhr hsphgmn hdhr ud `hshaphþl n gmirns auy nctns `h knstl `h trnonjl gund`l hc nplrth `h lxákhdl hs mdsuimgmhdth, y phramth n cls thjm`ls slorhvmvmr n hpmsl`mls `h ndlxmn. Wmd haonrkl, hc aúsgucl gnr`mngl, quh hstî

n`nptn`l pnrn hc `hshaphþl nhrloml, tmhdh ngtmvm`n` kcuglcátmgn rhcntmvnahdth onjn, y plgn suphrvmvhdgmn hd gld`mgmldhs `h msquhamn. Cns hdihrah`n`hs hd cns gunchs bny `himgmhdgmn `h cns hdzmans `h cn kcug÷cmsms (p. hj., pmruvntl gmdnsn) sh loshrvn loshrvndd slorh tl`l glal ndhamns bhalcátmgns l, sm hc `hihgtl nihgtn hc aúsgucl hstrmn`l (p. hj., ilsilirugtlgmdnsn), glal intmkn. Hd cns gícucns gndghrlsns hd grhgmamhdtl rîpm`l, cn kcug÷cmsms prlgh`h n ud ád`mgh nctl, ilrand`l krnd`hs gndtm`n`hs `h pmruvntl, hc gunc hs rh`ugm`l bngmn cngtntl y hxplrtn`l. Cn kcug÷cmsms hs hc prmahr pnsl hd cn `hkrn`ngm÷d `h cn kcuglsn pnrn hxtrnhr hdhrkán  pnrn hc ahtnolcmsal ghcucnr. Cn kcug÷cmsms sh glapldh `h udn insh quh rhqumhrh hdhrkán, hdhrkán, shkum`n `h udn insh quh cn cmohrn. Cn kcug÷cmsms hs udn shrmh `h rhnggmldhs quh hxtrnhd hdhrkán `h cn kcuglsn nc rlaphrcn hd `ls alcígucns `h trhs gnroldls ccnan`ns pmruvntl. Cn kcug÷cmsms hs udn ván ahtno÷cmgn ndghstrnc  ‐ l shn, quh su hvlcugm÷d lgurrm÷ bngh augbl tmhapl ‐   y sh hdguhdtrn hd cn krnd anylrán `h cls lrkndmsals vmvls bly hd `án. Hd cls lrkndmsals quh rhncmznd rhspmrngm÷d ghcucnr, cn kcug÷cmsms hs cn prmahrn htnpn ht npn `h hsth prlghsl. Wmd haonrkl, cn kcug÷cmsms dl rhqumhrh `h lxákhdl, plr cl quh augbls lrkndmsals ndnhrlomls ‐  lrkndmsals  lrkndmsals quh dl utmcmznd lxákhdl ‐  tnaomíd  tnaomíd tmhdhdhstn tmhdhdhstn ván.

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Cn kcug÷cmsms gldsmsth hd cn lxm`ngm÷d `h kcuglsn bnstn cn lothdgm÷d `h `ls alcígucns `h pmruvntl quh plsthrmlrahdth pl`rî shr utmcmzn`l hd ltrns rutns ahtno÷cmgns glal hc gmgcl `h Erhos. Cn kcug÷cmsms puh`h shr nhrlomn y ndnhrlomn. Hxmsthd `mihrhdths rutns pnrn rhncmznr cn kcug÷cmsms phrl hd hsth nrtágucl vnals n ghdtrnrdls hd cn aîs irhguhdth, tnaomíd ccnan`n ván `h Hao`hd-Ahyhrbli hd bldlr n cls `ls mdvhstmkn`lrhs quh cn `hsgrmomhrld hd prmahr cuknr. • 

Vrmahrn insh: knstl `h hdhrkán. Hd hstn prmahrn htnpn sh trndsilran cn

alcígucn `h kcuglsn hd `ls `h kcmghrnc`hbá`l, udn alcígucn `h onjl rhd`mamhdtl hdhrkítmgl. Vnrn hccl sh gldsuahd `ls udm`n`hs `h hdhrkán omlquáamgn (NPV, N`hdlsád Prmilsintl). Wmd haonrkl, hd cn smkumhdth insh sh `upcmgnrî cn hdhrkán lothdm`nkrngmns   n hstn mdvhrsm÷d mdmgmnc. Nsá, `hc NPV sh lotmhdhd îgm`ls ilsi÷rmgls, quh nplrtnd n cn kcuglsn krupls ilsintl, glapldmhd`l ud nzúgnr duhvl h mdhstnoch. Hsth nzúgnr prldtl sh `mvm`h y sh lotmhdh glal rhsuctn`l `ls alcígucns shahjndths, ilsintn`ns y gld trhs gnroldls. N phsnr `h thdhr cn amsan hstrugturn,

udn `h hccns hs `mstmdtn, plr cl quh n`mgmldncahdth hs trntn`n t rntn`n gld hdzmans pnrnbnghrcn m`ídtmgn n cn ltrn, lothdmhd`l nsá `ls glapuhstls m`ídtmgls. Pl`l hccl lgurrh hd udn gn`hdn `h rhnggmldhs `h gmdgl pnsls. • 

Whkud`n insh: lothdgm÷d `h hdhrkán. Hc kcmghrnc`hbá`l `h cn prmahrn insh

sh gldvmhrth hd cn shkud`n hd ud glapuhstl `h nctn hdhrkán omlquáamgn. Vnrn hccl, sh nglpcn gld gld duhvls duhvls krupls krupls ilsintl, ilsintl, trns phr`hr `ls prltldhs y hchgtrldhs. Nsá, sh slahth n hstls nzúgnrhs mdthrah`mls n ud prlghsl `h gnaoml quh vn cmohrnd`l `h andhrn pnucntmdn sus ilsintls, pnrn lothdhr nsá guntrl alcígucns `h NPV (hc `loch `h cl mdvhrtm`l hd hc pnsl ndthrmlr) y `ls alcígucns `h pmruvntl, quh gldtmdunrîd su gmgcl plr su guhdtn, yn thramdn`n cn kcug÷cmsms. Hstn shkud`n insh `h rhnggmldhs gldsmsth `h gmdgl pnsls aîs.

Gntnolcmsal `h ngm`ls krnsls Hc îgm`l pmrúvmgl hs ud glapuhstl lrkîdmgl gcnvh hd hc ahtnolcmsal. Hs hc  prl`ugtl imdnc `h cn kcug÷cmsms, udn rutn ahtno÷cmgn udmvhrsnc hd cn quh cn kcuglsn sh hsgmd`h hd `ls alcígucns `h pmruvntl y sh lrmkmdn hdhrkán (? alcígucns `h NPV). Hc îgm`l  pmrúvmgl nsá ilran`l puh`h puh`h shkumr `ls gnamdls: • 

Wm bny suimgmhdth suamdmstrl `h lxákhdl, hc îgm`l pmrúvmgl hs

`hsgnrolxmcn`l hd cn antrmz `h cn amtlgld`rmn plr hc glapchjl hdzmaîtmgl pmruvntl `hsbm`rlkhdnsn rmd`mhd`l GL? y nghtmc glhdzman N quh hs hc mdmgml `h udn shrmh `h rhnggmldhs ccnan`n gmgcl `h Erhos, shkum`n `h cn ilsilrmcngm÷d lxm`ntmvn. lxm`ntmvn.

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• 

Wm dl bny suimgmhdth gndtm`n` `h lxákhdl `mspldmoch l hc lrkndmsal hs mdgnpnz `h gldtmdunr gld hc prlghsl lxm`ntmvl, hc pmruvntl smkuh udn rutn ndnhr÷omgn, cn ihrahdtngm÷d. Hd hstn ván, hc pmruvntl sh rh`ugh, phramtmhd`l rhkhdhrnr cns alcígucns `h  DN@+ gldsuam`ns hd cls prlghsls ndthrmlrhs. Cls ndmanchs sld gnpnghs `h rhncmznr cn ihrahdtngm÷d cîgtmgn guyl prl`ugtl hs îgm`l cîgtmgl. Cns ongthrmns y chvn`urns sld aîs vhrsîtmchs, y puh`hd rhncmznr ltrns ihrahdtngmldhs, glal cn ihrahdtngm÷d ncglb÷cmgn, guyl  prl`ugtl hs htndlc. Hd cn gldvhrsm÷d hd cngtntl, mdthrvmhdh cn hdzman cngtntl `hsbm`rlkhdnsn y cn glhdzman DN@B5 hd cn ihrahdtngm÷d ncglb÷cmgn hc pmruvntl hs gldvhrtm`ll prmahrl hd nghtnc`hbá`l y cuhkl hd htndlc y `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl, mdthrvmdmhd`l gldvhrtm` cns hdzmans pmruvntl `hsgnrolxmcnsn y ncglblc `hsbm`rlkhdnsn, nsá glal cn glhdzman  DN@B. Gnoh `hstngnr cn maplrtndth `mihrhdgmn hdtrh hc îgm`l pmrúvmgl y hc ndm÷d pmruvntl, quh sld smamcnrhs phrl dl mkunchs, nudquh s÷cl chs `mihrhdgmn phr`hr l kndnr ud gntm÷d bm`r÷khdl.

Cls îgm`ls krnsls sh `hsglapldhd plr lxm`ngm÷d ohtn. Hstl tmhdh cuknr hd cls amtlgld`rmls y hd cls phrlxmslans pnrn khdhrnr nghtmc-GlN. Hc prlghsl hs hc mdvhrsl nc `h cn sádthsms `h cls îgm`ls krnsls: `ls irnkahdtls `h gnroldl sh hxtrnhd `hc krupl gnrolxácmgl `hc îgm`l.Hstl lgurrh trns cn `hsbm`rlkhdngm÷d, `hsbm`rlkhdngm÷d, bm`rntngm÷d y lxm`ngm÷d pnrn ilranr hd Ohtn îgm`lnghtntl. Hc nghtmc GlN sh gldvmhrth hd NPV, GL? y B?L hd gmgcl `h îgm`l gátrmgl  prl`ugmhd`l >69 NPV `h hdhrkán. Cls îgm`ls krnsls mdsnturn`ls rhqumhrhd pnsls y hdzmans n`mgmldnchs pnrn su `hkrn`ngm÷d.

Nghtmc Gln Cn nghtmc glhdzman N hs udn alcígucn mdthrah`mnrmn gcnvh hd hc ahtnolcmsal quh mdthrvmhdh hd ud krnd dúahrl `h rhnggmldhs omlquáamgns. Wh ilran gund`l udn alcígucn `h glhdzman N nghptn ud krupl nghtmc. nghtmc . Pnc glal sh ahdgmld÷ ndthrmlrahdth, cn ilrangm÷d `h cn nghtmc GlN puh`h cchvnrsh n gnol `hdtrl l iuhrn `h cn amtlgld`rmn, y `hphd`h `h cls dmvhchs `h kcuglsn prhshdths hd hc ah`ml.

Mdtrnamtlgld`ránc Gund`l cls dmvhchs `h kcuglsn sld nctls, cn nghtmc GlN sh ilran `h cn smkumhdth andhrn: hc prl`ugtl imdnc `h cn kcug÷cmsms hs hc pmruvntl. Vnrn quh hsth glapuhstl puh`n mdkrhsnr nc gmgcl `h Erhos `hoh shr trndsilran`l hd nghtmc GlN.

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Hsth pnsl hs grugmnc pnrn gldhgtnr cn kcug÷cmsms gld cls `haîs prlghsls `h rhspmrngm÷d ghcucnr. Hsth pnsl lgurrh hd cn antrmz amtlgld`rmnc (hd prlgnrmltns lgurrh hd hc gmtlslc). Cn rhnggm÷d mdvlcugrn cls smkumhdths pnsls:  ‗  

Vnrn quh sh cchvh n gnol hstn rhnggm÷d, cn alcígucn `h pmruvntl `hoh

mdkrhsnr n cn amtlgld`rmn.  ‗  

Hc krupl gnrolxmcl `hc pmruvntl hs hcmamdn`l.

 ‗  

Vlsthrmlrahdth, hstn alcígucn hs lxm`n`n. Hsth úctmal pnrn mdvlcugrn hc

 pnsl `h DN@+ DN@+ n DN@B krngmns krngmns n cls hchgtrldhs prl`ugtl `h cn lxm`ngm÷d. lxm`ngm÷d.  ‗  

Cn alcígucn lxm`n`n sh udh n cn glhdzman N.

Cns rhnggmldhs dhghsnrmns pnrn cn prl`uggm÷d `h nghtmc glhdzman N sld gntncmzn`ns  plr ud glapchjl hdzmaîtmgl `h tnanþl smkdmimgntmvl ccnan`l pmruvntl `hsbm`rlkhdnsn. Hstn rhnggm÷d rhqumhrh cn prhshdgmn `h ud krupl `h glingtlrhs. Hsth pnsl hs grátmgl hd hc prlghsl `h cn rhkucngm÷d ghcucnr, yn quh ngî sh `hgm`h cn gndtm`n` `h nghtmc GlN quh mdkrhsn nc gmgcl `h Erhos.

Gund`l cls dmvhchs sld onjls, cn prl`uggm÷d `h nghtmc glhdzman N hs cchvn`n n gnol plr cn ο-lxm`ngm÷d `h cls îgm`ls krnsls.

Hxtrnamtlgld`rmnc Gund`l cls dmvhchs `h kcuglsn sld nctls, cn gndtm`n` `h gmtrntl tnaomíd mdgrhahdtn. Hc gmtrntl hs trndsilran`l tr ndsilran`l hd nghtmc glhzman N y hd lxncnghtntl plr cn hdgman NPV gmtrntl cmnsn. Hd gldtrnth, gund`l cls dmvhchs sld onjls, cn GlN hs nghctmcn`n plr cn nghtmc GlN smdthtnsn. smdthtns n. @h cn amsan am san ilran, hc htndlc smrvh glal iuhdth `h gnroldls pnrn cn nghtmcmzngm÷d  plr ah`ml `h cn hdzman hdzman ncglblc `hsbm`rlkhdns `hsbm`rlkhdnsn. n. ¼G÷al sh ilran hc nghtmc-GlN n pnrtmr `hc pmruvntl lothdm`l n pnrtmr `h cn kcuglsn ván kcuglcmsms< Hc prlghsl tmhdh cuknr hd cn antrmz amtlgld`rmnc `h cns gícucns hugnrmltns y hd hc gmtlslc `h cns prlgnrmltns, y gldsmsth hd udn lxm`ngm÷d y `hsgnrolxmcngm÷d (`hsgnrolxmcngm÷d lxm`ntmvn) n nghtmc-GlN y GL? plr nggm÷d `hc glapchjl auctmhdzmaîtmgl `hdlamdn`l VM_XYNPL @HWBM@_LKHDNWN. @HWBM@_LKHDNWN. ‗ GlN Xdn vhz lothdm`l hc nghtmc  ‗  GlN hc gntnolcmsal nhrloml sh gldtmdún gld hc gmgcl

`h Erhos, tnaomíd ccnan`l gmgcl `hc Îgm`l Gátrmgl yn quh sh mdmgmn gld cn ilrangm÷d `h hsth glapuhstl. Hc prlghsl sh mdmgmn gld cn gld`hdsngm÷d `h krupls nghtmcl (? gnroldls) `hc nghtmc-GlN gld ud glapuhstl `h 0 gnroldls, hc lxncnghtntl, pnrn ilranr udn alcígucn `h 9 gnroldls, hc îgm`l gátrmgl (gmtrntl) (vhr hsquhan). Hc gmgcl `h Erhos gldsmsth hd ud

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gldjudtl `h rhnggmldhs quh sh rhpmthd gágcmgnahdth, y quh oîsmgnahdth sld `h lxm`ngm÷d (guntrl `h cls pnsls sld lxm`ngmldhs) hd cns quh cls krupls nghtmcl sh lxm`nd tltncahdth, cn hdhrkán cmohrn`n hd hstns lxm`ngmldhs sh gldshrvn gld krnd himgngmn hd ilran `h glingtlrhs rh`ugm`ls (DN@B y IN@B?). N`haîs sh cmohrnd hd gn`n vuhctn `hc gmgcl `ls alcígucns `h GL? (hd prlghsls `h `hsgnrolxmcngm÷d lxm`ntmvn) plr cl quh cls krupls nghtmcl (? gnroldls) sh `hkrn`nd tltncahdth. N`haîs, hd udl `h cls pnsls sh prl`ugh KPV (NPV) hd ud prlghsl `h ilsilrmcngm÷d n dmvhc `h sustrntl.

GLDGCXWMßD Hd gldgcusm÷d, cn kcug÷cmsms, cn prmdgmpnc ván pnrn hc ahtnolcmsal `h cn kcuglsn, lgurrh hd hc gmtlslc `h tl`ns cns gícucns. Hs smdkucnr, plr gundtl puh`h iudgmldnr `h andhrn nhrlomn l ndnhrlomn, shkúd cn `mspldmomcm`n` `h lxákhdl y cn gn`hdn `h trndsplrth `h hchgtrldhs. Cls hrmtrlgmtls, quh gnrhghd `h amtlgld`rmns, `hphd`hd plr glapchtl `h cn

kcuglsn glal su glaoustmoch ahtno÷cmgl y cn ahtnolcmznd ah`mndth kcug÷cmsms ndnhr÷omgn. Wmd haonrkl, lxm`nr kcuglsn aîs nccî `hc pmruvntl (hc prl`ugtl thramdnc `h cn cn kcug÷cmsms) rhqumhrh tndtl lxákhdl glal smsthans `h hdzmans amtlgld`rmnchs: hc glapchjl `h pmruvntl `hsbm`rlkhdnsn, `hsbm`rlkhdnsn, hc gmgcl `hc îgm`l gátrmgl y cn gn`hdn rhspmrntlrmn Hd hsth pudtl hs maplrtndth rhsnctnr hc pnphc `hc nghtmc-GlN hd hc gldjudtl `h rhnggmldhs ahtno÷cmgns, yn quh hs ud ahtnolcmtl quh ngtún glal pudtl `h hdgrugmjn`n `h duahrlsns váns ahtno÷cmgns. ]n bhals ahdgmldn`l quh dl s÷cl hc gntnolcmsal `h cn -lxm`ngm÷d y nckudls namdlîgm`ls plr `mihrhdths váns `hkrn`ntmvns.

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IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn.

Xdm`n`>  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn ?: Ndîcmsms Omlahgîdmgl `h cn Anrgbn Dlranc y `hplrtmvn VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr Ndîcmsms Omlahgîdmgl `h cn Anrgbn Dlranc y `hplrtmvn

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # = _HWXAHD @H YM@HLW:

NDÎCMWMW OMLAHGÎDMGL @H CN AN_GBN DL_ANC ] @HVL_PMYN

] @HVL_PMYN MDP_L@XGGMßD Hc gldlgmamhdtl `h cn clglalgm÷d buandn dlranc hs cn onsh `hc trntnamhdtl smsthaîtmgl y `hc andhjl `h cn anrgbn pntlc÷kmgn, hsphgmncahdth gund`l sh usnd pr÷thsms y ÷rthsms. Cn clglalgm÷d buandn dlranc sh bn `hsgrmtl glal udn shrmh `h alvmamhdtls ncthrdndths, rátamgls, `h cns hxtrham`n`hs hxtrham`n`hs y `hc trldgl quh `hthramdnd ud `hspcnznamhdtl `hspcnznamhdtl bngmn `hcndth `hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n`. Aîs hsphgáimgnahdth, cn clglalgm÷d buandn dlranc puh`h `hsgrmomrsh hduahrnd`l nckudns `h sus gnrngthrástmgns. Nudquh hxmsthd  phquhþns `mihrhdgmns hd cn ilran `h cn anrgbn `h ud md`mvm`ul n ltrl, ltr l, hstns `mihrhdgmns gnhd `hdtrl `h phquhþls cáamths. Hd cn anrgbn sh `n udn sughsm÷d `h `loch nplyl y `h nplyl udmpl`nc, hs `hgmr quh `urndth cn anrgbn hc nplyl dl `hjn dudgn hc suhcl, amhdtrns quh hd cn gnrrhrn, glal hd hc snctl, hxmsthd inshs nírhns, hd cns quh hc guhrpl quh`n susphd`m`l `urndth ud mdstndth.

@HWN__LCCL Cn ilran `h `hspcnznamhdtl hd plsmgm÷d oáph`n prlpmn `hc shr buandl hd cn quh sh sugh`hd nplyls nplyls vmtnchs y cls aldlpl`nchs, cn anrgbn rhqumhrh ud prlghsl `h `hsnrrlccl y nutlantmzngm÷d hd hc blaorh hc `hsnrrlccl. Wh prl`ugh hd shdtm`ls `h hdghincl gnu`nc  plr hjhapcl: hc dmþl gldsmkuh andthdhr andthdhr hrkum`n n ccnn gnohzn hdtrh cns shms shandns y cls

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trhs ahshs glamhdzn n lojhtls hdtrh cls guntrl l gmdgl ahshs h mdmgmn cn anrgbn md`hphd`mhdth `hspuís `hc nþl. Wh bn hstu`mn`l hc rhichjl `h anrgbn nutlaîtmgn y sh pl`rán gldgcumr quh cn anrgbn hs nckl mddntl cn anrgbn sh n`qumhrh plr mamtngm÷d y nprhd`mznjh ah`mndth hc smsthan `h hdsnyl-hrrlr gn`n phrsldn auhstrn hd su `hsnrrlccl udns gnrngthrástmgns prlpmns quh hstîd `hthramdn`ns plr `mvhrsls ingtlrhs glal hc hdtlrdl l cns c ns `mihrhdgmns hxmsthdths hd cn ansn y cldkmtu` `h cls `mstmdtls shkahdtls glrplrnchs cn n`qumsmgm÷d `h cn anrgbn tmhdh udn krnd maplrtndgmn hd hc `hsnrrlccl psmglaltlr `hc dmþl puhs ch `n nutldlaán pnrn alvhrsh hd hc hspngml, nuahdtn su gnapl `h vmsm÷d y ch phramth y andmpucnr lojhtls quh ndths dl hstnond n su ncgndgh cls prmahrls pnsls hd hc shr buandl sld tnr`áls n `mihrhdgmn `h ltrls ndmanchs augbls gun`rúph`ls tmhdhd dlgm÷d `h hqumcmorml `hs`h hc alahdtl `hc dngmamhdtl ltrls quh n`qumhrhd hd plgls `áns l plgns shandns. Hc shr buandl dhghsmtn ud phrml`l aîs prlcldkn`l bnstn gldshkumr cn plsmgm÷d

 oáph`n y cn anrgbn md`hphd`mhdth, md`hphd`mhdth, hc dmþl `h ; ahshs glamhdz glamhdznn n `hspcnznrs `hspcnznrshh ah`mndth alvmamhdtls `h rhptngm÷d y n cls 2 ahshs gldsmkuh andthdhrsh hd pmh udls mdstndths sh ch `nd cns `ls andls n cls >6 ahshs glamhdzn n knthnr gld hc no`lahd auy ghrgn `hc  pcndl `h nplyl y sh glclgn `h pmh hspldtîdhnahdth, hspldtîdhnahdth, sm tmhdh nckúd smtml `ld`h puh`n nknrrnrsh n cls >> >? ahshs augbls dmþls knttm bnd nplynd`l andls y pmhs y `nd sus  prmahrls pnsls y ch `nd cns `ls andls l gnamdnd `hc cn`l nknrrîd`lsh `h nckúd auhoch nc prmdgmpml gld naons andls y cuhkl mdthdtnd utmcmznr udn `h hccns pnrn nckúd lojhtl hdtrh cls `ls `h >8 ahshs, hc dmþl gldsmkuh cn anrgbn. Md`hphd`mhdth nc hstu`mnr hc `hsnrrlccl `h cn anrgbn hd hc dmþl sh bn glaprlon`l quh hc pntr÷d prlpml `hc n`uctl cl ncgndzn hc dmþl hdtrh cls ; y = nþls. nþls. Hc gmgcl `h cn anrgbn glamhdzn gund`l hc pmh gldtngtn gld hc suhcl y thramdn gld hc smkumhdth gldtngtl gld hc suhcl `hc amsal pmh cls `ls anylrhs glapldhdths `hc gmgcl `h cn anrgbn. Wld cn insh `h nplyl y cn insh `h oncndgh l udn pmhrdn hstî hd insh i nsh `h nplyl gund`l hstî hd gldtngtl gld hc suhcl y hstî hd insh `h [nct `h oncndghl. Gund`l udl gldtngtn gld hc suhcl, cn clglalgm÷d buandn dlranc puh`h `hsgrmomrsh hduahrnd`l nckudns `h sus gnrngthrástmgns cldkmtu` `hc pnsl, hs cn `mstndgmn cmdhnc hd hc pcndl `h  prlkrhsm÷d hdtrh cls pudtls `h gldtngtl gldtngtl `h ud pmh y `hc `hc ltrl pmh. Cn cldkmtu` `hc pnsl glapchtl hs cn `mstndgmn cmdhnc hdtrh cls sughsmvls pudtls `h gldtngtl `hc tnc÷d `hc amsal pmh hc nplyl shdgmccl, sh rhimhrh nc phrml`l gund`l s÷cl udn  pmhrdn hstî hd gldtngtl gld hc suhcl nsmamsal nsmamsal

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Hc phrál`l `h `loch nplyl lgurrh gund`l naols pmhs hstîd hd gldtngtl gld hc suhcl smauctîdhnahdth. smauctîdhnahdth. Hxmsthd gmdgl alahdtls quh sld útmchs nc suo`mvm`mr hstn insh hc gldtngtl `hc tnc÷d nplyl n pcndtnr nplyl ah`ml hchvngm÷d `hc tnc÷d y `hsphkuh `hsphkuh `hc pmh hc gldtngtl `hc tnc÷d sh rhimhrh nc mdstndth hd hc quh hc tnc÷d `h cn pmhrdn `h rhihrhdgmn tlgn hc suhcl hc nplyl  pcndtnr. Wh rhimhrh nc gldtngtl gldtngtl `h cn pnrth ndthrmlr `hc pmh gld hc suhcl hc nplyl ah`ml lgurrh gund`l hc trlgîdthr anylr hstî ncmdhn`l vhrtmgncahdth gld hc ghdtrl `hc pmh cn hchvngm÷d `hc tnc÷d lgurrh gund`l hc tnc÷d t nc÷d sh hchvn `hc suhcl y hc `hsphkuh `hc pmh lgurrh gund`l cls `h`ls sh hchvnd `hc suhcl. Cn insh `h nplyl puh`h tnaomíd `mvm`mrsh hd mdthrvncls gld cls tíramdls `h nghptngm÷d `hc phsl nplyl ah`ml y `hsphkuh hc mdthrvncl `h nghptngm÷d `hc phsl: Hapmhzn gld hc tngtl `hc tnc÷d y thramdn gld hc nplyl pcndtnr, hc mdthrvncl `h

nplyl ah`ml hapmhzn gld hc nplyl pcndtnr y thramdn gld cn hchvngm÷d `hc tnc÷d nc `hsphkuhh `hc tnc÷d `hsphku tnc ÷d hc `hsphkuh sh hxtmhd`h `hs`h cn hchvngm÷d `h cls `h`ls. Hstn insh puh`h `mvm`mrsh hd trhs mdthrvncls nghchrngm÷d oncndghl ah`ml y `hsnghchrngm÷d hc phrml`l `h nghchrngm÷d. Wh gnrngthrmzn plr cn rîpm`n nghchrngm÷d `hc hxtrhal `h cn pmhrdn, mdah`mntnahdth `hspuís `h quh cls `h`ls `hjnd hc suhcl `urndth hc mdthrvncl `hc oncndghl ah`ml, cn pmhrdn oncndghn`n pnsn n cn ltrn pmhrdn alvmíd`lsh bngmn n`hcndth `h cn amsan, yn quh ístn hstnrî hd cn insh `h nplyl. Hc thrgml imdnc im dnc `h cn insh `h oncndghl hstî gnrngthrmzn`n plr cn `hsnghchrn `hsnghchrngm÷d gm÷d `h cn  pmhrdn quh sh auhvh rîpm`nahdth, gund`l gund`l sh nghrgn nc imdnc `hc mdthrvncl nudquh cn uomgngm÷d `hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` vnrán hd gn`n phrsldn `h nguhr`l gld sus gnrngthrástmgns ndtrlplaítrmgns. Wh gncgucn quh hd hc n`uctl sh hdguhdtrn clgncmzn`l plr `hcndth `hc guhrpl vhrthornc n cn ncturn `h cn c n prmahrn l cn shkud`n vírthorn sngrn nprlxman`nahdth cn cádhn `hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` cns chyhs `h cn ahgîdmgn `mghd gcnrnahdth quh hc aádmal knstl `h hdhrkán, sh gldsmkuh gund`l ud guhrpl sh auhvh hd cádhn rhgtn smd quh hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n`, sh `hsváhd tndtl pnrn nrrmon glal pnrn nonjl glal `h ud cn`l n ltrl hstn cádhn rhgtn5 shrán  plsmoch hd cn anrgbn dlranc sm cns hxtrham`n`hs mdihrmlrhs thramdnrîd hd ruh`ns gla glall dl hs hstl cl quh lgurrh hd hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` `hc guhrpl sh `hsván `h udn cádhn rhgtn phrl  pnrn cn gldshrvngm÷d gldshrvngm÷d `h cn hdh hdhrkán rkán cn `hsvmngm÷d l hc `hspcnz `hspcnznamhdtl, namhdtl, `hoh quh`nrsh quh`nrsh n ud dmvhc ÷ptmal `hspcnznamhdtl vhrtmgnc hd cn anrgbn dlranc hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` sh auhvh bngmn nrrmon y bngmn nonjl `h andhrn rátamgn gldilrah sh auhvh bngmn n`hcndth hc pudtl

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aîs nctl sh prl`ugh gund`l cn hxtrham`n` quh gnrkn hc phsl hstî hd hc ghdtrl `h su insh `h nplyl hc pudtl aîs onjl lgurrh hd hc alahdtl `hc nplyl `loch. Gund`l naols pmhs hstîd hd gldtngtl gldtngt l gld hc suhcl hc pudtl p udtl ah`ml `h hsth `hspcnznamhdtl vhrtmgnc hd hc n`uctl ansgucmdl hs nprlxman`nahdth gmdgl ghdtáahtrls, cn cádhn shkum`n plr hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` sunvh smd gnaomls orusgls `h `hsvmngm÷d `hspcnznamhdtl cnthrnc gund`l hc phsl sh trndsimhrh `h udn pmhrdn n ltrn bny udn `hsvmngm÷d `h cn phcvms y `hc trldgl bngmn hc cn`l l hxtrham`n` hd cn quh sh nplyn hc phsl `hc guhrpl hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n`, nc tmhapl quh sh `hspcnzn bngmn n`hcndth dl slcl suirh ud alvmamhdtl rátamgl bngmn nrrmon y bngmn nonjl, smdl quh tnaomíd lsgmcn `h ud cn`l n ltrl hc `hspcnznamhdtl tltnc hd hsth alvmamhdtl cnthrnc, hs tnaomíd nprlxman`nah nprlxman`nahdth dth `h 8 ghdtáahtrls ichxm÷d `h cn c n rl`mccn `urndth cn insh `h nplyl. Mdah`mntnahdth `hspuís `hc gldtngtl `hc tnc÷d hapmhzn cn ichxm÷d `h cn rl`mccn y gldtmdún `urndth cn prmahrn pnrth `h cn insh `h nplyl, bnstn nprlxman`nahdth cls ?6

krn`ls `h ichxm÷d. Hstn gnrngthrástmgn `h cn anrgbn dlranc, nyu`n n sunvmznr cn cádhn `hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` y rh`ugh su `hspcnznamhdtl bngmn nrrmon gund`l hc guhrpl sh auhvh nplynd`l slorh hc pmh hd quh sh nplyn `hsghdsl blrmzld blrmzldtnc tnc `h cn phcvms. Hd cn anrgbn dlranc cn phcvms `hsgmhd`n ncthrdntmvnahdth prmahrl ncrh`h`lr `h udn nrtmgucngm÷d `h cn gn`hrn y cuhkl `h cn ltrn hc `hspcnznamhdtl `h cn blrmzldtnc hs auy cmkhrl y khdhrncahdth dl pnsn `h cls 8 krn`ls hd cn plsmgm÷d `h pmh. Hstl hs ud smkdl  plsmtmvl `h trhd`hchdourk trhd`hchdourk hd cn anrgbn hs udn gnrngthrástmgn gnrngthrástmgn dlr dlranc anc quh smrvh pnrn rh`ugmr rh`ugmr cn hchvngm÷d `hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` rltngm÷d `h cn phcvms n`haîs `hc `hsghdsl blrmzldtnc cn phcvms rltn bngmn n`hcndth hd hc pcndl blrmzldtnc nprlxman`nahdth 2 krn`ls hd hc cn`l `h cn insh `h oncndghl 0 krn`ls n gn`n cn`l `h cn cádhn ghdtrnc, hstî gnrngthrástmgn `h cn anrgbn dlranc phramth ud pnsl cmkhrnahdth aîs cnrkl smd onjnr hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` y rh`ugmhd`l plr tndtl hc `hspcnznamhdtl vhrtmgnc tltnc ndgbl `h cn onsh `h susthdtngm÷d. susthdtngm÷d. @ls cádhns quh vnd n trnvís `h cls sughsmvls pudtls ah`mls `h cn insh `h nplyl `h gn`n pmh cn `mstndgmn hdtrh cns `ls cádhns rhprhshdtn cn ah`m`n `h cn onsh `h susthdtngm÷d hd cn anrgbn dlranc hc ndgbl hdtrh cns `ls cádhns quh`n hd udn ah`mn `h 8 n >6 ghdtáahtrls glal cn phcvms `hoh `hspcnznrsh bngmn hc cn`l `hc nplyl `hc guhrpl pnrn andthdhr cn hstnomcm`n` hd hc nplyl ah`ml cn hstrhgbn onsh `h susthdtngm÷d rh`ugh hc `hspcnznamhdtl cnthrnc `hc ghdtrl `h krnvh`n` hc hxnahd `h cn anrgbn `hoh phramtmr cn gundtmimgngm÷d `h pnrîahtrls thaplrnchs y hspngmnchs quh prlplrgmldnd udn `hsgrmpgm÷d  oîsmgn `h cn anrgbn `h `h udn udn phrsldn, phrsldn, sus sus rhsuctn`ls ingmcmtnd cn rhcngm÷d rhcngm÷d `h `ntls lothdm`ls lothdm`ls hd cn hvncungm÷d y cn m`hdtmimgngm÷d `h `himgmhdgmns glrplrnchs y cmamtngmldhs. Nsá glal

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cn rhncmzngm÷d `h ud `mnkd÷stmgl hdtrh cls pnrîahtrls thaplrnchs quh puh`hd vnclrnrsh gld rhcntmvn ingmcm`n` hd hc hxnahd plr loshrvngm÷d. Hdgldtrnals hc gmgcl `h cn anrgbn hc phrml`l `h pnsl hc phrml`l `h slplrth hc phrml`l `h oncndghl cn irhguhdgmn l gn`hdgmn cn vhclgm`n` y cn nghchrngm÷d imdnc hc gmgcl `h cn anrgbn yn iuh prhvmnahdth `hsgrmtl hc  phrml`l `h pnsl hs hc mdthrvncl mdthrvncl `h tmhapl hdtrh hc gldtngtl gldtngtl mdmgmnc cmapmh y hc amsal hvhdtl hvhdtl `hc pmh gldtrn hc cnthrnc c nthrnc plr gldsmkumhdth hc rhkmstrl glaprhd`h cn ah`mgm÷d hdtrh cns `ls hxtrham`n`hs hc phrml`l `h slplrth y hc phrml`l `h oncndghl iuhrld `hsgrmtls judtl judtlgld gld hc gmgcl `h cn anrgbn. Cn irhguhdgmn l gn`hdgmn bngh rhihrhdgmn nc dúahrl `h pnsls plr udm`n` `h tmhapl quh khdhrncahdth sh imjn hd ud amdutl cn irhguhdgmn `hthramdn hc rmtal y cn rnpm`hz `h anrgbn quh nutl shchggm÷d n tl`n phrsldn gund`l gnamdn dnturncahdth vnrán `h nguhr`l gld cn cldkmtu` `h cns hxtrham`n`hs hc phsl glrplrnc y cn bnomcm`n` pnrn gnamdnr cn gunc sh vh nihgtn`n plr hc hdvhjhgmamhdtl.

Cn vhclgm`n` hs cn rhcngm÷d `h cn `mstndgmn rhglrrm`n hd cn `mrhggm÷d `h cn anrgbn  plr udm`n` `h tmhapl sh hxprhsn hd ahtrls slorh hc shkud`l hstn vnrmnoch md`mgn cn bnomcm`n` pnrn gnamdnr y hstnochgh udn rhcngm÷d hdtrh cn irhguhdgmn y cn cldkmtu` `h pnsl cnrkl cn vhclgm`n` `h cn anrgbn hd phrsldns sncu`nochs. Wh puh`h mdgrhahdtnr bnstn hd ud 00%. Cn nghchrngm÷d hs hc gnaoml hd cn vhclgm`n` hdtrh cls pnrîahtrls hspngmnchs quh sh `hohd hxpclrnr omcnthrncahdth hdgldtrnals cn cldkmtu` `h pnsl cnrkl zndgn`n y cncldkmtu` `h pnsl l pnsl glrtl quh yn iuhrld, `hsgrmtls prhvmnahdth hc ndgbl `h pnsl quh hstî `n`l  plr cn `mstndgmn cmdhnc hd ghdtáahtrls hdtrh `ls pudtls mkunchs `h cls pmhs, plr hjhapcl: cls tncldhs hstn vnrmnoch vn `mrhgtnahdth rhcngmldn`n gld cn hstnomcm`n` y hc hqumcmorml hstl smkdmimgn quh gld ud napcml ndgbl `h pnsl cn phrsldn mdgrhahdtn su hstnomcm`n` y su hqumcmorml. Hc îdkucl `h pnsl sh rhimhrh n cn lrmhdtngm÷d `hc pmh `urndth hc nplyl hc hjh cldkmtu`mdnc `h gn`n pmh `h ilran ud îdkucl gld cn cádhn `h prlkrhsm÷d, pnrn ingmcmtnr hc hstu`ml `h cn anrgbn augbls nutlrhs cn bnd `hsgrmtl hd tíramdls `h tnrhns iudgmldnchs rhcngmldn`ns `mrhgtnahdth `mrhgtnahdth gld cns lgbl inshs `h cn anrgbn Ístns ingmcmtnd hc `mnkd÷stmgl `h cn anrgbn hc prld÷stmgl y cls pcndhs thrnpíutmgls hstls shrîd auy pnrhgm`ns n cls mdthrvncls hd cls quh tnaomíd sh puh`h `mvm`mr hc phrml`l `h slplrth quh iuhrld hxpcmgn`ls. Vrhvmnahdth cns prmahrns `ls tnrhns iudgmldnchs sld m`ídtmgns n cls mdthrvncls `h nghptngm÷d `h phsl y nplyl ah`ml. Cn údmgn `mihrhdgmn hs quh cn thrghrn tnrhn iudgmldnc quh hs hc nvndgh `h cn hxtrham`n` dl s÷cl glrrhspld`h n cn

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hchvngm÷d `hc tnc÷d glal hd hc mdthrvncl `h `hsphkuh `hsphkuh smdl tnaomíd n cls trhs phrml`ls `h cn insh `h oncndghl hc oncndghl mdmgmnc l nghchrngm÷d hc oncndghl ah`ml y hc oncndghl thramdnc l `hghchrngm÷d. `hghchrngm÷d. Gldtnals gld trhs ahgndmsals `h vhdgh`lrn `hc tnc÷d tlomccl y ndth pmh hc prmahr ahgndmsal `h ahgh`lrn hs hc `hc tnc÷d quh sh hdguhdtrn prhshdth `urndth hc gldtngtl mdmgmnc. Gund`l glamhdzn cn trndsihrhdgmn `hc phsl glrplrnc `h udn hxtrham`n` n cn ltrn cn tuohrlsm`n` `hc gncgîdhl `urndth ud mdstndth. Wmrvh `h iucgrl pnrn quh hc pmh y cn pmhrdnsh pmhrdnsh auhvnd bngmn n`hcndth, hc prmahrl hd `mrhggm÷d `hc pmsl pnrn napcmnr cn onsh `h alahdtîdhn `h slplrth y cn shkud`n hd ousgn `h shkumr hc nvndgh, sh hdguhdtrn hc `hc  phsl glrplrnc pnrn pnrn prhshrvnr cn prlkrhsm÷d `h cn anrgbn. Hc shkud`l ahgndmsal `h ahgh`lrn hs hc `hc tlomccl udn vhz hc pmh sh nplyn glapchtnahdth hd hc pmsl hc hjh ahgîdmgl hc glapchjl nrtmgucnr `hc tlomccl phramth hc `hspcnznamhdtl glrplrnc bngmn n`hcndth glrrhspld`h gld cns inshs `h rhspuhstn `h gnrkn

y slplrth ah`mn hc thrghr ahgndmsal `h ahgh`lrn5 hs hc `hc ndthpmí prhshdth, `urndth hc slplrth thramdnc gund`l hc phsl glrplrnc sh ncmdhn gld cn gnohzn `h cls ahtntnrsmndls, ahtntnrsmndls, hc tnc÷d sh chvndtn y tlan glal hjh n cns nrtmgucngmldhs ahtntnrslincîdkmgns, quh nshkurnd cn trndsihrhdgmn `h phsl bngmn cls `h`ls y n cn ltrn hxtrham`n`. Cn gmdítmgn sh lgupn `h cns iuhrzns i uhrzns quh khdhrnd hc alvmamhdtl, hd hsth shdtm`l cn iuhrzn sh `himdh glal udn prhsm÷d ntrnggm÷d quh prl`ugh mapm`h l al`mimgn hc alvmamhdtl, plr cl tndtl, cn iuhrzn hs udn ankdmtu` vhgtlrmnc gld `mrhggm÷d y shdtm`l tl`l hstl lgurrh n mdthrprhtnr quh hs plsmoch `hthramdnr cn mdthdsm`n`. Wm ngtún `h ilran vhrtmgnc blrmzldtnc l `mnkldnc y sh lphrn `h mmzqumhr`n zqumhr`n n `hrhgbn `h nrrmon bngmn nonjl l `h ilran lpuhstn. Hd hc hstu`ml `h cn anrgbn sh `mstmdkuhd iuhrzns mdthrdns y hxthrdns cns prmahrns  oîsmgnahdth bnghd rhihrhdgmn rhihrhdgmn n cn nggm÷d ausgucnr y n cns rhstrmggmldhs ÷shns gîps gîpsucns ucns y cmknahdtls. Amhdtrns quh cn shkud`n sh gldsm`hrnd cns iuhrzns `h krnvh`n` mdhrgmn y rhnggm÷d `hc pmsl, cns iuhrzns mdthrdns y hxthrdns ngtúnd slorh cns nrtmgucngmldhs y khdhrnd tlrsm÷d. Xd tlrquh sh rhimhrh nc hihgtl `h kmrl n cn thd`hdgmn `h rltngm÷d quh suirh ud guhrpl sujhtl n ud pudtl imjl hd udl `h sus hxtrhals y gld cmohrtn` `h alvmamhdtl hd hc ltrl quh sh prl`ugh plr cn nggm÷d `h udn iuhrzn, plr cl c l tndtl ud ttlrquh lrquh mdthrdl hs hc rhsuctn`l `h cn nggm÷d `h cns iuhrzns quh ngtúnd slorh cn nrtmgucngm÷d glaprlahtm`n, mdicuyhd dl s÷cl cn nggm÷d ausgucnr smdl cns rhstrmggmldhs ÷shns gnpsucnr hs y cmknahdtlsns n`haîs `h cns iuhrzns `h gldtngtl y irmggm÷d nrtmgucnr.

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Ndîcmsms `h cn anrgbn dlranc hd hc pcndl snkmtnc gldtngtl mdmgmnc, sh auhstrn cn lrmhdtngm÷d hspngmnc `h cn iuhrzn `h rhnggm÷d `hc pmsl hc tlomccl, sh hdguhdtrn hd plsmgm÷d dhutrnc y hc tlrquh khdhrn`l hs pcndtn ichxlr, amhdtrns quh cn nggm÷d ausgucnr hstî `n`n  plr cls `ls mdichxmldhs tmomnc tm omnc ndthrmlr hxthdslr glaúd `h cls `h`ls y hxthdslr cnrkl `hc  prmahr `h`l hc tmpl `h gldtrnggm÷d hs hxgídtrmgn. Vnrn andthdhr cn plsmgm÷d dhutrn `hc tlomccl y cn nrtmgucngm÷d glrrhspld`h `h cn ahgh`lrn `hc tnc÷d cls aúsgucls `lrsmichxm÷d hxtrnggm÷d hd cn tmomn. Bngmn n`hcndth cn rl`mccn r l`mccn tnaomíd sh hdguhdtrn hd plsmgm÷d dhutrn. Hc tlrquh khdhrn`l hs hxthdslr y cn nggm÷d ausgucnr hstî `n`n plr hc guî`rmghps y cls msqumltmomnchs. msqumltmomnchs. Hc tmpl `h gldtrnggm÷d nc glamhdzl hs gldgídtrmgn y hxgídtrmgn ah`mndth hc guî`rmghps y cls msqumltmomnchs, rhsphgtmvnahdth, cns gunchs prlvmhdhd `h cn insh ndthrmlr y smrvhd pnrn hstnomcmznr y prhshrvnr cn plsmgm÷d dhutrn `h cn rl`mccn phrl plsthrmlrahdth hc tlrquh hxthdslr hs pnsmvl cns rl`mccns, sh oclquhn slcns smd cn nggm÷d ausgucnr. Vnrn su gldtrlc sh hdguhdtrn hd ichxm÷d `h 76 krn`ls hc tlrquh khdhrn`l hxprhsl

`h nctn mdthdsm`n` cn nggm÷d ausgucnr hstî `n`n plr cls hxthdslrhs `h gn`hrn kcúthl an anylr ylr h msqumltmomnchs, hc tmpl `h gldtrnggm÷d hs hxgídtrmgn pnrn rhstrmdkmr hc tlrquh ichxlr. Ndîcmsms `h cn anrgbn dlranc hd hc pcndl snkmtnc rhspuhstn `h gnrkn, sh auhstrn cn lrmhdtngm÷d hspngmnc `h cn iuhrzn `h rhnggm÷d `hc pmsl hc tlomccl. Wh hdguhdtrn hd pcndtn mdichxm÷d `h >6 n >8 krn`ls hc tlrquh khdhrn`l hs pcndtn y ichxlr y cn nggm÷d ausgucnr hstî `n`n plr cls `lrsls y ichxlrhs tmomnc t momnc ndthrmlr hxthdslr glaúd y hxthdslr ccnrkl nrkl `hc prmahr `h`l. Hc tmpl `h gldtrnggm÷d hs `h hxgídtrmgn cn gunc phramth nalrtmkunr cn c n iuhrzn `hc mapngtl `h cn gnrkn glrplrnc y prhshrvnr cn prlkrhsm÷d `h cn anrgbn n ah`m`n quh cls aúsgucls `lrsmichxm÷d hs smkuhd gld cn ntrnggm÷d `h cn tmomn bngmn n`hcndth amhdtrns hc pmh  phrandhgh nplyn`l nplyn`l gldtrn gldtrn hc pmsl glrrhspld`h glrrhspld`h n cn ahgh`lrn ahgh`lrn `hc tlomccl tlomccl cn rl`mccn. Wh hdguhdtrn hd ichxm÷d `h >8 n ?6 krn`ls hc tlrquh t lrquh khdhrn`l hs ichxlr y cn nggm÷d ausgucnr hstî `n`n plr hc guî`rmghps. Hc tmpl `h gldtrnggm÷d hs hxgídtrmgn pnrn prhvhdmr hc glcnpsl `h cn rl`mccn nudquh cn ichxm÷d `h cn nrtmgucngm÷d nrt mgucngm÷d nalrtmkun nalrtmkun hc mapngtl y hs ud ahgndmsal `hthramdndth pnrn hc gldtrlc `hc ghdtrl `h ansn hc guî`rmghps tlan gldtrlc slorh hc krn`l `h ichxm÷d nsmamsal gln`yuvn hd hc nvndgh `hc iíaur hd smdgrldán gld cn gn`hrn, sh hdguhdtrn hd ichxm÷d `h 76 krn`ls. Hc tlrquh khdhrn`l hs ichxlr `h nctn mdthdsm`n`, cn nggm÷d ausgucnr hstî `n`n plr cls hxthdslrhs `h gn`hrn kcúthl anylrhs quh tmomnc hs hc tmpl `h gldtrnggm÷d hs hxgídtrmgn cl quh prlauhvh ud alvmamhdtl `h tl`n cn hxtrham`n` mdihrmlr m dihrmlr pnrn nalrtmkunr hc mapngtl `h cn gnrkn n`haîs cls msqumltmomnchs prhvmhdhd cn `h vhrsm÷d pícvmgn y cn ichxm÷d `hc trldgl ndîcmsms `h cn anrgbn dlranc hd hc pcndl snkmtnc slplrth ah`mn. Wh auhstrn cn lrmhdtngm÷d

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hspngmnc `h cn iuhrzn `h rhnggm÷d `hc pmsl hc tlomccl sh hdguhdtrn hd `lrsmichxm÷d `h 82 krn`ls hc tlrquh khdhrn`l hs `lrsl y ichxlr amhdtrns quh cn nggm÷d ausgucnr sld cls  pcndthhd ichxlrhs hc khahcl y hc s÷chl hc tmpl `h gldtrnggm÷d hs hxgídtrmgn gldtrlcn hc tlrquh y prhvmhdh hc glcnpsl n ah`m`n quh hc pmh phrandhgh nplyn`l ahgh`lrn `hc tlomccl, amhdtrns, cn tmomn y hc iíaur nvndznd bngmn n`hcndth sld iud`nahdtnchs pnrn cn hstnomcm`n` `h cn hxtrham`n` mdihrmlr hd hc alahdtl grugmnc gund`l hc pmh gldtrn hc cnthrnc pmhr`h gldtngtl gld hc pmsl ahgh`lrn `hc tlomccl cn rl`mccn vn n thdhr udn ichxm÷d `h 8 krn`ls. Hc tlrquh khdhrn`l hs hxthdslr amhdtrns quh cn nggm÷d ausgucnr nc mdmgml vn n hstnr `n`n plr cls guî`rmghps phrl `msamduyh `msamduyh su nggm÷d tltncahdth nc im imdnc dnc `h cn insh. Hc tmpl `h gldtrnggm÷d hs hxgídtrmgn nc mdmgml phrl `hsandhs y su nggm÷d rîpm`nahdth n cn c n pír`m`n `h gldtngtl gld hc pmsl `hc pmh gldtrn hc cnthrnc, cl quh khdhrn ud iuhrth alahdtl hxthdslr `h cn rl`mccn `h cn hxtrham`n` `h slplrth smd dhghsm`n` `h cn nggm÷d ausgucnr plr cl tndtl

sh khdhrn udn hstnomcm`n` pnsmvn Ndîcmsms `h cn anrgbn dlranc hd hc pcndl snkmtnc, `urndth cn insh `h oncndghl ah`ml nquá sh auhstrn cn lrmhdtngm÷d hspngmnc `h cn iuhrzn `h rhnggm÷d `hc pmsl cn nrtmgucngm÷d `hc tlomccl sh vn n hdgldtrnr hd plsmgm÷d dhutrn hs `hgmr =6 krn`ls hc tlrquh quh sh khdhrn vn n shr `lrsmichxm÷d cn nggm÷d ausgucnr vn n hstnr `n`n plr cls aúsgucls `lrsmichxm÷d.

GLDGCXWMßD Hd gldgcusm÷d, n ah`m`n quh pnsn hc tmhapl duhstrns nrtmgucngmldhs y hstrugturns sh suirhd gnaomls maplrtndths cls gunchs puh`hd `hshdgn`hdnr alchstmns gund`l  prngtmgnals nckúd `hplrth l nuahdtnals cn ngtmvm`n` iásmgn `mvhrsns pnrths `h duhstrl guhrpl suirhd `h udn anylr ngtmvm`n` cns `mvhrsns alchstmns nrtmgucnrhs l ausgucnrhs  puh`hd hstnr nvmsnd`l `h nckudn ncthrngm÷d ahgîdmgn cn gunc `hohrán shr hstu`mn`n y trntn`n hc hstu`ml `h cn c n anrgbn ud hstu`ml omlahgîdmgl `h cn anrgbn gldsmsth hd hc ndîcmsms y hstu`ml `h duhstrn ilran `h pmsnr nd`nr y cn mdthrnggm÷d `h cls `mstmdtls hchahdtls y ahgîdmgls hc `mnkd÷stmgl prhglz puh`h nyu`nr n slcugmldnr ud maplrtndth prlochan hd hc `án n `án. Vlr tndtl, cn anrgbn shrî udn sughsm÷d `h nplyls udmpl`nchs y ompl`nchs amhdtrns quh cn gnrrhrn shrî udn sughsm÷d `h nplyls udmpl`nchs y `h vuhcls ompl`nchs. Wmd haonrkl, `hphd`mhd`l `h cn vhclgm`n` `h cn gnrrhrn, cns inshs `h gldtngtl mdmgmnc puh`hd vhrsh ncthrn`n.

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IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth:  jlsuh lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`>  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn >: GLDP_NGGMLD AXWGXCN_ IMWMLCLKMN KX]PLD VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr GLDP_NGGMLD AXWGXCN_ IMWMLCLKMN KX]PLD

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # = _HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

GLDP_NGGM×D AXWGXCN_ IMWMLCLKÁN KX]PLD MDP_L@XGGMßD Cn gldtrnggm÷d ausgucnr khdhrn iuhrzn hd ud aúsgucl. Cn iuhrzn hjhrgm`n hd ud aúsgucl slorh udn gnrkn hxthrdn sh `hdlamdn thdsm÷d ausgucnr. Wm cn thdsm÷d t hdsm÷d `hsnrrlccn`n  plr ud aúsgucl hs anylr quh cn iuhrzn hxthrdn hjhrgm`n hd ísth plr cn gnrkn, hc aúsgucl sh nglrtn. Wm cn iuhrzn hjhrgm`n plr cn gnrkn (phsl `h cn amsan) hs anylr l mkunc n cn thdsm÷d ausgucnr, hc aúsgucl dl sh nglrtn hd su cldkmtu` tltnc. Xd aúsgucl puh`h gldtrnhrsh gld l smd nglrtnamhdtl, `hsnrrlccnd`l thdsm÷d hd naols gnsls. Hxmsthd `ls ilrans `mihrhdths `h ah`mr cn rhspuhstn ahgîdmgn `h cn gldtrnggm÷d ausgucnr. Hd cn `hdlamdn`n gldtrnggm÷d mslt÷dmgn, hc aúsgucl sh nglrtn irhdth n udn gnrkn ahdlr quh cn thdsm÷d ausgucnr. @urndth cn gldtrnggm÷d cn thdsm÷d hs gldstndth h mkunc n cn iuhrzn hjhrgm`n plr cn gnrkn. Hd hsth tmpl `h gldtrnggm÷d sh am`h cn cldkmtu` `hc aúsgucl (nglrtnamhdtl). (nglrtnamhdtl). Hd cn `hdlamdn`n gldtrnggm÷d mslaítrmgn, hc aúsgucl ngtún slorh ud slplrth auy rákm`l y sh gldtrnh smd quh hxmstn prîgtmgnahdth nglrtnamhdtl. Hd hsth gnsl sh am`h cn thdsm÷d (iuhrzn) quh hjhrgh hc aúsgucl.

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@HWN__LCCL Hc aúsgucl hstrmn`l hstî guomhrtl plr ud mdmgml gúaucls `h imorns ausgucnrhs hstîd rl`hn`ls plr cl quh sh gldlgh glal phrl mdmgml gn`n imorn ausgucnr hstî guomhrtn plr cl quh sh gldlgh glal ud hd`lamsml. Gn`n imorn ausgucnr hstî glapuhstl plr augbns amgrlimormccns quh n su vhz hstîd ilrand`l ncns amlimormccns hd hstn mankhd pl`hals vhr gn`n udn `h cns amc am c imormccns quh glapldhd n udn imorn ausgucnr, cl quh gldlghals glal snrglahrns5 quh hs cn udm`n` gldtrîgtmc `hc aúsgucl hstrmn`l. Gn`n snrglahrn hstî glapuhstn plr imcnahdtls: imcnahdtls kruhsls y imcnahdtls `hckn`ls cls imcnahdtls kruhsls, hd ah`ml quh hstîd ilran`ls plr amlsmdn y cls imcnahdtls `hckn`ls hstîd glapuhstls plr ngtmdn, trlpldmdn y trlplamlsmdn. Cn cádhn ghdtrnc l cádhn A, cn ond`n quh sh ilran y quh hstî glapuhstn hxgcusmvnahdth plr

imcnahdtls kruhsls sh ccnan ond`n B5 cn ond`n quh hstî glapuhstn plr imcnahdtls kruhsls y `hckn`ls sh vn n ccnanr ond`ns N y cn ond`n M hstî glapuhstn slcnahdth plr imcnahdtls `hckn`ls y cn ond`n Z hs hc smtml `ld`h shnd `namîd l `ld`h hstîd ndgcn`ls tl`ns cns ngtmdns. Xdmhd`l n cn cádhn z gld cn ltrn cádhn Z gldtmkun sh vn n hdgldtrnr n cn Pmtmdn cl gunc hs cn prlthádn aîs krnd`h `hc guhrpl buandl. Hstls imcnahdtls kruhsls y `hckn`ls hstîd `mspuhstls `h hstn ilran mankádhdsh quh hd cuknr `h vhr tl`ls hstls imcnahdtls kruhsls y `hckn`ls. Xd imcnahdtl kruhsl nonjl y ud imcnahdtl imc nahdtl `hckn`l nrrmon cl gunc hsth hstî hdvuhctl  plr cn trlplamlsmdn y udm`l n phquhþns phquhþns alcígucns `h trlpld trlpldmdn. mdn. N su vhz cls imcnahdtls kruhsls quh sld aálsmdns, cl gunc hstîd glal gnohzns `h amlsmdns, hstîd udm`ls n alcígucns `h N@V, quh hstîd hstnomcmznd`lcns, hsns gnohzns `h amlsmdn sld auy gldtrîgtmchs, tmhd`hd n gldtrnhrsh dl dhghsmtnd hdhrkán pnrn gldtrnhrsh5 sh gldtrnhd plrquh su hstrugturn chs phramth gldtrnhrsh smd hdhrkán. Cl quh hstî lgurrh nc hstnr udm`ls gld hc N@V, hs quh hsns phquhþns alcígucns `h n`d hstîd hstlrond`l cn gldtrnggm÷d `h hsns alcígucns `h amlsmdn pnrn quh sh andthdknd imrahs cl quh chs `n cn iudgm÷d `h hstnomcmznr n cns gnohzns `h amlsmdn, `h nguhr`l `h tl`ls hstls glapldhdths ilrand pnrth `h tl`l hc prlghsl `h cn gldtrnggm÷d y cn rhcnjngm÷d ausgucnr. Xd aúsgucl hstrmn`l y n cn c n udm÷d dhurlausgucnr, sh hdguhdtrn nrrmon udn dhurldn altlrn ncin, cchdn `hc dhurltrndsamslr –nghtmcglcmdn‑. Cchkn hc plthdgmnc `h nggm÷d, sh

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norhd cls gndnchs `h gncgml ngtmvn`ls plr vlctnjh, cuhkl hdtrn gncgml, sh iusmldn cn vhságucn gld cn ahaorndn smdîptmgn y sh cmohrn hc dhurltrndsamslr nghtmcglcmdn. Hstn nghtmcglcmdn nghtmcglcmdn n su vhz hstî prl`ugmhd`l prl`ugmhd`l ud hstáaucl n cn ahaorndn `hc aúsgucl hstrmn`l quh vn n phramtmr hc icujl `h mldhs sl`ml bngmn n`hdtrl, sh norhd cls gndnchs `h sl`ml ngtmvn`ls plr vlctnjh y phramth hc pnsl `h mldhs `h sl`ml bngmn `hdtrl `h cn ahaorndn, hstl quh vn n prl`ugmr `hsplcnrmzngm÷d.. Cn `hsplcnrmzngm÷d hs cl suimgmhdthahdth iuhrth cchkn nc uaornc y sm cc `hsplcnrmzngm÷d cchkn hkn nc uaornc lgurrh auy omhd hc plthdgmnc `h nggm÷d lgurrh hc plthdgmnc `h nggm÷d sh norhd cls gndnchs `h sl`ml ngtmvn`ls plr vlctnjh y hapmhzn n vhr ud mdicujl bngmn n`hdtrl `h mldhs sl`ml `h gnrkns plsmtmvns, sh hstîd prlpnknd`l plr tl`n cn ahaorndn. Hstn  prlpnkngm÷d `hc plthdgmnc `h nggm÷d, bny udns hstrugturns quh sld mankmdngmldhs `h cn ahaorndn quh gldlghals glal túoucls, hstls túoucls hstrugturncahdth dlranchs hd hc aúsgucl hstrmn`l. Dls phramthd nghrgnr n cn ahaorndn ghcucnr n hstn hstrugturn glal

rhtágucl snrglpcnsamgl. snrglpcnsamgl. ¼Vlr quí sh `hoh nghrgnr cn ahaorndn nc rhtágucl snrglpcîsamgl< Vlrquh hd cls túoucls hdgldtrnals udn prlthádn `h ahaorndn quh sh ccnan rhghptlr `h `mbm`rlpmrm`mdn, quh dl hs aîs quh ud gndnc `h gncgml ngtmvn`l plr vlctnjh. Mkunc quh hd cn dhurldn `h gndnchs `h gncgml ngtmvn`ls plr vlctnjh. Cn imdncm`n` `h ud  plthdgmnc `h nggm÷d hs normr gndnchs gndnchs `h `h gncgml gncgml ngtmvn`ls ngtmvn`ls plr vlctnjh, vlctnjh, hxmsth hxmsth hd cns dhurldns, tnaomhd hd hc aúsgucl hstrmn`l y tl`nván tl`nván hd cns kcîd`ucns. Hstls gndnchs gndnchs `h gncgml ngtmvn`ls plr vlctnjh sh norhd y phramthd hc pnsl `hc gncgml n cáqum`l mdtrnghcucnr. Hsth gncgml ah vn n hstmaucnr glal cmknd`l n ltrl rhghptlr quh thdhals hd hc rhtágucl snrglpcîsamgl5 plr hsl hs maplrtndth quh cls túoucl sh hdguhdtrhd ghrgn `hc rhtágucl, pnrn quh hd gundtl hdtrh gncgml sh pldkn hd gldtngtl gld hsth rhtágucl snrglpcîsamgl5 sm hsth gncgml hstmaucn n cls rhghptlrhs r hghptlrhs `h –_mn`ldmdn‑ quh sld gndnchs `h gncgml ngtmvn`ls ngtmvn`ls plr gncgml plrquh dhghsmtnd gncgml mdtrnghcucnr pnrn pl`hr normrsh y cmohrnr hc gncgml quh bnoán `hdtrl `hc rhtágucl snrglpcîsamgl y pl`hr cmohrnr udn anylr gndtm`n` `h gncgml nc cáqum`l mdtrnghcucnr. Hsth gncgml quh snch hs maplrtndth plrquh hsth gncgml mdthrngtún gld cn trlpldmdn, yn quh cn trlpldmdn t rlpldmdn tmhdh trhs suoudm`n`hs: -Prlpldmdn P quh hstî udm`n n cn trlpn amlsmdntrlpldmdn y quh hstî udm`n n cn ngtmdn y trlpldmdn quh hstî cmorh hstî trlpldmdn ngtún glal ud ghrrljl y cn ccnvh hs hc gncgml plr quh hc ghrrljl pnrn quh pnrn cmohrnr hc smtml `h udm÷d quh tmhdh cn ngtmdn gld cn amlsmdn sm dl bny gncgml dl sh norh hc ghrrljl plr cl ttndtl ndtl dl puh`h udmrsh cn amlsmdn gld cn ngtmdn.

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Hc gncgml sh udh n cn suoudm`n` sh norh hc ghrrljl y lgurrh hsth gnaoml `h gldilrangm÷d hd cn hstrugturn `hc imcnahdtl `hckn`l. Hc smtml `h udm÷d `h cn ngtmdn gld cn amlsmdn plr nimdm`n` cn amlsmdn sh udh gld cn ngtmdn y `hjn cmorh n cn N@V quh ah hstnon hstlrond`l plrquh hs aîs niád cn amlsmdn plr cn ngtmdn quh plr hc N@V. Hdtldghs ahgîdmgnahdth ahgîdmgnahd th hd cn N@V snch rîpm`l y sh udh cn amlsmdn gld cn ngtmdn ngtm dn y smd hc N@V, quh hstnon hstlrond`l pnrn cn gldtrnggm÷d cn amlsmdn, sh gldtrnh ahgîdmgnahdth hstî bhgbn  pnrn gldtrnhrsh sá y lgurrh cl quh sh ccnan hc gblquh gblquh `h pl`hr. Hc gblquh `h pl`hrhs sh trntn `h ud prlghsl plr hc gunc cn gnohzn `h amlsmdn sh `locn pnrn pl`hr jncnr `h ud cn`l y `h ltrl n cns vhgmdns y nglrtnr cn `mstndgmn quh bny hdtrh udn cádhn Z y ltrn cádhn Z, plr cl tndtl, cns snrglahrns sh nglrtn y lgurrh cn gldtrnggm÷d ausgucnr. @hspuís `h cn gldtrnggm÷d sh `hoh rhcnjnr nc aúsgucl y ¼glal rhcnjnals nc

aúsgucl< prmahrl sh `hoh qumtnr tl`l hc gncgml quh hstnon cmorh hd hc cáqum`l hxtrnghcucnr5 hc prlghsl `h rhcnjngm÷d hs hc quh rhqumhrh hdhrkán, dl cn gldtrnggm÷d. Cn rhcnjngm÷d rhqumhrh hdhrkán plrquh guîdtl gncgml bnoán hd hc rhtágucl snrglpcîsamgl y sh cmohrn nc cáqum`l mdtrnghcucnr, hc krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d `hc gncgml smkuh smhd`l bngmn niuhrn `hc rhtágucl hd`lpcîsamgl. Cl quh sh rhimhrh hs quh sm sh rhtmrn hc gncgml, sh `hoh ahthr hc gncgml n`hdtrl `hc rhtágucl snrglpcîsamgl hd gldtrn `h su krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d y pnrn hsl rhqumhrl hdhrkán hd ilran `h NPV. Hstn hdhrkán hd ilran `h NPV sh utmcmzn hd udn olaon ghrgn hstn olaon nghrgn ahth gncgml utmcmznd`l ud NPV, sh vuhcvh `h duhvl nc rhtágucl snrglpcîsamgl y ltrn alcígucn `h NPV sh udh `h duhvl n cn gnohzn `h amlsmdn pnrn sngnrcn `h `ld`h hstnon y vlcvhrch n hstlronr pnrn quh dl sh gldtrnmkn y hsth prlghsl ahran cn hdhrkán `h cn NPV gldvmrtmíd`lcn hd cn N@V y vlcvmhd`l n su ilran hd rhplsl. Hxmsthd ud pnr `h hdihrah`n`hs auy pnrtmgucnrhs cl gunc hs cn amnsthdmn krnvms. Hd cn amnsthdmn krnvms hxmsthd ndtmguhrpls quh hstîd ntngnd`l n cls rhghptlrhs dmgltádmgls `h nghtmcglcmdn quh sh hdguhdtrnd hd cn ahaorndn `hc aúsgucl hstrmn`l, hstls rhghptlrhs `h nghtmcglcmdn sh `hkrn`nd y `hjn `h bnohr udn suimgmhdth gndtm`n` `h rhghptlrhs pnrn quh hc aúsgucl puh`n hjhrghr su iudgm÷d `h andhrn glrrhgtn. N hstls  pngmhdths hxmsthd `ls andhrns andhrns `h trntnrcls: gld gld mdbmom`lrhs mdbmom`lrhs `h cn –nghtmcglcmdhsthrnsn‑  quh hs cn hdzman quh `hkrn`n n cn nghtmcglcmdn y pl`hals trntnrcn tnaomíd bngmíd`lch udn tmahgtlaán quh vn n ahranr nc smsthan mdaudlc÷kmgl y vn n irhdnr ud plgl hc prlghsl quh sh hstnon cchvnd`l n gnol y quh hstnon prl`ugmhd`l ndtmguhrpls `h andhrn pntlc÷kmgn.

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Hxmsth ltrn hdihrah`n` gldlgm`n glal cn hdihrah`n` `hc CnaohrCnaohr- hntld quh sld ndtmguhrpls aldlgcldnchs quh tnaomíd hstîd ntngnd`l udn pnrth `h hsth prlghsl `h cn gldtrnggm÷d ausgucnr phrl hstn hdihrah`n` cls ndtmguhrpls ntngnd n cls gndnchs `h gncgml ngtmvn`ls plr vlctnjh uomgn`ls hd cns thramdnchs thr amdnchs dhurldnchs `h cns dhurldns altlrns, plr cl tndtl, hd hstls pngmhdths dl vn n bnohr udn sncm`n n`hgun` n`hgun`nn `h nghtmcglcmdn, hd gnaoml hd cn amnsthdmn krnvms sm bny sncm`n glrrhgtn `h nghtmcglcmdn phrl dl bny hihgtl hd sus rhghptlrhs plrquh dl bny rhghptlrhs. Hc aúsgucl cmsl dl hs auy `mihrhdth cl quh sá hs quh gnrhgh `h hxtrnggm÷d sld `h hstráns glal hd hc aúsgucl hstrmn`l plr hsl ch ccnanals aúsgucl a úsgucl cmsl y thdhals `ls tmpls `h imorns ausgucnrhs: Cmsns hd hc aúsgucl cmsl udmtnrml quh phramth alvmamhdtls aîs imdls y quh hdgldtrnals prmdgmpncahdth hd cls aúsgucls `hc mrms. Phdhals tnaomíd nc aúsgucl cmsl

auctmudmtnrml quh hdgldtrnals prmdgmpncahdth hd cns vásghrns hc aúsgucl udmtnrml hs aîs imdl hd sus alvmamhdtls y hc aúsgucl auctmudmtnrml hs ud plgl aîs kruhsl y tlsgl hd sus alvmamhdtls. Cn gldtrnggm÷d `hc aúsgucl cmsl hs auy pnrhgm`n cn `mihrhdgmn hs quh nquá hd cuknr `h bnohr rhghptlrhs dmgltádmgls `h nghtmcglcmdn bny rhghptlrhs ausgnrádmgl `h nghtmcglcmdn  prmdgmpncahdth cls a7 cls rhghptlrhs a7, hstî nglpcn`l n prlthádns quh prl`ughd ud nuahdtl hd hc mph 7 y hd hc kcmghrlc quh ah nuahdtnd cls dmvhchs `h gncgml mdtrnghcucnr. Hsth gncgml mdtrnghcucnr sh vn n udmr n prlthádns ccnan`ns gncal`ucmdn y hsth glapchjl gld hc gncgml- gncal`ucmdn ah vn n ngtmvnr `mrhgtnahdth n cn amlsmdn quh sh ch gldlgh glal –Amlsmdn `hphd`mhdth `h glapchjl gncgml -gncal`ucmdn‑ y hstl vn n ngtmvnr  

n hstn amlsmdn pnrn quh sh gldtrnmkn y nsá prl`ugmr cn gldtrnggm÷d `hc aúsgucl cmsl y maplrtndth ngcnrnr quh tl`l cl quh nuahdth nc gncgml `h andhrn mdtrnghcucnr hd ud aúsgucl cmsl prl`ugh cn gldtrnggm÷d.

GLDGCXWMßD Glal sh `hsgrmom÷, Cns imorns ausgucnrhs sh bnd gcnsmimgn`l, plr su iudgm÷d, hd imorns `h gldtrnggm÷d chdtn (tmpl M) y `h gldtrnggm÷d rîpm`n (tmpl MM). Cn anylrán `h cls aúsgucls hsquhcítmgls hstîd ilran`ls plr naols tmpls `h imorns, nudquh udl `h hccls  prh`lamdh. Cns imorns `h gldtrnggm÷d rîpm`n, `h glclr lsgurl, sh gldtrnhd gld aîs vhclgm`n` y khdhrnd augbn plthdgmn5 cns imorns `h gldtrnggm÷d chdtn, aîs pîcm`ns, hstîd `ltn`ns `h krnd rhsmsthdgmn.

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Hd gldgcusm÷d, cn gldtrnggm÷d `h udn gícucn ausgucnr sh ngtmvn plr cn cmohrngm÷d `h gncgml `hc mdthrmlr `h cn gícucn, hd rhspuhstn prlonochahdth n cls gnaomls hcígtrmgls lrmkmdn`ls hd cn suphrimgmh ghcucnr. Cls aúsgucls quh rhncmznd ud hjhrgmgml n`hgun`l rhnggmldnd n cls hstáaucls gld  plthdgmn y rnpm`hz, y sh `mgh quh hstîd `ltn`ls `h tldl. Glal rhsuctn`l `h ud usl hxghsmvl puh`hd nuahdtnr su tnanþl (bmphrtrlimn), gldshguhdg g ldshguhdgmn mn `hc nuahdtl md`mvm`unc `h gn`n udn `h cns gícucns ausgucnrhs. Glal rhsuctn`l `h udn mdngtmvm`n` prlcldkn`n cls aúsgucls puh`hd `msamdumr su tnanþl (ntrlimn) y `homcmtnrsh. Hd gmhrtns hdihrah`n`hs, glal gmhrtns ilrans `h pnrîcmsms, hc krn`l `h ntrlimn puh`h shr tnc quh cls aúsgucls quh`nd rh`ugm`ls n udn pnrth `h su tnanþl dlranc. Cn rhcnjngm÷d hs hc alahdtl hd quh cn gldtrnggm÷d `n imd. Cns `mihrhdths imorns

(amlsmdn, ngtmdn) hdtrnd hd su cuknr y sh hdguhdtrnd gld cn npnrmgm÷d `h cn hstrán B. Cn rhcnjngm÷d hs hc rhsuctn`l `hc imd `hc mapucsl dhrvmlsl hd cn pcngn dhurlausgucnr. Vnrn quh sh prl`uzgn `mgbn rhcnjngm÷d, sh `hoh hcmamdnr hc Gncgml `hc gmtlpcnsan ghcucnr y sh `hoh nplrtnr udn alcígucn `h NPV n cn c n amlsmdn. Cn gldtrnggm÷d ausgucnr smhaprh hs ud ngtl vlcudtnrml, quh sh hjhgutn gund`l hc blaorh tmhdh dhghsm`n` `h tlanr l nghrgnrsh n ud lojhtl l plr udn rhnggm÷d `hihdsmvn. Hd augbns lgnsmldhs, gund`l cn rhnggm÷d hs `hihdsmvn, hc ngtl sh rh`ugh n cn nggm÷d `h cls ahgndmsals rhichjls5 phrl gund`l cn nggm÷d ausgucnr sh rhncmzn plr hc `hshl l cn dhghsm`n`` `h tlanr l nghrgnrsh n lojhtls, phrsldns l plr altmvls `h trnonjl, hstn ngtmvm`n` dhghsm`n hs `mrmkm`n y gldtrlcn`n plr hc ghrhorl. Gund`l sh rhncmznd ngtls rhphtmtmvls, glal plr hjhapcl, nc andhjnr, nc gnamdnr l smapchahdth hd ud trnonjl quh rhqumhrh cn amsan ngtmvm`n`, hstls alvmamhdtls puh`hd cchknr n nutlantmznrsh5 dl lostndth, cn hdhrkán dhrvmlsn `hc hstáaucl pnrn cn rhspuhstn, hstnrî smhaprh prhshdth.

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_HWXAHDHW @H CNW GCNWHW @H CN XDM@N@ ? GCNWH#;

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XDM@N@#7 YMWGLWM@N@ WNDKXÁDHN Hc hstu`ml `hc icujl sndkuádhl (bm`rl`mdîamgn npcmgn`n l bhal`mdîamgn) hs maprhsgmd`moch pnrn glaprhd`hr cns `mstmdtns pntlclkáns gnr`mlvns gnr`mlvnsgucnrhs gucnrhs y cls bnccnzkls bncc nzkls `h cls aítl`ls `h `mnkd÷stmgl5 hd hsth shdtm`l, cls prmdgmpmls iásmgls quh rmkhd cn gmrgucngm÷d phrmiírmgn dl sld dhghsnrmnahdth npcmgnochs nc hstu`ml `hc iudgmldnamhdtl gnr`ángl nmscn`l. Wh `hoh `hstngnr tnaomíd quh augbls `h hstls ihd÷ahdls smkdmimgnd cn npcmgngm÷d `h `hsgrmpgmldhs bhgbns hd cnolrntlrmls `h Iásmgn (nckudls smkcls ntrîs) gld cáqum`ls y hd gld`mgmldhs m`hnchs, auy `mihrhdths `h nquhccns quh rmkhd hd hc npnrntl gmrgucntlrml5 hs plr hstl quh cn bm`rl`mdîamgn hs ud îrhn rhcntmvnahdth duhvn, `h

hvlcugm÷d phrandhdth. (Gmndgnkcmdm, Bm`rl`mdnamn `h cn gmrgucngm÷d vnsgucnr phrmiírmgn dlranc y pntlc÷kmgn., ?6>6)

VH_IMCHW @H ICXJL Hc icujl hs iudgm÷d `hc îrhn y `h cn vhclgm`n` hd hc tmhapl. Hc phrimc `h icujl hstî `hthramdn`l iud`nahdtncahdth iud`nahdtncahdth plr trhs ingtlrhs: >)  Nghchrngm÷d:

Ístn nkrhkn ud glapldhdth pcndl nc phrimc `h icujl. Ístn hs cn gnusn prmdgmpnc `hc phrimc pcndl `h icujl hd cns nrthrmns phrmiírmgns. Hd gmhrtls chgbls `h ÷rkndls dlochs quh dhghsmtnd icujl gldstndt gldstndthh `urndth tl`l hc gmgcl gnr`ángl, `h onjn rhsmsthdgmn (maph`ndgmn) phrmiírmgn (glal plr hj. gnr÷tm`ns mdthrdns, vhrthornchs, rmþ÷d) gld icujl i cujl `mnst÷cmgl prlamdhdth, hxmsth auy plgn nghchrngm÷d, `h al`l quh hc phrimc sh tlrdn pnrno÷cmgl. (XK O. , ?6>=) Hd cn insh `h `hsnghchrngm÷d hd cn sástlch tnr`án sh rhstn ud glapldhdth pcndl nc  phrimc `h icujl, cl quh puh`h lgnsmldnr rhvhrsm÷d `hc amsal ghrgn `h cns pnrh`hs vnsgucnrhs, `h vhclgm`n` ghrgndn n 6. (XK O. , ?6>=) Hstl lgnsmldn quh puh`n bnohr turouchdgmns hd cn `mîstlch tnr`án plrquh `hsnpnrhgh hc glapldhdth hstnomcmzn`lr hstnomcmzn`lr `h cn nghchrngm÷d5 plr ltrn pnrth, tnaomíd `urndth cn `mîstlch, cn rh`uggm÷d `h cn vhclgm`n` `msamduyh hc _h, plr cl quh hd hstn insh `hc gmgcl gnr`ángl puh`h npnrhghr udn rhcnamdmzngm÷d `hc icujl5 hstls hihgtls gldtrnpuhstls, npnrhdthahdth pnrn`÷jmgls, `hauhstrnd cn glapchjm`n` `h cn gmrgucngm÷d "md vmvl "y `hc hstu`ml y npcmgngm÷d `h chyhs hstîtmgns n udn smtungm÷d `h icujl pucsîtmc glal lgurrh hd hc shr buandl. (XK O. , ?6>=)

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?) Ingtlrhs Khlaítrmgls:

n) Xd icujl gldvhrkhdth npcndn hc phrimc5 hstl lgurrh, plr hjhapcl, hd hc dngmamhdtl `h cn gnr÷tm`n prmamtmvn mzqumhr`n5 cuhkl, c uhkl, krn`uncahdth sh trndsilran hd phrimc pnrno÷cmgl, glal sh hxpcmgnrî aîs n`hcndth.  o) Xd icujl `mvhrkhdth (plr hjhapcl hd hc shdl gnrltá`hl) nku`mzn hc phrimc. g)  Hd ud nsn l rucl nrthrmnc lgurrh udn `hsvmngm÷d `hc phrimc `h cn cádhn ah`mn, `hphd`mhd`l `hc phrimc `h hdtrn`n: sm hc icujl hs cnamdnr y hc phrimc `h mdkrhsl pnrno÷cmgl, cn mdhrgmn `hspcnzn cns vhclgm`n`hs anylrhs `hs`h hc ghdtrl nxmnc bngmn cn pnrh` hxthrdn5 smd haonrkl, sh `hstngn ud icujl shgud`nrml shpnrn`l hd `ls gárgucls pnrnchcls phrl `h shdtm`l lpuhstl, udl blrnrml y hc ltrl ndtmblrnrml. (XK O. , ?6>=) Wm hc phrimc `h mdkrhsl plr hc gldtrnrml hs pcndl, tl`n cn gnpn tmhdh cn amsan mdhrgmn5

cns iuhrzns ghdtráiukns grhnd prhsmldhs hchvn`ns hd cn pnrh` hxthrdn, hd cuknr c uknr `h `hspcnznr cns vhclgm`n`hs bngmn iuhrn5 plr chy `h gldshrvngm÷d `h hdhrkán cns vhclgm`n`hs aîs  prldudgmn`ns hstîd hd hc rn`ml mdthrdl `hc nrgl. Hd cn nlrtn, quh plshh udn `loch gurvnturn, hstl lgurrh hd cn prmahrn `h hccns, prlxmanc5 udn vhz quh sh grhnrld cns turouchdgmns imsmlc÷kmgns hd hstn zldn, hd cn gurvnturn `mstnc, hc phrimc sh `hspcnzn bngmn iuhrn, hdgldtrîd`lsh cns anylrhs vhclgm`n`hs vhclgm`n`hs ghrgn `h cn pnrh` hxthrdn. (XK O. , ?6>=) `) Hd cns rnamimgngmldhs, shnd ístns plr omiurgngm÷d l glcnthrnchs, hc îrhn `h gn`n udn `h cns rnans bmjns hs ahdlr quh cn nrthrmn lrmkmdnrmn5 smd haonrkl, hd hc prmahr gnsl (omiurgngm÷d) cn suan `h cns shggmldhs `h cns rnans bmjns hs anylr quh cn `h cn prmdgmpnc5 `hom`l n quh hc icujl `hoh shr gldstndth, `hoh hxmstmr udn gná`n `h cn vhclgm`n`  prlplrgmldnc hd gn`n udn `h cns rnamimgngmldhs5 hd hc gnsl gns l `h quh ístns shnd `ls rnans bmjns mkunchs (hjhapcl nrthrmns mcmngns dngmhd`l `h cn nlrtn)hc icujl nxmnc mapngtn gldtrn hc `mvmslrml `h icujl, grhîd`lsh rhalcmdls hd cn zldn mdthrdn `h naons rnans bmjns5 hc icujl hs cnamdnr y lrkndmzn`l hd cn plrgm÷d hxthrdn `h cns amsans. (XK O. , ?6>=) Hd hc gnsl `h udn rnamimgngm÷d cnthrnc hd îdkucl aîs l ahdls rhgtl (hjhapcl nrthrmns rhdnchs), cn gná`n `hsgrmptn `h cns vhclgm`n`hs rh`ugh hc _h, hstnomcmznd`l hc icujl5 smd haonrkl puh`h lgurrmr icujl omiurgn`l, gld zldns `h icujl rltntlrml, prh`mspldmhd`l nc `hp÷smtl `h pcngns nthrlantlsns, cns quh plr hjhapcl, lgurrhd irhguhdthahdth hd cls lstmua rhdnchs y vhrthornchs. 7) Ymsglsm`n`: Hc nuahdtl `h cn vmsglsm`n` sndkuádhn hstnomcmzn hc pntr÷d

cnamdnr

`h icujl y lgnsmldn ud phrimc pnrno÷cmgl aîs prhglzahdth y aîs anrgn`l. (Gmndgnkcmdm, Bm`rl`mdnamn `h cn gmrgucngm÷d vnsgucnr phrmiírmgn dlranc y pntlc÷kmgn., ?6>6)

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GLDPMDXM@N@ Hgungm÷d `h gldtmdum`n` Gund`l ud icum`l icuyh plr ud gld`ugtl `h `mîahtrl vnrmnoch, su vhclgm`n` gnaomn `hom`l n quh cn shggm÷d trndsvhrsnc vnrán `h udn shggm÷d `hc gld`ugtl n ltrn. Hd tl`l icum`l mdglaprhsmoch, gld icujl hstngmldnrml (hd ríkmahd cnamdnr), cn vhclgm`n` `h ud pudtl guncqumhrn `h ud gld`ugtl hs mdvhrsnahdth prlplrgmldnc n cn suphrimgmh, hd hsh pudtl, `h cn shggm÷d trndsvhrsnc trndsvhrsnc `h cn amsan. (Hgungmld `h gldtmdum`n`, ?6>2)

CH] @H WPLEHW Cn chy `h Wtlehs sh rhimhrh n cn iuhrzn `h irmggm÷d hxphrmahdtn`n plr lojhtls

hsiírmgls alvmíd`lsh hd hc shdl `h ud icum`l vmsglsl hd ud ríkmahd cnamdnr `h onjls dúahrls `h _hydlc`s. Iuh `hrmvn`n hd >28> plr Khlrkh Knormhc Wtlehs trns rhslcvhr ud gnsl pnrtmgucnr `h cns hgungmldhs `h Dnvmhr-Wtlehs. Hd khdhrnc cn chy `h Wtlehs hs vîcm`n hd hc alvmamhdtl `h pnrtágucns hsiírmgns phquhþns alvmíd`lsh n vhclgm`n`hs onjns. Cn gld`mgm÷d `h onjls dúahrls `h _hydlc`s mapcmgn ud icujl cnamdnr cl gunc puh`h trn`ugmrsh plr udn vhclgm`n` rhcntmvn hdtrh cn hsihrn y hc ah`ml mdihrmlr n ud gmhrtl vnclr grátmgl.

Wm cns pnrtágucns hstîd gnyhd`l vhrtmgncahdth hd ud icum`l vmsglsl `hom`l n su

 prlpml phsl puh`h gncgucnrsh su vhclgm`n` `h gná`n l sh`mahdtngm÷d mkuncnd`l mkuncnd`l cn iuhrzn `h irmggm÷d gld hc phsl npnrhdth `h cn pnrtágucn hd hc icum`l. (K E, ?6>=)

CH] @H VLMWHXMCCH Hd hc gnsl `h icum`hz sunvh (icujl cnamdnr), hc gnu`nc `h vlcuahd hstî `n`l plr cn `mihrhdgmn `h prhsm÷d `mvm`m`n plr cn rhsmsthdgmn vmsglsn. Hstn rhsmsthdgmn `hphd`h cmdhncahdth `h cn vmsglsm`n` y cn cldkmtu`, phrl cn `hphd`hdgmn `h cn gunrtn plthdgmn `hc rn`ml, hs hxnkhrn`nahdth `mihrhdth. Cn chy `h Vlmshumcch sh bn hdgldtrn`l rnzldnochahdth `h nguhr`l, gld hxphrmahdtls pnrn cáqum`ls udmilrahs (ccnan`ls icum`ls Dhwtldmndls) hd gnsls `ld`h dl bny nprhgmnochs turouchdgmns. turouchdgmns. (Dnvh, ?6>=)

V_MDGMVML V_MDGMVM L @H VNWGNC Hd iásmgn, hc prmdgmpml `h Vnsgnc l chy `h Vnsgnc, hs udn chy hdudgmn`n plr hc iásmglanthaîtmgl irndgís Ocnmsh Vnsgnc (>9?7->99?) quh sh rhsuah hd cn irnsh: cn prhsm÷d

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hjhrgm`n slorh ud icum`l mdglaprhsmoch y hd hqumcmorml `hdtrl `h ud rhgmpmhdth `h pnrh`hs trndsamth gld mkunc mdthdsm`n` hd tl`ns cns `mrhggmldhs y hd tl`ls cls pudtls `hc icum`l. (Dúþhz Prhjl, ?6>6)

V_MDGMVML V_MDGMVM L @H N_^XÁAH@HW Hc prmdgmpml `h Nrquáah`hs nimran quh tl`l guhrpl suahrkm`l hd ud icum`l hxphrmahdtn ud hapujh vhrtmgnc y bngmn nrrmon mkunc nc phsl `h iicum`l cum`l `hsncljn`l. Cn hxpcmgngm÷d `hc prmdgmpml `h Nrquáah`hs gldstn `h `ls pnrths glal sh md`mgn hd cns imkurns: -

Hc hstu`ml `h cns iuhrzns slorh udn plrgm÷d `h icum`l hd hqumcmorml

gld hc rhstl `hc icum`l. Cn sustmtugm÷d `h `mgbn plrgm÷d `h icum`l plr ud guhrpl s÷cm`l `h

-

cn amsan ilran y `mahdsmldhs. `mahdsmldhs.

Vlrgm÷d `h icum`l hd hqumcmorml gld hc rhstl `hc icum`l. Gldsm`hrhals, hd prmahr cuknr, cns iuhrzns slorh udn plrgm÷d `h icum`l hd hqumcmorml gld hc rhstl `h icum`l. Cn iuhrzn quh hjhrgh cn prhsm÷d `hc icum`l slorh cn suphrimgmh `h shpnrngm÷d hs mkunc n p»`W  n  p»`W , `ld`h p slcnahdth `hphd`h `h cn prliud`m`n` y `W hs ud hchahdtl `h suphrimgmh. (Omhrand & Emdgndld, ?6>6) Vuhstl quh cn plrgm÷d `h icum`l sh hdguhdtrn hd hqumcmorml, cn rhsuctndth `h cns iuhrzns `hom`ns n cn prhsm÷d sh `hoh nducnr gld hc phsl `h `mgbn plrgm÷d `h icum`l. N hstn rhsuctndth cn `hdlamdnals hapujh y su pudtl `h npcmgngm÷d hs hc ghdtrl `h ansn `h cn  plrgm÷d `h icum`l, `hdlamdn`l `hdlamdn`l ghdtrl ghdtrl `h hapujh: @h hsth al`l, pnrn udn plrgm÷d `h icum`l hd hqumcmorml gld hc rhstl, sh guapch: Hapujh1 Hapujh 1 phsl1ώ i »kY »kY (Omhrand & Emdgndld, ?6>6)  Hc phsl `h cn plrgm÷d `h icum`l hs mkunc nc prl`ugtl `h cn `hdsm`n` `hc icum`l ri plr cn nghchrngm÷d `h cn krnvh`n` k y plr hc vlcuahd `h `mgbn plrgm÷d Y. Wh sustmtuyh cn plrgm÷d `h icum`l plr ud guhrpl s÷cm`l `h cn amsan ilran y `mahdsmldhs. Wm sustmtumals cn plrgm÷d `h icum`l plr ud guhrpl s÷cm`l `h cn amsan ilran y `mahdsmldhs. Cns iuhrzns `hom`ns n cn prhsm÷d dl gnaomnd, plr tndtl, su rhsuctndth quh bhals `hdlamdn`l hapujh hs cn amsan y ngtún hd hc amsal pudtl, `hdlamdn`l ghdtrl `h hapujh.

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Cl quh gnaomn hs hc phsl `hc guhrpl s÷cm`l y su pudtl `h npcmgngm÷d quh hs hc ghdtrl `h ansn, quh puh`h l dl glmdgm`mr gld hc ghdtrl `h hapujh. Vlr tndtl, slorh hc guhrpl ngtúnd `ls iuhrzns: hc hapujh y hc phsl `hc guhrpl, quh dl tmhdhd hd prmdgmpml hc amsal vnclr dm hstîd npcmgn`ns hd hc amsal pudtl. Hd cls gnsls aîs smapchs, supld`rhals quh hc s÷cm`l y hc icum`l sld blalkídhls y plr tndtl, glmdgm`hd hc ghdtrl `h ansn `hc guhrpl gld hc ghdtrl `h hapujh.

Hjhapcl: Wupldknalss ud guhrpl suahrkm`l `h `hdsm`n` ώ rl`hn`l plr ud icum`l Wupldknal `h `hdsm`n` ώi. Hc îrhn `h cn onsh `hc guhrpl hs N y su ncturn b. Cn prhsm÷d `hom`n nc icum`l slorh cn onsh suphrmlr hs p>1 ώikx, y cn prhsm÷d `hom`n nc icum`l hd cn onsh mdihrmlr hs p?1 ώik(x+b). Cn prhsm÷d slorh cn suphrimgmh cnthrnc hs  

vnrmnoch y `hphd`h `h cn ncturn, hstî glaprhd`m`n hdtrh p> y p?. Cns iuhrzns `hom`ns n cn prhsm÷d `hc icum`l slorh cn suphrimgmh cnthrnc sh nducnd. Cns ltrns iuhrzns slorh hc guhrpl sld cns smkumhdths:  

Vhsl `hc guhrpl, ak

 

Iuhrzn `hom`n n cn prhsm÷d slorh cn onsh suphrmlr, p>»N

 

Iuhrzn `hom`n n cn prhsm÷d slorh cn onsh mdihrmlr, p?»N







Hd hc hqumcmorml thd`rhals quh ak+p>»N1 p?»N ak+ώikx»N1 ώik(x+b)»N 

l omhd, ak1ώib»Nk 

Glal cn prhsm÷d hd cn gnrn mdihrmlr `hc guhrpl p? hs anylr quh cn prhsm÷d hd cn gnrn suphrmlr p>, cn `mihrhdgmn hs ώikb. Hc rhsuctn`l hs udn iuhrzn bngmn nrrmon ώikb»N  

slorh hc guhrpl `hom`n nc icum`l quh ch rl`hn. Glal vhals, cn iuhrzn `h hapujh tmhdh su lrmkhd lrm khd hd cn `mihrhdgmn `h prhsm÷d hdtrh cn pnrth suphrmlr y cn pnrth mdihrmlr `hc guhrpl suahrkm`l hd hc icum`l. Gld hstn hxpcmgngm÷d surkh ud prlochan mdthrhsndth y `hontm`l. Wupldknals quh ud guhrpl `h onsh pcndn (gmcád`rmgl l hd ilran `h pnrnchpáph`l) guy guynn `hdsm`n` hs anylr quh cn `hc icum`l, `hsgndsn hd hc ild`l `hc rhgmpmhdth. Wm dl bny icum`l hdtrh hc guhrpl y hc ild`l `hc rhgmpmhdth ¼`hsnpnrhgh cn iuhrzn `h hapujhN quh hjhrgh cn glcuadn

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`h icum`l smtun`n plr hdgman `hc guhrpl, mdgcusl sm cn `hdsm`n` `hc guhrpl iuhsh ahdlr quh cn `hc icum`l. ic um`l. Cn hxphrmhdgmn `hauhstrn quh hc guhrpl icltn y cchkn n cn suphrimgmh. Hc prmdgmpml `h Nrquáah`hs smkuh smkuh smhd`l npcmgnoch hd tl`ls cls gnsls y sh hdudgmn hd augbls thxtls `h Iásmgn `hc smkumhdth al`l: Gund`l ud guhrpl hstî pnrgmncahdth l tltncahdth suahrkm`l hd hc icum`l quh ch rl`hn, (G _. O., ?6>6)udn iuhrzn `h hapujh ngtún slorh hc guhrpl. @mgbn iuhrzn tmhdh `mrhggm÷d bngmn nrrmon y su ankdmtu` hs mkunc nc phsl `hc icum`l quh bn sm`l `hsncljn`l plr hc guhrpl. (G _. O., ?6>6) ?6>6)

BHAL@MDÎAMGN Cn bhal`mdîamgn hs nquhccn pnrth `h cn omliásmgn quh sh hdgnrkn `hc hstu`ml `h cn

`mdîamgn `h cn sndkrh hd hc mdthrmlr `h cns hstrugturns sndkuádhns glal nrthrmns, vhdns, víducns, nrthrmlcns y gnpmcnrhs nsá glal tnaomíd cn ahgîdmgn `hc glrnz÷d prlpmnahdth `mgbn ah`mndth cn mdtrl`uggm÷d `h gntíthrhs gntíthrhs imdls n trnvís `h cns nrthrmns `h cn mdkch l `hc  ornzl. Hstn tígdmgn gldlgm`n gldlgm`n glal gnththrmsal gnththrmsal gnr`ángl gnr`ángl phramth gldlghr gld hxngtmtu` hc hstn`l `h cls vnsls sndkuádhls `h tl`l hc guhrpl y `hc glrnz÷d. Vnrtmgmpndths `h cn gmrgucngm÷d sndkuádhn •  Nrthrmns:

cns nrthrmns hstîd bhgbns `h trhs gnpns `h thjm`l, udl ausgucnr hd hc

ah`ml y udn gnpn mdthrdn `h thjm`l hpmthcmnc. • Gnpmcnrhs: cls gnpmcnrhs mrrmknd cls thjm`ls, phramtmhd`l n`haîs hc mdthrgnaoml `h

knshs `hdtrl `hc thjm`l. Cls gnpmcnrhs sld auy `hckn`ls `hckn`ls y irîkmchs, thdmhd`l slcl hc hsphsl hsphslrr `h udn gnpn hpmthcmnc. • Yhdns: cns vhdns trndsplrtnd sndkrh n aîs onjn prhsm÷d quh cns nrthrmns, dl smhd`l

tnd iuhrth glal hccns. Cn sndkrh hs hdtrhkn`n n cns vhdns plr cls gnpmcnrhs `hspuís quh hc mdthrgnaoml hdtrh hc lxákhdl y hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl bn thdm`l cuknr. Cns vhdns trndsplrtnd trndsplrt nd sndkrh rmgn hd rhsm`uls `h vuhctn nc glrnz÷d y n cls pucaldhs. Cns vhdns tmhdhd hd su mdthrmlr vîcvucns quh nshkurnd quh cn sndkrh gld onjn prhsm÷d sh auhvn smhaprh hd cn `mrhggm÷d glrrhgtn, bngmn hc glrnz÷d, smd phramtmr quh rhtrlgh`n. Cn sndkrh rmgn hd rhsm`uls rhtlrdn nc glrnz÷d y cuhkl tl`l hc prlghsl sh rhpmth. • Glrnz÷d: hs hc ÷rkndl prmdgmpnc `hc npnrntl gmrgucntlrml. Hs ud aúsgucl hstrmn`l

buhgl quh ngtún glal udn olaon nspmrndth h maphchdth, quh nspmrn bngmn cns nurágucns cn sndkrh quh gmrgucn plr cns vhdns, y cn mapucsn `hs`h cls vhdtrágucls bngmn cns nrthrmns. Pmhdh 0 gnvm`n`hs, ? nurágucns y ? vhdtrágucls.

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V_HWM×D HD HC WMWPHAN GM_GXCNPL_ML. Glal hc glrnz÷d olaohn cn sndkrh gldtmdunahdth bngmn cn nlrtn, cn c n prhsm÷d ah`mn hd hsth vnsl hs nctn, gld udn ah`mn hd tlrdl n cls >66 aaBk. N`haîs, glal hc olaohl gnr`ángl hs pucsîtmc, pucsîtmc, cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc ncthrdn hdtrh udn prhs prhsm÷d m÷d smst÷cmgn `h >?6 aaBk y udn `mnst÷cmgn `h 26 aaBk, glal sh vh hd cn pnrth mdihrmlr `h cn mdilkrnián. m dilkrnián. N ah`m`n quh hc ﬏ujl sndkuádhl ntrnvmhsn cn gmrgucngm÷d smstíamgn, cn prhsm÷d ah`mn vn gnyhd`l  

 prlkrhsmvnahdth bnstn cchknr gnsm n 6 aaBk hd hc alahdtl hd hc quh ncgndzn cn thramdngm÷d `h cns vhdns gnvn suphrmlr h mdihrmlr, `ld`h sh vngán hd cn nurágucn `hrhgbn `hc glrnz÷d. (Hcshvmhr, ?6>6) . Cn prhsm÷d `h cls gnpmcnrhs smstíamgls lsgmcn `hs`h 78 aaBk ghrgn `h cls

hxtrhals nrthrmlcnrhs bnstn tnd slcl >6 aaBk ghrgn `h cls hxtrhals vhdlsls, phrl cn  prhsm÷d ah`mn "iudgmldnc" hd cn anylrán `h cls chgbls vnsgucnrhs hs `h >; aaBk, nprlxman`nahdth, udn  prhsm÷d su﬎gmhdthahdth  onjn quh phramth phquhþns iukns `h  pcnsan n trnvís `h cls plrls `mamdutls `h cns pnrh`hs gnpmcnrhs, nudquh cls dutrmhdths  puh`hd `miud`mr iîgmcahdth n trnvís `h cls amsals plrls bngmn ccns ns gícucns `h cls thjm`ls hxthrdls. Hd cn pnrth `hrhgbn `hc gun`rl sh vhd cns prhsmldhs rhsphgtmvns hd cls `mstmdtls glapldhdths `h cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr. Hd cns nrthrmns nrthrm ns pucaldnrhs cn prhsm÷d hs pucsîtmc, mkunc quh hd cn nlrtn, phrl cn prhsm÷d hs onstndth ahdlr: cn prhsm÷d smst÷cmgn nrthrmnc  pucaldnr ncgndzn ncgndzn ud prlah`ml `h ?8 aaBk, y cn `mnst÷cmgn, `h 2 aaBk, gld udn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc pucaldnr ah`mn `h slcl >9 aaBk. Cn ah`mn `h cn prhsm÷d gnpmcnr pucaldnr ncgndzn ud prlah`ml `h slcl ; aaBk. Nud nsá, hc ﬏ujl sndkuádhl plr amdutl n trnvís `h cls pucaldhs hs hc amsal quh hd cn gmrgucngm÷d smstíamgn. Cns onjns prhsmldhs `hc smsthan  pucaldnr glmdgm`hd glmdgm`hd gld cns cns dhghsm`n`hs dhghsm`n`hs `h `h cls pucaldhs, yn quh cl údmgl údmgl quh sh dhghsmtn dhghsmtn hs cn hxplsmgm÷d `h cn sndkrh hd cls gnpmcnrhs pucaldnrhs nc lxákhdl y ltrls knshs hd cls ncvílcls pucaldnrhs.

V_MDGMVMLW V_MDGMVM LW OÎWMGLW @H CN IXDGM×D GM_GXCNPL_MN Nudquh cn iudgm÷d gmrgucntlrmn hs auy glapchjn, bny trhs prmdgmpmls oîsmgls quh suoynghd hd tl`ns cns iudgmldhs `hc smsthan. Hc icujl sndkuádhl hd cn anylrán `h cls thjm`ls hstî gldtrlcn`l shkúd cn dhghsm`n` tmsucnr. Gund`l cls thjm`ls sld ngtmvls dhghsmtnd ud nplrth np lrth augbl anylr `h dutrmhdths y,  plr tndtl, t ndtl, ud ﬏ujl sndkuádhl augbl anylr quh hd rhplsl, hd lgnsmldhs bnstn ?6 l 76

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vhghs hc dmvhc `h rhplsl, n phsnr `h quh hc glrnz÷d dlrancahdth dl puh`h nuahdtnr su knstl gnr`ángl hd aîs `h 0-; vhghs su knstl gnr`ángl plr hdgman `hc dmvhc hd rhplsl. Vlr tndtl, dl hs plsmoch nuahdtnr smapchahdth hc icujl sndkuádhl hd tl`l hc lrkndmsal gund`l ud thjm`l hd pnrtmgucnr `hand`n hc nuahdtl `hc ﬏ujl. (Hcshvmhr, ?6>6) Vlr hc gldtrnrml, cn amgrlvnsgucnturn `h gn`n thjm`l vmkmcn gldtmdunahdth cns dhghsm`n`hs `h su thrrmtlrml, nsá glal cn `mspldmomcm`n` `h lxákhdl y `h ltrls dutrmhdths y cn nguaucngm÷d `h `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl y `h ltrls rhsm`uls, y, n su vhz, hstls amgrlvnsls ngtúnd `mrhgtnahdth slorh cls vnsls sndkuádhls clgnchs, `mcntîd`lcls y gldtrnyíd`lcls,  pnrn gldtrlcnr hc ﬏ujl sndkuádhl clgnc gld prhgmsm÷d bnstn hc dmvhc rhquhrm`l pnrn cn  

ngtmvm`n` tmsucnr. N`haîs, hc gldtrlc dhrvmlsl `h cn gmrgucngm÷d `hs`h hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc y cns blraldns tnaomíd glcnolrnd hd hc gldtrlc `hc ﬏ujl sndkuádhl tmsucnr.  

(Hcshvmhr, ?6>6) Hc knstl gnr`ángl hs cn suan `h tl`ls cls ﬏ujls clgnchs `h cls thjm`ls. Gund`l hc   ﬏ujl sndkuádhl ntrnvmhsn ud thjm`l, mdah`mntnahdth vuhcvh nc glrnz÷d n trnvís `h cns  

vhdns y hc glrnz÷d rhspld`h nutlaîtmgnahdth n hsth nuahdtl `hc ﬏ujl nihrhdth `h sndkrh  olaohîd`lcl mdah`mntnahdth mdah`mntnahdth bngmn cns nrthrmns. nrthrmns. Nsá, hc glrnz÷d ngtún glal ud nut÷antn nut÷antn rhspld`mhd`l n cns dhghsm`n`hs `h cls thjm`ls. Dl lostndth, n ahdu`l dhghsmtn nyu`n hd ilran `h shþnchs dhrvmlsns hsphgmnchs quh ch bnknd olaohnr cns gndtm`n`hs dhghsnrmns `hc ﬏ujl sndkuádhl. (Hcshvmhr, ?6>6)

Cn rhkucngm÷d `h cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc hs khdhrncahdth md`hphd`m md`hphd`mhdth hdth `hc gldtrlc `hc ﬏ujl sndkuádhl clgnc l `hc gldtrlc `hc knstl gnr`ángl. Hc smsthan g mrgucntlrml hstî `ltn`l

`h ud hxthdsl smsthan `h gldtrlc `h cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc. Vlr hjhapcl, sm hd nckúd alahdtl cn prhsm÷d gnh smkdm﬎gntmvnahdth plr `honjl `hc dmvhc dlranc nprlxman`l `h >66 aaBk, aaBk, udn `hsgnrkn `h rh﬏hjls dhrvmlsls prlvlgn hd plgls

shkud`ls udn shrmh `h gnaomls

gmrgucntlrmls quh hchvnd cn prhsm÷d `h duhvl bnstn cn dlrancm`n`. Hd hsphgmnc, cns shþnchs dhrvmlsns: (Hcshvmhr, ?6>6) Nuahdtnd cn iuhrzn `h olaon `hc glrnz÷d Vrlvlgnd cn gldtrnggm÷d `h cls krnd`hs rhshrvlrmls vhdlsls pnrn nplrtnr aîs sndkrh nc glrnz÷d @hspuís, y hd phrál`ls aîs prlcldkn`ls, blrns l `áns, cls rmþldhs rm þldhs tnaomíd tmhdhd ud pnphc maplrtndth hd hc gldtrlc `h cn prhsm÷d, tndtl nc shkrhknr shkrhknr blraldns quh gldtrlcnd cn prhsm÷d glal nc rhkucnr hc vlcuahd `h sndkrh. Nsá puhs, cn gmrgucngm÷d ntmhd`h hsphgá﬎gnahdth  cns dhghsm`n`hs `h gn`n thjm`l hd pnrtmgucnr. (Hcshvmhr, (Hc shvmhr, ?6>6)

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V_HWM×D WNDKXÁDHN. Cn prhsm÷d sndkuádhn hs cn thdsm÷d hjhrgm`n plr cn sndkrh quh gmrgucn slorh cns  pnrh`hs `h cls vnsls sndkuádhls, y gldstmtuyh udl `h cls prmdgmpnchs smkdls vmtnchs. Cn  prhsm÷d `h cn sndkrh `msamduyh n ah`m`n quh cn sndkrh sh auhvh n trnvís `h nrthrmns, nrthrmlcns, vnsls gnpmcnrhs, y vhdns5 hc tíramdl prhsm÷d sndkuádhn khdhrncahd khdhrncahdth th sh rhimhrh n cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc, hs `hgmr, cn prhsm÷d hd cns c ns nrthrmns aîs krnd`hs, cns nrthrmns quh ilrand cls vnsls sndkuádhls quh tland cn sndkrh `hs`h hc glrnz÷d. Cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc hs glaúdahdth ah`m`n plr ah`ml `h ud hsimkaland÷ahtrl, quh usn cn ncturn `h udn glcuadn `h ahrgurml pnrn rhichjnr cn prhsm÷d `h gmrgucngm÷d (vhr Ah`mgm÷d dl mdvnsmvn aîs nonjl). Cls vnclrhs `h cn prhsm÷d sndkuádhn sh hxprhsnd hd amcáahtrls `hc ahrgurml

(aaBk), n phsnr `h quh augbls `msplsmtmvls `h prhsm÷d vnsgucnr al`hrdls yn dl usnd ahrgurml.

PHDWM×D N_PH_MNC ] ICXJL WNDKXÁDHL. Cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc hs cn iuhrzn quh phramth hc icujl `h sndkrh `hs`h cn olaon gnr`mngn bnstn cls thjm`ls phrmiírmgls n trnvís `hc smsthan gmrgucntlrml. Cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh hc icujl ah`ml, cn prhsm÷d ah`mn y cn rhsmsthdgmn hd cls vnsls sndkuádhls hs ndîclkn, hd khdhrnc, n cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh glrrmhdth, cn iuhrzn hchgtrlaltrmz y sndkuádhls cn rhsmsthdgmn hd ud gmrgumtl hcígtrmgl hxprhsn`n plr cn chy `h Lba: Glrrmhdth (M) 1 iuhrzn hchgtrlaltrmz (H)/ rhsmsthdgmn (_) Icujl (I) 1 prhsm÷d (V)/rhsmsthdgmn (_) Pnaomíd sh puh`h bnocnr `h prhsm÷d glal cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh iuhrzn plr udm`n` `h îrhn: V 1 I/N (Hcshvmhr, ?6>6) Cn iuhrzn glrrhspld`h hd hsth gnsl nc alvmamhdtl ndthr÷krn`l `h cn sndkrh `hs`h hc glrnz÷d l knstl gnr`mngl. Vlr ltrl cn`l, hc îrhn hd hc quh sh `mstrmouyh hsn iuhrzn hs hc smsthan nrthrmnc, prmdgmpncahdth cns nrthrmlcns, quh ngtúnd glal vnsls `h rhsmsthdgmn. (Hcshvmhr, ?6>6) Cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc ah`mn `hphd`h prmdgmpncahdth `hc knstl gnr`mngl y `h cn rhsmsthdgmn vnsgucnr smstíamgn, `h nguhr`l n cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh icujl, prhsm÷d y rhsmsthdgmn. (Hcshvmhr, ?6>6) Cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc hs aîxman n dmvhc `hc nrgl n÷rtmgl5 cn vhclgm`n` `h cn sndkrh vn `msamduyhd`l gldilrah ncgndzn pudtls aîs `mstnchs `hc îrolc nrthrmnc, cchknd`l n ud icujl auy chdtl n dmvhc `h cls gnpmcnrhs. (_.H., ?6>>)

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AHGÎDMGN GM_GXCNPL_MN. Cn mdsuimgmhdgmn gnr`mngn rhirngtnrmn nc trntnamhdtl aí`mgl gldstmtuyh gldstmtuyh ngtuncahdth udn vhr`n`hrn pnd`hamn, quh tmhdh maplrtndths rhphrgusmldhs sndmtnrmns y hgld÷amgns. Wh  prl`ughd ncrh`h`lr `h 8.666 mdkrhsls blspmtncnrmls plr gn`n gn`n amcc÷d amcc÷d `h bnomtndths y ud 8% `h cn plocngm÷d pn`hgh nckúd krn`l `h mdsuimgmhdgmn gnr`mngn hd cls pnáshs `h cn Glaudm`n` Hgld÷amgn Hurlphn, supldmhd`l ud hchvn`l knstl hgld÷amgl quh hd Hspnþn cchkn n gldsuamr hdtrh hc ?% y 7% `hc prhsupuhstl sndmtnrml púocmgl. (_NDA, ?6>2) N`haîs, hc 06% `h hstns ngtungmldhs sh prl`ughd hd hdihrahals gld h`n` mkunc l suphrmlr n cls ;6 nþls y hd cn anylrán `h cls c ls mdkrhsls blspmtncnrmls blspmtncnrmls cls pngmhdths hstîd hst îd

hd smtungm÷d `h inccl gnr`mngl maplrtndth y gld rhmdkrhsls rhmthrntmvls bnomtuncahdth. (_NDA, ?6>2) Hxmsthd plthdgmnchs ncthrdntmvns nc mdhimgnz trntnamhdtl aí`mgl glal hs cn nsmsthdgmn ahgîdmgn gmrgucntlrmn, phrl hstls prlgh`mamhdtls slstmhdhd cn vm`n, dl grhnd vm`n. Dhghsmtnd udn gmrukán nprlpmn`n y nghrtn`n, `hohd n`nptnrsh nc pngmhdth, dl nc rhvís, y hc íxmtl `hphd`hrî `h cn n`hgun`n shchggm÷d shchggm÷d `h cls pngmhdths, `hc rhd`mamhdtl y shchggm÷d `hc prlgh`mamhdtl y `h cn hxphrmhdgmn y grmthrml `hc gmrujndl. (_NDA, ?6>2) Cls prlgh`mamhdtls pnrn rhguphrnr n ud glrnz÷d gcnu`mgndth puh`hd gldsmstmr hd: 

 

Mdgrhahdtnr hc icujl glrldnrml.



 

@msamdumr cn rhsmsthdgmn nc vngmn`l vhdtrmgucnr l



 

Mapnrtmr hdhrkán nc smsthan vnsgucnr.

Cls grmthrmls pnrn cn nsmsthdgmn gmrgucntlrmn sld: 

 

Ád`mgh gnr`mngl ahdlr `h ? cmtrls cmt rls plr ahtrl gun`rn`l y plr amdutl.



 

_hsmsthdgmns vnsgucnrhs smstíamgns anylrhs `h ?.>66 `mdns plr

shkud`ll y ghdtáahtrls gun`rn`ls. shkud` 

 

@murhsms mdihrmlr n ?6 amcmcmtrls/blrn y tl`l hccl gld: l

 

Wlplrth thrnpíutmgl aîxmal

l

 

Ahtnolcmsal glrrhkm`l

l

 

Onc÷d `h gldtrnpucsngm÷d.

Glal aítl`ls `h nsmsthdgmn gnr`mngn `mrhgtn pl`hals gldsm`hrnr hc ansnjh gnr`mngl, hxthrdl l mdthrdl, cn glpn vhdtrmgucnr `h Ndstn`t y cn prlpmn gmrgucngm÷d hxtrnglrp÷rhn, omhd glal slplrth gnr`mlpucaldnr l glal HGAL (lxmkhdn`lr `h ahaorndn hxtrnglrp÷rhn). (_NDA, ?6>2)

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ANWNJH GN_@MNGL HRPH_DL Hs udn `h cns prmahrns ah`m`ns `h cns quh puh`h `mspldhrsh ndth ud inccl gnr`mngl nku`l. Cn andmlorn oîsmgn rhndman`lrn gldsmsth hd cn glaprhsm÷d rátamgn gld naons andls slorh cn amtn` mdihrmlr `hc hsthrd÷d, andthdmhd`l cls `h`ls npnrtn`ls `h cn gnjn tlrîgmgn, pnrn hvmtnr plsmochs chsmldhs hd glstmccns l hd hc npíd`mgh xmilm`hs. Cls ornzls `hohd hstnr hxthd`m`ls, bngmhd`l iuhrzn gld cls blaorls `mrhgtnahdth slorh cns andls. (_NDA, ?6>2) Hc aîxmal icujl sndkuádhl sh lotmhdh gld cn aîxman glaprhsm÷d, `homíd`lsh gldshkumr rh`ugmr hc `mîahtrl tlrîgmgl ndthrlplsthrmlr hd ud 78% (nprlxman`nahd gldshkumr (nprlxman`nahdth th 0 ÷ 8 ghdtáahtrls). Hc ahgndmsal plr hc quh ansnjh hxthrdl andtmhdh hc knstl gnr`mngl sh

hxpcmg÷ plr cn –thlrán `h cn olaon gnr`mngn‑: nc glaprmamrsh hc glrnz÷d hdtrh hc hsthrd÷d  

y cn glcuadn vhrthornc sh prl`ugh udn sástlch, hd cn quh sh glaprmahd aîs cls vhdtrágucls quh cns nurágucns gld cl quh cns vîcvucns mdtrngnr`mngns sh gmhrrnd (vîcvucn amtrnc y trmgúspm`h), cl quh hvmtn hc icujl sndkuádhl rhtr÷krn`l. @urndth cn rhcnjngm÷d, cn prhsm÷d vhdtrmgucnr `msamduyh `msamduyh plr `honjl `h ccnn nurmgucnr, y cns vîcvucns nurágucl-vhdtrmgucnrhs sh norhd plsmomcmtnd`l hc cchdn`l `mnst÷cmgl. (_NDA, ?6>2) Hd cns andmlorns `h ansnjh gnr`mngl hxthrdl dl `hoh lcvm`nrsh andthdhr  phrahnoch cn ván nírhn, cl quh `hoh `hoh shr tnaomíd ud lojhtmvl prmlrmtnrml pnrn hvmtnr hvmtnr quh cn chdkun y cn hpmkcltms lostruynd cn cnrmdkh. Wm hc pngmhdth dl vhdtmcn, cn n`amdmstrngm÷d olgn n olgn `hc nmrh hspmrn`l rhsuctn hc smsthan aîs rîpm`l `h n`amdmstrnr lxákhdl hd gndtm`n` suimgmhdth pnrn andthdhr ud nplrth tmsucnr nghptnoch hd hsphrn `h hstnochghr cl ndths  plsmoch tígdmgns `h lxmkhdngm÷d lxmkhdngm÷d y vhdtmcngm÷d aîs glapchjns y himgnghs.

ANWNJH GN_@MNGL MDPH_DL Hd naomhdths blspmtncnrmls, hd nírhns qumrúrkmgns, qumrúrkmgns, gund`l sh prl`ugh udn pnrn`n gnr`mngn puh`h mdthdtnrsh ud ansnjh gnr`mngl mdthrdl, prhvmn tlrngltlaán mzqumhr`n. Hs aîs himgmhdth quh hc ansnjh hxthrdl, phrl sm sh prlcldkn, gld augbn irhguhdgmn ngnon  prl`ugmhd`l `hsknrrls `hsknrrls hd cns gîanrns gîanrns gnr`mngns gnr`mngns.. Vnrn hvmtnr hstn krnvh glapcmgngm÷d, quh bngh nsá maplsmoch cn rhguphrngm÷d `hc  pngmhdth, sh m`h÷ cn glpn `h Ndstn`t. Ndstn`t. (_NDA, ?6>2) ?6>2) Hs ud `msplsmtmvl g÷dmgl nglpcnoch n cn pudtn `hc glrnz÷d, quh hs gnpnz `h  prlplrgmldnr ud ansnjh prlcldkn`l nc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l. Hs ngtmvn`l plr udn olaon

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dhuaîtmgn hxthrdn quh puh`h smdgrldmznrsh gld hc cntm`l gnr`mngl l ngtunr md`hphd`mhdthahdth md`hphd`mhdthahd th `urndth cns nrrmtamns. (_NDA, ?6>2)

WÁWPLCH Cn sástlch hs cn gldtrnggm÷d `hc thjm`l ausgucnr gnr`ángl nurmgucnr `hc Glrnz÷d. Hstn gldtrnggm÷d prl`ugh ud nuahdtl `h cn prhsm÷d hd cn gnvm`n` gnr`mngn nurmgucnr, gld cn gldsmkumhdth hyhggm÷d `hc vlcuahd sndkuádhl gldthdm`l hd hccn. Cn gldtrnggm÷d `h cns nurágucns bngh pnsnr cn sndkrh n cls vhdtrágucls n trnvís `h cns vîcvucns nurmguclvhdtrmgucnrhs. Ah`mndth cn sástlch vhdtrmgucnr nuahdtn cn prhsm÷d mdtrnvhdtrmgucnr cl quh gnusn cn glnptngm÷d `h cns vîcvucns nurmgucl-vhdtrmgucnrhs h mapm`hd quh cn sndkrh sh

`hvuhcvn n cns nurágucns y quh, plr cl tndtl, snckn plr cns nrthrmns, yn shn n cls pucaldhs l nc rhstl `hc guhrpl. @hspuís `h cn gldtrnggm÷d hc thjm`l ausgucnr gnr`ángl sh rhcnjn y sh `n pnsl n cn `mîstlch, nurmgucnr y vhdtrmgucnr. ([MEMVH@MN, ?6?6)

@MÎWPLCH Cn `mîstlch hs hc phrál`l hd hc quh hc glrnz÷d hc glrnz÷d sh sh rhcnjn `hspuís `h udn gldtrnggm÷d, ccnan`l phrml`l `h sástlch, hd prhpnrngm÷d pnrn hc cchdn`l gld sndkrh gld sndkrh gmrgucntlrmn. Hd gmrgucntlrmn. Hd cn `mîstlch vhdtrmgucnr cls vhdtrágucls cls vhdtrágucls sh sh rhcnjnd, y hd cn `mîstlch nurmgucnr cns cns nurágucns  nurágucns hhstîd stîd rhcnjn`ns. Judtns sh cns gldlgh glal cn `mîstlch gnr`ángn y gldstmtuy gldstmtuyhd, hd, nprlxman`nahdth, cn amtn` `h cn `urngm÷d `hc gmgcl `hc gmgcl gnr`ángl, hs `hgmr, udls 6,8 shkud`ls. ([memph`mn, ?6?6) @urndth cn `mîstlch cns nurágucns sh cchdnd `h sndkrh `h  sndkrh plr  plr hc rhtlrdl vhdlsl rhtlrdl vhdlsl `hs`h cls thjm`ls plr cn ván `h cn vhdn gnvn suphrmlr h mdihrmlr y sh prl`ugh ud nuahdtl  prlkrhsmvl `h cn prhsm÷d mdtrn-nurmgucnr bnstn suphrnr cn prhsm÷d mdtrn-vhdtrmgucnr. ([memph`mn, ?6?6) @urndth cn `mîstlch vhdtrmgucnr, cn prhsm÷d `h cls vhdtrágucls gnh plr `honjl `hc mdmgml nc quh cchk÷ `urndth cn sástlch. Gund`l cn prhsm÷d hd hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l gnh plr `honjl `h cn prhsm÷d cn prhsm÷d `h cn nurágucn mzqumhr`n, cn vîcvucn cn vîcvucn amtrnc sh sh norh, y hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l sh cchdn gld sndkrh quh sh bnoán hstn`l nguaucnd`l hd cn nurágucn mzqumhr`n. Xd ;6% `hc cchdn`l `h cls vhdtrágucls lgurrh smd dhghsm`n` `h sástlch nurmgucnr. Mkuncahdth, gund`l cn prhsm÷d `hc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl gnh plr `honjl `hc `h cn nurágucn `hrhgbn, cn vîcvucn cn vîcvucn trmgúspm`h sh sh norh, y hc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl sh cchdn `h cn sndkrh quh sh nguaucnon hd cn nurágucn `hrhgbn. ([memph`mn, ?6?6)

VXCWL

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?7;

Hc pucsl hs ud alvmamhdtl ld`ucntlrml `h cn pnrh` `h nrthrmns `hom`l n cns gldtrnggmldhs gldtrngg mldhs gnr`ángns y n cn hcnstmgm`n` hcnstmgm `n` `h cns pnrh`hs `hc vnsl. Cn hxpclrngm÷d `hc pucsl gldsmsth hd cn mdsphggm÷d `h cns nrthrmns aîs suphrimgmnchs plr `honjl `h cn pmhc, hd cn  pncpngm÷d y nusguctngm÷d. Hd udn phrsldn n`uctn sh pncpnd (omcnthrncahdth) cns nrthrmns: gnr÷tm`n mdthrdn, rn`mnc, ornqumnc, ihalrnc, plpcáthn, `lrsnc `hc pmh y tmomnc plsthrmlr. Cn vnclrngm÷d `hc pucsl hdkclon cn irhguhdgmn (rîpm`n, chdtn), rmtamgm`n` (rhkucnr, (rhkucnr, mrrhkucnr), napcmtu` (ankdn, pnrvn), tmhapl `h `urngm÷d `h cn ld`n smst÷cmgn (snct÷d, tnr`ál).

Gnusns `hc pucsl ndlranc >) Vucsl pnrvl y tnr`ál: hsthdlsms `h cn vîcvucn n÷rtmgn. ?)  Vucsl imcmilrah (rîpm`l, `íomc):  sblge , rnrnahdth

imhorh l tnpldnamhdtl

gnr`ángl. 7)  Vucsl

bmplgmdítmgl: IHYM `msamdum`n (mdsuimgmhdgmn gnr`ángn, lostruggm÷d `hc

trngtl `h sncm`n `hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l), rhsmsthdgmn vnsgucnr phrmiírmgn nuahdtn`n. 0)  Vucsl

snct÷d y ankdl: mdsuimgmhdgmn `h cn vîcvucn n÷rtmgn, `ugtus nrthrmlsl `h

Oltnccm phrsmsthdth, hstn`ls gld gmrgucngm÷d bmphrgmdítmgn. (HAVHD@MXA, ?6>6) 8)  Vucsl

bmphrgmdítmgl: mdsuimgmhdgmn `h cn vîcvucn n÷rtmgn, gld`ugtl nrthrmlsl `h

Oltnccm phrsmsthdth, hstn`ls gld gmrgucngm÷d bmphrgmdítmgn, amlgnr`mlpntán bmphrtr÷imgn gld hsthdlsms `hc trngtl `h sncm`n, mdsuimgmhdgmn `h cn vîcvucn amtrnc. (HAVHD@MXA, (HAVHD@MXA, ?6>6) 9)  Vucsl omsihrmhds (? ld`ns plsmtmvns `urndth cn sástlch): amlgnr`mlpntán bmphrtr÷imgn gld hsthdlsms `hc trngtl `h sncm`n, `loch chsm÷d `h cn vîcvucn n÷rtmgn. (HAVHD@MXA, ?6>6) ;) Vucsl `ágrltl (udn ld`n hd cn insh `h sástlch y cn shkud`n nc mdmgml `h cn `mîstlch):

tnpldnamhdtl gnr`ángl, mdsuimgmhdgmn gnr`ángn shvhrn, sblge shvhrn,  sblge bmplvlcíamgl bmplvlcíamgl55 rrnrnahdth nrnahdth hd  phrsldns j÷vhdhs j÷vhdhs sndns. sndns. (HAVHD@MXA, ?6>6) 2) Vucsl pnrn`÷jmgl (prhshdth `urndth udn rhspmrngm÷d trndqumcn, loshrvîd`lsh quh

`urndth cn mdspmrngm÷d cn napcmtu` `hc pucsl `msamduyh (l hc pucsl `hsnpnrhgh), cl quh vn nglapnþn`l `h udn `msamdugm÷d `msamdugm÷d `h cn prhsm÷d smst÷cmgn 4>6 aa Bk. Hc pucsl pnrn`÷jmgl sh puh`h ah`mr ah`mndth hc hsimkaland÷ahtrl: hstî prhshdth gund`l hc prmahr rum`l `h Elrltelii (hs nu`moch slcl `urndth cn hspmrngm÷d): tnpldnamhdtl gnr`ángl (cn anylrán `h cls gnsls), phrmgnr`mtms gldstrmgtmvn, trlaolsms pucaldnr ansmvn,  sblge , nsan y HVLG shvhrn (cn gnusn sld krnd`hs gnaomls `h cn prhsm÷d mdtrntlrîgmgn). (HAVHD@MXA, ?6>6)

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=) 

Vucsl ncthrdndth (ncthrdnd`l ld`n `h pucsl gld napcmtu` nctn y onjn):

mdsuimgmhdgmn `hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l. (HAVHD@MXA, ?6>6) >6)  Vucsl omkhamdn`l (`hspuís `h gn`n gldtrnggm÷d gnr`ángn dlranc npnrhgh udn

hxtrnsástlch vhdtrmgucnr): cntm`l hgt÷pmgl prhanturl quh nglapnþn hc rmtal smdusnc,  oclquhl NY tmpl [hdgehongb gld gld`uggm÷d 7:? y gund`l npnrhgh udn hxtrnsástlch nurmgucnr dl gld`ugm`n `hspuís `h gn`n `ls cntm`ls smdusnchs. (HAVHD@MXA, ?6>6) >>)   @íimgmt

`h pucsl (`mihrhdgmn hdtrh hc dúahrl `h gldtrnggmldhs gnr`ángns y hc

dúahrl `h ld`ns `hc pucsl pncpnochs `urndth ud amdutl): imormcngm÷d nurmgucnr rîpm`n, aúctmpchs hxtrnsástlchs vhdtrmgucnrhs. (HAVHD@MXA, ?6>6) >?)   @mihrhdgmns `h cn napcmtu` `hc pucsl hd cns nrthrmns smaítrmgns: hsthdlsms

nrthrmnc (aîs irhguhdthahdth nthrlhsgchr÷tmgn), `mshggm÷d n÷rtmgn, ndhurmsan `h cn nlrtn, hdihrah`n` `h Pnenynsu, Pnenynsu, glnrtngm÷d `h cn nlrtn, hsthdlsms n÷rtmgn suprnvncvucnr. suprnvncvucnr. >7)  

 p. mrrhkucnrms phrphtuus): phrphtuus): imormcngm÷d nurmgucnr Vucsl mrrhkucnr phrphtul ( p.

(hjhapcl aîs irhguhdth), puh`h shr altmvn`l tnaomíd p.hj. plr hxtrnsmstlcmns. (HAVHD@MXA, ?6>6)

CH]HW @H CN YHCLGM@N@ ] @H CN V_HWM×D. CH]HW @H CN GM_GXCNGMLD WNDKXMDHN N)   CH]

@H CN YHCLGM@N@. N ah`m`n quh cns nrthrmns sh nchjnd y sh vnd

`mvm`mhd`l, nuahdtn cn suphrimgmh `h shggm÷d `hc smsthan vnsgucnr. Hd ltrns pncnorns, nc `mvm`mrsh udn nrthrmn hd `ls rnans, cn suan `h cn suphrimgmh `h shggm÷d `h ístns hs anylr quh cn suphrimgmh `h shggm÷d `h cn nrthrmn an`rh. @h hsth al`l, n ah`m`n quh sh nchjn cn sndkrh `hc glrnz÷d, vn lgupnd`l ud chgbl gn`n vhz anylr, y tmhdh su napcmtu` aîxman nc dmvhc `h cls gnpmcnrhs. Vl`rán rhprhshdtnrsh nc smsthan vnsgucnr plr `ls gldls trudgn`ls quh sh amrnd plr cn onsh. Hs iîgmc `nrsh guhdtn quh, glal hd cls ráls, cn vhclgm`n` `h cn glrrmhdth shrî ahdlr gundtl anylr shn cn napcmtu` `hc chgbl vnsgucnr. @h nccá quh cn vhclgm`n` `h cn sndkrh `msamduyh n ah`m`n quh sh nchjn `hc glrnz÷d, cchkn n ud aádmal hd cls gnpmcnrhs y nuahdtn ltrn vhz prlkrhsmvnahdth hd cns vhdns. (Gmndgnkcmdm, WGMHCL, ?6?6) O)  CH]

@H CN. V_HWMLD. Cn sndkrh gmrgucn hd hc smsthan vnsgucnr `hom`l n

`mihrhdgmns `h prhsm÷d. Cn phrm÷`mgn `hsgnrkn `h sndkrh plr pnrth `hc glrnz÷d y cn rhsmsthdgmn lpuhstn nc gursl `h cn sndkrh plr hc phquhþl gncmorh `h cns nrthrmlcns, grhnd hd

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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hc smsthan vnsgucnr udn prhsm÷d quh hs aîxman hd cn nlrtn, gnh orusgnahdth nc dmvhc `h cns nrthrmlcns y gnpmcnrhs y smkuh, cuhkl, gnyhd` gnyhd`ll pnucntmdnahdth nc dmvhc `h cns vhdns pnrn shr aádman nc dmvhc `h cns nurágucns. (Gmndgnkcmdm, WGMHCL, ?6?6) G)  CH] @HC GNX@NC. Cn gndtm`n` `h sndkrh quh snch `hc glrnz÷d plr cn

nlrtn

l cn nrthrmn pucaldnr hd ud amdutl, hs mkunc n cn quh ch cchkn plr cns vhdns gnvns y  pucaldnrhs hd hc amsal hspngml hspngml `h tmhapl, tmhapl, y hs mkunc tnaomíd n cn quh pnsn pnsn hd cn udm`n` `h tmhapl plr guncqumhr shggm÷d glapchtn `hc smsthan gmrgucntlrml (gldjudtl `h gnpmcnrhs  pucaldnrhs, gldjudtl gldjudtl `h gnpmcnrhs `hc gmrgumtl n÷rtmgl) n÷rtmgl) (Gmndgnkcmdm, WGMHCL, WGMHCL, ?6?6)

YLCXAHD AMDXPL GM_GXCNPL_ML ] GM_GXCNGM×D WMWPÍAMGN Hc vlcuahd `h nkun `hc mdtrnvnsgucnr sh pl`án gncgucnr glal hc 8 % `hc phsl

glrplrnc y pnrn ud blaorh `h ;6 ek, glal udls 7,8 C `h nkun mdtrnvnsgucnr. Hc vlcuahd tltnc lgupn`l plr cn sndkrh rhgmoh hc dlaorh `h vlchamn y hs hc vlcuahd `h nkun y hc vlcuahd lgupn`l plr cls s÷cm`ls `hc pcnsan y cls s÷cm`ls `h cns gícucns sndkuádhns. Cn vlchamn hs `h udls ;6 n 26 aC `h sndkrh plr p lr emclkrnal `h phsl glrplrnc y, pnrn hc sujhtl `h ;6 ek, udls 0=66 n 8966 amcmcmtrls `h sndkrh. Xd vnclr iîgmc `h rhglr`nr, y quh usnrhals `h nquá hd n`hcndth, hs hc `h 8666 aC (8 C) pnrn ud n`uctl sndl. (Ngghss Ah`mgmdn , ?6?>) Wm pu`mírnals `hthdhr orusgnahdth cn gmrgucngm÷d y ah`mr hc vlcuahd `h sndkrh hd cns `mstmdtns pnrths `hc guhrpl y hd cls `mstmdtls shkahdtls `hc îrolc nrt nrthrmnc, hrmnc, vhránals quh hstls 8 cmtrls cmtr ls `h sndkrh dl hstîd blalkídhnahdth `mstrmoum`ls. Bny aîs sndkrh plr `honjl `hc `mnirnkan quh plr nrrmon `h íc y hstn `mihrhdgmn nuahdtn dltnochahdth gund gund`l `l hc sujhtl sh pldh `h pmh. Pnaomíd bny aîs sndkrh hd cns vhdns, hd hsphgmnc hd cns `h  phquhþl gncmorh, gncmorh, quh hd hc shgtlr nrthrmnc y augbásmal aîs quh hd cls gnpmcnrhs. Hstl Hstl dls `n udn m`hn `h cn gnpngm`n` y `msthdsmomcm`n` `msthdsmomcm`n` `h cns vhdns. (Ngghss Ah`mgmdn , ?6?>) Ò Ylcuahd amdutl l knstl gnr`mngl Hc glrnz÷d, ngtund`l glal udn olaon ahgîdmgn, mapucsn cn sndkrh plr cn nlrtn. Hc vlcuahd `h sndkrh quh pnsn hd ud amdutl plr cn nlrtn hs ud icujl l gnu`nc (^)y glal tnc, sh pl`rá ah`mr hd guncqumhrn `h cns udm`n`hs smkumhdths:YLCXAHD smkumhdths:YLCXAHD / PMHAVL 1 Y/P Y /P (Ngghss Ah`mgmdn , ?6?>) Nudquh hs bnomtunc bnocnr knstl gnr`mngl hd cmtrls plr amdutl. 8 C/amd pnrn hc knstl gnr`ángl hs tnaomíd udn gmirn iîgmc `h rhglr`nr, phrl quh s÷cl `hoh usnrsh glal vîcm`n pnrn ud sujhtl n`uctl hd rhplsl yn quh `urndth ud hjhrgmgml mdthdsl puh`h nuahdtnr bnstn gmdgl vhghs su vnclr onsnc.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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Cn nlrtn dl hs hc údmgl smtml `ld`h sh puh`h ah`mr hc knstl gnr`ángl. Wm pnsnd 8 C/amd plr cn nlrtn, hsh shrî hc gnu`nc `h cn vhdn gnvn mdihrmlr y cn vhdn gnvn suphrmlr suan`ls. Hsh shrî tnaomíd hc gnu`nc `h cn nrthrmn pucaldnr y hc gnu`nc `h tl`ns ccns ns vhdns  pucaldnrhs. Lovmnahdth, sm `hc `hc vvhdtrágucl hdtrágucl mzqumhr`l snchd 8 C/amd, plr tl`ls clsgnpmcnrhs  pnsnd 8 C/amd. Cl quh sá dl bny `u`n hs quh hs aîs shdgmccl ah`mr hc icujl hd cn nlrtn quh, nc amsal tmhapl, hd tl`ls cls c ls gnpmcnrhs y hs plr hsl quh, gund`l sh bnocn `hknstl gnr`ángl sh rhimhrh, plr cl khdhrnc, n udn ah`m`n bhgbn n cn sncm`n `hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l. (Ngghss Ah`mgmdn , ?6?>) Hc vlcuahd `h nkun `hc mdtrnvnsgucnr sh pl`án gncgucnr glal hc 8 % `hc phsl glrplrnc y pnrn ud blaorh `h ;6 ek, glal udls 7,8 C `h nkun mdtrnvnsgucnr. m dtrnvnsgucnr. Hc vlcuahd

tltnc lgupn`l plr cn sndkrh rhgmoh hc dlaorh `h vlchamn y hs hc vlcuahd `h nkun y hc vlcuahd lgupn`l plr cls s÷cm`ls `hc pcnsan y cls s÷cm`ls `h cns gícucns sndkuádhns. Cn vlchamn hs `h udls ;6 n 26 aC `h sndkrh plr p lr emclkrnal `h phsl glrplrnc y, pnrn hc sujhtl `h ;6 ek, udls 0=66 n 8966 amcmcmtrls `h sndkrh. Xd vnclr iîgmc `h rhglr`nr, y quh usnrhals `h nquá hd n`hcndth, hs hc `h 8666 aC (8 C) pnrn ud n`uctl sndl. (Ngghss Ah`mgmdn , ?6?>) Wm pu`mírnals `hthdhr orusgnahdth cn gmrgucngm÷d y ah`mr hc vlcuahd `h sndkrh hd cns `mstmdtns pnrths `hc guhrpl y hd cls `mstmdtls shkahdtls `hc îrolc nrt nrthrmnc, hrmnc, vhránals quh hstls 8 cmtrls `h sndkrh dl hstîd blalkídhnahdth blalkídhnahdth `mstrmoum`ls. Bny aîs sndkrh plr `honjl `hc `mnirnkan quh plr nrrmon `h íc y hstn `mihrhdgmn nuahdtn dltnochahdth gund`l hc sujhtl sh pldh `h pmh. Pnaomíd bny aîs sndkrh hd cns vhdns, hd hsphgmnc hd cns `h phquhþl gncmorh, quh hd hc shgtlr nrthrmnc y augbásmal aîs quh hd cls gnpmcnrhs. Hstl dls `n udn m`hn `h cn gnpngm`n` y `msthdsmomcm`n` `h cns vhdns. (CH]HW @H CN YHCLGM@N@ ] @H CN V_HWM×D., ?6>8)

YLCXAHD AMDXPL GM_GXCNPL_ML Gndtm`n` `h sndkrh quh olaohn hc glrnz÷d hd ud amdutl, hstí pnrîahtrl `hphd`h `hc prl`ugtl `hc vlcuahd smst÷cmgl y cn irhguhdgmn gnr`ángn. Wu vnclr dlranc hd rhplsl hs `h 8 cmtrls nprlxman`nahdth y puh`h cchknr bnstn vnclrhs aîxmals `h ?? n 78 cmt cmtrls rls shkúd gn`n sujhtl. (Wndtn, ?6>7)

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GM_GXCNGM×D WMWPÍAMGN Hd hc gmrgumtl smstíamgl, cn sndkrh lxmkhdn`n hs olaohn`n `hs`h hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l `hc glrnz÷d bngmn cn nlrtn, cn nrthrmn aîs krnd`h `hc guhrpl. Cn sndkrh sh `hspcnzn `hs`h cn nlrtn plr cns nrthrmns smstíamgns, y cuhkl n cns nrthrmlcns y chgbls gnpmcnrhs quh mrrmknd mrrmknd cls thjm`ls `hc guhrpl. Nquá, hc lxákhdl y cls dutrmhdths sld cmohrn`ls y sh noslrohd hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl y ltrns sustndgmns `h `hshgbl. Cn sndkrh `hslxmkhdn`n cuhkl sh `hspcnzn `h cls chgbls gnpmcnrhs plr cns víducns bngmn cns vhdns smstíamgns. Cns vhdns smstíamgns `hsnkund hd cns vhdns gnvn mdihrmlr y suphrmlr, cns vhdns aîs krnd`hs `hc guhrpl. Cns vhdns gnvn trndsplrtnd sndkrh `hslxmkhdn`n n cn nurágucn

`hrhgbn `hc glrnz÷d. (Ol`y, ?6?>)

GM_GXCNGM×D VXCALDN_ Hd hc gmrgumtl pucaldnr, cn sndkrh `hslxmkhdn`n snch `hc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl `hc glrnz÷d y pnsn n trnvís `hc trldgl `h cn nrthrmn pucaldnr. Hc trldgl `h cn nrthrmn pucaldnr sh `mvm`h hd cns nrthrmns pucaldnrhs `hrhgbn h mzqumhr`n. Hstns nrthrmns trndsplrtnd cn sndkrh `hslxmkhdn`n n cns nrthrmlcns y chgbls gnpmcnrhs hd cls pucaldhs. Nccá, hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl hs cmohrn`l y sh noslroh lxákhdl. Cn sndkrh lxmkhdn`n cuhkl pnsn `h cls chgbls gnpmcnrhs plr cns víducns bngmn cns vhdns pucaldnrhs. Cns vhdns pucaldnrhs cn ttrndsplrtnd rndsplrtnd n cn nurágucn mzqumhr`n `hc glrnz÷d. Cns nrthrmns pucaldnrhs sld cns údmgns nrthrmns quh trndsplrtnd sndkrh snd krh `hslxmkhdn`n, y cns vhdns pucaldnrh pu caldnrhss sld cns údmgns údm gns vhdns quh trndsplrtnd sndkrh lxmkhdn`n. (Ol`y, ?6?>)

GM_GXCNGMLD IHPNC. Cn sndkrh quh icuyh n trnvís `hc ihtl hs hd rhncm`n` aîs glapcmgn`n quh `hspuís `h dnghr hc ohoí (glrnz÷d dlranc) dlranc).. Hstl sh `hoh n quh cn an`rh (cn pcnghdtn) bngh hc trnonjl quh cls pucaldhs `hc ohoí rhncmznrîd `hspuís `hc dngmamhdtl. ([lahd, ( [lahd, ?6?6) Cn pcnghdtn rhgmoh cn sndkrh smd lxákhdl `hc ihtl n trnvís `h vnsls sndkuádhls sndkuádhls quh snchd `hc ihtl ah`mndth `hc glr`÷d uaomcmgnc (nrthrmns uaomcmgnchs5 bny `ls). Gund`l cn sndkrh pnsn plr cn pcnghdtn, rhglkh lxákhdl. N gldtmdungm÷d, cn sndkrh nctn hd lxákhdl rhkrhsn nc ihtl n trnvís `hc thrghr vnsl `hc glr`÷d uaomcmgnc (vhdn uaomcmgnc). Cn sndkrh nctn hd lxákhdl quh hdtrn hd hc ihtl pnsn n trnvís `h su bákn`l y hdtrn hd hc cn`l `hrhgbl

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`hc glrnz÷d.Cn sndkrh nctn hd lxákhdl pnsn plr udn `h cns `ls gldhxmldhs n`mgmldnchs `hc glrnz÷d ihtnc quh sh ghrrnrîd `hspuís `h quh hc ohoí dnzgn. ([lahd, ?6?6) Hc lrmimgml hdtrh cns `ls gîanrns gnr`ángns suphrmlrhs (nurágucn mzqumhr`n y `hrhgbn) sh `hdlamdn ilrnahd `hdlamdn ilrnahd lvnc phrahnoch (ILV). (ILV). Hsth lrmimgml phramth quh cn sndkrh nctn hd lxákhdl pnsh `h cn nurágucn `hrhgbn n cn nurágucn mmzqumhr`n zqumhr`n y, n gldtmdungm÷d, pnsh nc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l y snckn plr cn nlrtn. Glal rhsuctn`l, cn sndkrh gld anylr gndtm`n` `h lxákhdl cchkn nc ghrhorl. ([lahd, ?6?6) Cn sndkrh quh rhkrhsn `hc guhrpl `hc ihtl tnaomíd hdtrn hd cn nurágucn `hrhgbn,  phrl hc ihtl puh`h hdvmnr hstn sndkrh onjn hd lxákhdl `hs`h cn nurágucn `hrhgbn nc

vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl (cn gîanrn quh dlrancahdth olaohn sndkrh n cls pucaldhs). Cn anylr pnrth `h cn sndkrh quh snch `hc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl `hc ihtl sh `hsván `h cls  pucaldhs n trnvís trnvís `h cn shkud`n `h cns `ls gldhxmldhs ihtnchs n`mgmldnchs, gldlgm`n glal gld`ugtl nrthrmnc. ([lahd, ?6?6) Hc gld`ugtl nrthrmnc hdván cn sndkrh onjn hd lxákhdl n cls ÷rkndls `h cn amtn` mdihrmlr `hc guhrpl ihtnc. Hstl tnaomíd phramth quh cn sndkrh onjn hd lxákhdl snckn `hc ihtl n trnvís `h cns nrthrmns uaomcmgnchs y vuhcvn n cn pcnghdtn pnrn rhglkhr hc lxákhdl. ([lahd, ?6?6) @n`l quh hc ilrnahd lvnc phrahnoch y hc gld`ugtl nrthrmlsl sld bnccnzkls dlranchs hd hc ihtl, hs maplsmoch prh`hgmr sm hstns gldhxmldhs sh ghrrnrîd gld dlrancm`n` `hspuís `hc dngmamhdtl hd ud glrnz÷d ihtnc dlranc. Hstns `ls váns `h `hrmvngm÷d `h cn gmrgucngm÷d ihtnc phramthd quh cn anylrán `h cls ihtls slorhvmvnd hc haonrnzl mdgcusl gund`l sh prhshdtnd prlochans gnr`ángls glapchjls y dl sh andmimhsthd bnstn `hspuís `hc dngmamhdtl, gund`l hstns váns glamhdznd n ghrrnrsh. ([lahd, ?6?6)

GL_NZLDHW N_PMIMGMNCHW. Cls glrnzldhs nrtmimgmnchs, ccnan`ls `msplsmtmvls `h nsmsthdgmn gmrgucntlrmn

ahgîdmgn, smrvhd pnrn rhhapcnznr tltnc l pnrgmncahdth hc trnonjl `h ud glrnz÷d krnvhahdth hdihral, yn yn shn hd ilran nku`n l gr÷dmgn. Hc lojhtmvl hs ahjlrnr cn iudgm÷d gmrgucntlrmn y nshkurnr hc nplrth `h sndkrh y lxákhdl nc rhstl `h cls ÷rkndls vmtnchs (ghrhorl, rmþldhs, bákn`l, htg.). Xd pngmhdth hstnomcmzn`l puh`h hdtldghs hsphrnr plr cn rhguphrngm÷d `h su prlpml glrnz÷d, hsphrnr plr ud trnspcndth tr nspcndth gnr`ángl l mdgcusl gldtmdunr hc rhstl `h su vm`n gld ud glrnz÷d nrtmimgmnc. (Iud` ( Iud`ngmld ngmld Invnclrl, ?6>=) Cn Iud`ngm÷d Invnclrl hs pmldhrn hd cn Nrkhdtmdn hd cn utmcmzngm÷d `h hstn thgdlclkán `hs`h >==?. Hstn thrnpíutmgn rhqumhrh `h gmrukáns glapchjns pnrn hc mapcndth y

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`h ud shkumamhdtl hstrmgtl. Vnrn hccl gldtnals gld cn pnrtmgmpngm÷d `h ud hqumpl auctm`msgmpcmdnrml nctnahdth hsphgmncmzn`l y hdtrhdn`l pnrn nshkurnr hc ahjlr rhsuctn`l gld hc ahdlr ád`mgh á d`mgh `h glapcmgngmldhs glapcmgngmldhs `urndth tl`l hc prlghsl. Hxmsthd augbls tmpls `h glrnzldhs nrtmimgmnchs, gld gnrngthrástmgns y iudgmldhs `mihrhdths. Xd hqumpl `h prlihsmldnchs hdtrhdn`ls `hgm`h gunc hs hc `msplsmtmvl quh ahjlr sh n`nptn n cns dhghsm`n`hs `h gn`n pngmhdth. (Iud`ngmld Invnclrl, ?6>=)

NVN_NPL _HWVM_NPL_ML Cls pucaldhs y hc npnrntl rhspmrntlrml dls phramthd rhspmrnr. Vhramthd cn hdtrn`n

`h lxákhdl hd duhstrls guhrpls (mdspmrngm÷d l mdbncngm÷d) y hxpucsnd hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl (hxpmrngm÷d l hxbncngm÷d). Hsth mdthrgnaoml `h lxákhdl y `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl rhgmoh hc dlaorh `h "rhspmrngm÷d".

¼@H ^XÍ VN_PHW GLDWPN HC NVN_NPL _HWVM_NP _HWVM_NPL_ML< L_ML< Hc npnrntl rhspmrntlrml mdgcuyh cn dnrmz, cn olgn, cn knrkndtn, cn trîquhn y cls  pucaldhs. Hc nmrh hdtrn hd hc npnrntl rhspmrntlrml n trnvís `h cn dnrmz l `h cn olgn. Wm pnsn plr cns ilsns dnsnchs (tnaomíd (tnaomíd ccnan`ns "dnrmdns") hc nmrh sh gncmhdtn y buam`mimgn. Cls pnsnjhs dnsnchs y ltrns pnrths `hc npnrntl rhspmrntlrml hstîd prlthkm`ls plr phcls `mamdutls ccnan`ls "gmcmls", quh sh hdgnrknd `h imctrnr hc plcvl y ltrns pnrtágucns quh hdtrnd hd cn dnrmz judtl gld hc nmrh quh rhspmrnals. (Bmrsgb, ?6>=) Cns `ls hdtrn`ns `h cns váns dnsnchs (cn gnvm`n` dnsnc y cn olgn) sh udhd hd cn inrmdkh, l knrkndtn, hd cn pnrth plsthrmlr `h cn dnrmz y cn olgn. Cn inrmdkh ilran pnrth `hc npnrntl `mkhstmvl y `hc rhspmrntlrml plrquh trndsplrtn tndtl cls ncmahdtls glal hc nmrh. (Bmrsgb, ?6>=) Hd cn pnrth mdihrmlr `h cn inrmdkh, hc gndnc sh `mvm`h hd `ls gld`ugtls: udl pnrn cls ncmahdtls (hc hs÷inkl) y ltrl pnrn hc nmrh. Hc hs÷inkl gld`ugh nc hst÷ankl. Hc pnsnjh hxgcusmvl pnrn hc nmrh sh guorh gld udn phquhþn gnpn `h thjm`l `hdlamdn`n "hpmkcltms" gund`l trnknals. @h hsth al`l, sh mapm`h quh cls ncmahdtls l cls cáqum`ls vnynd n cls  pucaldhs. Cn cnrmdkh hs cn pnrth suphrmlr `hc gld`ugtl hxgcusmvl pnrn hc nmrh. Hsth gld`ugtl glrtl gldtmhdh ud pnr `h guhr`ns vlgnchs, quh vmornd pnrn khdhrnr sldm`ls.

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Cn trîquhn hs cn gldtmdungm÷d `hc pnsnjh `h nmrh plr `honjl `h cn cnrmdkh. Cns  pnrh`hs `h cn trîquhn hstîd hstîd ilrtnchgm`ns gld ndmccls rák rákm`ls m`ls `h gnrtácnkl quh cn andtmhd andtmhdhd hd nomhrtn. N`haîs, hstî rhvhstm`n `h gmcmls, quh hxpucsnd cls cáqum`ls y cns pnrtágucns hxtrnþns `h cns váns nírhns pnrn quh dl cchkuhd n cls pucaldhs. (Bmrsgb, ?6>=) Hd hc hxtrhal mdihrmlr, cn trîquhn sh `mvm`h hd cls gld`ugtls mzqumhr`l y `hrhgbl ccnan`ls "orldqumls", quh gldhgtnd gld cls pucaldhs. @hdtrl `h cls pucaldhs, cls  orldqumls sh rnamimgnd y ilrand orldqumls aîs phquhþls l gld`ugtls mdgcusl aîs  phquhþls ccnan`ls "orldqumlcls". Cls orldqumlcls thramdnd hd phquhþls sngls `h nmrh ccnan`ls "ncvílcls", "ncvílcls", `ld`h lgurrh hc mdthrgnaoml `h lxákhdl y `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl. Gn`n

 phrsldn tmhdh gmhdtls `h amccldhs `h ncvílcls hd cls pucaldhs. Hstn rh` `h ncvílcls,  orldqumlcls y orldqumls rhgmoh hc dlaorh dlaorh `h "îrolc "îrolc orldqumnc". (Bmrsgb, ?6>=) ?6>=) Cls pucaldhs tnaomíd gldtmhdhd thjm`ls hcîstmgls quh chs phramthd mdicnrsh y `hsmdicnrsh smd phr`hr su ilran y hstîd guomhrtls plr ud rhvhstmamhdtl `hckn`l ccnan`l "pchurn". (Bmrsgb, ?6>=) Cn gnvm`n` tlrîgmgn, l t÷rnx, hs hc hspngml quh ncljn nc îrolc orldqumnc, cls  pucaldhs, hc glrnz÷d glrnz÷d y ltrns hstrugturns. Cn Cn pnrth suphrmlr y cls glstn`ls `h `hcc t÷rnx hstîd ilran`ls plr cns glstmccns y cls aúsgucls udm`ls n hccns, y cn pnrth mdihrmlr hstî ilran`n  plr ud aúsgucl `h krnd tnanþl `hdlamdn`l "`mnirnkan". "`mnirnkan". Cns pnrh`hs `hc t÷rnx ilrand i lrand udn prlthggm÷d ncrh`h`lr `h cls pucaldhs y ltrls ÷rkndls prhshdths hd cn gnvm`n` tlrîgmgn. (Bmrsgb, ?6>=)

¼G÷al iudgmldnd cls pucaldhs y hc npnrntl rhspmrntlrml< Cns gícucns `h duhstrl guhrpl dhghsmtnd lxákhdl pnrn vmvmr. Gund`l hstns gícucns bnghd su trnonjl, khdhrnd `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl. Cls pucaldhs y hc npnrntl rhspmrntlrml  phramthd quh hc lxákhdl prhshdth prhshdth hd hc nmrh hdtrh hdtrh hd hc guhrpl y quh hc guhrpl sshh `hsbnkn `hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl nc hxbncnr. (Bmrsgb, ?6>=) Gund`l rhspmrnals, hc `mnirnkan sh auhvh bngmn nonjl, hd `mrhggm÷d nc no`lahd, y cls aúsgucls `h cns glstmccns hapujnd n cns glstmccns bngmn nrrmon y bngmn niuhrn. Hstl bngh quh cn gnvm`n` tlrîgmgn sh nkrnd`h y tlah nmrh n trnvís `h cn dnrmz y cn olgn pnrn hdvmnrcl n cls pucaldhs. (Bmrsgb, ( Bmrsgb, ?6>=) Nc hxbncnr, hc `mnirnkan sh auhvh bngmn nrrmon y cls aúsgucls `h cn pnrh` tlrîgmgn sh rhcnjnd. Hstl bngh quh cn gnvm`n` tlrîgmgn sh ngbmquh y hapujh hc nmrh bngmn hc hxthrmlr `hc npnrntl rhspmrntlrml n trnvís `h cn dnrmz y cn olgn. Gn`n udl plgls shkud`ls, shkud`ls, gld gn`n mdbncngm÷d, hc nmrh cchdn udn krnd pnrth `h cls amccldhs `h ncvílcls. Hd ud prlghsl `hdlamdn`l "`miusm÷d", hc lxákhdl pnsn `h cls

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ncvílcls n cn sndkrh n trnvís `h cls gnpmcnrhs (phquhþls vnsls sndkuádhls) quh rhvmsthd cns pnrh`hs ncvhlcnrhs. Xdn vhz quh hc lxákhdl pnsn nc tlrrhdth sndkuádhl, cn bhalkclomdn cl gnpturn hd cls kc÷oucls rljls. Hstn sndkrh rmgn hd lxákhdl icuyh nc glrnz÷d, quh cn  olaohn n trnvís trnvís `h cns nrthrmns bngmn bngmn cls thjm`ls `hc guhrpl quh dhghsmtnd lxákhdl. lxákhdl. Hd cls phquhþls gnpmcnrhs `h cls thjm`ls `hc guhrpl, hc lxákhdl sh `hsprhd`h `h cn bhalkclomdn y pnsn n cns gícucns. Hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl, prl`ugm`l plr cns gícucns amhdtrns guapchd su iudgm÷d, snch `h cns gícucns y pnsn n cls gnpmcnrhs. Nccá, cn anylr pnrth `hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl sh `msuhcvh hd hc pcnsan `h cn sndkrh. Cn sndkrh gld ud nctl gldthdm`l `h `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl rhkrhsn nc glrnz÷d n trnvís `h cns vhdns. @hs`h hc

glrnz÷d, cn sndkrh sh olaohn bngmn cls pucaldhs, `ld`h hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl hdtrn hd cls ncvílcls pnrn shr hxbncn`l. (Bmrsgb, ?6>=)

MDPH_GNAOML MDPH_GNAOM L @H KNWHW Cn vhdtmcngm÷d `hsgrmtn prhvmnahdth gldstmtuyh hc smsthan ah`mndth hc gunc sh  prl`ugh cn rhdlvngm÷d `h knshs hd hc ncvílcl, cl quh phramtmrî hc mdthrgnaoml knshlsl n trnvís `h cn onrrhrn bhantl-knshlsn l ahaorndn ncvílcl-gnpmcnr, gld cls knshs `h cn sndkrh gnpmcnr. Hc prlghsl `h trndsihrhdgmn sh rhncmzn `h ilran tltncahdth pnsmvn ah`mndth hc ahgndmsal `h cn `miusm÷d. (LG[, Mdthrgnaoml `h knshs hd hc puca÷d, ?6>;) Cns `mihrhdgmns hdtrh hc nmrh mdspmrn`l y hc nmrh ncvhlcnr sh `hohd n: 

 

n) Hd gn`n gmgcl rhspmrntlrml onsnc tnd s÷cl sh rhduhvn >/; pnrth `hc

nmrh gldthdm`l hd cls ncvílcls, yn quh cn gnpngm`n` rhsm`unc iudgmldnc hs `h ncrh`h`lr `h ?.766 ac y hc vlcuahd glrrmhdth ncvhlcnr `h 786 ac.

 



 

o) Nc mdglrplrnr vnplr `h nkun shkúd rhglrrh cns váns nírhns, cl quh

`n cuknr n udn `mcugm÷d `hc rhstl `h cls knshs. 

 

 

g) Nc ahzgcnrsh gld hc nmrh `h cn gnpngm`n` rhsm`unc iudgmldnc, cls

vnclrhs rhsuctndths `hphd`hrîd dl s÷cl `h cns prhsmldhs `hc nmrh hdtrndth smdl tnaomíd `h cns quh thdkn hc nmrh rhsm`unc. Cns `mihrhdgmns hdtrh hc nmrh ncvhlcnr y hc nmrh hspmrn`l sh `hohd n:  



 

n) Cn ahzgcn hdtrh hc nmrh ncvhlcnr `hspuís `h rhncmzn`l hc prlghsl

`h mdthrgnaoml knshlsl y hc nmrh mdspmrn`l quh rhcchdn cns váns nírhns l hspngml auhrtl.

 



 

o) Cns prhsmldhs pnrgmnchs `h cls knshs `hc hspngml auhrtl y cns

 prhsmldhs pnrgmnchs pnrgmnchs `h cls knshs knshs `hc hspngml hspngml ncvhlcnr.

 

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?09

Cn vnrmngm÷d loshrvn`n hd hc D ? sh `hoh n quh hc vlcuahd `h nmrh mdspmrn`l hs anylr quh hc vlcuahd `h nmrh hspmrn`l yn quh hd hc mdthrgnaoml knshlsl dl sh hqumcmorn hxngtnahdth cn pír`m`n `h L? gld cn kndndgmn `h GL? `hom`l n quh hd gld`mgmldhs ahtno÷cmgns onsnchs bny ud anylr gldsual `h L ? quh prl`uggm÷d `h GL?. (LG[, Mdthrgnaoml `h knshs hd hc puca÷d, ?6>;)

Kns ncvhlcnr Cn glaplsmgm÷d `hc kns ncvhlcnr `hphd`h `h cls smkumhdths ingtlrhs: 

 

n) Glaplsmgm÷d `hc nmrh mdspmrn`l. mdspmrn`l.

 

o) Yhdtmcngm÷d ncvhlcnr .



 

 



 

g) Ahtnolcmsal  Ahtnolcmsal..

 

@miusm÷d `h cls knshs rhspmrntlrmls N udn thaphrnturn y prhsm÷d `n`n, cn gndtm`n` `h kns `msuhctl plr udm`n` `h vlcuahd `h cn `mslcugm÷d, hs ud vnclr gldstndth quh sh gldlgh gld hc dlaorh`h dlaorh `h glhimgmhdth `h slcuomcm`n` . @hphd`h `h cn dnturnchzn `hc kns y `hc cáqum`l. Vlr hjhapcl, hd gld`mgmldhs hstîd`nr (6ºG y ;96 aa Bk), >66 ac `h nkun `mslcvhrîd 0= ac `h L ? y >;> ac `h GL?, n 06ºG cls vlcúahdhs sh rh`ugmrîd n ?,7 ac `h L? y 80 ac `h GL?.  Cls glhimgmhdths `h slcuomcm`n` `hc lxákhdl y `hc ndbá`rm`l gnro÷dmgl, n 7;ºG, sld 6,6?0 y 6,8;, rhsphgtmvnahdth. Wm sh hstnochghd glaomdngmldhs quáamgns, glal plr hjhapcl cn `hc lxákhdl gld cn bhalkclomdn, ístns dl hjhrghrîd prhsm÷d pnrgmnc. (LG[, Mdthrgnaoml `h knshs hd hc puca÷d, ?6>;) Hc mdthrgnaoml knshlsl hs ud prlghsl pnsmvl n trnvís `h cn onrrhrn bhantl-knshlsn ah`mndth `miusm÷d smapch plr krn`mhdth `h prhsm÷d smkumhd`l cn Chy cn  Chy `h Imge:   1    •      •   /   .

(LG[, Mdthrgnaoml `h knshs hd hc

 puca÷d, ?6>;) Hc îrhn `h `miusm÷d hs `h udls ;6 a? hc hsphslr hstî hdtrh 6,>-6,8 γ. Hc glhimgmhdth `h `miusm÷d `h ud kns hd ud ah`ml cáqum`l `hphd`h `h su slcuomcm`n` y `h su tnanþl. Cls glhimgmhdths `h `miusm÷d pnrn cls prmdgmpnchs knshs rhspmrntlrmls sld >,6 pnrn hc L ?, ?6,7  pnrn hc GL? y 6,87 pnrn hc D? pu`mhd`l loshrvnrsh loshrvnrsh quh hc GL? prhshdtn ud glhimgmhdth glhimgmhdth `h `miusm÷d aîs `h ?6 vhghs suphrmlr nc `hc L ?. (LG[, Mdthrgnaoml `h knshs hd hc puca÷d, ?6>;)

ICXJL XDMPN_ML Wh `himdh glal hc vlcuahd `h kns quh `miud`h hdtrh kns ncvhlcnr y sndkrh hd cn udm`n` `h tmhapl y plr udm`n` `h prhsm÷d. Vnrn hc L? prhshdtn ud vnclr vnclr `h ?6 ac/amd/aa 

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?0;

Bk. y pnrn hc GL? `h 066 ac/amd/aa Bk. Hstls vnclrhs sh al`mimgnd gld cn h`n` (`msamduyhd`l) (`msamduyhd `l) y hc hjhrgmgml hjhrgmgm l (nuahdtnd`l). (LG[, Mdthrgnaoml `h knshs hd hc puca÷d, ?6>;)

@MIXWM×D @HC L? ] @HC GL? Hd hc tmhapl quh cn sndkrh tmhdh pnrn rhglrrhr hc gnpmcnr, nprlxman`nahdth > shkud`l, sh bn `h prl`ugmr tl`l hc prlghsl `miusmvl, hd rhncm`n` tl`l hc mdthrgnaoml hd gld`mgmldhs `h rhplsl sh rhncmzn `urndth hc prmahr thrgml `h trnyhgtl gnpmcnr (6,7 shk)

gldsm`hrîd`lsh cls ltrls `ls thrgmls rhstndths glal udn rhshrvn iudgmldnc. Gund`l hc gnu`nc sndkuádhl sh mdgrhahdtn y hc tmhapl `h gldtngtl `msamduyh dlrancahdth bny rhshrvns suimgmhdths pnrn cn `miusm÷d. Cls ingtlrhs quh puh`hd cmamtnr hsth mdthrgnaoml, npnrth `h cls krn`mhdths `h  prhsm÷d sh hdgldtrnránd hd al`mimgngmldhs `hc îrhn y `hc krlslr `h `h cn ahaorndn ncvhlcnr. ncvhlcnr. Hc hdkrlsnamhdtl `h cn pnrh`, plr hjhapcl hd hc h`han l omhd quh cn pnrh` sh bnkn aîs maphrahnoch glal hd cn imorlsms5 l cn `msamdugm÷d `h îrhn glal hd hc hdimshan l hd hc haolcmsal pucaldnr `mimguctnd hc mdthrgnaoml knshlsl. (LG[, Mdthrgnaoml `h knshs hd hc puca÷d, ?6>;)

Vrhsmldhs rhspmrntlrmns Gldsm`hrn`ns n cn blrn `h ndncmznr cls alvmamhdtls rhspmrntlrmls: 

 Vrhsm÷d ougnc l ntalsiírmgn. Glrrhspld`h n cn `hc nmrh hd cn

 

nta÷sihrn.

 



 

 Vrhsm÷d ncvhlcnr l mdtrnpucaldnr . Hs cn prhsm÷d `hc nmrh gldthdm`l

hd cls ncvílcls.

 



 

 Vrhsm÷d pchurnc l mdtrnpchurnc . Hs cn prhsm÷d quh sh am`h hdtrh cns

`ls bljns `h cn pchurn. @hom`l n cns prlpmh`n`hs hcîstmgns `h puca÷d y t÷rnx quh trnggmldnd hd shdtm`ls lpuhstls, hc puca÷d bngmn n`hdtrl y hc t÷rnx bngmn iuhrn, sh khdhrn udn prhsm÷d mdtrnpchurnc dhkntmvn.  Vrhsm÷d trndspucaldnr . Hs udn `h cns prhsmldhs trndsaurnchs quh    



 puh`h ah`mrsh hd hc npnrntl rhspmrntlrml. Glrrhspld`h n cn `mihrhdgmn hdtrh cn  prhsm÷d ncvhlcnr ahdls ahdls cn prhsm÷d pchurnc.

 

Hstns prhsmldhs sh al`mimgnd n cl cnrkl `hc gmgcl rhspmrntlrml.

Ahgndmsal quh cchvnd y sh lpldhd nc glcnpsl pucaldnr Cls ingtlrhs quh sh lpldhd nc glcnpsl pucaldnr sld:

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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-

Cn sustndgmn thdsmldngtmvn l suringtndth

-

Cn prhsm÷d dhkntmvn mdtrnpchurnc

Amhdtrns cls quh invlrhghd hc glcnpsl: 

 

Cn hcnstmgm`n` `h cns hstrugturns tlrnglpucaldnrhs y cn thdsm÷d

suphrimgmnc `h cls cáqum`ls quh rhv rhvmsthd msthd cn suphrimgmh suphrimgmh ncvhlcnr.

 

Vnrn clkrnr hxpnd`mr cls pucaldhs vhdgmhd`l cn hcnstmgm`n` `hc t÷rnx y cls

 pucaldhs, cls aúsgucls mdspmrntlrmls m dspmrntlrmls `hohd hjhrghr udn iuhrzn `hthramdn`n cl quh dls cchvn nc gldghptl `hc trnonjl rhspmrntlrml.

P_NONJL _HWVM_NPL_ML @h sus hstu`mls `h iásmgn `hohd rhglr`nr quh trnonjl hs mkunc n iuhrzn plr `hspcnznamhdtl. Vnrn bnghr quh phdhtrh hc nmrh hd cls pucaldhs hs dhghsnrml hxpnd`mr hc t÷rnx l shn `hspcnznr cns hstrugturns t÷rnglpucaldnrhs udn iuhrzn, plr tndtl sh rhncmzn ud trnonjl, `hdlamdn`l `hdlamdn`l trnonjl pnrn rhspmrnr l trnonjl t rnonjl rhspmrntlrml. (Nkustmd & Gnrnzl, ?6>>) Hc trnonjl rhspmrntlrml tmhdh trhs irnggmldhs: irnggmldhs: • 

Hc trnonjl `h `msthdsmomcm`n` l trnonjl hcîstmgl, quh hs hc rhncmzn`l pnrn

hxpnd`mr cls pucaldhs vhdgmhd`l cns iuhrzns hcîstmgns `h cls amsals y `hc t÷rnx. •  Hc trnonjl `h rhsmsthdgmn tmsucnr, quh hs hc dhghsnrml pnrn vhdghr cn vmsglsm`n` `h cls pucaldhs y cns hstrugturns `h cn pnrh` tlrîgmgn. • 

Hc trnonjl `h rhsmsthdgmn `h cn ván nírhn, quh hs hc quh sh `hoh rhncmznr pnrn

vhdghr cn rhsmsthdgmn quh lirhghd cns váns nírhns nc pnsl `hc nmrh.

Ylcúahdhs y gnpngm`n`hs pucaldnrhs Ylcúahdhs y gnpngm`n`hs Cls prmdgmpnchs vlcúahdhs y gnpngm`n`hs, l suan `h `ls l aîs vlcúahdhs, sh `hsgrmohd n gldtmdungm÷d (Nkustmd & Gnrnzl, ?6>>) • Ylcuahd glrrmhdth (YP l Pm`nc vlcuah). Hs hc vlcuahd `h kns quh hdtrn y snch

`h cls pucaldhs hd udn rhspmrngm÷d onsnc. (Nkustmd & Gnrnzl, ?6>>) •  Ylcuahd `h rhshrvn mdspmrntlrml (M_Y l Mdspmrntlry rhshrvh vlcuah). _hprhshdtn _hprhsh dtn hc vlcuahd n`mgmldnc `h kns quh puh`h mdtrl`ugmrsh hd cls pucaldhs nc rhncmznr udn mdspmrngm÷d aîxman `hs`h vlcuahd glrrmhdth. (Nkustmd (Nkustmd & Gnrnzl, ?6>>) •  Ylcuahd

`h rhshrvn hspmrntlrml (H_Y l Hxpmrntlry rhshrvh vlcuah). Hs hc

vlcuahd `h kns n`mgmldnc quh puh`h hxbncnrsh `hc puca÷d trns hspmrnr n vlcuahd glrrmhdth.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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• Ylcuahd rhsm`unc (_Y l _hsm`unc vlcuah). Glrrhspld`h nc vlcuahd `h kns quh

 phrandhgh `hdtrl `hc puca÷d trns udn hspmrngm÷d ilrzn`n aîxman. (Nkustmd & Gnrnzl, ?6>>) •  Gnpngm`n`

vmtnc (YG l (Ymtnc gnpngmty). Aîxmal vlcuahd `h kns pucaldnr

alvmcmznoch. Hs cn suan `hc vlcuahd glrrmhdth y cls vlcúahdhs `h rhshrvn hspmrntlrmn y hspmrntlrmn. @hphd`mhd`l `h cn ilran hd quh sh gldsm`hrh, sh `mihrhdgmn gnpngm`n` vmtnc mdspmrntlrmn (YG l mdspmrntlry vmtnc gnpngmty), quh hs hc vlcuahd `h kns quh puh`h shr mdtrl`ugm`l hd hc puca÷d gld ud hsiuhrzl mdspmrntlrml aîxmal, trns udn hspmrngm÷d

aîxman chdtn. Cn gnpngm`n` vmtnc chdtn (WYG l sclw vmtnc gnpngmty) hs hc vlcuahd `h kns quh puh`h shr hxbncn`l `hc puca÷d gld ud hsiuhrzl hspmrntlrml aîxmal chdtl, trns ud hsiuhrzl mdspmrntlrml aîxmal. ] cn aîs utmcmzn`n, gnpngm`n` vmtnc ilrzn`n (IYG l ilrgh` vmtnc gnpngmty), quh supldh hc vlcuahd `h kns hxbncn`l gld ud hsiuhrzl hspmrntlrml aîxmal trns udn mdspmrngm÷d aîxman. Hd gld`mgmldhs `h dlrancm`n`, nphdns hxmsthd `mihrhdgmns hdtrh cns `mstmdtns al`ncm`n`hs `h gnpngm`n` vmtnc, phrl sá puh`h bnohrcns gund`l hxmsth pntlclkán. (Nkustmd & Gnrnzl, ?6>>) • Gnpngm`n` mdspmrntlrmn (MG l Mdspmrntlry gnpngmty). Wuan `hc vlcuahd glrrmhdth

y `hc vlcuahd `h rhshrvn mdspmrntlrml. _hprhshdtn hc aîxmal vlcuahd mdspmrn`l trns udn hspmrngm÷d trndqumcn. • Gnpngm`n` rhsm`unc iudgmldnc (I_G l Iudgtmldnc rhsm`unc gnpngmty). Wuan `hc vlcuahd `h rhshrvn hspmrntlrml y `hc vlcuahd rhsm`unc. Hs hc vlcuahd `h kns quh bny `hdtrl `h cls pucaldhs nc im dnc `h udn hspmrngm÷d trndqumcn y, glal shahdgmldnrî `hspuís, glrrhspld`h glrrhspld`h nc pudtl `h hqumcmorml hdtrh cn rhtrnggm÷d hcîstmgn `hc puca÷d y `h cn gnjn tlrîgmgn. (Nkustmd & Gnrnzl, ?6>>) •  Gnpngm`n`

pucaldnr tltnc (PCG l Pltnc cudk gnpngmty). Nonrgn hc vlcuahd

glrrmhdth, hc vlcuahd `h rhshrvn mdspmrntlrml, hc vlcuahd `h rhshrvn hspmrntlrml y hc vlcuahd rhsm`unc. Hs hc aîxmal vlcuahd `h kns quh puh`hd gldthdhr cls pucaldhs. @hthramdndths `h cls vlcúahdhs pucaldnrhs pucaldnrhs Cn hdtrn`n `hc nmrh hd hc lrkndmsal pnrn hc  plsthrmlr mdthrgnaoml `h knshs `hphd`h `h cn olaon vhdtmcntlrmn tlrngl-pucaldnr, ud smsthan ilran`l plr cn gnjn tlrîgmgn y cls pucaldhs guyns guyns iuhrzns `h rhtrnggm÷d hcîstmgn tmhdhd smkdls lpuhstls. (Nkustmd & Gnrnzl, ?6>>) @n`l quh hc puca÷d y cn gnjn tlrîgmgn phrandhghd hd ádtmal gldtngtl h mdthr`hphd`mhdths `hom`l n cn prhsm÷d dhkntmvn `hc hspngml pchurnc, cls vlcúahdhs  pucaldnrhs n cl cnrkl `hc gmgcl rhspmrntlrml rhspmrntlrml hstnrîd hstnrîd `hthramdn`ls `hthramdn`ls plr cn mdthrng mdthrnggm÷d gm÷d `h sus iuhrzns `h rhtrnggm÷d hcîstmgn y cns prl`ugm`ns plr cn gldtrnggm÷d `h cls aúsgucls rhspmrntlrmls. (Nkustmd & Gnrnzl, ?6>>)

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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YLCXAHD _HWM@XNC Hc vlcuahd rhsm`unc hs udl `h cls vlcúahdhs pucaldnrhs hstîtmgls y sh `himdh glal ‒”vlcuahd `h nmrh quh quh`n hd cls pucaldhs y cns váns rhspmrntlrmns trns udn  

andmlorn `h hspmrngm÷d aîxman””. (C÷phz-Gnapls, Nrdh`mccl, & Knrgán, ?6>6) Hc vnclr `hc vlcuahd rhsm`unc hs nprlxman`nahdth `h udls >?66 ac, smhd`l, shkúd hc plrghdtnjh `hc vnclr `h rhihrhdgmn, r hihrhdgmn, sus vnclrhs dlranchs 9898->?6% >?6% U% Ynclr rhihrhdgmn 1 (Ynclr loshrvn`l/Ynclr rhihrhdgmn) x >66Q. Hsth vlcuahd dl puh`h shr hxbncn`l.

Iudgmldncahdth pl`hals `mvm`mr cls vlcúahdhs pucaldnrhs hd: • @mdîamgls, quh sld nquhccls quh sh alvmcmznd gld cn rhspmrngm÷d y cls pl`hals ah`mr ah`mndth hspmrlahtrán. • Hstîtmgls, quh sld nquhccls quh dl sh alvmcmznd gld cn c n rhspmrngm÷d y plr tndtl

dl

ah`mochs plr hspmrlahtrán, phrl sá plr pchtmsalkrnián l plr hc aítl`l `h `mcugm÷d `h knshs. Hxmsthd trhs pnrîahtrls `h cls vlcúahdhs pucaldnrhs hstîtmgls, gld mdthrís gcádmgl, quh dl puh`hd shr ah`m`ls n pnrtmr `h cn andmlorn `h hspmrlahtrán: hc vlcuahd rhsm`unc (Y_) y cns gnpngm`n`hs quh mdgcuyhd hd su gîcgucl `mgbl vlcuahd, quh sld cn gnpngm`n` pucaldnr tltnc (GVP) y cn gnpngm`n` rhsm`unc iudgmldnc (G_I). Cls vlcúahdhs pucaldnrhs hstîtmgls sh `mstrmouyhd hd vnrmls glapnrtmahdtls. Cn suan `h `ls l aîs vlcúahdhs pucaldnrhs gldstmtuyh udn gnpngm`n` pucaldnr. Hxmsthd guntrl vlcúahdhs y guntrl gnpngm`n`hs •  Ylcúahdhs:

Ylcuahd `h _hshrvn Mdspmrntlrml (Y_M l M_Y), Ylcuahd `h

_hshrvn Hspmrntlrml (Y_H l H_Y), Ylcuahd Glrrmhdth l Pm`nc (YG l YP l PY) y Ylcuahd _hsm`unc (Y_ l _Y). (C÷phz-Gnapls, (C÷phz-Gnapls, Nrdh`mccl, & Knrgán, ?6>6) •  Gnpngm`n`hs:

Gnpngm`n` Vucaldnr Pltnc (GVP l PCG), Gnpngm`n` _hsm`unc

Iudgmldnc (G_I l I_G), Gnpngm`n` Ymtnc (GY l YG), Gnpngm`n` Mdspmrntlrmn (GM l MG). (C÷phz-Gnapls, Nrdh`mccl, & Knrgán, ?6>6) (C÷phz-Gnapls, Ilrans quáamgns hd quh sh trndsplrtn hc GL? Hc GL? trndsplrtn`l hd cn sndkrh `h trhs andhrns: `msuhctl hd hc pcnsan, hd ilran `h omgnroldntl y glaomdn`l gld prlthádns glal glapuhstls gnronaádmgls. Hc GL? `msuhctl nc mkunc quh hc lxákhdl loh`hgh cn Chy Chy `h Bhdry, phrl hc GL? hs udns ?6 vhghs aîs slcuoch quh hc L ?. Glal rhsuctn`l hc GL? `msuhctl hjhrgh ud pnphc smkdmimgntmvl hd hc trndsplrth `h hsth kns, yn quh ghrgn `hc >6% `hc GL? quh pnsn nc  puca÷d `hs`h cn sndkrh sh sh bnccn hd su ilran ilran `msuhctn.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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Hc omgnroldntl sh ilran hd cn c n sndkrh ah`mndth cn shguhdgmn smkumhdth: ? + ? ~ ?7 ~  + + 7 ∟   Hgungm÷d 0 Omgnroldntl hd cn sndkrh (Erldk, ?6>8)

Cn prmahrn rhnggm÷d hs auy chdtn hd hc pcnsan, phrl auy rîpm`n `hdtrl `hc kc÷oucl rljl plrquh hsth gldtmhdh ndbm`rnsn gnro÷dmgn. Cn shkud`n rhnggm÷d quh hs cn `mslgmngm÷d m÷dmgn `hc îgm`l gnro÷dmgl, sh prl`ugh gld rnpm`hz smd hdzmans. Gund`l cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h hstls mldhs nsgmhd`h `hdtrl `hc kc÷oucl rljl hc BGL7- `miud`h bngmn hc hxthrmlr phrl hc B+  dl puh`h bnghrcl gld ingmcm`n` plrquh cn ahaorndn hrmtrlgmtmgn hs rhcntmvnahdth

maphrahnoch n cls gntmldhs. Vlr cl tndtl pnrn quh sh andthdkn cn hchgtrl dhutrncm`n`, sh `miud`hd mldhs `h gclrl (Gc-) bngmn hc mdthrmlr `hc kc÷oucl rljl `hs`h hc pcnsan hd hc ccnan`l `hspcnznamhdtl `h gclrurl. Hc `hspcnznamhdtl `hc Gc - tmhdh cuknr `h nguhr`l gld hc hqumcmorml `h Kmoos-@lddnd (hqumcmorml quh sh prl`ugh hdtrh cls mldhs quh puh`hd ntrnvhsnr cn ahaorndn y cls quh dl sld gnpnghs `h bnghrcl). (Erldk, ?6>8) Hstl sugh`h plrquh cn Bo rh`ugm`n hs ahdls îgm`n quh cn ilran lxmkhdn`n. Vlr cl tndtl, cn prhshdgmn `h Bo rh`ugm`n hd sndkrh phrmiírmgn gldtrmouyh n cn udm÷d `h B+  y n cn gnptngm÷d `h GL?, amhdtrns quh cn lxmkhdngm÷d hd hc gnpmcnr pucaldnr gldtrmouyh nc `hsprhd`mamhdtl `h GL?. Hc bhgbl `h quh cn `hslxmkhdngm÷d `h cn sndkrh ngrhgmhdth su gnpngm`n` pnrn trndsplrtnr GL? sh gldlgh glal hihgtl Bnc`ndh.  Bnc`ndh.  Hstls ngldthgmamhdtls nslgmn`ls gld cn gnptngm÷d `h GL? plr cn sndkrh sndkrh bnghd quh nuahdth hc gldthdm`l lsalcnr `hc kc÷oucl rljl y plr gldsmkumhdth, quh hdtrh nkun hd cn gícucn y nuahdth su vlcuahd. Gund`l cls kc÷oucls rljls pnsnd plr cls pucaldhs sh gldtrnhd cmkhrnahdth. (Erldk, ?6>8) Cls glapuhstls gnronaádmgls sh ilrand nc glaomdnrsh hd GL? gld cls krupls namdl thramdnchs `h cns prlthádns sndkuádhns. Cn prlthádn aîs maplrtndth hs cn kclomdn `h cn Bhalkclomdn y sh ilran gnronamdlbhalkclomdn. Hstn rhnggm÷d sh prl`ugh rîpm`nahdth smd nggm÷d hdzmaîtmgn y cn Bo rh`ugm`n imjn aîs GL ? hd cn ilran `h gnronamdlbhalkclomdn quh cn BoL?. Pnaomíd hd hsth gnsl cn `hsgnrkn `h L? hd cls gnpmcnrhs phrmiírmgls ingmcmtn cn gnptngm÷d `h GL ? amhdtrns quh cn lxmkhdngm÷d tmhdh hc hihgtl gldtrnrml. (Erldk, ?6>8) Wh loshrvn quh cn gurvn `h `mslgmngm÷d `hc GL? hs augbl aîs cmdhnc quh cn gurvn `h `mslgmngm÷d `hc L?, y tnaomíd quh gundtl ahdlr shn cn snturngm÷d `h cn Bo plr hc L ?, anylr shrî cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h GL? pnrn udn VGL? `n`n. Hsth hihgtl Bnc`ndh puh`h hxpcmgnrsh plr cn anylr gnpngm`n` `h cn bhalkclomdn rh`ugm`n pnrn gnptnr cls mldhs

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?8?

B+ quh sh prl`ughd gund`l hc îgm`l gnro÷dmgl sh `mslgmn y plr plr cn anylr ingmcm`n` gld cn quh cn Bo rh`ugm`n ilran Gnronamdlbhalkclomdn. Gnronamdlbhalkclomdn. Cn gurvn `h `mslgmngm÷d `hc GL? tmhdh anylr phd`mhdth quh cn `hc L?. Hstl hxpcmgn cn krnd `mihrhdgmn hdtrh cn VL? nrthrmnc y cn VL? vhdlsn amxtn ( hd khdhrnc udls 96 aa Bk) y cn phquhþn `mihrhdgmn pnrn cn pGL ? (ncrh`h`lr `h 8 aa Bk). (Erldk, ?6>8)  

XDM@N@ _HWVM_NPL_MN Xdm`n` iudgmldnc ilran`n plr hc orldqumlcl rhspmrntlrml, cls gld`ugtls

ncvhlcnrhs, cls ntrmls y cls ncvhlcls. (Dnvnrrn, ?6>2)

AHAO_NDN _HWVM_NPL_MN Cns pnrh`hs ncvhlcnrhs sld auy `hckn`ns `hckn`ns y slorh hccns bny udn rh` gnsm s÷cm`n `h gnpmcnrhs mdthrgldhgtn`ls mdthrgldhgtn`ls hdtrh sá. Hc rhgnaoml knshlsl knshlsl hdtrh hc nmrh ncvhlcnr y cn sndkrh  pucaldnr sh prl`ugh n trnvís `h udn shrmh `h ahaorndns y gnpns quh sh `hdlamdnd, hd gldjudtl, ahaorndn rhspmrntlrmn l ahaorndn ncvhlclgnpmcnr. (Wmsthan rhspmrntlrmlIudgmldhs `hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml, ?6>8)

_HKXCNGM×D @H CN _HWVM_NGM _HWVM_NGM×D ×D Cn iudgm÷d prmdgmpnc y rhkucn`lrn `hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml hs andthdhr cns  prhsmldhs dlranchs dlranchs `h lxákhdl lxákhdl y `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl, nsá glal cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h mldhs B+  l bm`rlkhdmldhs, cl gunc sh gldsmkuh n`hgund`l cn vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr n cns dhghsm`n`hs ahtno÷cmgns lrkîdmgns `h gldsual y prl`uggm÷d `h naols knshs, rhsphgtmvnahdth. (AH@MWND, ?6>>) Vlr trntnrsh `h ud than auy glapcmgn`l y `mspldhrsh nblrn `h duhvls gldlgmamhdtls nc rhsphgtl, sh `hgm`m÷ `hsgrmomr hd hsth orhvh nrtágucl cn lrkndmzngm÷d alriliudgmldnc khdhrnc `h cls hchahdtls quh mdthkrnd hc smsthan `h gldtrlc `h cn iudgm÷d rhspmrntlrmn buandn dlranc. (AH@MWND, ?6>>) Cls hchahdtls quh mdthrvmhdhd hd hc gldtrlc `h cn rhspmrngm÷d sld `h 7 tmpls: >.  Whdslrhs l rhghptlrhs ?.  Gldtrlcn`lrhs 7.  Hihgtlrhs

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?87

 

WHDWL_HW Wh hdgnrknd `h rhgmomr cn mdilrangm÷d y hdvmnrcn n cls gldtrlcn`lrhs (ghdtrls rhspmrntlrmls).

Whdslrhs hd hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc >. 

^umamlrrhghptlrhs ghdtrnchs

?. 

_hghptlrhs bmpltncîamgls (thaphrnturn)

7. 

Ghdtrls hd hc prlshdgíincl prlshdgíincl (iudgmldhs vlcudtnrmns)

 Whds  Wh dsl lrhs iuh iuhrn rn `hc WD WDG G

>.  ^umamlrrhghptlrhs nrthrmnchs phrmiírmgls (iud`nahdtncahdth guhrpls gnrltá`hls) ?. _hghptlrhs `h cns váns nírhns suphrmlrhs: dnsnchs, inrádkhls, cnrádkhls  _hghptlrhs pucaldnrhs >. 

_hghptlrhs `h hstmrnamhdtl

?. 

_hghptlrhs `h sustndgmns mrrmtndths

7. 

Imorns G y rhghptlrhs yuxtngnpmcnrhs (rhghptlrhs J)

 _hghptlrhs `h cns nrtmgucngmldhs glstlvhrthornchs Cls shdslrhs `hthgtnd gnaomls hd `msáamchs pnrîahtrls, tnchs glal: >. 

Vrhsmldhs pnrgmnchs `h lxákhdl (VL?) 

?. 

Vrhsmldhs pnrgmnchs `h `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl (VGL?) 

7. 

Gldghdtrngm÷d `h mldhs B+ 

0. 

Krn`l `h `msthdsm÷d pucaldnr

GLDP_LCN@L_HW (GHDP_LW _HWVM_NPL_MLW). _HKXCNGM×D DH_YMLWN @H CN IXDGM×D _HWVM_NPL_MN Khdhrnd hc rmtal rhspmrntlrml onsnc, prlghsnd cn mdilrangm÷d `h cls shdslrhs y al`mimgnd, hd gldshguhdgmn, su dmvhc `h ngtmvm`n`. Cls gldtrlcn`lrhs l ghdtrls rhspmrntlrmls tmhdhd tm hdhd cns smkumhdths iudgmldhs:

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?80

>.  ghdtrnchs

Hstnochghr hc rmtal `h cn rhspmrngm÷d y ngtunr glal khdhrn`lrhs `hc

pntr÷d

rhspmrntlrml.

?.  Prndsamtmr hsh rmtal ghdtrnc n cns altldhurldns quh mdhrvnd cls aúsgucls rhspmrntlrmls. 7.  Njustnr hc rmtal rhspmrntlrml y `h cn rhspuhstn altlrn n cns dhghsm`n`hs ahtno÷cmgns (iudgmldhs blahlstîtmgns), nsá glal pnrn guormr cns iudgmldhs gld`ugtunchs y vlcudtnrmns (iudgmldhs dl blahlstîtmgns). 0. Xtmcmznr hc amsal knstl `h hdhrkán pnrn cchvnr n gnol vnrmns iudgmldhs.

Cls hxphrmahdtls `h trndshggm÷d n `mstmdtls dmvhchs `hc WDG phramtmhrld gldgcumr quh cls ghdtrls hdgnrkn`ls `hc gldtrlc nutlaîtmgl `hc rmtal rhspmrntlrml sh clgncmznond hd hc trldgl hdghiîcmgl5 hd iudgm÷d hstls rhsuctn`ls sh bnocnon `h: >.  ?. 

Ghdtrl Ghdtrl

dhualtîxmgl,

pnrth

npdíustmgl,

hd

rlstrnc cn

`h

cn

prltuohrndgmn

pnrth

vhdtrnc

7. Whrmh `h ghdtrls ouconrhs (prmdgmpnchs rhspldsnochs `hc rmtal rhspmrntlrml) Cls ghdtrls dhualtîxmgl y npdíustmgl (l ghdtrls suprnouconrhs) sh hdgnrknd `h al`ucnr y nimdnr hc ghdtrl rhspmrntlrml. (_hkucngm÷d `h cn rhspmrngm÷d: lrkndmzngm÷d alriliudgmldnc `h su smsthan `h gldtrlc, ?6>>) _hkucngm÷d `h cn ngtmvm`n` `hc ghdtrl rhspmrntlrml Cn rhspmrngm÷d hs ud prlghsl nutlaîtmgl y rátamgl rát amgl andthdm`l gldstndthahdth quh  puh`h al`mimgnrsh onjl hc mdicujl `h cn vlcudtn`, pu`mhd`l gnaomnr gnaomnr tndtl cn prliud`m`n` `h cn rhspmrngm÷d glal cn irhguhdgmn `h cn amsan. Cn rhspmrngm÷d dl smhaprh hs ud prlghsl noslcutnahdth rhkucnr y rátamgl, yn quh bn `h mr n`nptîd`lsh gldstndthahdth n cns dhghsm`n`hs `hc lrkndmsal, pnrn nplrtnr hc lxákhdl dhghsnrml nc ahtnolcmsal ghcucnr y hcmamdnr hc ndbá`rm`l gnro÷dmgl prl`ugm`l `urndth hc amsal. (LG[, _hkucngm÷d `h cn rhspmrngm÷d, ?6>;) Cn rhspmrngm÷d rátamgn onsnc, l hupdhn, hstî rhkucn`n plr cls ghdtrls rhspmrntlrmls dhrvmlsls smtun`ls hd hc hdgíincl quh rhglkhd mdilrangm÷d prlvhdmhdth `hc npnrntl rhspmrntlrml y `h ltrns pnrths `hc lrkndmsal, pnrn `nr cuknr n udn rhspuhstn n trnvís `h cls ÷rkndls hihgtlrhs l ausgucnturn rhspmrntlrmn quh `hthramdnrî cn prliud`m`n` `h cn rhspmrngm÷d, l vlcuahd glrrmhdth, y cn irhguhdgmn. Cn glrthzn ghrhornc tnaomíd pnrtmgmpn gund`l sh mdthrvmhdh `h ilran vlcudtnrmn hd hc prlghsl rhspmrntlrml. (LG[, _hkucngm÷d `h cn rhspmrngm÷d, ?6>;)

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YMPNCLAHP_MN Wmrvh pnrn ah`mr vlcúahdhs y gnpngm`n`hs tnchs glal: »  Ylcúahdhs `h vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr » Ylcúahdhs `h rhshrvn mdspmrntlrmn

»Ylcúahdhs `h rhshrvn hspmrntlrmn

HWVM_×AHP_L Cn hspmrlahtrán gldstn `h udn shrmh `h pruhons rhspmrntlrmns shdgmccns, onjl gmrgudstndgmns gldtrlcn`ns, quh am`hd cn ankdmtu` noslcutn `h cns gnpngm`n`hs

 pucaldnrhs y cls vlcúahdhs pucaldnrhs y cn rnpm`hz gld quh ístls puh`hd shr alvmcmzn`ls (icujls nírhls). Cls rhsuctn`ls sh rhprhshdtnd hd ilran duaírmgn iud`nahdtn`ls hd gîcgucls shdgmccls y hd ilran `h maprhsm÷d krîimgn. Hxmsthd `ls tmpls iud`nahdtnchs `h hspmrlahtrán: smapch y ilrzn`n. (Ihrntl, ilrzn`n. (Ihrntl, s.i.)

Md`mgngmldhs » 

Hvncunr cn iudgm÷d pucaldnr ndth cn prhshdgmn `h sádtlans rhspmrntlrmls.

» 

@mnkd÷stmgl y shkumamhdtl `h pngmhdths gld hdihrah`n`hs rhspmrntlrmns. Hvncunr hc rmhskl `h prlgh`mamhdtls qumrúrkmgls nsá glal cn rhspuhstn

» 

thrnpíutmgn irhdth n `mihrhdths iîrangls l hd hdsnyls gcádmgls inranglc÷kmgls. » 

Hstu`mls hpm`hamlc÷kmgls quh mdgcuynd pntlclkán rhspmrntlrmn.

Gldtrnmd`mgngmldhs Pl`n nquhccn gmrgudstndgmn quh `hsngldshjh cn rhncmzngm÷d `h ud hsiuhrzl iásmgl l quh puh`n `hrmvnr hd udn ancn gncm`n` `h cn pruhon. (Ihrntl, pruhon. (Ihrntl, s.i.)

HCHGP_LIMWMLCLKÁN HCHGP_LIMWMLCLK ÁN WMWPHAN DH_YMLWL, AXWGXCN_ WMWPHAN DH_YMLWL Hc smsthan dhrvmlsl gldstn `h `ls pnrths prmdgmpnchs: hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc y hc smsthan dhrvmlsl phrmiírmgl. (Nkur A_, ?6>6) 

 

Hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc hstî ilran`l plr hc ghrhorl y cn aí`ucn

 

Hc smsthan dhrvmlsl phrmiírmgl hstî ilran`l plr imorns dhrvmlsns

hspmdnc.

 



quh sh rnamimgnd `h cn aí`ucn hspmdnc y sh hxtmhd`hd n tl`ns cns pnrths `hc guhrpl,

 

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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mdgcum`ls hc guhccl, cls ornzls, hc tlrsl, cns pmhrdns, cls aúsgucls hsquhcítmgls y cls ÷rkndls mdthrdls. Hc ghrhorl hdván ahdsnjhs n trnvís `h cn aí`ucn hspmdnc y cls dhrvmls `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl phrmiírmgl pnrn gldtrlcnr hc alvmamhdtl `h cls aúsgucls y cn iudgm÷d `h cls ÷rkndls mdthrdls. (Nkur A_, ?6>6) Cn udm`n` `h trnonjl oîsmgn `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl hs udn gícucn ccnan`n dhurldn. Hc ghrhorl buandl gldtmhdh nprlxman`nahdth >66 amc amccldhs `h dhurldns. Xdn dhurldn gldsmsth hd ud guhrpl ghcucnr quh gldtmhdh hc dúgchl y hxthdsmldhs hsphgmnchs

ccnan`ns nxldhs y `hd`rmtns . (Nkur A_, ?6>6) Cns dhurldns sh glaudmgnd hdtrh sá ah`mndth cls nxldhs nx ldhs y cns `hd`rmtns. Gund`l udn dhurldn rhgmoh ud ahdsnjh `h ltrn dhurldn, hdván udn shþnc hcígtrmgn n trnvís `h tl`l hc cnrkl `h su nx÷d. Nc imdnc im dnc `hc nx÷d, cn shþnc hcígtrmgn sh gldvmhrth hd udn shþnc quáamgn, y hc nx÷d cmohrn ahdsnjhrls quáamgls ccnan`ls dhurltrndsamslrhs . (Nkur A_, ?6>6) Cls dhurltrndsamslrhs sh cmohrnd hd hc hspngml hdtrh hc imdnc `h ud nx÷d y cn pudtn `h udn `hd`rmtn `h ltrn dhurldn. Hsth hspngml rhgmoh hc dlaorh `h smdnpsms . Cls dhurltrndsamslrhs rhglrrhd cn orhvh `mstndgmn n trnvís `h cn c n smdnpsms bnstn cn `hd`rmtn. Cn `hd`rmtn rhgmoh cls dhurltrndsamslrhs y cls vuhcvh n gldvhrtmr hd udn shþnc hcígtrmgn. Cn shþnc cuhkl vmnjn n trnvís `h cn dhurldn pnrn vlcvhr n gldvhrtmrsh hd udn shþnc quáamgn gund`l cchkn n cns dhurldns vhgmdns. (Nkur A_, ?6>6) Ltrns pnrths `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl rhkucnd cls prlghsls mdvlcudtnrmls mdvlcugrn`ls hd hc iudgmldnamhdtl `h cls ÷rkndls y cns kcîd`ucns `hc guhrpl, glal cn cmohrngm÷d `h blraldns glal cn n`rhdncmdn, cn `mcntngm÷d `hc ljl hd rhspuhstn n cn cuz l cn rhkucngm÷d `hc smsthan `mkhstmvl. (Nkur A_, ?6>6)

WMWPHAN AXWGXCN_ Wh gldlgh glal smsthan ausgucnr, plr cl tndtl, nc gldjudtl `h cls ÷rkndls quh ilrand pnrth `h ud lrkndmsal. @mgbl smsthan ltlrkn ilran, hstnomcm`n`, imrahzn y alvmcm`n` nc guhrpl. nc guhrpl. (Nkur A_, ?6>6) Hd hc gnsl `h cls shrhs vhrthorn`ls, hc smsthan ausgucnr hs gldtrlcn`l plrhc plr hc smsthan dhrvmlsl. Hxmsthd aúsgucls, `h tl`ns ilrans, quh clkrnr thdhr ud iudgmldnamhdtl nut÷dlal. (Ohrdh & Chvy, ?6>>) Hc smsthan ausgucnr guapch gld iudgmldhs auy maplrtndths hd tl`ls cls shrhs. Vlr ud cn`l, phramth cn clglalgm÷d `hc guhrpl h mdgcusl hc alvmamhdtl `h cls ÷rkndls cls ÷rkndls ((cn cn `mkhstm÷d y cn gmrgucngm÷d `h cn sndkrh, hdtrh ltrns guhstmldhs, `hphd`hd `hphd`hd `h cls aúsgucls).

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?8;

Cls aúsgucls n`haîs prlthkhd cls ÷rkndls, sld gcnvhs hd cn plsturn glrplrnc y khdhrnd hdhrkán gnc÷rmgn. Hc smsthan ausgucnr, plr ltrl cn`l, prlplrgmldn `ntls slorh hc hstn`l imsmlc÷kmgl `hc lrkndmsal. (Ohrdh & Chvy, Chvy, ?6>>) Hs plsmoch `mstmdkumr hdtrh trhs tmpls `h aúsgucls hd hc smsthan ausgucnr: cls aúsgucls hstrmn`ls, cls aúsgucls cmsls y cls c ls aúsgucls gnr`ángls. @h nguhr`l n g÷alsh gldtrlcnd,

cls

aúsgucls

tnaomíd

puh`hd

`mihrhdgmnrsh hdtrh

nut÷dlals, mdvlcudtnrmls, vlcudtnrmls vlcudtnrmls l amxtls. (Ohrdh & Chvy, ?6>>)  Dl lostndth, hxmsthd ltrns augbns gcnsmimgngmldhs `h cls aúsgucls `hc guhrpl

buandl. Nsá, plr hjhapcl, hd onsh n su smtungm÷d sh hstnochghd `ls krnd`hs krupls: cls suphrimgmnchs, quh sld cls quh sh hdguhdtrnd uomgn`ls `h andhrn `mrhgtn justl `honjl `h cn pmhc, y cls prliud`ls, quh sld cls quh bnccnd aîs nccî `h hsn ahdgmldn`n zldn. Hstls úctmals pl`hals `hthramdnr quh tmhdhd cn pnrtmgucnrm`n`, plr rhkcn khdhrnc, `h hdgldtrnrsh hd cl quh sld cls hxtrhals `h cls buhsls `hc hsquhchtl. (Ohrdh & Chvy, ?6>>) Glrtls, quh sh m`hdtmimgnd plr nglahthr cl quh sld iudgmldhs auy



 

hsphgáimgns y quh sh bnccnd uomgn`ls tndtl hd cls pmhs glal hd cns andls, plr hjhapcl.

 

-Vcndls y ndgbls, quh dl s÷cl pnrtmgmpnd hd cls alvmamhdtls `h cn rhspmrngm÷d smdl quh n`haîs prlgh`hd n prlthkhr cl quh sld cls ÷rkndls `hcmgn`ls. Hdtrh cls aîs smkdmimgntmvls sh hdguhdtrnd cls quh hstîd uomgn`ls hd hc no`lahd. Hjhapcls sld cls mdthrglstnchs l hc `mnirnkan. (Vhrhz & Ahrmdl, ?6>9) Gmrgucnrhs, quh, glal su prlpml dlaorh md`mgn, guhdtnd gld ilran



 

`h gárgucl y su amsm÷d dl hs ltrn quh prlgh`hr n ghrrnr `hthramdn`ls gld`ugtls quh puh`hd hxmstmr hd hc guhrpl buandl glal hs, plr hjhapcl, cn vhkmjn. (Vhrhz & Ahrmdl, ?6>9)

 

WMWPHAN OMLHCHGP_MGL Hc Wmsthan Guîdtmgl Oml-Hcígtrmgl hs udn duhvn bhrrnamhdtn quh ndncmzn hsth ihd÷ahdl. Cn hdhrkán y cn onjn irhguhdgmn ankdítmgn `hc guhrpl buandl sh gnptnd nc slsthdhr hc shdslr, y n gldtmdungm÷d hc hqumpl cns napcmimgn y cns ndncmzn ah`mndth hc amgrlprlghsn`lr quh mdglrplrn. (Dhurlgmhdgmn, ?6>7) Cls `ntls sh glapnrnd gld hc hsphgtrl guîdtmgl `h rhsldndgmn ankdítmgn hstîd`nr `h hdihrah`n`hs hdihrah`n`hs y `h dutrmgm÷d, nsá glal gld ltrls md`mgn`lrhs mdglrplrn`ls hd hc hqumpl  pnrn `mnkdlstmgnr `mnkdlstmgnr sm cns ilrans `h cns ld`ns prhshdtnd mrrhkucnrm`n`hs n trn trnvís vís `hc usl `h

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?82

cn nprlxmangm÷d `h Ilurmhr. @h hstn andhrn sh puh`h rhncmznr hc ndîcmsms y `mnkd÷stmgl `hc hstn`l `h sncu` y lothdhr cls prmdgmpnchs prlochans `hc pngmhdth, tnaomíd glal `mstmdtns  prlpuhstns hstîd`nrhs `h gurngm÷d l prhvhdgm÷d, onsîd`lsh hd hc rhs rhsuctn`l uctn`l `hc ndîcmsms `h cn ilran `h cn ld`n. (Dhurlgmhdgmn, ?6>7) Hc aítl`l `h ndîcmsms guîdtmgl `h rhsldndgmn ankdítmgn hs ud hahrkhdth aítl`l `h `hthggm÷d hsphgtrnc, rîpm`l, prhgmsl y dl mdvnsmvl, cl quh cl bngh hsphgmncahdth nprlpmn`l pnrn cn glapnrngm÷d `h cls hihgtls `h gurngm÷d `h `mihrhdths ah`mgmdns y  prl`ugtls aí`mgls, y pnrn cn glaprlongm÷d glaprlongm÷d `h plsmochs hstn`ls ndlranchs `h sncu`.

(Dhurlgmhdgmn, ?6>7) Cls prmdgmpnchs hchahdtls `h ndîcmsms nsgmhd`hd n aîs `h trhmdtn, h mdgcuyhd cls smkumhdths smsthans: 

Gnr`mlvnsgucnr y Ghrhorlvnsgucnr 



Iudgm÷d Knstrlmdthstmdnc



Iudgm÷d Bhpîtmgn



Iudgm÷d `h cn Yhságucn Omcmnr 



Iudgm÷d Vndgrhîtmgn

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



Iudgm÷d _hdnc Iudgm÷d Vucaldnr 



Wmsthan Dhrvmlsl



Vn`hgmamhdtls Lshls



@hdsm`n` Amdhrnc Lshn



Hdihrah`n` `h Buhsl _huantlm`h



Kcuglsn hd cn Wndkrh



Gld`mgm÷d Iásmgn



Plxmdns



Lcmklhchahdtls



Ymtnamdns



Namdlîgm`ls



Glhdzmans



Ahtnchs Vhsn`ls



Vr÷stntn



Iudgm÷d Whxunc Ansgucmdn

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JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?8=

HIHGPLW @H CN HCHGP_MGM@N@ HD CLW WH_HW YMYLW Hihgtls iásmgls mdah`mntls Whkúd hc tmhapl `h hxplsmgm÷d y cn `mrhggm÷d `h pnsl `h cn glrrmhdth hcígtrmgn pnrn udn amsan mdthdsm`n` puh`hd prl`ugmrsh chsmldhs krnvhs, krnvhs, tnchs glal: nsimxmn, imormcngm÷d vhdtrmgucnr, quhan`urns, chsmldhs shgud`nrmns n gldshguhdgmn `hc gblquh hcígtrmgl, tnchs glal gná`ns `h ncturn, klcphs, htg., guyn npnrmgm÷d n pnrmgm÷d tmhdh cuknr `hphd`mhd`l `h cls vnclrhs t-Mg. (Hihgtls `h hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls shrhs vmvls, ?6>;)

Hihgtls Iásmgls dl Mdah`mntls Wh andmimhstnd pnsn`l ud gmhrtl tmhapl `hspuís `hc nggm`hdth. Cls aîs bnomtunchs sld:

Prnstlrdlss gnr`mlvnsgu Prnstlrdl gnr`mlvnsgucnrhs: cnrhs: Cn `hsgnrkn hcígtrmgn hs susghptmoch `h prlvlgnr pír`m`n `hc rmtal gnr`ángl y `h cn gld`uggm÷d nurágucnvhdtrmgucnr h mdthrvhdtrmgucnr, andmihstngmldhs `h mdsuimgmhdgmns glrldnrmns nku`ns quh puh`hd cchknr bnstn hc mdinrtl `h amlgnr`ml, n`haîs `h trnstlrdls údmgnahdth suojhtmvls glal tnqumgnr`mns, shdsngmldhs vhrtmkmdlsns, ghinchns rhohc`hs, htg. (Hihgtls `h hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls shrhs vmvls, ?6>;)

Prnstlrdls dhrvmlsls: Prnstlrdls Cn vágtman `h ud gblquh hcígtrmgl suirh irhguhdthahdth trnstlrdls dhrvmlsls rhcngmldn`ls rhcngmldn `ls gld phquhþns bhalrrnkmns irutl `h cn `hsmdthkrngm÷d `h cn sustndgmn dhrvmlsn yn shn ghdtrnc l ah`ucnr. Dlrancahdth hc gblquh hcígtrmgl dl bngh aîs quh pldhr `h andmimhstl ud hstn`l pntlc÷kmgl ndthrmlr. Vlr ltrn pnrth, hs auy irhguhdth tnaomíd cn npnrmgm÷d `h dhurlsms `h tmpl iudgmldnc aîs l ahdls krnvhs, pu`mhd`l shr trndsmtlrmns l  phrandhdths. (Hihgtls `h hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls shrhs vmvls, vmvls, ?6>;)

Prnstlrdlss shdslrmnchs, lgucnrhs y nu`mtmvls: Prnstlrdl Mldhs `h rhplcnrmzngmld `h ahaorndn Hd cn ahaorndn ghcucnr bny prlthádns hsphgmncmzn`ns, ccnan`ns ccnan`ns gndnchs `hc sl`ml, `hc gncgml y `hc pltnsml n trnvís `h cns gunchs  pnsnd cls mldhs y hstîd tnaomíd cn olaons `hc sl`ml y `hc gncgml quh trnonjnd gldtrn krn`mhdth, `hom`l n cn `mihrhdgmn `h gldghdtrngmldhs `h mldhs, n trnvís `h cns ahaorndns, gldsuamhd`l gldsuamh d`l hdhrkán5 hs hvm`hdth quh gundtl aîs nuahdtnd cns gldghdtrngmldhs `hc sl`ml y `hc gncgml hd cn sndkrh aîs nuahdtn hc gldsual `h hdhrkán. Cn olaon sl`ml/pltnsml ingmcmtn cls `hspcnznamhdtls `h hstls mldhs n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn y tmhdh udn krnd maplrtndgmn plrquh andtmhdh nctns cns gldghdtrngmldhs `h pltnsml y onjns cns `hc sl`ml `hdtrl cn gícucn. (Hihgtls ( Hihgtls `h hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls shrhs vmvls, ?6>;)

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?96

Gldghdtrngmldhs nctns `h pltnsml `hdtrl `h cn gícucn sld dhghsnrmns pnrn duahrlsls prlghsls: udl hs cn sádthsms prlthmgn hd cls rmolslans5 n`haîs, duahrlsns hdzmans `h cn kcmglcmsms rhqumhrhd pltnsml, plr hjhapcl cn pmrúvmgl qumdnsn. Cn olaon `hc sl`ml md`ugh hc mdthrgnaoml `h 7 mldhs `h sl`ml quh snchd `h cn gícucn gldtrn ? mldhs `h  pltnsml quh hdtrnd hd cn gícucn5 `mgbn olaon hstî ilran`n plr >7>2 namdlîgm`ls y hstî uomgn`n n cl cnrkl `h cn ahaorndn ghcucnr5 nsá amsal cn olaon `hc gncgml (glapuhstn plr udn slcn prlthádn `h >??6 namdlîgm`ls) hxpucsn mldhs gncgml `h cn gícucn gldtrn hc

krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d, gldsuamhd`l hdhrkán. (Hihgtls `h hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls shrhs vmvls, ?6>;)

HIHGPLW WLO_H HC L_KNDMWAL Vnrl gnr`ángl: Wh prl`ugh gund`l cn glrrmhdth pnsn plr hc glrnz÷d y su hihgtl hd hc lrkndmsal sh trn`ugh hd ud pnrl gmrgucntlrml plr pnrn`n gnr`ángn.

Nsimxmn: Wh prl`ugh gund`l cn glrrmhdth hcígtrmgn ntrnvmhsn hc t÷rnx. Hc gblquh hcígtrmgl thtndmzn hc `mnirnkan tlrîgmgl y glal gldshguhdgmn `h hccl cls pucaldhs dl tmhdhd gnpngm`n` pnrn nghptnr nmrh dm pnrn hxpucsnrcl. (Hihgtls `h hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls c ls shrhs vmvls, ?6>;) Hsth hihgtl sh prl`ugh n pnrtmr `h ?8-76 aN. ^uhan`urns: Mdthrdns l hxthrdns plr hc pnsl `h cn mdthdsm`n` `h glrrmhdth n trnvís `hc guhrpl plr Hihgtl Jluch l plr cn prlxmam`n` nc nrgl hcígtrmgl. Wh prl`ughd zldns `h dhgrlsms (thjm`ls auhrtls), y cns quhan`urns puh`hd cchknr n ncgndznr ÷rkndls vhgmdls  prliud`ls, aúsgucls, dhrvmls h mdgcusls mdgcusls n cls buhsls. buhsls. (Hihgtls `h hchgtrmgm`n` hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls shrhs shrhs vmvls, ?6>;)

Phtndmzngm÷d: L gldtrnggm÷d ausgucnr. Gldsmsth Gldsmsth hd cn nducngm÷d `h cn gnpngm`n` `h rhnggm÷d ausgucnr quh mapm`h cn shpnrngm÷d vlcudtnrmn `hc pudtl `h gldtngtl (cls aúsgucls `h cns andls y cls ornzls sh gldtrnhd smd pl`hr rhcnjnrsh). Dlrancahdth hsth hihgtl sh prl`ugh gund`l sh suphrnd cls >6 aN. (Hihgtls `h hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls shrhs vmvls, ?6>;)

Imormcngm÷d vhdtrmgucnr: Wh prl`ugh gund`l cn glrrmhdth pnsn plr hc glrnz÷d y su hihgtl hd hc lrkndmsal sh trn`ugh hd ud pnrl gmrgucntlrml plr rlturn `hc rmtal gnr`ángl. Hc glrnz÷d, nc iudgmldnr mdgllr`mdn`nahdth, dl puh`h olaohnr sndkrh n cls `mihrhdths thjm`ls `hc guhrpl buandl. Hccl hs pnrtmgucnrahdth krnvh hd cls thjm`ls `hc ghrhorl `ld`h hs maprhsgmd`moch udn lxmkhdngm÷d gldtmdun `h cls amsals plr cn sndkrh. (Hihgtls `h hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls shrhs vmvls, vmvls, ?6>;)

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?9>

Wm hc glrnz÷d imormcnr hc ghrhorl dl puh`h and`nr cns nggmldhs `mrhgtlrns slorh ÷rkndls vmtnchs `hc guhrpl, prl`ugmíd`lsh udns chsmldhs quh puh`hd cchknr n shr mrrhvhrsmochs, `hphd`mhd`l `hc tmhapl quh hstí hc glrnz÷d imormcn`l. Wm sh clkrn cn rhguphrngm÷d `hc md`mvm`ul chsmldn`l, dl suhchd quh`nr shguhcns phrandhdths. Vnrn clkrnr `mgbn rhguphrngm÷d, bny quh gldshkumr cn rhndmangm÷d gnr`ángn y rhspmrntlrmn `hc nihgtn`l hd cls prmahrls amdutls plsthrmlrhs nc nggm`hdth. Wh prhshdtn gld mdthdsm`n`hs `hc lr`hd `h >66 aN. y hs rhvhrsmoch sm hc tmhapl hs gldtngtl hs mdihrmlr n 6.> shkud`l. (Hihgtls `h

hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls shrhs vmvls, vmvls, ?6>;) Cn imormcngm÷d sh prl`ugh gund`l hc gblquh hcígtrmgl tmhdh udn `urngm÷d suphrmlr n 6.>8 shkud`ls, hc ?6% `h cn `urngm÷d tltnc `hc gmgcl gnr`ángl ah`ml `hc blaorh, quh hs `h 6.;8 shkud`ls. Chsmldhs phrandhdths: Vrl`ugm`ns plr `hstruggm÷d `h cn pnrth nihgtn`n `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl (pnrîcmsms, gldtrngturns phrandhdths, htg.) Wh imjn hc tmhapl aîxmal `h iudgmldnamhdtl `h cls `msplsmtmvls `h glrth nutlaîtmgl hd iudgm÷d `h cn thdsm÷d `h gldtngtl hsphrn`n: Vlr hdgman `h hstls vnclrhs sh prhshdtn imormcngm÷d vhdtrmgucnr vhdtrmgucnr y plr `honjl dl sh  prhshdtnd hihgtls hihgtls phcmkrlsls. phcmkrlsls. (Hihgtls `h hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls shrhs vmvls, vmvls, ?6>; ?6>;))

Cn utmcm`n` `h cn Olaon O laon `h Dn y E hd cn khdhrngm÷d `h mapucsl dhrvmlsl. Cn olaon Dn:E hs ud smsthan `h trndsplrth `h álds Wl`ml (Dn) pnrn iuhrn `h cn gícucn, y `h álds Vltnsml ( E) pnrn `hdtrl `h cn amsan. _hncahdth plgl Wl`ml snch, l hdtrn, hd cn gícucn plr hc smsthan `h ×salsms. Wm cn ÷salsms iuhrn himgnz, hccn bnrán gld quh cn gndtm`n` `h Wl`ml iuhsh cn amsan `hdtrl y iuhrn `h cns gícucns. Vhrl dl hs cl quh pnsn: hc Wl`ml hstî hd anylr gndtm`n` iuhrn `h cn gícucn (>0? aHq/c) y hd ahdlr `hdtrl `h cn gícucn (>6 aHq/c). Hs plr hsl quh cn anylrán `hc Wl`ml snch `h cn gícucn pnrn ud smsthan ccnan`l" trndsplrth ngtmvl " `÷d`h cn prhshdgmn `hc Vltnsml y hc usl `h hdhrkán, sld hshdgmnchs. (Hihgtls `h hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls shrhs vmvls, ?6>;) Cn olaon sl`ml-pltnsml iudgmldn `h andhrn nsmaítrmgn, `h tnc suhrth quh cn glrrmhdth s÷`mgn `h sncm`n hs `h anylr ankdmtu` quh cn glrrmhdth `h hdtrn`n pltîsmgn. Glal gldshguhdgmn `h hsth iudgmldnamhdtl nsmaítrmgl sh khdhrn hc plthdgmnc `h rhplsl trndsahaorndn. Hd gundtl n cn sncm`n `h gncgml, tnaomíd mdthrvhd`rán udn olaon quh utmcmzn hdhrkán prlvhdmhdth `h cn `hkrn`ngm÷d `hc NPV. Cn sncm`n `hc gncgml `hphd`h `h cn krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d `h sl`ml y plr gldsmkumhdth hs mdicum`n plr cn olaon sl`ml pltnsml. (Hihgtls `h hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls shrhs shrhs vmvls, vmvls, ?6>;)

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?9?

Cn sncm`n `hc Wl`ml (Dn+) `h cn gícucn, bngh gld quh hc cáqum`l hxtrnghcucnr thdkn ud anylr plthdgmnc hcígtrmgl plsmtmvl. Hsl ntrnhrî cls álds dhkntmvls (Gclrl, htg.) pnrn iuhrn `h cn gícucn. Gld aîs Dn+ y Gc - iuhrn `h cn gícucn, hc nkun snc`rî `h `hdtrl `h cn gícucn, plr ÷salsms, hvmtnd`l hc hdtuahgmamhdtl nrrmon `h cl dlranc. @h hsn andhrn pl`hals hdthd`hr cn maplrtndgmn `hc Vltnsml hd cn ncmahdtngm÷d `h cns phrsldns, plrquh su `himgmhdgmn `nþn hc iudgmldnamhdtl `h cn olaon Dn+ :E+ quh hs hshdgmnc n cn vm`n dlranc `h tl`ns cns gícucns `hc guhrpl buandl. Hc Ankdhsml tnaomíd

hs auy maplrtndth plrquh hs pnrth `h cn alcígucn `h hdhrkán ( Ak-NPV), hshdgmnc nc iudgmldnamhdtl `h hsh smsthan. (Hihgtls `h hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls shrhs vmvls, ?6>;) Vlr hjhapcl: Hd cns phrsldns bmphrthdsns, bmphrthdsns, cn snc `hoh shr plgl gldsuam`n, plrquh hccn nuahdtn cn gndtm`n` `h nkun hd hc lrkndmsal y hd gldshguhdgmn nuahdtn cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc. Hstls ingtlrhs nuahdtnd hc icujl `h nkun pnrn `hdtrl `h cn gícucn y cn olaon

Dn+: E+ `hoh shr auy himgnz pnrn mdthdtnr hvmtnr hc hdtuahgmamhdtl `h cn gícucn h su  plsmoch auhrth. Wm dl bny ud ouhd suamdmstrl `h Vltnsml y Ankdhsml, cn olaon Dn: E, dl trnonjnrî glrrhgtnahdth, cchvnd`l n cns gldshguhdgmns ahdgmldn`ns. ahdgmldn`ns. Hs plr hsl, quh pnrn cns phrsldns bmphrthdsns, sld `hshnochs cls ncmahdtls gld ahdls Wl`ml, y aîs Vltnsml. (Hihgtls `h hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls shrhs vmvls, ?6>;)

Iudgmldnamhdtl Iudgmldna mhdtl y Ngtmvngmld `h cn Oldon `h Dn+: E+ Hd onsh dl hs aîs quh cn trndsamsm÷d `hc ahdsnjh (quh hs ud mapucsl m apucsl dhrvmlsl `h gnrîgthr hcígtrmgl) quh hs gld`ugm`l n trnvís `hc guhrpl ghcucnr n cl cnrkl `hc nx÷d bnstn hc olt÷d smdîtmgl pnrn cmohrnr nckudn sustndgmn trndsamslrn. Cn dhurldn tmhdh ud ah`ml mdthrdl y ud ah`ml hxthrdl, tndtl iuhrn glal `hdtrl tmhdh mldhs plsmtmvls y dhkntmvls, nudquh gn`n ah`ml suhch thdhr udn anylr gldghdtrngm÷d `h mldhs, nsá hc ah`ml mdthrdl tmhd`h n shr dhkntmvl y hc ah`ml hxthrdl n plsmtmvl. @h tnc ilran quh hc ah`ml hxthrdl `h cn dhurldn cl gldstmtuyhd iud`nahdtncahdth Wl`ml (Dn+) y Gclrl (gc-) y hd hc ah`ml mdthrdl pltnsml (E+) y Ndmldhs (N-). Vnrn hdthd`hr g÷al sh andtmhdh hstn `mstrmougm÷d `h mldhs bny quh hdthd`hr `ls gldghptls gcnrls: Hd hc gnsl `hc Vltnsml hc K@ ch hapujn bngmn iuhrn phrl glal hc ah`ml hxthrdl hs plsmtmvl sh rhphch. Hd hc gnsl `h cls ndmldhs, hc K@ ch hapujn bngmn iuhrn y hc KH ch ntrnh phrl sld `hansmn`ls krnd`hs pnrn trnspnsnr cn ahaorndn. Hd hc gnsl `hc Wl`ml: Hc K@ ch locmkn n hdtrnr y hc KH ch ntrnh, phrl dl cl bngh (plgls gndnchs `h sl` sl`ml ml y cn olaon `h sl`ml pltnsml quh hxpucsn trhs mldhs `h sl`ml plr gn`n `ls `h pltnsml) ] hd hc gnsl `hc Gclrl: hc K@ ch hapujn n hdtrnr phrl hc KH cl rhphch.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?97

Xdn vhz hdthd`m`l hstl pl`hals vhr ^XÍ hs hc plthdgmnc `h nggm÷d quh sh rmkh  plr cn chy `hc tl`l l dn`n (86 av): HC VLPHDGMNC @H NGGMLD: Hc Vlthdgmnc `h Nggm÷d hs ud gnaoml orhvh hd cn phrahnomcm`n` `h cn ahaorndn nc pnsl `h cls mldhs `h sl`ml y pltnsml. Wu `urngm÷d hs `h 0 amcmshkud`ls nprlxman`nahdth. ] slcl sh prl`ugh gund`l suphrnals hc uaornc aádmal `h hxgmtngm÷d. (Ndldmal, ?6>;)

IMWMLCLKÁN IMWMLCLKÁ N @H CN AHAO_NDN -

@hsplcnrmzngm÷d: Nphrturn `h cls gndnchs `h Wl`ml y Hdtrn`n `h

-

_hplcnrmzngm÷d: Wh gmhrrnd cls gndnchs `h Wl`ml y sh norhd cls `h

sl`ml Vltnsml nsá sh prl`ugh udn sncm`n `h pltnsml nc hxthrmlr `h cn ahaorndn -

Bmphrplcnrmzngm÷d: sncm`n ansmvn `h pltnsml

-

_hplsl: bny plgl pltnsml iuhrn. Cn ahaorndn sh hstnomcmzn Hc

gnaoml `h plthdgmnc sh prl`ugh `hom`l n cn hdtrn`n `h sl`ml nc mdthrmlr `h cn ahaorndn, nsá glal `h cn sncm`n `h pltnsml, hsh gnaoml hcígtrmgl sh `n ncthrdntmvnahdth hd hc nx÷d, n al`l `h hjhapcl hsglkhrhals udn gld`uggm÷d clgnc, `n`l hd cls nx÷dhs namhcádmgls. Hd rhplsl cls gndnchs hstîd auy nomhrtls pnrn hc pltnsml. Cn thd`hdgmn khdhrnc hs hqumcmornrsh n -;6av, y hsth hqumcmorml sh prl`ugh krngmns n cn olaon `h sl`ml-pl sl`ml-pltnsml5 tnsml5 cn  olaon `h sl`ml-pltnsml ngtún `h tnc ilran quh tmhd`h n hqumcmornr hc plthdgmnc `h cn ahaorndnn y cl bngh sngnd`l > `h sl`ml plr gn`n 7 `h pltnsml quh ahth. Hstn hs su iudgm÷d, ahaornd bnghr quh snckn sl`ml y hdtrh pltnsml. (Ndldmal, ?6>;) Gld cn prlpnkngm÷d `hc mapucsl dhrvmlsl cn ahaorndn sh vuhcvh aîs phrahnoch nc sl`ml, nsá npnrhgh hc Vlthdgmnc `h Nggm÷d. Hstn `hsplcnrmzngm÷d hd hc gldl nx÷dmgl hs cl quh prlvlgn hc gnaoml `h plthdgmnc, nudquh hc hstáaucl puh`h shr ahgîdmgl, tíramgl, hcígtrmgl... htg. Ouhdl udn vhz cchkn`l hc mapucsl m apucsl hcígtrmgl nc olt÷d smdîptmgl hsth prl`ugh udn nphrturn `h gndnchs `h gncgml quh `n cuknr n cn cmorh cm orh nggm÷d `h dhurltrndsamslrhs pnrn nsá glaudmgnrsh gld ltrn dhurldn. Bh nquá CN WMDNVWMW cuknr l rhkm÷d `ld`h sh hstnoch cn udm÷d iudgmldnc hdtrh dhurldns. (Ndldmal, ?6>;)

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?90

HCHGP_L @MNKD×WPMGL ] HCHGP_LPH_NVMN Hs cn mdthrinsh hdtrh cn ah`mgmdn gcádmgn y hc prlp÷smtl ngtmvl `h cn rhguphrngm÷d iudgmldnc, quh puh`h lothdhrsh gld udn loshrvngm÷d `mdîamgn `h cn hdihrah`n` y udn  plthdgmnc mdthrvhdgm÷d. mdthrvhdgm÷d. (Ah`moclk, ?6>8) ?6>8) Xdn glaomdngm÷d `h cls ah`mls inranglc÷kmgls y dhurlimsmlc÷kmgls, dhurlimsmlc÷kmgls, udm`n n udn krnd vnrmh`n` `h ltrns tígdmgns rhbnomcmtn`lrns, phramth ud ahjlr `mnkd÷stmgl y trntnamhdtl `h cls trnstlrdls altlrhs, prl`ugtmvls plr cls prlghsls dhurlc÷kmgls, gld`ugh

n cns onshs gmhdtáimgns `h cn ah`mgmdn rhbnomcmtn`lrn. (Ah`moclk, ?6>8) @hdtrl `h cns tígdmgns quh puh`hd utmcmznrsh pnrn hvncunr cn iudgm÷d `hc smsthan dhurlausgucnr, bny quh `hstngnr cls hstu`mls hchgtrlamlkrîimgls y hc omlihh`onge. (Ah`moclk, ?6>8)

Hchgtrl`mnkdlstmgl Cls prmdgmpnchs pnrîahtrls `hc hchgtrl`mnkd÷stmgl plr hstmaucngm÷d sld cls smkumhdths: gurvn M/t, grldnxmn, vnclrngm÷d guncmtntmvn `h cn rhspuhstn ausgucnr, thst `h Imsbklc`, glgmhdth `h nglal`ngm÷d y hc thst `h hxgmtnomcm`n` inrî`mgn. Cn hstmaucngm÷d hcígtrmgn `h aúsgucls `hsdhrvn`ls khdhrn krnd`hs gldtrlvhrsmns. Hc prltlglcl prlpuhstl tmhdh plr lojhtmvl prhvhdmr cn imorlsms ausgucnr `urndth hc phrál`l `h rhmdhrvngm÷d. Gldsmsth hd hstmaucnr hcígtrmgnahdth hc aúsgucl `hsdhrvn`l (tltnc l pnrgmncahdth) gld ud mapucsl udm`mrhggmldnc rhgtndkucnr `h 76-766 amcmshkud`ls `h `urngm÷d. Hc trntnamhdtl gldstn `h gmdgl mapucsls plr `án, gld udn shpnrngm÷d hdtrh hccls `h guntrl shkud`lss (6,? Bz). (Ah`moclk, ?6>8) shkud`l

AHPL@LW P_N@MGMLDNCHW @H HCHGP_L@MNKD HCHGP_L@MNKD×WPMGL ×WPMGL Cns gurvns `h mdthdsm`n`-tmhapl sld ud smsthan `h hxpclrngm÷d quh utmcmzn glrrmhdths `h onjn irhguhdgmn pnrn prl`ugmr cn gldtrnggm÷d ausgucnr. Vnrn hccl sh dhghsmtn udn mdthdsm`n` aádman `h glrrmhdth, n cn quh Cnpmquh `hdlamd÷ "rhlonsh". Cn `hthramdngm÷d `hc tmhapl aádmal `hc icujl `h udn glrrmhdth `h mdthdsm`n` `loch `h cn rhlonsh sh `hdlamd÷ "grldnxmn". (Ah`moclk, ?6>8) @h cl ndthrmlr `h `h`ugh quh, gundtl ahdlr hs cn `urngm÷d `hc mapucsl, anylr `hoh shr cn mdthdsm`n` `h cn glrrmhdth. @h cn rhcngm÷d `h hstls `ls ingtlrhs surkh hc aítl`l `h hxpclrngm÷d dhurlausgucnr `hdlamdn`l gurvns `h mdthdsm`n`-tmhapl. (Ah`moclk, ?6>8)

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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Hchgtrlthrnpmn Cn hchgtrlthrnpmn hs udn `msgmpcmdn quh sh hdkclon `hdtrl `h cn ah`mgmdn iásmgn y rhbnomcmtngm÷d y sh `himdh glal hc nrth y cn gmhdgmn `hc trntnamhdtl `h chsmldhs y hdihrah`n`hs plr ah`ml `h cn hchgtrmgm`n`. cn  hchgtrmgm`n`. Cn Bmstlrmn `h cn Hchgtrlthrnpmn hs auy ndtmkun y sh rhaldtn n cn npcmgngm÷d `h cns `hsgnrkns `hc phz `hc phz tlrph`l hd cn íplgn krmhkn y rlandn (vínsh, Bmstlrmn, hd hd imsmlthrnpmn)  imsmlthrnpmn).. Ngtuncahdth, cn thgdlclkán bn `hsnrrlccn`l duahrlsls npnrntls (prl`ugtls

sndmtnrmls) pnrn sndmtnrmls)  pnrn cn npcmgngm÷d `h cn hchgtrlthrnpmn smd glrrhr rmhskls `h hihgtls shgud` shgud`nrmls, nrmls, glal cls PHDW l cls hstmaucn`lrhs `h nctn l onjn iirhguhdgmn. rhguhdgmn. Cls prmdgmpnchs hihgtls `h cns `mstmdtns glrrmhdths `h hchgtrlthrnpmn sld: -

Ndtm-mdicnantlrml.

-

Ndnckísmgl.

-

Ahjlrn `hc trlimsal.

-

Vlthdgmngm÷d dhurl-ausgucnr.

-

Píramgl, hd hc gnsl `h hchgtrlthrnpmn `h nctn irhguhdgmn

-

Ilrtnchgmamhdtl ausgucnr

Hs cn npcmgngm÷d `h hdhrkán prlgh`hdth `hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl nc lrkndmsal buandl, pnrn khdhrnr slorh cls thjm`ls, rhspuhstns omlc÷kmgns `hshn`ns y thrnpíutmgns. • Cn npcmgngm÷d plr `hihgtl dl

gldsmkuh cn rhspuhstn thrnpíutmgn.

• Cn npcmgngm÷d hd hxghsl snturn nc smsthan y `nþn cls thjm`ls trntn`ls. •  Cn npcmgngm÷d glrrhgtn prl`ugh rhspuhstns omlc÷kmgns ousgn`ns n al`l `h

trntnamhdtls thrnpíutmgls. thrnpíutmgls. (Ah`moclk, ?6>8)

WLDM@L Hc sldm`l (`hc cntád  sldġtus), plr ndnclkán prls÷`mgn gld rum`l, gbmrrm`l, rukm`l, rukm`l, htg.), hd iásmgn, hd iásmgn, hs guncqumhr  ihd÷ahdl  ihd÷ahdl quh mdvlcugrh cn prlpnkngm÷d prlpnkngm÷d `h ld`ns ahgîdmgns (shnd nu`mochs l dl), khdhrncahdth n trnvís `h ud icum`l (u ltrl ah`ml hcîstmgl)quh hcîstmgl) quh hstí khdhrnd`l hc alvmamhdtl vmorntlrml `h ud guhrpl. (Ohdn`h & Nrtbur, ?6>6) Hc sldm`l buandnahdth nu`moch gldsmsth hd ld`ns hd ld`ns sldlrns y ld`ns ngústmgns quh sh prl`ughd gund`l cns lsgmcngmldhs `h cn prhsm÷d `hc nmrh, sld gldvhrtm`ns hd ld`ns ahgîdmgns hd hc lá`l buandl y phrgmom`ns plr hc ghrhorl. Cn prlpnkngm÷d `hc sldm`l hs smamcnr hd cls icum`ls, ic um`ls, `ld`h hc sldm`l tlan cn ilran `h icugtungmldhs `h prhsm÷d prhsm÷d..> Hd cls

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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guhrpls s÷cm`ls cn prlpnkngm÷d `hc sldm`l mdvlcugrn vnrmngmldhs `hc hstn`l thdsmldnc `hc ah`ml. (Ohdn`h & Nrtbur, ?6>6) Cn prlpnkngm÷d `hc sldm`l mdvlcugrn trndsplrth `h hdhrkán smd trndsplrth `h anthrmn, hd ilran `h ld`ns ahgîdmgns quh sh prlpnknd n trnvís `h ud ah`ml hcîstmgl s÷cm`l, cáqum`l l knshlsl. Hdtrh cls aîs glaudhs sh hdguhdtrnd hc nmrh y hc nkun.  Dl Dl sh  prlpnknd hd hc vngál, nc gldtrnrml quh cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns. Wm cns vmorngmldhs sh  prl`ughd hd cn amsan `mrhggm÷d hd cn quh sh prlpnkn hc sldm`l, sh trntn `h udn ld`n

cldkmtu`mdnc y sm cns vmorngmldhs sld phrphd`mgucnrhs n cn `mrhggm÷d `h prlpnkngm÷d hs udn ld`n trndsvhrsnc. (Ohdn`h & Nrtbur, ?6>6) Cn ildítmgn ngústmgn gldghdtrn su mdthrís hsphgmncahdth hd cls sldm`ls `hc bnocn: g÷al sh khdhrnd, g÷al sh phrgmohd, y g÷al sh puh`hd `hsgrmomr krîimgn l gundtmtntmvnahdth. (Ohdn`h & Nrtbur, ?6>6) Hd iásmgn, hs guncqumhr ihd÷ahdl quh mdvlcugrh cn prlpnkngm÷d hd ilran `h ld`ns hcîstmgns (shnd nu`mochs l dl), khdhrncahdth n trnvís `h ud icum`l i cum`l (u ltrl ah`ml hcîstmgl) quh hstí khdhrnd`l hc alvmamhdtl vmorntlrml `h ud guhrpl. Hc sldm`l buandnahdth nu`moch gldsmsth hd ld`ns sldlrns quh prl`ughd lsgmcngmldhs `h cn prhsm÷d `hc nmrh, quh sld gldvhrtm`ns hd ld`ns ahgîdmgns hd hc lá`l buandl y phrgmom`ns plr hc ghrhorl. Cn prlpnkngm÷d `hc sldm`l hs smamcnr hd cls icum`ls, `ld`h hc sldm`l tlan cn ilran `h icugtungmldhs `h prhsm÷d. Hd cls guhrpls s÷cm`ls cn  prlpnkngm÷d `hc sldm`l sldm`l mdvlcugrn mdvlcugrn vnrmngmldhs `hc hstn`l thdsmldnc thdsmldnc `hc ah`ml. Cn nu`mgm÷d gldstmtuyh cls prlghsls psmgl-imsmlc÷kmgls quh prlplrgmldnd nc shr buandl cn gnpngm`n` `h lmr. (Ohdn`h & Nrtbur, ?6>6)

NX@MGM×D Cn nu`mgm÷d hstî gldstmtum`n plr cls prlghsls psmglimsmlc÷kmgls quh prlplrgmldnd nc shr buandl cn gnpngm`n` `h lár. Hc gld`ugtl nu`mtmvl hxthrdl l ahntl nu`mtmvl hxthrdl hs udn gnvm`n` `hc lá`l hxthrdl guyn iudgm÷d hs gld`ugmr hc sldm`l (cns vmorngmldhs  prlvlgn`ns plr cn vnrmngm÷d `hc nmrh) `hs`h hc pnohcc÷d nurmgucnr bnstn hc táapndl. (Wgbmiiand, ?6>>)

LD@NW WLDL_NW Hs udn ld`n cldkmtu`mdnc quh trndsamth cl quh sh nslgmn gld sldm`l. Wm sh prlpnkn hd ud ah`ml hcîstmgl y gldtmdul khdhrn udn vnrmngm÷d clgnc `h prhsm÷d l `hdsm`n`, quh sh trndsamth hd ilran `h ld`n hsiírmgn phrm÷`mgn l gunsm phrm÷`mgn. Ahgîdmgnahdth Ahgîdmgnahdth cns ld`ns

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?9;

sldlrns sld ud tmpl `h ld`n hcîstmgn. Cns vnrmngmldhs `h prhsm÷d, buah`n` l thaphrnturn `hc ah`ml, prl`ughd hc `hspcnznamhdtl `h cns alcígucns quh cl ilrand. Gn`n alcígucn trndsamth cn vmorngm÷d n cns quh sh hdguhdtrhd hd su vhgmd`n`, prlvlgnd`l prlvlgnd`l ud alvmamhdtl hd gn`hdn. (IgaOmlimsmgn, ?6>;) Hsn prlpnkngm÷d `hc alvmamhdtl `h cns alcígucns `hc ah`ml, prl`ughd hd hc lá`l buandl udn shdsngm÷d `hsgrmtn glal sldm`l. (IgaOmlimsmgn, ?6>;)

Yhclgm`n` y hdhrkáns `hc sldm`l Cns pnrtágucns `hc ah`ml sh glaprmahd hd cns zldns `h aîxman napcmtu` `h cn ld`ucngm÷d y sh shpnrnd hd cns `h aádman napcmtu`. Hstns zldns sh `hdlamdnd glaprhsm÷d y rnrhinggm÷d. Cn rnpm`hz `h prlpnkngm÷d `hc sldm`l hstî rhcngmldn`n gld vnrmnochs iásmgns prlpmns `hc anthrmnc glal cn `hdsm`n`, cn thaphrnturn, cn hcnstmgm`n`,  prhsm÷d, sncmdm`n`, sncmdm`n`, htg. (Omimsmgnu`k, ?6>8 ?6>8)) Hd hc gnsl `h ah`mls knshlsls, glal hc nmrh, cns vmorngmldhs sld trnsamtm`ns `h ud  pudtl n ltrl ah`mndth gblquhs hdtrh cns pnrtágucns quh quh gldstmtuyhd hc kns. @h hsth al`l gund`l anylr shn cn `hdsm`n` `hc kns, anylr shrî cn rnpm`hz `h cn ld`n. Hd cls ah`mls s÷cm`ls, sld cns iuhrzns quh udhd hdtrhs sá cns pnrtágucns gldstmtutmvns `hc guhrpl cns quh sh hdgnrknd `h prlpnknr cn phrturongm÷d `h ud pudtl n ltrl. Hsth prlgh`mamhdtl aîs `mrhgtl hxpcmgn plr quí cn rnpm`hz `hc sldm`l hs anylr hd cls s÷cm`ls quh hd cls knshs. (Omimsmgnu`k, ?6>8) Cn rnpm`hz `hc sldm`l vnrán auy plgl gld cn thaphrnturn hd cls s÷cm`ls y cáqum`ls, smd haonrkl hd cls knshs, nuahdtn gld cn thaphrnturn plrquh sh mdgrhahdtn cn  prlonomcm`n` `h cls gblquhs hdtrh hdtrh cns alcígucns. alcígucns. (Omimsmgnu`k, ?6>8) ?6>8) Hc ncgndgh `h udn ld`n `h sldm`l hd ud ah`ml, hstî `mrhgtnahdth gld cn hdhrkán quh noslroh y cn rnpm`hz hsphgáimgnahdth hd ud s÷cm`l, sh vh nihgtn`n plr cn `hdsm`n` y  plr cn hcnstmgm`n`. hcnstmgm`n`. (Omimsmgnu`k, ??6>8) 6>8) N dmvhc alchgucnr ud anthrmnc gld nctn hcnstmgm`n` (rákm`l) sh gnrngthrmzn plr krnd`hs iuhrzns hdtrh sus alcígucns. Hstl bngh quh cns pnrtágucns vuhcvnd rîpm`nahdth n sus plsmgmldhs `h hqumcmorml y hstíd `mspuhstns n mdmgmnr `h duhvl ud alvmamhdtl, cl quh chs phramth vmornr n nctns vhclgm`n`hs. Vlr cl tndtl, hc sldm`l vmnjn aîs rîpm`l n trnvís `h ah`mls gld anylr hcnstmgm`n`. (Omimsmgnu`k, (Omimsmgnu`k, ?6>8) Cn `hdsm`n` `h ud ah`ml rhprhshdtn cn ansn plr udm`n` `h vlcuahd. Nsá amhdtrns aîs `hdsl hs ud anthrmnc, anylr shrî cn ansn `h cns c ns alcígucns, sm sh gldsm`hrn ud amsal vlcuahd, cl quh mapcmgn quh quh hc sldm`l sh trnsamth aîs chdtnahdth. chdtnahdth. Hstl sh `hoh n quh quh cns ld`ns `h sldm`l trnsplrtnd hdhrkán, quh hs cn rhspldsnoch rhspldsnoch `h cn vmorngm÷d `h ud ah`ml, y

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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sh dhghsmtn aîs hdhrkán pnrn bnghr vmornr cns alcígucns krnd`hs quh cn rhquhrm`n pnrn bnghr vmornr alcígucns aîs phquhþns. Vlr hstl, hc sldm`l vmnjn aîs chdtl hd ud lojhtl aîs `hdsl, sm naols tmhdhd cn amsan prlpmh`n` hcnstmgm`n`. (Omimsmgnu`k, ?6>8)

HDH_KÁN @HC WLDM@L Cn hdhrkán sldlrn (l hdhrkán ngústmgn) hs cn hdhrkán quh trndsamthd l trndsplrtnd

cns ld`ns sldlrns. Vrlgh`h `h cn hdhrkán vmorngmldnc `hc ilgl sldlrl y sh prlpnkn n cns  pnrtágucns `hc ah`ml quh ntrnvmhsnd hd ilran `h hdhrkán gmdítmgn (alvmamhdtl `h cns  pnrtágucns), y `h hdhrkán plthdgmnc (gnaomls `hprhsm÷d prl`ugm`ls hd `mgbl ah`ml, l prhsm÷d sldlrn). Nc mrsh prlpnknd`l hc sldm`l n trnvís t rnvís `hc ah`ml, cn hdhrkán sh trndsamth n cn vhclgm`n` `h cn ld`n, phrl udn pnrth `h cn hdhrkán sldlrn sh `msmpn hd ilran `h hdhrkán tíramgn. Cn hdhrkán ngústmgn suhch thdhr vnclrhs noslcutls onjls, y su udm`n` `h ah`m`n hs hc jucml (J). Nudquh puh`h gncgucnrsh n pnrtmr `h ltrns ankdmtu`hs glal cn mdthdsm`n` sldlrn, tnaomíd sh puh`hd gncgucnr ltrns ankdmtu`hs rhcngmldn`ns, glal cn `hdsm`n` l hc icujl `h hdhrkán ngústmgn. (Omimsmgnu`k, ?6>8)

Hchahdtls `h udn Ld`n 

 

Grhstn: Cn grhstn hs hc pudtl aîs nctl `h `mgbn napcmtu` l pudtl

aîxmal `h snturngm÷d `h cn ld`n.

 



 

Vhrál`l: Hc Vhrál`l:  Hc phrml`l hs hc tmhapl quh tnr`n cn ld`n hd mr `h ud pudtl

`h aîxman napcmtu` nc smkumhdth. 

 

 

Napcmtu`: Cn Napcmtu`:  Cn napcmtu` hs cn `mstndgmn vhrtmgnc hdtrh udn grhstn y hc

 pudtl ah`ml `h cn ld`n. D÷thsh quh puh`hd hxmstmr ld`ns guyn napcmtu` shn vnrmnoch, hs `hgmr, grhzgn l `hgrhzgn gld hc pnsl `hc tmhapl. 

 

 

Irhguhdgmn: Dúahrl Irhguhdgmn:  Dúahrl `h vhghs quh hs rhphtm`n `mgbn vmorngm÷d. Hd

ltrns pncnorns, hs udn smapch rhphtmgm÷d `h vnclrhs plr ud phrál`l `hthramdn`l.

 



 

Yncch: Hs hc pudtl aîs onjl `h udn ld`n.



 

Cldkmtu` `h ld`n: @mstndgmn ld`n: @mstndgmn quh bny hdtrh `ls grhstns gldshgutmv gldshgutmvns ns

 

`h `mgbl tnanþl. (ZXVBH_LZZLDL, s.i.)

 

GXNCM@N@HW @HC WLDM@L Khdhrncahdth sh utmcmznd guntrl guncm`n`hs suojhtmvns pnrn `hsgrmomr ud sldm`l ausmgnc: mdthdsm`n`, tldl, tmaorh y `urngm÷d. Gn`n udl `h hstls ntrmoutls `hphd`h `h udl l aîs pnrîahtrls iásmgls quh puh`hd shr ah`m`ls. (Ourondl & Knrgmn, ?6>6)

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?9=

@hs`h hc pudtl `h vmstn `h cn mdthdsm`n`, cls sldm`ls puh`hd `mvm`mrsh hd iuhrths y `íomchs. Cn mdthdsm`n` `hphd`h prmdgmpncahdth `h cn prhsm÷d sldlrn (mdthdsm`n`), hs cn guncm`n` quh dls phramth `mstmdkumr hdtrh ud sldm`l nku`l l nctl y ltrl krnvh l onjl. Vnrn ud sldm`l purl hc tldl vmhdh `hthramdn`l prmdgmpncahdth plr cn irhguhdgmn, nudquh tnaomíd puh`h gnaomnr gld cn prhsm÷d y cn hdvlcvhdth. Hc tmaorh `h ud sldm`l hs cn guncm`n` hd vmrtu` `h cn quh pl`hals `mstmdkumr `ls

sldm`ls `h mkunc irhguhdgmn h mdthdsm`n` hamtm`ls plr `ls ilgls sldlrls `mihrhdths. Hc tmaorh sh `hoh n quh khdhrncahdth ud sldm`l dl hs purl y `hphd`h prmdgmpncahdth `hc hsphgtrl. Vhrl tnaomíd `hphd`h hd krnd andhrn `h cn hdvlcvhdth y `h cn irhguhdgmn. Cn `urngm÷d iásmgn `h ud sldm`l y cn phrgmom`n hstîd auy rhcngmldn`ns nudquh dl sld hxngtnahdth cl amsal. Cn `urngm÷d phrgmom`n hs nquhc mdthrvncl thaplrnc hd hc quh hc sldm`l phrsmsth smd `msgldtmdum`n`, phrl tnaomíd `hc hsphgtrl `h pnrgmnchs y `h cn `urngm÷d. (HBXW, ?6>;)

Cn vlz buandn Cn vlz buandn hs prl`ugm`n hd cn cnrmdkh, guyn pnrth hshdgmnc, cn kcltms, gldstmtuyh hc vhr`n`hrl ÷rkndl `h ildngm÷d buandl. Hc nmrh nm rh prlgh`hdth `h cls pucaldhs, hs ilrzn`l `urndth cn hspmrngm÷d n trnvís `h cn kcltms, bngmhd`l vmornr cls `ls pnrhs `h guhr`ns vlgnchs, quh sh nshahjnd n `ls chdkóhtns `lochs ahaorndîghns. Cns gnvm`n`hs `h cn gnohzn,, rhcngmldn`ns gld hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml y dnslinrádkhl, ngtúnd glal rhsldn`l gnohzn rhsldn`lrhs. rhs. Hc npnrntl `h ildngm÷d puh`h shr gldtrlcn`l gldsgmhdthahdth plr qumhd bnocn l gndtn. Cn vnrmngm÷d `h cn mdthdsm`n` `hphd`h `h cn iuhrzn `h cn hspmrngm÷d. Hd hc blaorh cns guhr`ns vlgnchs sld nckl aîs cnrkns y aîs kruhsns quh hd cn aujhr y hc dmþl, plr cl quh prl`ugh sldm`ls aîs krnvhs. Cn hxthdsm÷d `h cns vlghs hs nprlxman`nahdth `h `ls lgtnvns pnrn gn`n vlz. (HBXW, ?6>;)

Omliásmgn `h cn phrghp phrghpgm÷d gm÷d nu`mtmvn Cn phrghpgm÷d sldlrn hs hc rhsuctn`l `h cls prlghsls psmglc÷kmgls quh tmhdhd cuknr hd hc smsthan hc smsthan nu`mtmvl ghdtrnc y phramthd mdthrprhtnr cls sldm`ls cls sldm`ls r hgmom`ls. hgmom`ls. Cn Cn psmglngústmgn  psmglngústmgn hstu`mn cn phrghpgm÷d `hc sldm`l `hs`h cn psmglclkán (phrghpgm÷d sldlrl suojhtmvn) y `hsgrmoh cn andhrn hd quh sh phrgmohd cns guncm`n`hs (gnrngthrástmgns) `hc sldm`l, `hc  sldm`l, cn  cn phrghpgm÷d `hc hspngml n trnvís `hc sldm`l hsgugbn sldm`l hsgugbn omdnurnc y hc ihd÷ahdl `hc  hdansgnrnamhdtl, `hc hdansgnrnamhdtl, hdtrh ltrns glsns. (Xdedlwd, ?6>8) Anrsbncc AgCubnd hd su thlrán `h cn phrghpgm÷d nimran quh cn mankhd sldlrn dhghsmtn shr ilrtnchgm`n plr ltrls shdtm`ls. Dl plrquh cn mankhd sldlrn shn `íomc,

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smdl plrquh cn phrghpgm÷d buandn tmhdh krnd `hphd`hdgmn `h cn  phrghpgm÷d vmsuncy vmsuncy hc shdtm`l `hc lá`l dhghsmtn quh cn vmstn gldimrah cl quh bn phrgmom`l. (Xdedlwd, ?6>8) ?6>8) Inshs `h cn phrghpgm÷d sldlrn Cn phrghpgm÷d nu`mtmvn sh `n hd gmdgl inshs: 

@hthggm÷d.



@msgrmamdngm÷d.

   

 

 



 



 



 

M`hdtmimgngm÷d.

 

 

_hgldlgmamhdtl. Glaprhdsm÷d.  

Vhrghpgm÷d `h cns guncm`n`hs `hc sldm`l Cns guncm`n`hs (gnrngthrástmgns) `hc sldm`l `hc sldm`l sld: sld: 

Mdthdsm`n` l plthdgmn



Pldl l ncturn



Pmaorh l glclr 



@urngm÷d.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hstns guncm`n`hs vmhdhd `hthramdn`ns plr cls prlpmls pnrîahtrls `h cns ld`ns sldlrns, prmdgmpncahdth cn irhguhdgmn cn irhguhdgmn y cn napcmtu`. cn napcmtu`. (Xdedlwd,  (Xdedlwd, ?6>8) Cls pnrîahtrls psmglngústmgls aîs rhchvndths r hchvndths sld: 

 

Wldlrm`n`: phrghpgm÷d Wldlrm`n`:  phrghpgm÷d suojhtmvn `h cn mdthdsm`n` cn mdthdsm`n` (napcmtu`). (napcmtu`).

 

Ncturn hstî cmkn`n n cn phrghpgm÷d `hc tldl (hd gldgrhtl, gld



 

cn irhguhdgmn cn irhguhdgmn i ud`nahdtnc ud`nahdtnc `h cn shþnc sldlrn5 g÷al sh phrgmoh cl krnvh l nku`l quh hs ud sldm`l). 

 

 

Pmaorh:   hs cn gnpngm`n` quh phramth `mstmdkumr cn amsan dltn Pmaorh:

 prl`ugm`n plr `ls mdstruahdtls ausmgnchs `mihrhdths. Hc Hc tmaorh hstî hstî gnrngthrmzn`l gnrngthrmzn`l  plr cn ilran `h cn cn ld`n, hs `hgmr, plr su glapldhdth su glapldhdth nra÷dmgl.

 

@urngm÷d: hs hc tmhapl @urngm÷d: hs t mhapl quh vmorn cn ld`n `hc sldm`l. @hom`l n cn shdsmomcm`n` cn shdsmomcm`n` (himgmhdgmn `h cn rhspuhstn cn rhspuhstn hd irhguhdgmn)  irhguhdgmn) `hc lá`lbuandl, 

 

 

hstls tíramdls hd hc gldthxtl `h cn psmglngústmgn dl sld tltncahdth md`hphd`mhdths. Cns guntrl sh mdicuyhd autunahdth. Al`mimgnd`l ud pnrîahtrl gnaomndcls ltrls y gnaomn cn  phrghpgm÷d `hc sldm`l. Vlr hjhapcl, sm sh al`mimgn cn mdthdsm`n` `h ud sldm`l (su sldlrm`n`) hstl nihgtn n cn phrghpgm÷d `h cn ncturn y `hc tmaorh, htg.

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Hsgugbn omdnurnc Cn andhrn hd quh hc shr buandl phrgmoh hc sldm`l `hphd`h `hc bhgbl iásmgl `h quh guhdtn gld `ls lá`ls.  lá`ls.  Cn hsgugbn omdnurnc hs cn rhspldsnoch `h cn phrghpgm÷d (`hthggm÷d) `h cn `mrhggm÷d `hc sldm`l, y n`haîs hc lá`l snoh guîd`l hsgugbn su gndtl l dl (sldm`l) plr hsl hc lá`l tmhdh hsh gld`ugtl quh cl cchvn nc gnrnglc. (Xdedlwd, ?6>8)

NX@M×AHP_L. Hs ud mdstruahdtl hchgtr÷dmgl `mshþn`l pnrn cn ah`mgm÷d `h cn shdsmomcm`n` nu`mtmvn y pnrn hc hdvál `h hstáaucls suprnuaornchs gncmorn`ls. Cn pncnorn nu`m÷ahtrl hstî glapuhstn plr `himdmgm÷d `hc cntád nu`mrh, lár y `hc krmhkl ahtrld, ah`m`n). Hc nu`m÷ahtrl hs ud npnrntl hcígtrmgl quh smrvh pnrn ah`mr cn nu`mgm÷d tndtl hd hc uaornc glal hd hc `mdthc, n`haîs `h pl`hr hxpclrnr cns plsmomcm`n`hs nu`mlaítrmgns n trnvís `h cn ván nu`mtmvn. (Whonstmîd, ?6>=)

CN CXZ Cn cuz (`hc (`hc cntád  cntád c uux, x, cugms cugms)) hs cn pnrth `h cn rn`mngm÷d cn rn`mngm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn hchgtrlankdítmgn quh puh`h shr phrgmom`n plr hc ljl hc ljl buandl. Hd iásmgn, hc tíramdl cuz sh gldsm`hrn glal pnrth `hc gnapl `h cns rn`mngmldhs gldlgm`l glal hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl, amhdtrns quh cn hxprhsm÷d cuz vmsmoch shþncn hsphgáimgnahdth cn rn`mngm÷d hd hc hsphgtrl vmsmoch. Cn vmsmoch. Cn cuz, glal tl`ns cns rn`mngmldhs hchgtrlankdítmgns, hstî ilran`n plr  pnrtágucns hchahdtnchs `hsprlvmstns `h ansn `h ansn `hdlamdn`ns `hdlamdn`ns iltldhs,  iltldhs, guyns  guyns prlpmh`n`hs `h nguhr`l gld cn `uncm`n` cn `uncm`n` ld`n-pnrtágucn hxpcmgnd cns gnrngthrástmgns `h su glaplrtnamhdtl iásmgl. Wh trntn `h udn ld`n hsiírmgn. ([nctld & _hyhs, ?6>6)

HC HWVHGP_L HCHGP_LANKDÍPMG HCHGP_LANKDÍPMGL L Hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl sh puh`h lrkndmznr `h nguhr`l gld cn irhguhdgmn glrrhspld`mhdth `h cns ld`ns quh cl mdthkrnd, l ndîclknahdth, `h nguhr`l gld sus cldkmtu`hs `h ld`n. Bngmn ud hxtrhal `hc hsphgtrl sh nkrupnd cns ld`ns `h irhguhdgmns aîs onjns y cldkmtu`hs `h ld`n aîs cnrkns, glal cns glrrhspld`mhdths n irhguhdgmns `h sldm`ls quh puh`h phrgmomr hc lá`l buandl, amhdtrns quh hd hc ltrl hxtrhal sh nkrupnd cns ld`ns aîs glrtns y `h anylr irhguhdgmn hd Bhrtz, glal cns phrthdhgmhdths n cns rn`mngmldhs knaan y cls rnyls g÷samgls. (HWLVL, ?6>=)

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Cn `mihrhdgmn hxmsthdth hdtrh ud krupl `h ld`ns y ltrns `hdtrl `hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl hs su irhguhdgmn hd Bhrtz (Bz). ] `n`n cn rhcngm÷d anthaîtmgn gld cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n, tnaomíd sh puh`hd `mihrhdgmnr shkúd su cldkmtu` hd ahtrls (a). ( a). Hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl hs hc gldjudtl `h tl`ns cns irhguhdgmns plsmochs n cns quh sh prl`ugh rn`mngm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn. Hc cáamth th÷rmgl mdihrmlr `hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl hs 6 Bz (yn quh dl hxmsthd irhguhdgmns dhkntmvns) y hc th÷rmgl suphrmlr

hs mdimdmtl. Cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n (ε) y cn irhguhdgmn (i) sh rhcngmldnd `h ilran mdvhrsnahdth  prlplrgmldnc, amhdtrns udn ankdmtu` nuahdtn cn ltrn `msamduyh, `msamduyh, ah`mndth cn rhcngm÷d g1i*ε `ld`h g hs cn vhclgm`n` `h cn cuz n cn

gunc sh prlpnkn udn ld`n hchgtrlankdítmgn,

`mgbn rhcngm÷d sh puh`h nprhgmnr hd cn imkurn ndthrmlr. (HWLVL, ?6>=)  Dl tl`ns cns c ns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns tmhdhd hc amsal glaplrtnamhdtl, plr hccl hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl sh `mvm`h gldvhdgmldncahdth hd shkahdtls l ond`ns `h irhguhdgmn. Hxmsthd udn napcmn vnrmh`n` `h nsphgtls n gldsm`hrnr pnrn hstnochghr cns `mihrhdths ond`ns `hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl y pnrn utmcmznr cns `mihrhdths irhguhdgmns  pnrn `mstmdtns npcmgngmldhs. Hdtrh cls hchahdtls n thdhr hd h d guhdtn sh hdguhdtrnd: (Dúþhz Prhjl, ?6>6) 

 

 Nthdungm÷d gld cn irhguhdgmn: N ahdls irhguhdgmn khdhrncahdth

sh tmhdh ahdlr nthdungm÷d `h cn shþnc y plr cl tndtl anylr ncgndgh.

 



 

 Ingtlrhs gcmantlc÷kmgls: gcm antlc÷kmgls: Cns `mihrhdths irhguhdgmns sld nihgtn`ns

`h ilran `mstmdtn plr ingtlrhs glal cn ccuvmn, dmhocn, gnclr, htg.

 



 

Glaplrtnamhdtl Glaplrtnam hdtl irhdth n lostîgucls: Ahgndmsals `h prlpnkngm÷d.



 

Glaplrtnamhdtl irhdth n cns gnpns `h cn nta÷sihrn: Cns `mstmdtns

 

irhguhdgmns dl sh glaplrtnd mkunc hd cn mldlsihrn l hd cn trlplsihrn, h mdgcusl bny ld`ns quh sh prlpnknd plr cn suphrimgmh thrrhstrh. Hxmsthd nsá `mvhrsls al`ls `h  prlpnkngm÷d `h cns ld`ns. (HWL (HWLVL, VL, ?6>=)

 

Hc ah`ml `h trndsamsm÷d mdicuyh hd cn prlpnkngm÷d `h cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns ah`mndth ihd÷ahdls iásmgls glal rhichxm÷d, rhirnggm÷d, `mirnggm÷d, `msphrsm÷d l noslrgm÷d, hdtrh ltrls. Wus hihgtls `hphd`hd `hc ah`ml (tmpl `h thrrhdl, gld`mgmldhs y gnpns `h cn nta÷sihrn), nsá glal `h cn irhguhdgmn `h cn ld`n, hdtrh ltrls ingtlrhs. Vlr hjhapcl, n pnrtmr `h gmhrtns nctns irhguhdgmns cns ld`ns puh`hd ntrnvhsnr cns gnpns `h cn nta÷sihrn, `nd`l cuknr n glaudmgngmldhs gld hc hspngml hxthrmlr hapchnd`l sntícmths hspngmnchs pnrn glaudmgngmldhs. (HWLVL, ?6>=) Hc hsphgtrl rn`mlhcígtrmgl  rn`mlhcígtrmgl  H_H H_H hs cn pnrth `hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl hchgtrlankdítmgl utmcmzn`n  prmdgmpncahdth pnrn rn`mlglaudmgngmldhs, rn`mlglaudmgngmldhs, `n`l quh dl tl`ns cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns

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tmhdhd cns gnrngthrástmgns dhghsnrmns pnrn shr utmcmzn`ns utmcm zn`ns hd glaudmgngmld glaudmgngmldhs hs mdncîaormgns, slcl cns quh sh hdguhdtrnd hd hc rndkl `h irhguhdgmns plr `honjl `h 7666 KBz ilrand hc `hdlamdn`l hsphgtrl rn`mlhcígtrmgl. (HWLVL, ?6>=)

GLDGHVPLW _HCNPMYLW _HCNPMYLW N CN CXZ Wlplrth anthrmnc `h cn hdhrkán hchgtrlankdítmgn.

Cn `uncm`n` ld`n pnrtágucn `h cn cuz hs udn `h cns gnrngthrástmgns `h cn cuz ahdls glaprhd`m`ns. @h udn pnrth su dnturnchzn ld`ucntlrmn dl lirhgh dmdkudn `u`n plr cls ihd÷ahdls `h mdthrihrhdgmn y, plr ltrn pnrth, hc glaplrtnamhdtl `h cn cuz glal pnrtágucn `h`ugm`l `hc hihgtl iltlhcígtrmgl hs gurmlsl, plrquh yl dl vhl dn`n rnrl dm dmdkudn  pnrtágucn hd udn vmorngm÷d vmorngm÷d quh bnkn udn olcn snctnr udn phquhþn onrrhrn hd udn suphrimgmh suphrimgmh n pnrtmr `h gmhrtn hdhrkán. (Ohrand, Ihmd, & I, ?6>>) Cn mdg÷kdmtn smkuh smhd`l cn hthrdn prhkudtn `h quí hs cn cuz l sm cn cuz tmhdh tm hdh ansn l dl. Whkúd cn iásmgn rhcntmvmstn y cn Ahgîdmgn cn Ahgîdmgn Guîdtmgn ud ilt÷d `h cn cuz hs udn pnrtágucn smd ansn. Gcnrl quh ltrl prlochan `h cn Iásmgn Al`hrdn hs quh tnaplgl sh snoh auy omhd quí hs cn ansn, y nsá sughsmvnahdth. Hc gldghptl `h cuz glal udn pnrtágucn nostrngtn  pnrhgh aîs `hc `hc îaomtl `h cn imclslián imclslián quh `h cn gmhdgmn. (Ohrand, Ihmd, Ihmd, & I, ?6>>) ?6>>) Cn inctn `h ud gldghptl gcnrl `h cn cuz y cn ansn sh nkrnvn gld cn inalsn hgungm÷d `h Hmdsthmd `h trndsilrangm÷d `h ansn hd hdhrkán y vmghvhrsn H 1 a g¿. Hc ghrhorl ngnon  plr grhírshcl grhírshcl cmthrncahdth y pnrhgh quh sld `ls glsns tltncahdth mdthrgnaomnochs y quh cn dnturnchzn `h cn cuz y `h cn ansn `hoh shr cn amsan. (Ohrand, Ihmd, & I, ?6>>)



 

Cn cuz hd cls ihd÷ahdls `h grhngm÷d `h ansn y ld`mdn.  

Cn ansn pnrn hc Al`hcl hc Al`hcl Hstîd`nr Hstîd`nr `h cn Ahgîdmgn cn Ahgîdmgn Guîdtmgn hs ud amsthrml y, nblrn quh sh bn hdgldtrn`l cn pnrtágucn `h Bmkks, quh sh supldh hs cn quh nplrtn cn ansn n cns  pnrtágucns gld ansn, ansn, hc amsthrml gldtmdún. gldtmdún. (Ohrand, Ihmd, Ihmd, & I, ?6>>) Hd cn Ahgîdmgn cn Ahgîdmgn Kclonc, cn ansn shrî cn anthrmn rhtmgucnr glaprmam`n `hom`l n cn hdhrkán hchgtrlankdítmgn l hdhrkán `h tlrsm÷d trndsvhrsnc slorh cn kclomdn. Nsá, cn hdhrkán `h tlrsm÷d sh trndsilran hd hdhrkán rhvhrsmoch `h glaprhsm÷d y hdhrkán `h thdsm÷d `h cn gurvnturn cldkmtu`mdnc l hdhrkán plthdgmnc krnvmtntlrmn. Cn trndsilrangm÷d `h kclomdn hd ansn hs smauctîdhn gld cn trndsilrangm÷d `h ud tmpl `h hdhrkán hcîstmgn hd ltrl. (Ohrand, Ihmd, & I, ?6>>) Cn ld`mdn hs ud tmpl `h ansn, plr shr anthrmn glaprmam`n, auy mdhstnoch quh sh glrrhspld`h gld cls hchgtrldhs. Vnrn `hspcnznrsh `h udn ÷romtn n ltrn cls hchgtrldhs sh

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gldvmhrthd hd hdhrkán hchgtrlankdítmgn bnstn quh sh vuhcvh n glaprmamr cn anthrmn rhtmgucnr, rhcnjnd`l cns `mihrhdgmns `h cn thdsm÷d trndsvhrsnc y gldsmkumhd`l ud duhvl  pudtl `h hqumcmorml hqumcmorml krnvmtl-ankdítmgl. Cn thlrán `hc tl`l mdglrplrn udn duhvn thlrán `hc îtlal gld cns gnrngthrástmgns gmtn`ns `h cls hchgtrldhs. (Ohrand, Ihmd, & I, ?6>>) Cn cuz vmsmoch, hs `hgmr cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns pnrn cns gunchs hc ljl buandl

hstn n`nptn`l, n`nptn`l, sh hdguhdtrnd hdtrh cldkmtu`hs `h ld`n `h 066 da (vmlchtn) y ;66 da (rljl). Glal cl prh`mjhrld cns hgungmldhs `h Anxwhcc hxmsthd cldkmtu`hs `h ld`n plr hdgman y  plr `honjl `h hstls cáamths. Hstns ilrans `h "cuz mdvmsmoch" sh bnd hdgldtrn`l y lrkndmzn`l `h nguhr`l n sus cldkmtu`hs `h ld`n hd hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl. Wm cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns sh lrkndmznd hd ud gldtmdul `h nguhr`l n sus cldkmtu`hs lothdhals hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl hd `ld`h cns ld`ns aîs cnrkns c nrkns (cldkmtu`hs `hs`h ahtrls n emc÷ahtrls) sh hdguhdtrnd hd ud hxtrhal (_n`ml) y cns aîs glrtns hd hc ltrl (cldkmtu`hs `h ld`n `h udn omccldísman `h ahtrls) (Knaan). (Ohrand, Ihmd, & I, ?6>>)

GLCL_ Hc glclr `h ljls hs ud rnskl khdítmgl quh hstî `hthramdn`l plr cn gndtm`n` y cn `mstrmougm÷d `h ahcndmdn `h ahcndmdn hd hc mrms. hc mrms. Hs ud prlghsl glapchjl hd hc quh mdthrvmhdhdvnrmls khdhs hd hd pls `hc rhsuctn`l imdnc. @h mkunc ilran sld trhs cls hchahdtls `hc mrms quh gldtrmouyhd n `nrch su glclr: cn glclr: cn ahcndmdn `hc hpmthcml `hc mrms, cn ahcndmdn `h cn pnrth ndthrmlr `hc mrms y cn `hdsm`n` `hc hstrlan `hc mrms. N`haîs `h cn ahcndmdn ltrl pmkahdtl quh ngtún hd hc prlghsl hs hc cmplgrlal. (Wlutbwlrtb, ?6>6) Nsmamsal, cls `ls tmpls `h ahcndmdn quh pnrtmgmpnd hd hc prlghsl sld cn huahcndmdn, `h nsphgtl anrr÷d lsgurl, y cn ihlahcndmdn, `h nsphgtl pnr`l nanrmcchdtlrljmzl. Hd tl`ls cls glclrhs `h ljls, n hxghpgm÷d `h gld`mgmldhs nd÷ancns, hc pmkahdtl `hc hpmthcml `hc mrms hs smhaprh cn huahcndmdn, prhshdtîd`lsh hd krnd gndtm`n`. @h hstn ilran, cn vnrmngm÷d `hc glclr `h ljls sh prl`ugh hd prmdgmpml plr hc pmkahdtl `h cn pnrth ndthrmlr `hc mrms y `h gundtn cuz noslroh hc hstrlan `h nguhr`l n su `hdsm`n`. (Wlutbwlrtb, ?6>6)

GXNCM@N@HW @H CN CXZ Prndspnrhdths: @hjnd pnsnr udn krnd pnrth `h cn cuz quh chs cchkn y phramthd vhr cls lojhtls n trnvís `h hccls. Hjhapcls: Nkun, nmrh y vm`rml. • Lpngls: Dl `hjnd pnsnr cn  

cuz. Hjhapcls: An`hrn y ahtnc. . (Omimsmgnu`k, ?6>8)

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• 

Prndscúgm`ls: W÷cl `hjnd pnsnr udn pnrth `h cn cuz quh rhgmohd. Cls lojhtls

vmsmochs sh auhstrnd olrrlsls n trnvís `h hccls. Hjhapcls: Ym`rml hsahrmcn`l y nckudls  pcîstmgls. (Omimsmgnu`k, (Omimsmgnu`k, ?6>8) Cn cuz hs udn ld`n quh sh prlpnkn hd cns trhs `mrhggmldhs `hc hspngml. Vnrn hstu`mnr sus hihgtls sh hapchnd cádhns phrphd`mgucnrhs n cns ld`ns, quh md`mgnd cn `mrhggm÷d `h  prlpnkngm÷d. Hs cl quh `hdlamdnals rnyls. Hd ud ah`ml quh shn blalkídhl, cn cuz sh

 prlpnkn hd cádhn rhgtn, cl gunc hxpcmgn cn ilrangm÷d `h slaorns y phduaorns. Vlr hccl, gund`l mcuamdnals ud lojhtl gld ud ilgl krnd`h y loshrvnals cn mankhd hd udn pndtnccn  pl`hals `mstmdkumr: `mstmdkumr: - 

Zldn `h slaorn, quh dl rhgmoh dmdkúd rnyl.

- 

Zldn `h phduaorn, quh rhgmoh s÷cl pnrth `h cls rnyls rn yls..

- 

Zldn mcuamdn`n, quh rhgmoh tl`ls cls rnyls quh prlgh`hd `hc ilgl `h cuz.

@h hstn ilran sh puh`hd hxpcmgnr hc hgcmpsh `h Wlc y hc hgcmpsh `h Cudn. (Omimsmgnu`k, ?6>8)

WMWPHAN YMWXNC BXANDL Hc ljl buandl puh`h gldsm`hrnrsh gldsm`hrnrsh ud smsthan ÷ptmgl (gldjudtl `h suphr﬎gmhs quh shpnrnd ah`mls gld `mihrhdth ád`mgh `h rhirnggm÷d), quh phramth ilranr cn mankhd `h lojhtls hxthrmlrhs hd hc pcndl `h cn rhtmdn. Hd gmhrtl al`l pl`hals nsmamcnr hc ljl buandl n udn gîanrn iltlkrî﬎gn gldvhdgmldnc, hd cn quh hc pcndl hd hc quh sh smtún hc   shdslr `h mankhd (l cn phcágucn iltlkrî﬎gn, hd hc gnsl `h

cns gîanrns aîs ndtmkuns) sh

glrrhspld`h gld cn rhtmdn. Cn g÷rdhn y hc grmstncmdl sld cls `ls glapldhdths ÷ptmgls `hc ljl buandl quh al`m﬎gnd cns trnyhgtlrmns `h cn cuz bngmhd`l quh cn mankhd sh ilrah hd  

hc pcndl rhtmdmndl, glal bnghd cns chdths quh gldstmtuyhd hc lojhtmvl `h udn gîanrn iltlkrî﬎gn. (Xk, ?6>8)

Hdtrh cn g÷rdhn y hc grmstncmdl bny udn sustndgmn cáqum`n ccnan`n bualr ngulsl. Ndths `hc grmstncmdl thdhals hc mrms, guyn nohrturn ghdtrnc (pupmcn) puh`h vnrmnr `h tnanþl, cl quh phramth rhkucnr cn gndtm`n` `h cuz quh hdtrn hd hc ljl. Hc bualr vátrhl hs udn sustndgmn khcntmdlsn quh lgupn hc 26% `hc kclol lgucnr: tl`n cn zldn glaprhd`m`n hdtrh hc grmstncmdl y cn rhtmdn. Cn zldn `h cn rhtmdn quh phramth udn vmsm÷d gld hc aîxmal `htncch l rhslcugm÷d sh gldlgh gld hc dlaorh `h i÷vhn. Cns shþnchs prl`ugm`ns gund`l cn cuz ngtún slorh cls pmkahdtls hxmsthdths hd cls iltlrrhghptlrhs `h cn rhtmdn snchd `hc ljl plr ah`ml `hc dhrvml ÷ptmgl, quh nkrupn ncrh`h`lr `h ud amcc÷d `h ﬎orns pnrn gn`n rhtmdn. (Xk, ?6>8)

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Hc suostrntl iásmgl `h cn vmsm÷d hstî hd hc smsthan vmsunc. Hsth hs ud gldjudtl `h ÷rkndls, váns y ghdtrls dhrvmlsls, quh phramthd cn gnptngm÷d, prlghsnamhdtl y nprlvhgbnamhdtl `h cn mdilrangm÷d vmsunc, cl gunc cchvn n ncgndznr udn phrghpgm÷d auy  prhgmsn `hc aud`l iásmgl quh dls rl`hn. Cn hdtrn`n nc smsthan vmsunc hs hc kclol lgucnr. Hd hsth ÷rkndl lgurrh hc prlghsl

`h trnds`uggm÷d `h cn mdilrangm÷d `hrmvn`n `hc gnapl vmsunc. Hs `hgmr, cn hdhrkán hchgtrlankdítmgn `hc hstáaucl rhprhshdtn`l plr cn mankhd, sh trndsilran hd mdilrangm÷d gl`mimgn`n quh sh hdván n ghdtrls dhrvmlsls `ld`h hs prlghsn`n. Ymstl cnthrncahdth `hs`h hc hxthrmlr, hc kclol lgucnr npnrhgh glal udn hsihrn `hilran`n, rl`hn`n `h udn ahaorndn ocndgn, cn hsgchr÷tmgn, quh hd cn pnrth ndthrmlr `hc ljl hs trndspnrhdth. Hstn zldn trndspnrhdth tmhdh cn ilran `h ud `msgl cmkhrnahdth gurvn`l, cn g÷rdhn, n trnvís `hc gunc cls rnyls cuamdlsls sld lrmhdtn`ls (rhirnggm÷d) pnrn quh gnmknd hxngtnahdth hd cn rhtmdn. (Xk, ?6>8) @htrîs `h cn g÷rdhn hxmsth udn gnvm`n`, cn gîanrn ndthrmlr `hc ljl, cchdn `h ud cáqum`l dutrmtmvl pnrn cn g÷rdhn, hc bualr ngulsl. Bngmn hc mdthrmlr `hc ljl, hstn gîanrn hstî cmamtn`n plr udn ahaorndn gmrgucnr `h thjm`l ausgucnr, hc mrms, quh `hjn hd su ghdtrl udn nphrturn gmrgucnr, cn pupmcn. Krngmns n su ausgucnturn, hc mrms mr ms puh`h rhkucnr hc `mîahtrl `h cn pupmcn rhkucnd`l nsá hc pnsl `h cuz quh cchkn n cn rhtmdn. (Xk, ?6>8) @htrîs `hc mrms y `h cn pupmcn hxgmth ud chdth, hc grmstncmdl, quh phramth hc hdilquh imdl `h cn mankhd hd cls iltlrrhghptlrhs `h cn rhtmdn. Vhrl cn cuz, `hspuís `h ntrnvhsnr hc grmstncmdl `hoh gruznr udn shkud`n gnvm`n` l gîanrn ndths `h ncgndznr n cn rhtmdn. Hsn gîanrn hstî cchdn `h ud cáqum`l ccnan`l bualr vátrhl y su pnrh`hs hstî cmamtn`n plr udn ahaorndn, cn rhtmdn. (Xk, ?6>8) Cn rhtmdn prhshdtn vnrmns gnpns ghcucnrhs hd udn `h cns gunchs sh hdguhdtrnd cls iltlrrhghptlrhs, cls gldls y cls onstldgmtls. Hd hccls lgurrh hc prlghsl `h trnds`uggm÷d. Hd ltrn `h cns gnpns sh hdguhdtrn cns gícucns kndkcmldnrhs quh sh glaudmgnd gld cns gícucns rhghptlrns n trnvís `h cns gícucns omplcnrhs. Wld cls nxldhs `h cns gícucns kndkcmldnrhs cls quh gldstmtuyhd hc dhrvml ÷ptmgl, quh snch `h gn`n kclol lgucnr. (Xk, ?6>8) Cls dhrvmls ÷ptmgls ncgndznd nc qumnsan ÷ptmgl, hstrugturn hd cn quh sh prl`ugh hc grugh `h pnrth `h cls nxldhs `h cns gícucns kndkcmldnrhs nc cn`l lpuhstl. Cls nxldhs quh snchd `hc qumnsan ÷ptmgl, ilrand cls ccnan`ls cls trngtls ÷ptmgls cls gunchs sh `mrmkhd n cls tîcnals mpsmcnthrnchs glrrhspld`mhdths. glrrhspld`mhdths. Ncgndznd n cls kndkcmls khdmgucn`ls cnthrnchs `h `mgbls dúgchls. Cls nxldhs quh cchknd nc tîcnal bnghd rhchvl `h cn

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mdilrangm÷d hd dhurldns tncîamgns. Hstns, n trnvís `h sus nxldhs, nxldhs, mdmgmnd udn ván quh vn n thramdn hd cn glrthzn ghrhornc mpsmcnthrnc `hc plcl lggmpmtnc. Hs hc îrhn vmsunc prmanrmn l glrthzn hstrmn`n l îrhn Y> (Xk, ?6>8) 

MLDMZNGM×D @H CLW ICXM@LW

Cn mldmzngm÷d hs ud prlghsl `h gldvhrsm÷d, tndtl quáamgl glal iásmgl, n trnvís `hc gunc sh prl`ughd mldhs. Cls mldhs sld îtlals l alcígucns a lcígucns quh gldtmhdhd gnrkn hcígtrmgn `hom`l n cn inctn l hxghsl `h hchgtrldhs rhsphgtl n ud îtlal l alcígucn dhutrn. Cn mldmzngm÷d tnaomíd sh rhcngmldn gld cn `mslgmngm÷d hchgtrlcátmgn, ihd÷ahdl n trnvís gunc tnaomíd sh prl`ughd mldhs. (Wmkdmimgn`ls, ?6>=) N cn hsphgmh quáamgn quh plshh aîs hchgtrldhs quh hc îtlal l alcígucn dhutrls sh ch `hdlamdn ndm÷d, y su gnrkn dhtn hs dhkntmvn. Gund`l plshh ahdls hchgtrldhs, sh ccnan gntm÷d, y su gnrkn dhtn hs plsmtmvn. Cls mldhs, tndtl plsmtmvls glal dhkntmvls, sh hdguhdtrnd prhshdths tndtl hd cn dnturnchzn glal hd cls anthrmnchs smdtítmgls. (Wmkdmimgn`ls, ?6>=) Cls mldhs `h gnrkn plsmtmvn sld cls rhspldsnochs `h trndsihrmr gnrkn hstîtmgn, quh hs cn `hsgnrkn hcígtrmgn quh sh smhdth gund`l tlgnals ud lojhtl ahtîcmgl h, mdgcusl, n ltrn  phrsldn. Hc hxghsl hxghsl `h mldhs plsmtmvls plsmtmvls tmhdh ud ud hihgtl dhkntmvl dhkntmvl pnrn cls shrhs buandls, cn vhkhtngm÷d y cls ndmanchs. (Wmkdmimgn`ls, ?6>=) Cls mldhs dhkntmvls prl`ughd rhcnjngm÷d y omhdhstnr omhdhstnr (Wmkdmimgn`ls, ?6>=) ?6>=)

_N@MNGM×D MLDMZNDPH Hs ud tmpl `h hdhrkán cmohrn`n plr cls îtlals hd ilran `h ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns (rnyls knaan l rnyls R) l pnrtágucns (pnrtágucns ncin y ohtn l dhutrldhs). Cn `hsmdthkrngm÷d hspldtîdhn `h cls îtlals sh `hdlamdn rn`mngtmvm`n`, y cn hdhrkán hxgh`hdth hamtm`n hs udn ilran `h rn`mngm÷d mldmzndth. Cls hchahdtls mdhstnochs quh sh `hsmdthkrnd y hamthd rn`mngm÷d mldmzndth sh `hdlamdnd rn`mldúgcm`ls. (Lrkndmzngm÷d Aud`mnc `h cn Wncu`., ?6>9)

_N@MNGMLDHW _N@MNGM LDHW DL MLDMZNDPHW Nquhccn ld`n l pnrtágucn quh dl hs gnpnz `h nrrndgnr hchgtrldhs `h cn anthrmn quh mcuamdn prl`ugmhd`l, glal augbl, hxgmtngmldhs hchgtr÷dmgns. Gmþíd`lsh n cn rn`mngm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn, cn gnpngm`n` `h nrrndgnr hchgtrldhs (mldmznr îtlals l alcígucns)vhd`rî alcígucns)vhd`rî `n`n, hd hc gnsl cmdhnc, plr cn irhguhdgmn `h cn rn`mngm÷d, quh `hthramdn cn hdhrkán

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 plr ilt÷d, y hd hc gnsl dl cmdhnc tnaomíd plr cn "icuhdgmn" (hdhrkán plr udm`n` `h suphrimgmh) `h `mgbn rn`mngm÷d5 hd hsth gnsl sh bnocn `h mldmzngm÷d dl cmdhnc. (Nsprhd, ?6>2) Wld onstndth gldlgm`ls cls hihgtls nku`ls `h hstns rn`mngmldhs, rn`mngmldhs, cls quh puh`hd mr `hs`h phquhþns `hsgnrkns hcígtrmgns bnstn quhan`urns, tnaomíd puh`hd prl`ugmrsh

gnchdtnamhdtl `h cls thjm`ls tndtl suphrimgmnchs glal prliud`ls prliud`ls,, cl quh `hphd`mhd`l `hc thjm`l `hc gunc sh trnth puh`h trn`ugmrsh hd ud shrml `nþl. (Nsprhd, ?6>2)

HCHAHDPLW OÎWMGLW @H CN IÁWMGN DXGCHN_ >.- GLAVLWMGM×D @HC DÚGCHL. MW×PLVLW Hc îtlal hs oîsmgnahdth vngál tnc glal `hsguorm÷ H. _utbhrilr` hd >=>> n pnrtmr `h su inalsn hxphrmhdgmn. Hc plcldml hs udn iuhdth rn`mngtmvn `h pnrtágucns ξ  (pnrtágucns gnrkn`ns  plsmtmvnahdth).Hc bnz `h pnrtágucns sshh bngh mdgm`mr slorh slorh udn imdn cîamdn `h lrl `h ilran quh sh loshrvn quh cn anylrán `h hccns ntrnvmhsn `mgbn cîamdn y sld `hthgtn`ns hd udn  pndtnccn `h suciurl `h zmdg hd ilran `h ud ghdthcchl ghdthcchl hd hc alahdtl hd quh udn pnrtá pnrtágucn gucn mdgm`h slorh `mgbn pndtnccn. Dl lostndth _utbhrilr` loshrv÷ quh nckudns pnrtágucns hrnd `hsvmn`ns y quh mdgcusl nckudns sncánd rholtn`ns `h cn cîamdn `h lrl. (Hsgrmtls Gmhdtmimgls, ?6>0) N pnrtmr `h hstn hxphrmhdgmn _utbhrilr` hstnochgm÷ judtl n sus glcnolrn`lrhs (Khmkhr y Anrm`hd) su gldlgm`l al`hcl nt÷amgl. Hsth al`hcl phramtán hxpcmgnr cls rhsuctn`ls `hc hxphrmahdtl tnc glal sh auhstrn hd cn imkurn n`judtn. Cns ichgbns dhkrns md`mgnd cn trnyhgtlrmn `h cns pnrtágucns ξ: hc prmahr gnsl sh trntnrán `hc al`hcl nt÷amgl  

ndthrmlr `h Pblasld, hc shkud`l gnsl hs hc al`hcl `h _utbhrilr`. (Hsgrmtls Gmhdtm Gmhdtmimgls, imgls, ?6>0)

Ngtuncahdth snohals quh hc dúgchl nt÷amgl gldtmhdh `ls tmpls `h pnrtágucns,

cls prltldhs (`h gnrkn plsmtmvn h mkunc hd vnclr, gn`n udl n cn gnrkn hchahdtnc `hc hchgtr÷d) y cls dhutrldhs, smd gnrkn y `h ansn nprlxman`nahdth mkunc n cn `h cls  prltldhs nudquh ud plgl suphrmlr. Cls dhutrldhs dl iuhrld `hsguomhrtls rhncahdth bnstn >=7? nudquh su hxmsthdgmn sh slsphgbnon slsphgbnon gld ndthrmlrm`n`. (Hsgrmtls Gmhdtmimgls, ?6>0)

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Gldstmtugm÷d `hc îtlal y al`hcls nt÷amgls Cn `hsgrmpgm÷d oîsmgn `h cn gldstmtugm÷d nt÷amgn, rhgldlgh cn hxmsthdgmn `h  pnrtágucns gld gnrkn hcígtrmgn dhkntmvn, ccnan`ls hchgtrldhs, hchgtrldhs, cls gunchs kmrnd hd `mvhrsns ÷romtns (dmvhchs `h hdhrkán) ncrh`h`lr `h ud dúgchl ghdtrnc gld gnrkn hcígtrmgn plsmtmvn. Hc îtlal hd su gldjudtl y smd cn prhshdgmn `h phrturongmldhs hxthrdns hs hcígtrmgnahdth

dhutrl. Hc dúgchl cl glapldhd cls prltldhs gld gnrkn hcígtrmgn plsmtmvn, y cls dhutrldhs quh dl plshhd gnrkn hcígtrmgn. Hc tnanþl `h cls c ls dúgchls nt÷amgls pnrn cls `mvhrsls hchahdtls hstî glaprhd`m`ls hdtrh udn gmhdamcísman y udn `mhzamcísman `hc tnanþl `hc îtlal. Cn gndtm`n` `h prltldhs y `h hchgtrldhs prhshdths hd gn`n îtlal hs cn amsan. Hstn gndtm`n` rhgmoh hc dlaorh `h dúahrl nt÷amgl, y sh `hsmkdn plr cn chtrn "Z". N cn gndtm`n` tltnc `h prltldhs aîs dhutrldhs prhshdths hd ud dúgchl nt÷amgl sh ch ccnand dúahrl aîsmgl y sh `hsmkdn plr cn chtrn c htrn "N". (Gldmgyt, ?6?>) Wm `hsmkdnals plr "R" n ud hchahdtl quáamgl guncqumhrn, su dúahrl nt÷amgl y aîsmgl sh rhprhshdtn plr cn smkumhdth smaolclkán: Z R N (Gldmgyt, ?6?>)  >

Vlr hjhapcl, pnrn hc Bm`r÷khdl thdhals: > B  .  Wm omhd bly hd `án tl`ns cns gnrngthrástmgns ndthrmlrhs `h cn gldstmtugm÷d nt÷amgn sld onstndth gldlgm`ns y nghptn`ns, nghptn`ns, n trnvís `h cn bmstlrmn bnd surkm`l `mvhrsls al`hcls quh bnd mdthdtn`l `nr rhspuhstn slorh cn hstrugturn `hc îtlal. (Gldmgyt, ?6?>)

_N@MNGM×D Hc ihd÷ahdl `h cn rn`mngm÷d hs cn prlpnkngm÷d `h hdhrkán hd ilran `h ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns l  pnrtágucns suont÷amgns n trnvís `hc  `hc  vngál l `h ud ah`ml anthrmnc. ([memph`mn, ?6>2)

_N@MLOMLCLKÁN Cn rn`mlomlclkán hs cn gmhdgmn cn gmhdgmn qquh uh hstu`mn cls hihgtls quh sh prl`ughd hd cls cls shrhs  shrhs vmvls trns trns cn hxplsmgm÷d n hdhrkán n hdhrkán prlgh`hdth  prlgh`hdth `h cns rn`mngmldhs cns rn`mngmldhs mldmzndths. (Kncch, (Kncch, ?6>7) @ls krnd`hs rnzldhs quh bnd mapucsn`l cn mdvhstmkngm÷d cn mdvhstmkngm÷d `h cls hihgtls omlc÷kmgls `h cns rn`mngmldhs mldmzndths slorh cn anthrmn vmvn sld cn  prlthggm÷d rn`mlc÷kmgn, pnrn rn`mlc÷kmgn,  pnrn  pl`hr utmcmznrcns `h ilran shkurn shkurn hd npcmgngmldhs aí`mgns l md` md`ustrmnchs ustrmnchs quh cns rhq rhqumhrnd, umhrnd, y cn rn`mlthrnpmn `ld`h cns rn`mngmldhs mldmzndths sh utmcmznd prmdgmpncahdth pnrn hc

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trntnamhdtl `h dhlpcnsmns  ousgnd`l prhshrvnr nc aîxmal cls ÷rkndlsgrátmgls ÷rkndlsgrátmgls (thjm`l sndl). (Kncch, ?6>7)

Lrákhdhs `h cns rn`mngmldhs mldmzndths Hc =6% `h cns rn`mngmldhs mldmzndths quh rhgmomals sld `h lrmkhd dnturnc, hs `hgmr,  prlvmhdhd `h cn glrthzn thrrhstrh, `h cns rn`mngmldhs g÷samgns y `h nckudls `h cls

ncmahdtls quh mdkhrmals. m dkhrmals. Hc >6% rhstndth tmhdhd su lrmkhd hd cns npcmgngmldhs `h cns rn`mngmldhs mldmzndths grhn`ns plr hc shr buandl, glal sld cls hqumpls pnrn usl aí`mgl l md`ustrmnc, cns ghdtrnchs dugchnrhs, nckudls npnrntls `laístmgl (thchvmsm÷d, aldmtlrhs `h lr`hdn`lr, htg.) Cn nplrtngm÷d aîs maplrtndth `h cns rn`mngmldhs mldmzndths `h lrmkhd dl dnturnc quh rhgmomals sld cns prlgh`hdths `h cns npcmgngmldhs aí`mgns. (Kncch, ?6>7)

_n`mngmldhs:: dnturnchzn y prlp _n`mngmldhs prlpmh`n`hs mh`n`hs Cns pnrtágucns ncin (dúgchls `h bhcml) sh `htmhdhd nc mdthrpldhr udn bljn `h pnphc. Cns pnrtágucns ohtn (hchgtrldhs y plsmtrldhs) dl puh`hd ntrnvhsnr udn gnpn `h ncuamdml. Wmd haonrkl, cls rnyls knaan (iltldhs `h nctn hdhrkán) dhghsmtnd udn onrrhrn augbl aîs kruhsn, y cls aîs hdhrkítmgls puh`hd ntrnvhsnr hc pclal. Wh glaprlo÷ quh cn rn`mngm÷d  puh`h shr `h trhs gcnshs `mihrhdths, gldlgm`ns glal pnrtágucns, `hsmdthkrngmldhs `hsmdthkrngmldhs y rn`mngm÷d: (Kncch, ?6>7) Vnrtágucn ncin: Wld icujls `h pnrtágucns gnrkn`ns plsmtmvnahdth glapuhstns glapuhstns plr `ls dhutrldhs y `ls prltldhs (dúgchls `h bhcml). Wld `hsvmn`ns plr gnapls hcígtrmgls y ankdítmgls. Wld  plgl phdhtrndths, phdhtrndths, nudquh auy mldmzndths. Wld auy hdhrkítmgns. Iuhrld Iuhrld `hsguomhrtns plr _utbhrilr`, qumhd bmzl pnsnr pnrtágucns ncin n trnvís `h ud imdl grmstnc y cns ntrnp÷ hd ud tuol `h `hsgnrkn. Hsth tmpl `h rn`mngm÷d cn hamthd dúgchls `h hchahdtls phsn`ls smtun`ls nc imdnc `h cn tnocn phrm÷`mgn (N 4>66). 4>66). Hstls dúgchls tmhdhd augbls prltldhs y cn rhpucsm÷d hcígtrmgn hs auy iuhrth, plr cl quh tmhd`hd n lothdhr D nprlxman`nahdth nprlxman`nahdth mkunc n Z, y pnrn hccl sh hamth udn pnrtágucn ncin. Hd hc prlghsl sh `hsprhd`h `hsprhd`h augbn hdhrkán, quh sh gldvmhrth hd cn hdhrkán gmdítmgn `h cn pnrtágucn ncin, plr cl quh hstns pnrtágucns snchd gld vhclgm`n`hs auy nctns. (Igaomlimsmgn?, ?6>;) @hsmdthkrngm÷d Ohtn:

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Wld icujls `h hchgtrldhs (ohtn dhkntmvns) l plsmtrldhs (ohtn plsmtmvns) rhsuctndths `h cn `hsmdthkrngm÷d `h cls dhutrldhs l prltldhs `hc dúgchl gund`l ísth sh hdguhdtrn hd ud hstn`l hxgmtn`l. (Igaomlimsmgn?, ( Igaomlimsmgn?, ?6>;) Hs `hsvmn`n plr gnapls ankdítmgls. Hs aîs phdhtrndth, nudquh su pl`hr `h mldmzngm÷d dl hs tnd hchvn`l glal hc `h cns pnrtágucns ncin. Vlr cl tndtl, gund`l ud îtlal

hxpucsn udn pnrtágucn ohtn, su dúahrl nt÷amgl nuahdtn l `msamduyh udn udm`n` (`hom`l nc prlt÷d kndn`l l phr`m`l). Hxmsthd trhs tmpls `h rn`mngm÷d ohtn: cn rn`mngm÷d ohtn-, quh gldsmsth hd cn hamsm÷d hspldtîdhn `h hchgtrldhs plr pnrth `h cls dúgchls5 cn rn`mngm÷d  ohtn+, hd cn quh quh ud prlt÷d `hc `hc dúgchl sh `hsmdthkrn `hsmdthkrn y `n cuknr n ud dhutr÷d, dhutr÷d, n ud plsmtr÷d l pnrtágucn Ohtn+ y ud dhutrmdl, y plr úctmal úctm al cn gnpturn hchgtr÷dmgn quh sh `n hd dúgchls gld hxghsl `h prltldhs, hd cn gunc hc dúgchl gnpturn ud hchgtr÷d `h cn glrthzn hchgtr÷dmgn, quh sh udmrî n ud prlt÷d `hc dúgchl pnrn `nr ud dhutr÷d. (Igaomlimsmgn?, ?6>;) _n`mngm÷d knaan: Wh trntn `h ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns. Hs hc tmpl aîs phdhtrndth `h rn`mngm÷d. Nc shr ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns `h cldkmtu` `h ld`n glrtn, tmhdhd anylr phdhtrngm÷d y sh dhghsmtnd gnpns auy kruhsns `h pclal u blramk÷d pnrn `hthdhrcns. Hd hsth tmpl `h rn`mngm÷d hc dúgchl dl pmhr`h su m`hdtm`n`, smdl quh sh `hsprhd`h `h cn hdhrkán quh ch slorn pnrn pnsnr n ltrl hstn`l `h hdhrkán aîs onjn hamtmhd`l cls rnyls knaan, l shn iltldhs auy hdhrkítmgls. Hsth tmpl `h hamsm÷d nglapnþn n cns rn`mngmldhs ncin y ohtn. Vlr shr tnd phdhtrndth y tnd hdhrkítmgn, ísth hs hc tmpl aîs phcmkrlsl `h rn`mngm÷d. (Igaomlimsmgn?, ?6>;)

_N@MLNGPMYM@N@ Cn rn`mngtmvm`n` (tnaomíd gldlgm`n glal rn`mlngtmvm`n`, rn`mngm÷d dugchnr l `hsmdthkrngm÷d dugchnr) hs hc prlghsl plr hc gunc ud dúgchl ud  dúgchl nt÷amgl mdhstnoch mdhstnoch pmhr`h hdhrkán ah`mndth cn hamsm÷d `h rn`mngm÷d,  rn`mngm÷d,   glal udn  pnrtágucn ncin,  ncin,  pnrtágucnohtn gld dhutrmdl l slcl ud dhutrmdl hd hc gnsl `h cn gnpturn hchgtr÷dmgn, l ud rnyl knaan l hchgtr÷d hd hc gnsl `h gldvhrsm÷d mdthrdn. Xd anthrmnc quh gldtmhdh hstls dúgchls mdhstnochs sh gldsm`hrn rn`mngtmvl. Gmhrtls hstn`ls dugchnrhs `h vm`n glrtn nctnahdth hxgmtn`ls puh`hd `hgnhr n trnvís `h hamsm÷d `h dhutrldhs, dhutrldhs,   l aîs rnrnahdth, hamsm÷d rnrnahdth, hamsm÷d `h prltldhs. (Clvhcnd` prltldhs. (Clvhcnd` & Alrrmsshy, ?6>6) Cn `hsmdthkrngm÷d rn`mlngtmvn hs ud prlghsl hstlgîstmgl prlghsl hstlgîstmgl (hs (hs `hgmr, nchntlrml) n dmvhc `h îtlals md`mvm`unchs. Whkúd cn thlrán guîdtmgn, hs maplsmoch prh`hgmr guîd`l sh `hsmdthkrnrn ud îtlal hd pnrtmgucnr, md`hphd`mhdthahdth md`hphd`mhdthahdth `h guîdtl tmhapl bnyn hxmstm`l

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hc îtlal. Wmd haonrkl, pnrn udn glchggm÷d `h îtlals, cn tnsn `h `hgnmamhdtl hsphrn`l `h cn glchggm÷d sh gnrngthrmzn hd tíramdls `h su gldstndth `h `hgnmamhdtls l vm`ns ah`mns ah`m`ns. Hstn hs cn onsh `h cn `ntngm÷d rn`mlaítrmgn. Cns vm`ns ah`mns `h cls îtlals rn`mlngtmvls dl tmhdhd ud cáamth suphrmlr gldlgm`l, quh nonrgn ud rndkl `h tmhapl tmhapl`h `h aîs `h 88  88  ÷r`hdhs `h ankdmtu`, `hs`h ankdmtu`, `hs`h gnsm mdstndtîdhl bnstn augbl aîs cnrkl quhcn h`n` cn h`n`

`hc udmvhrsl. (Clvhcnd` & Alrrmsshy, ?6>6)

Cls rnyls R Cn `hdlamdngm÷d rnyls R `hsmkdn n udn rn`mngm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn mldmzndth, mdvmsmoch pnrn hc ljl buandl, gnpnz `h ntrnvhsnr guhrpls lpngls y `h maprmamr cns  phcágucns iltlkrîimgns.  iltlkrîimgns.  Cls rnyls R tmhdhd udn shrmh `h prlpmh`n`hs quh sld: Vl`hr  phdhtrndth: Ntrnvmhsnd cn anthrmn. Cn gnpngm`n` `h phdhtrngm÷d hs tndtl anylr gundtl anylr hs hc emclvlctnjh, gundtl aîs onjn hs cn `hdsm`n` cn  `hdsm`n` `h cn anthrmn y gundtl ahdlr hs hc dúahrl nt÷amgl ah`ml `h `mgbn anthrmn `mgbn anthrmn ntrnvhsn`n. ntrnvhsn`n. (Guccmty, ?6>9) Cls ngtunchs smsthans smsthans `mkmtnchs phramthd cn lothdgm÷d y vmsuncmzngm÷d `h cn mankhd rn`mlkrîimgn `mrhgtnahdth hd udn glaputn`lrn (lr`hdn`lr) smd dhghsm`n` `h maprmamrcn. Cn Cn cldkmtu`  cldkmtu` `h ld`n hstî hstî hdtrh >6 n 6,6> dnd÷ahtrls, 6,6> dnd÷ahtrls, glrrhspld`mhd`l  glrrhspld`mhd`l n irhguhdgmns hd hc rndkl `h 76 n 76666 VBz 76666 VBz ((`h `h 86 n 86666 vhghs cn irhguhdgmn `h cn cuz vmsmoch). (Guccmty, ?6>9)

HWP_XGPX_N ] KHDH_NGM×D @HC PXOL @H GLLCM@KH. Puol `h Gllcm`kh Hc tuol `h Gllcm`kh, tnaomíd gldlgm`l glal «tuol `h gîtl`l gncmhdthµ. Iudgmldn hd ud nctl vngál, `h udls >6∟0 Vn, l >6∟9 Plrr y cls hchgtrldhs sld khdhrn`ls khdhrn`ls plr hamsm÷d thralm÷dmgn hd ud imcnahdtl `h wlcirnaml  ‐ hc hc gîtl`l ‐  gnchdtn`l   gnchdtn`l plr udn glrrmhdth hcígtrmgn. Hc bnz `h hchgtrldhs hamtm`l plr hc gîtl`l hs nghchrn`l npcmgnd`l udn `mihrhdgmn `h plthdgmnc plthdgmnc hdtrh hc gîtl`l y hc îdl`l5 nc glcmsmldnr gld hc îdl`l, cls hchgtrldhs prl`ughd rnyls R plr cls amsals prlghsls quh hd hc tuol `h Grllehs. (Kuhrrhrl, Andzl, Nd`rn`h, & Cnd`m, ?6>=)

Pmpls Hsquhan `h ud tuol `h îdl`l rltntlrml. N: îdl`l5 _: rltlr5 P: îrhn `ld`h mdgm`h hc bnz `h hchgtrldhs5 G: gîtl`l5 H: suphrimgmh `hc tuol hd vngál5 W: hstîtlr5 L: vlcuahd lgupn`l plr hc nghmth rhirmkhrn`lr5 O: iuhcch quh phramth cn hxpndsm÷d thranc `hc nghmth5 [: vhdtndn `h sncm`n `h cls rnyls R. (Kuhrrhrl, Andzl, Nd`rn`h, & Cnd`m, ?6>=)

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Îdl`l rltntlrml Hs ud tuol `h Gllcm`kh hd hc quh sh bngh kmrnr hc îdl`l ah`mndth md`uggm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn khdhrn`n plr hstîtlrhs smtun`ls ncrh`h`lr `hc tuol. Nc kmrnr, hc gnclr khdhrn`l plr hc mapngtl `hc bnz `h hchgtrldhs sh `mstrmouyh `mstrmouyh slorh udn anylr suphrimgmh, cl quh phramth nuahdtnr cn mdthdsm`n` `hc bnz `h hchgtrldhs hd npcmgngmldhs quh rhqumhrnd

udn nctn `lsms `h rnyls R. (Kuhrrhrl, ( Kuhrrhrl, Andzl, Nd`rn`h, & Cnd`m, ?6>=)

Puols `h amgrlilgl Cls tuols `h amgrlilgl `h îdl`l s÷cm`l sld smamcnrhs n ud tuol `h Gllcm`kh gldvhdgmldnc, gldvhd gmldnc, phrl gld hc bnz `h hchgtrldhs mdgm`h slorh udn îrhn auy phquhþn `hc îdl`l, dlrancahdth hdtrh 8 y ?6 ¸a5 cn c n `hdsm`n` `h plthdgmn `hc bnz `h hchgtrldhs hstî cmamtn`n n ud vnclr aîxmal `h 6.0-6.2 [/¸a pnrn dl `hrrhtmr hc îdl`l, plr cl quh hstns iuhdths sld plgl plthdths, plr hjhapcl, 0-2 [ pnrn ud bnz `h hchgtrldhs `h >6 ¸a `h `mîahtrl. (Kuhrrhrl, Andzl, Nd`rn`h, & Cnd`m, ?6>=)

Gîtl`l `h dndltuols `h gnroldl Hc gîtl`l hapchn`l hd cls tuols gldvhdgmldnchs gldvhdgmldnchs sh puh`h rhhapcnznr plr udn shrmh `h dndltuols `h gnroldl quh hamthd hchgtrldhs nc npcmgîrshchs ud vlctnjh, hd vhz `h plr gnchdtnamhdtl, glal hc imcnahdtl `h wlcirnaml, plr cl quh puh`hd iudgmldnr n thaphrnturn naomhdth. (Kuhrrhrl, Andzl, Nd`rn`h, & Cnd`m, Cnd`m, ?6>=)

NVCMGNGMLDHW Ah`mgmdn Cls prmahrls usls `h cls tuols `h rnyls R hd ah`mgmdn y hd l`ldtlclk l`ldtlclkán án `ntnd `h imdnchs `hc smkcl RMR. ]n cls prmahrls tuols `h kns hrnd hapchn`ls pnrn rhncmznr iculrlsglpmns y rn`mlkrniáns, hxpcltnd`l hc gldtrnsth hd noslrgm÷d `h cls rnyls R plr `mihrhdths thjm`ls, y sh bn `lguahdtn`l su usl hd hc gnapl `h ontnccn pnrn clgncmznr oncns hd slc`n`ls bhrm`ls. Hd cn ngtuncm`n`, tnaomíd sh usnd pnrn lothdhr maîkhdhs aí`mgns trm`mahdsmldnchs ah`mndth cn tlalkrnián nxmnc glaputnrmzn`n. N`haîs `h su pnphc glal mdstruahdtls `h `mnkd÷stmgl pnrn chsmldhs ÷shns, `hdtnchs, nicmggmldhs `hc smsthan `mkhstmvl y hd ndkmlkrniáns, ndkmlkrni áns, ilrand pnrth `hc hqumpl usn`l hd nckudls prlgh`mamhdtls qumrúrkmgls, slorh tl`l pnrn vmsuncmznr cn glrrhgtn mapcndtngm÷d `h `msplsmtmvls. (Kuhrrhrl, Andzl, Nd`rn`h, & Cnd`m, ?6>=)

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Ltrn npcmgngm÷d maplrtndth, slorh tl`l hd hc pnsn`l, iuh hd hc gnapl `h cn rn`mlthrnpmn, hsphgmncahdth hd hc trntnamhdtl `hc gîdghr y tualrhs, plsmoch krngmns n cn gnpngm`n` gnpngm` n` `h cls rnyls R `h prlvlgnr cn auhrth ghcucnr. Amhdtrns quh cls tuols `h Grllehs  pl`ánd hapchnrsh hapchnrsh pnrn trntnr tualrhs suphrimgmnchs, dl iuh bnstn hc `hsnrrlccl `h cls tuols hd vngál quh sh pu`l lothdhr rn`mngm÷d `h cn suimgmhdth hdhrkán pnrn pl`hr ncgndznr cls

tualrhs mdthrdls. (G A. , ?6>9)

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_HWXAHDHW @H CLW YM@HLW @H CN XDM@N@ 7 IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth : Jlsuí lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn.

Xdm`n`?  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn >6: WNDK_H: ¼ICXM@N L YMWGLWN< | WNCX@ VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr Wndkrh: ¼Icum`n l vmsglsn< | Wncu`

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >6 _HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

WNDK_H: ¼ICXM@N L YMWGLWN< | WNCX@ MDP_L@XGGMßD Gldlghr quh hstî bhgbn cn sndkrh y guîchs sld cls ohdhimgmls quh sus glapldhdths  prhstnd n cn vm`n iuh udn mdthrrlkndth quh hstmauc÷ plr smkcls cn gurmlsm`n` `h cls mdvhstmkn`lrhs. Gn`n udn `h cns íplgns `hc snohr buandl `ml su prlpmn hxpcmgngm÷d y nplrt÷ pnucntmdnahdth udn shrmh `h `hsguormamhdtls quh, nc nguaucnrsh, bnd phramtm`l hdthd`hr cls prlghsls imsmlc÷kmgls `h hsth cáqum`l, gldsm`hrn`l glal vmtnc `hs`h cls tmhapls aîs rhaltls. @h shr udl aîs `h cls guntrl bualrhs oîsmgls quh gldilrand cn anthrmn vmvn, vmvn, `h nguhr`l gld cn ah`mgmdn ndtmkun, cn sndkrh sh trndsilra÷, n pnrtmr `hc smkcl xvmm, hd udn ahzgcn `h icum`ls y pnrtágucns `mvhrsns, alvm`ns mdghsndthahdth plr cn nggm÷d `hc glrnz÷d. Xdn vhz gldlgm`l hc nsphgtl mntrlahgîdmgl `h cn gmrgucngm÷d sndkuádhn, cls mdvhstmkn`lrhs nolr`nrld hc prlochan `h cn glaplsmgm÷d `h cn sndkrh, hapchnd`l cns duhvns bhrrnamhdtns gmhdtáimgns `h loshrvngm÷d, hxphrmahdtngm÷d y ah`mgm÷d npnrhgm`ns n pnrtmr `hc onrrlgl, glal hc amgrlsglpml, cls npnrntls `h gundtmimgngm÷d, cls glclrndths y cls rhngtmvls quáamgls. @urndth hc smkcl xvmm sh `hsguormhrld cls hrmtrlgmtls y hc gnrîgthr ahtîcmgl `h cn sndkrh nc `hthgtnr hd hccn pnrtágucns `h bmhrrl. Hd hc smkcl xvmmm sh nkrhknrld cls chuglgmtls, y gnsm ud smkcl `hspuís, cns pcnquhtns. Xdl `h cls krnd`hs amsthrmls plr rhslcvhr, cn glnkucngm÷d `h cn sndkrh, haphz÷ haphz÷ n shr `hsgmirn`l n pnrtmr `hc smkcl xvmm, gld

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hc `hsguormamhdtl `h cn imormdn hd cn hstrugturn `h cls glîkucls, y `h cns pcnquhtns, cn trlaomdn y hc ingtlr tmsucnr `urndth hc smkcl xmx. Nc mdmgmnrsh hc smkcl xx sh gldlgán hc lrmkhd y cn alrilclkán `h cns gícucns `h cn sndkrh, nsá glal cn vnrmngm÷d quh suirhd `urndth nckudns hdihrah`n`hs y sh bnoánd `hsnrrlccn`l cns onshs `hc cnolrntlrml gcádmgl, `h cn

gcádmgn bhantlc÷kmgn y `h nckudls prlgh`mamhdtls thrnpíutmgls glal cn trndsiusm÷d `h sndkrh. Cn shpnrngm÷d `h cls glapldhdths `hc pcnsan, cns tígdmgns `h m`hdtmimgngm÷d ghcucnr, hc `hsguormamhdtl `h cns chyhs `h cn bhrhdgmn y hc mdkhdml pnrn gldstrumr mdstruahdtls `h ndîcmsms gn`n vhz aîs prhgmsls, `mhrld lrmkhd n duahrlsn hsphgmncm`n`hs hsphgmncm`n`hs hd cns gmhdgmns quh bnd hstu`mn`l n cn sndkrh, glal cn bhantlclkán, mdaudlclkán,  omlquáamgn gcádmgn, pntlclkán gcádmgn, bhalstnsmlclkán, bhalstnsmlclkán, ah`mgmdn trndsiusmldnc, bhantlkhdítmgn, bhantlkhdítmg n, qumamlthrnpíutmgn y ltrns aîs.

@HWN__LCCL Cls lrkndmsals udmghcucnrhs l auy smapchs quh vmvhd hd ud ah`ml cáqum`l, utmcmznd ísth glal iuhdth `h dutrmhdths y glal ván `h hxgrhgm÷d `h cls `hshgbls. Nc nuahdtnr hc dúahrl `h gícucns hs mdhvmtnoch quh cns gícucns gíc ucns quh sh uomgnd ans prliud`nd sh nchjhd gn`n vhz ans `hc gldtngtl gld hc ah`ml naomhdth. Vrlplrgmldnr dutrmhdths n hstns gícucns y hcmamdnr sus `hsbhgbls sh vuhcvh udn tnrhn gn`n vhz ans `miágmc. Hd ndmanchs prmamtmvls hstls prlochans sh slcugmldnrld pnrgmncahdth plr ah`ml `h gld`ugtls quh pnsnd hdtrh cns gícucns y quh glaudmgnd gld hc ah`ml naomhdth. Hc pucsl `h cn ah`usn bngh quh hc cáqum`l sh rhtmrh `h cls gndnchs y icuyn. Nc nuahdtnr udn `hand`n `h dutrmhdths ud smsthan tmpl nomhrtl `h icujl y rhicujl sh vuhcvh mdsuimgmhdth. Hc cáqum`l `hoh gmrgucnr gld ans rnpm`hz y shkumr cn `mrhggm÷d `h su icujl. Vuh`hd cchdnrsh cns dhghsm`n`hs nc nmscnr cls vnsls l gld`ugtls `hc gldtngtl `mrhgtl `hc naomhdth y  prlplrgmldnr udn olaon olaon pnrn bnghr bnghr gmrgucnr hc cáqum`l quh gldtmhdh. Cls trhs glapldhdths quh bnd hvlcugmldn`l hvlcugmldn`l sld: Xd cáqum`l pnrn gmrgucnr, udn olaon pnrn prlvlgnr su gmrgucngm÷d y vnsls pnrn gldthdhrcl. Hc smsthan gmrgucntlrml buandl hs `hc tmpl ghrrn`l y tmhdh `ls suo`mvmsmldhs: hc smsthan vnsgucnr sndkuádhl, mdgcuyhd`l sndkrh, glrnz÷d, vnsls sndkuádhls y hc smsthan vnsgucnr cmdiîtmgl, quh glaprhd`h cn cmdin, cls vnsls cmdiîtmgls y cls ÷rkndls cmdiîtmgls.

Wndkrh Augbls om÷clkls mdgcuyhd cn sndkrh glal ud thjm`l gldhgtmvl plrquh sh lrmkmdn `h gícucns smamcnrhs. Cn sndkrh rhprhshdtn ghrgn `hc 2% `hc phsl glrplrnc tltnc `hc blaorh n`uctl, y tmhdh ud vlcuadhd `h gmdgl n shms cmtrls hd ud blaorh tnanþl prlah`ml. Wus

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 prmdgmpnchs iudgmldhs sh ghdtrnd hd su gnpngm`n` `h `mslcvhr sustndgmns l thdhrcns hd susphdsm÷d y, plr cl tndtl, trndsplrtnrcns plr tl`l hc guhrpl. Glaprhd`h cls hchahdtls imkurn`ls: kc÷oucls rljls, kc÷oucls ocndgls, pcnquhtns y udn pnrth cáqum`n smd gícucns, hc  pcnsan. Hc pcnsan pcnsan hs hc cáqum`l, cáqum`l, tmhdh udn udn glclrngm÷d nanrmccn gcnrn, puh`h puh`h vnrmnr5 sh ilran

`h nkun, snchs amdhrnchs, kcuglsn, prlthádns (glal ncoúamdns y kcloucmdns), nckudls cápm`ls glal hc glchsthrlc, nckudns blraldns prmdgmpncahdth.

Vcnsan Nudquh cn sndkrh sndkrh npnrhgh glal ud cáqum`l rljl, blalkídhl, nc icumr `h udn bhrm`n , sh glapldh hd rhncm`n` `h ud cáqum`l nanrmcchdtl ccnan`l pcnsan hd hc gunc icltnd cls hchahdtls ilrahs: kc÷oucls rljls, rljls, cls gunchs `nd su glclr n cn sndkrh, kc÷oucls ocndgls y  pcnquhtns. Hstns úctmans sld phquhþls phquhþls irnkahdtls ghcucnrhs, gldvhdmhdths pnrn `hshdgn`hdnr `hshdgn`hd nr hc prlghsl `h glnkucngm÷d, cls gunchs `hrmvnd cns gícucns `h anylr tnanþl `h cn aí`ucn ÷shn. Hc pcnsan hs udn ahzgcn glapchjn `h prlthádns, namdlîgm`ls, bm`rntls `h gnroldl, cápm`ls, snchs, blraldns, hdzmans, ndtmguhrpls y knshs hd `mslcugm÷d. Hs cmkhrnahdth ncgncmdl, gld ud pb `h ;.0. Cls prmdgmpnchs glapldhdths sld hc nkun (`hc =6 nc =? plr gmhdtl) y cns prlthádns (; nc 2 plr gmhdtl).hc pcnsan gldtmhdh vnrmns gcnshs `h prlthádns, gn`n udn gld sus iudgmldhs y prlpmh`n`hs hsphgáimgns: imormd÷khd imormd÷khdl, l, kcloucmdns ncin, ohtn y knan, ncoúamdns y cmplprlthádns. Hc imormd÷khdl hs udn `h cns prlthádns `hstmcn`ns nc  prlghsl `h glnkucngm÷d5 glnkucngm÷d5 cn ncoúamdn ncoúamdn y cns kcloucmdns rhkucnd hc gldthdm`l gldthdm`l `h nkun `hdtrl `h cn gícucn y hd cls cáqum`ls mdthrghcucnrhs. Cn irnggm÷d kcloucmdn knaan hs rmgn hd ndtmguhrpls, onsh `h cn glaudm`n` gldtrn `hthramdn`ns hdihrah`n` hdihrah`n`hs hs mdihggmlsns glal snrnapm÷d. Cn prhshdgmn `h `mgbns prlthádns bngh quh cn sndkrh shn udns shms vhghs aîs vmsglsn quh hc nkun. Cns alcígucns `h cns c ns prlthádns pcnsaîtmgns hjhrghd prhsm÷d lsa÷tmgn, gld cl quh sld pnrth maplrtndth hd cn `mstrmougm÷d `m strmougm÷d `hc nkun hdtrh hc pcnsan y cls cáqum`ls tmsucnrhs. Cns prlthádns `hc pcnsan y cn bhalkclomdn `h cls kc÷oucls rljls sld maplrtndths tmsucnrhs. nalrtmkun`lrhs ngm`l oîsmgls quh andtmhdhd hc pb `h cn sndkrh y `h cns gícucns glrplrnchs `hdtrl `h udn phquhþn phquhþn vnrmngm÷d.

Hchahdtls imkurn`ls Cns gícucns bhaîtmgns rhprhshdtnd udn gnthklrán `h gícucns cmorhs `hc thjm`l gldhgtmvl, sld prl`ugm`ns plr cls thjm`ls bhalplyítmgls y nc hdtrnr nc tlrrhdth sndkuádhl quh`nd susphd`m`ns hd hc pcnsan sndkuádhl.

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Hrmtrlgmtls Cls hrmtrlgmtls, kc÷oucls rljls l bhantáhs gldstmtuyhd gldstmtuyhd hc tmpl aîs glaúd `h gícucns bhaîtmgns, hxmsthd udls 8 amccldhs `h hrmtrlgmtls plr ga.7 `h sndkrh. Hc `mîahtrl`h `mîahtrl`h cls hrmtrlgmtls tmhdh ud vnclr prlah`ml `h ;.? ¸a, tmhdhd tmhdh ilran `h ud `msgl omg÷dgnvl. omg÷dgnvl.

Cls gldstmtuyhdths alchgucnrhs pnrtmgucnrhs `h su ahaorndn ghcucnr y su gldthdm`l glclm`nc, sld cls quh `hthramdnd y gldshrvnd cn ilran gnrngthrástmgn `hc hrmtrlgmtl. Ncrh`h`lr `hc 72% `hc hrmtrlgmtl hs udn prlthádn, cn bhalkclomdn, y ud 99% `h nkun. Wmdthtmznd cn prlthádn `h mdthrgnaoml `h knshs, bhalkclomdn. Cls hrmtlgmtls sld inklgmtn`ls hd bákn`l, onzl y aí`ucn ÷shn, gld hc rhgmgcnamhdtl `h sus prl`ugtls.

Cn bhalkclomdn Hs hc pmkahdtl rljl quh `n hc glclr hd cn sndkrh (puh`h thdhrsh udn m`hn `h cn glapchjm`n` `h cn bhalkclomdn plr su i÷raucn, guyn amsm÷d hxgcusmvn hs trndsplrtnr gnsm tl`l hc lxákhdl y cn anylr an ylr pnrth `hc om÷xm`l `h gnroldl. Cn bhalkclomdn tmhdh cn dltnoch  prlpmh`n` `h ilranr udn udm÷d quáamgn plgl hstrhgbn gld hc lxákhdl5 cls îtlals `h lxákhdl hstîd udm`ls n cls îtlals `h bmhrrl hd cn alcígucn `h cn bhalkclomdn. Hd hc ÷rkndl rhspmrntlrml, puca÷d, hc lxákhdl sh `miud`h bngmn hd mdthrmlr `h cls kc÷oucls rljls `hs`h hc pcnsan, y sh glaomdn gld cn bhalkclomdn (bo) pnrn ilranr lxmbhalkclomdn (bol?): bo + l? 1 bol?. Cn rhnggm÷d hs rhvhrsmoch y cn bhalkclomdn cmohrn hc lxákhdl gund`l cchkn n udn rhkm÷d `ld`h cn thdsm÷d lxákhdl hs onjn,hd cls gnpmcnrhs `h cls thjm`ls. Cn glaomdngm÷d `h lxákhdl gld cn bhalkclomdn y su cmohrngm÷d `h lxmbhaloclomdn hstîd gldtrlcn`ls plr cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h lxákhdl y hd ahdlr krn`l plr cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h  om÷xm`l `h gnroldl. Cn bhalkclomdn sh glapldh `h ud pmkahdtl, hc bha, glalomdn`l `h udn prlthádn cn kclomdn. Hdtrh cns ndlancmns hd cn ilrangm÷d `h hrmtrlgmtls sh hdguhdtrnd cls prlghsls quh tmhdhd plr rhsuctn`l udn ilran ndlranc `h cns gícucns l plmqumclgmtlsms l ud tnanþl `h cns gícucns iuhrn `h cl glaúd l ndmslgmtlsms. Cn `himgmhdgmn `h bhalkclomdn plr pír`m`n `h hrmtrlgmtls sh `hdlamdn ndhamn.

Vcnquhtns Cns pcnquhtns sndkuádhns l trlaolgmtls, sld irnkahdtls `h gmtlpcnsan krnducn`l _hcntmvnahdth _hcntmvn ahdth phquhþns, tmhdhd ilran `h `msgl y ud `mîahtrl `h ? n 7 ¸a. Wh `hsprhd`h `hsprhd`hdd `h udns gícucns krnd`hs ccnan`ns ahkngnrmlgmtls. Cns pcnquhtns dl plshhd dúgchl, andtmhdhd ud phrál`l `h vm`n glrtl `hom`l n rhstls `h rdn ahdsnjhrl `hrmvn`ls `hc

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ankngnrmlgmtl. Hc dúahrl `h pcnquhtns hd cn sndkrh vnrmn hdtrh >86,666 n 066,666 plr amcáahtrl gúomgl. Cn gnusn prmdgmpnc pnrn quh ghsh hc sndkrn`l hs cn n`bhsm÷d `h cns  pcnquhtns n cn suphrimgmh mdthrdn `h cn pnrh` `hc vnsl hd cn vhgmd`n` `hc glrth. Wh cns loshrvn glal `msgls nmscn`ls omgldvhxls y lvnchs. Cn pnrth hxthrdn `h cns pcnquhtns sh

tmþh `h ud glclr nzuc pîcm`l. Cn ilran sh andtmhdh plr cn prhshdgmn `h amgrltuoucls lr`hdn`ls hd udn gmrgudihrhdgmn. Wm dl pnrtmgmpnd hd cn bhalstnsms, cns pcnquhtns vmvhd hdtrh lgbl n `mhz `áns, cuhkl sld inklgmtn`ns plr cls angr÷inkls.

Chuglgmtls Wld gícucns gld krnd alvmcm`n` quh rhncmznd sus iudgmldhs aîs maplrtndths m aplrtndths iuhrn `hc tlrrhdth sndkuádhl. Wu dúahrl hs `h 8,666 n =,666 plr amcáahtrl gúomgl `h sndkrh. Wh cls gcnsmimgn hd gmdgl tmpls `mstmdtls shkúd sus gnrngthrástmgns `h tmdgm÷d hsphgáimgns y su alrilclkán ghcucnr y iudgmldhs hsphgáimgns. Nc amgrlsglpml `h cuz puh`hd `mvm`mrsh hd • 

Chuglgmtls krnducnrhs

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Chuglgmtls dl krnducnrhs

Wndkrh vmsglsn, vmsglsn, hs hc `hdlamdn`lr glaúd quh prhshdtnd cn shrmh `h hdihrah`n`hs gr÷dmgns glal hc slorhphsl, `mnohths, lohsm`n`, bmphrthdsm÷d, ncglblcmsal y tnonqumsal, quh rhgmíd `hsgrmom÷ hc suoshgrhtnrml `h prhvhdgm÷d y prlalgm÷d `h cn sncu`, bukl c÷phzknthcc, nshkurnd`l quh sld cns prmdgmpnchs alromcm`n`hs -yn ndtnþl hxmsthdths hd aíxmgly plr glvm`->=, bly ndtmgmpnd ndtm gmpnd cls intnchs `hshdcnghs. Cn sndkrh sh vuhcvh vmsglsn l hsphsn plrquh cns nrthrmns y vhdns ghrgndns nc glrnz÷d y pucaldhs, shahjndths n cns nvhdm`ns y gncchs quh n `mnrml trndsmtnals, tmhdhd hstngmldn`ls hd `loch imcn, gnamldhs y trîmchrs quh sld hc hxghsl `h krnsns, hc hxghsl `h nzúgnrhs, hc hxghsl `h snc, hc hxghsl `h gnclráns  ‗ vnals vnals n ccnanrchs trmkcmgírm`ls y glchsthrlc- sh ndklstn hc hspngml pnrn gmrgucnr y cn ván glcnpsn plrquh cns naoucndgmns y  pntruccns ‗ kc÷oucls kc÷oucls rljls y lxákhdl- dl puh`hd mr hd urkhdgmn n ud ccnan`l `h nuxmcml, cls shrvmgmls `h hahrkhdgmn tmhdhd quh gmrgucnr plr hsn amsan ván y cchknr nc phrgndgh `h glvm`->=, phrl `halrnd y sh glnkucnd, amhdtrns cn gldshguhdgmn `h cn alromcm`n` yn `htld÷ y sh gldvmrtm÷ hd intncm`n`. Hc slorhphsl, `mnohths, lohsm`n`, bmphrthdsm÷d, ncglblcmsal y tnonqumsal, tmhdhd hsh `hdlamdn`lr glaúd quh hs cn sndkrh hsphsn l vmsglsn ¼guîc hs cn gnusn `h hstns hdihrah`n`hs gr÷dmgns< Cls gnamldhs hd `loch imcn `hdtrl `h cns nrthrmns mapm`mhd`l cn gmrgucngm÷d icum`n `h cn sndkrh trndsplrtnd`l kc÷oucls rljls y lxákhdl rhprhshdtnd hc nctl ád`mgh `h

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glchsthrlc, trmkcmgírm`ls, krnsn y kcuglsn y hstîd prhshdths hd hc slorhphsl, cn `mnohths, `mnohths, cn lohsm`n`, cn bmphrthdsm÷d, hc ncglblcmsal y hc tnonqumsal. Hstns hdihrah`n`hs gr÷dmgns hd udn phrsldn quh dl gum`n su ncmahdtngm÷d dm sus nimgmldhs n hstmaucndths glal hc ncglblc y hc gmknrrl, sld glal ud vnsl cchdl gld nkun

quh sh `hrrnan mdhvmtnochahdth nc nkrhknr cn kltn `h cn hdihrah`n` quh bly hs glvm`->= y quh `hshdgn`hdn gldshguhdgmns glal hc glcnpsl hd glrnz÷d y

Vucaldhs. Hc glrnz÷d olaohn cn sndkrh bngmn cls pucaldhs pnrn quh puh`n rhglkhr hc lxákhdl y cuhkl olaohn cn sndkrh rmgn hd lxákhdl bngmn hc lrkndmsal. Cn sndkrh quh gmrgucn n trnvís `h hsth smsthan cmohrn lxákhdl y dutrmhdths n cls thjm`ls `hc lrkndmsal y hcmamdn cls prl`ugtls `h `hshgbl glal hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl `h `mgbls thjm`ls. Hs mdthdsn y glapchjn cn mdthrrhcngm÷d hdtrh hc glrnz÷d y hc puca÷d, sh mdicuyhd autunahdth, hdihrah`n`hs gnr`mngns puh`hd `nr cuknr n bmphrthdsm÷d pucaldnr quh nihgtn imdncahdth nc prlpml glrnz÷d y hdihrah`n`hs rhspmrntlrmns `nþnd hc glrnz÷d y gmhrrnd hc gárgucl. Pl`l sh prhvmhdh gld udn ncmahdtngm÷d sndn smd hxghsl `h krnsns, smd hxghsl `h nzúgnrhs, smd hxghsl `h snc y smd hxghsl `h gnclráns. Bny aîs plsmomcm`n`hs `h slorhpnsnr hc haonth `h cn pnd`hamn nc thdhr ud smsthan mdaudlc÷kmgl ilrtnchgm`l. Cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h sndkrh hd hc tlrrhdth sndkuádhl puh`h phrturonrsh plr `hsbm`rntngm÷d u ltrns hdihrah`n`hs. Hstnr nchrtn hs dhghsnrml. Cn sndkrh dl hs tnd cáqum`n glal hc nkun l tnd vmsglsn glal hc nghmth, phrl sá gldsmkuh hd nckudns phrsldns phrsldns hstnr ud plgl aîs gldghdtrn`n plr cl quh puh`h cugmr aîs lsgurn, `h hstn andhrn, hstî glapuhstn plr udn pnrth cáqum`n ccnan`n pcnsan, quh gldtmhdh nkun, snchs y prlthádns, y plr udn s÷cm`n gldstmtum`n plr kc÷oucls rljls, kc÷oucls  ocndgls y pcnquhtns. Cls rljls sld cls glaprlahtm`ls `h sm hstnals l dl ndíamgls y sh `hchknd `h trndsplrtnr hc lxákhdl `hs`h cls pucaldhs bnstn cls thjm`ls y ÷rkndls. Cls ocndgls, gldlgm`ls glal chuglgmtls, cugbnd gldtrn cns mdihggmldhs y ilrand pnrth `hc smsthan mdaudlc÷kmgl `h cn `hihdsn `hc guhrpl. Amhdtrns quh cns pcnquhtns nyu`nd n quh cn sndkrh glnkuch. Gund`l udn phrsldn tmhdh cn sndkrh aîs gldghdtrn`n, gldghdtrn`n, hs plrquh hstî ntrnvhsnd`l ntrnvhsnd`l  plr ud trndsgursl `h `hsbm`rntngm÷d (inctn `h cáqum`l hd hc lrkndmsal) hd gnsls `h hdihrah`n`hs pucaldnrhs, gnr`mngns y ancmkdns glal cn plcmgmthamn vhrn (mdgrhahdtl ndlranc hd hc dúahrl `h gícucns sndkuádhns, sndkuádhns, prmdgmpncahdth `h kc÷oucls rljls).

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Cn `hsbm`rntngm÷d nsmamsal bngh quh hc vlcuahd sndkuádhl gmrgucndth (cáqum`ls) rh`uzgn y cn gndtm`n` `h gícucns ngrhgmhdth. @h nbá quh cn sndkrh cuzgn aîs gldghdtrn`n `hsthccîd`lsh, plr rnz÷d `h pruhons `h cnolrntlrml, hd cls vnclrhs hchvn`ls `h bhalkclomdn bhalkclo mdn (prlthádn quh hxmsth hd cls kc÷oucls rljls hdgnrkn`n `h trndsplrtnr lxákhdl).

Hd duhstrl ah`ml cls vnclrhs dlranchs `h bhalkclomdn vnránd. Wm sh vmvh hd cn glstn, cl dlranc hs quh udn aujhr cls thdkn hdtrh >? y >?,8 k/`c, y hc blaorh, `h >7 n >0,8 k/`c. Amhdtrns quh hd cn smhrrn hs ud plgl aîs nctn plrquh cns hxmkhdgmns `h lxákhdl sld anylrhs: hd cn aujhr bnstn >0 k/`c y hd hc blaorh bnstn >9 k/`c. Gund`l nckumhd slorhpnsn hsls vnclrhs imkurn imkurn quh cn vmsglsm`n` `h cn sndkrh hstî ngrhghdtn`n y, prmdgmpncahdth hd cns phrsldns mdngtmvns, sh hchvn hc rmhskl `h ilranr trlaols (glîkucls) hd cls vnsls sndkuádhls l hd cls pucaldhs. Hd hc prmahr gnsl sh `hsmkdn trlaolsms y hd hc shkud`l, haolcmn pucaldnr. Vlr cl tndtl, puh`h gnusnr mdinrtl nc amlgnr`ml (aúsgucl `hc glrnz÷d) l ud mdinrtl ghrhornc quh puh`h shr intnc.

GLDGCXWMßD Glal gldgcusm÷d `hohals rhsnctnr udls pudtls maplrtndths cls gunchs sld: cn sndkrh. Pnaplgl hs tnd cáqum`n glal hc nkun l tnd vmsglsn glal hc nghmth, phrl sá puh`h hd nckudns phrsldns hstnr ud plgl aîs gldghdtrn`n plr cl quh puh`h cugmr aîs lsgurn. Whkúd, hsphgmncmstns hsphgmncmstns hd bhantlclkán y ldglclkán, cn sndkrh hstî glapuhstn plr udn  pnrth cáqum`n ccnan`n pcnsan, quh gldtmhdh nkun, snchs y prlthádns, y plr udn s÷cm`n ilran`n plr kc÷oucls rljls, kc÷oucls ocndgls y pcnquhtns. Cls rljls sld cls rhspldsnochs `h sm hstnals l dl ndíamgls y sh hdgnrknd `h trndsplrtnr hc lxákhdl `hs`h cls pucaldhs bnstn cls thjm`ls y ÷rkndls. Cls ocndgls, gldlgm`ls glal chuglgmtls, glaonthd cns mdihggmldhs y ilrand pnrth `hc smsthan mdaudlc÷kmgl `h cn `hihdsn `hc guhrpl. Amhdtrns quh cns pcnquhtns nyu`nd n quh cn sndkrh glnkuch. Gund`l udn phrsldn tmhdh cn sndkrh aîs gldghdtrn`n, hs plrquh hstî ntrnvhsnd`l  plr ud prlghsl `h `hsbm`rntngm÷d (inctn `h cáqum`l hd hc lrkndmsal) hd gnsls `h hdihrah`n`hs pucaldnrhs, gnr`mngns y ancmkdns glal cn plcmgmthamn vhrn (mdgrhahdtl ndlranc hd hc dúahrl `h gícucns sndkuádh sndkuádhns, ns, prmdgmpncahdth `h kc÷oucls rljls). Cn `hsbm`rntngm÷d tnaomíd bngh quh hc vlcuahd sndkuádhl gmrgucndth (cáqum`ls) `msamduyn y cn gndtm`n` `h gícucns nuahdth. @h nbá quh cn sndkrh cuzgn aîs gldghdtrn`n rhichjîd`lsh, ah`mndth pruhons `h cnolrntlrml, hd cls vnclrhs hchvn`ls `h bhalkclomdn (prlthádn quh hxmsth hd cls kc÷oucls rljls hdgnrkn`n `h trndsplrtnr lxákhdl).

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?=?

 

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí Lrrncn Pnkch

Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn.

Xdm`n`?  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn >6: Omlimsmgn `h cn gmrgucngm÷d, hc icujl ic ujl y cn rhsmsthdgmn Ugnpmtucl >0 imsmlclkán `h kuytldQ

VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr OMLIMWMGN `h cn Gmrgucngm÷d, hc Icujl y cn _hsmsthdgmn UGnpmtucl >0 Imsmlclkán `h KuytldQ

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >6 _HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

OMLIMWMGN @H CN GM_GXCNGM×D, HC ICXJL ] CN _HWMWPHDGMN UGNVMPXCL >0 IMWMLCLKÁN @H KX]PLDQ MDP_L@XGGMßD Cn iudgm÷d `h smsthans gmrgucntlrmls, hs oîsmgnahdth trndsplrtnr cls dutrmhdths sngnrch hc prl`ugtl `h hsth bhgbl trndsplrtnr blraldns htgíthrn y oîsmgnahdth ny nyu`nd u`nd n andthdhr hc hqumcmorml `h tl`ls cls icum`ls `hc lrkndmsal y `h hsn andhrn clkrnr hc iudgmldnamhdtl ÷ptmal `h cns gícucn. Xdn gnrngthrástmgn auy maplrtndth `hc npnrntl vnsgucnr hs quh tl`ls cls vnsls sndkuádhls sld `msthdsmochs. Cn dnturnchzn `msthdsmoch `h cns nrthrmns cns phramth nglal`nrsh nc knstl pucsîtmc `hc glrnz÷d y suphrnr cns pucsngmldhs `h cn prhsm÷d, gld cl quh sh gldsmkuh ud icujl `h sndkrh gldtmdul y blalkídhl n trnvís `h cls vnsls sndkuádhls auy phquhþls `h cls thjm`ls. Gld `mihrhdgmn, cls vnsls aîs `msthdsmochs `hc guhrpl sld cns vhdns, gnpnghs `h ncanghdnr 6,8-> > `h sndkrh hxtrn gld mdgrhahdtls m dgrhahdtls mdgcusl chvhs `h cn prhsm÷d vhdlsn. Vlr tndtl, cns vhdns hjhrghd udn iudgm÷d `h rhshrvlrml pnrn ncanghdnr krnd`hs gndtm`n`hs `h sndkrh hxtrn quh puh`h utmcmznrsh smhaprh quh sh rhqumhrn hd guncqumhr ltrl pudtl `h cn gmrgucngm÷d. Hd hsth rhsuahd, sh vn n hxpcmgnr ud plgl `h cns gnrngthrástmgns khdhrnchs `h cn gmrgucngm÷d vnals n bnocnr `h cls glapldhdths iásmgls `h cn gmrgucngm÷d y ouhdl thdhals cns nrthrmns.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?=7

@HWN__LCCL Cns nrthrmns dl tmhdhd udn krnd gnpn sld kruhsns y hsl phramth, quh cns nrthrmns  puh`nd andhjnr n krnd prhsm÷d y tnaomíd tmhdhd t mhdhd udn krnd gndtm`n` `h imorns hcîstmgns cl

quh ch phramth andhjnr icujls n nctns vhclgm`n`hs. Hc shkud`l krupl quh ndncmznals sld cns ndthrmlr nsá quh thdhals ud glrth hglc÷kmgll `h udn ndthrmlr y oîsmgnahdth cl prmahrl quh dls snctn n cn vmstn hs quh su túdmgn hglc÷kmg ah`mn ausgucnr hs auy prlamdhdth y hsl hs auy maplrtndth plrquh `hom`l n hsl cns nrthrmlcns puh`hd puh`hd gldtrlcnr hc icujl gund`l sh rhcnjnd hdtldghs hxpnd`hd su cuz y phramthd quh hc icujl hdtrh l nuahdth hd hc thjm`l y gund`l sh gldtrnh hdtldghs `msamduyh su cuz y  phramthd hdtldghs quh icujl shn augbl ahdlr nc thjm`l y `h hstn andhrn cns nghrns cn  puh`hd rhkucnr hc hc icujl quh hdtrn y snch hd cls thjm`ls. thjm`ls. Vlr hsl `hdtrl `h cls vnsls sndkuádhls sld sld udl `h cls aîs maplrtndths, thdhals cuhkl cls gnpmcnrhs quh thdhals ud hsquhan `h ud gnpmcnr y oîsmgnahdth cls gnpmcnrhs sld  phquhþls vnsls vnsls sndkuádhls quh tmhdhd s÷cl udn gnpn quh hs hc hd`lthcml y khdhrncahdth  prhshdtnd plrls, plr cl gunc cls c ls dutrmhdths oîsmgnahdth lxákhdl quh hs hc gnroldl hdtrh ltrls aîs. Ch phramth hc pnsl nc mdthrgnaoml `h sustndgmns `hc ah`ml hxtrnghcucnr nc ah`ml `h mdtrnvnsgucnr y `h hsn andhrn dl sh vnd rhkucnd`l cn gndtm`n` `h icum`l quh bny. Hd cls thjm`ls thdhals hc úctmal krupl quh sld cns vhdns, tmhdhd udn pnrh` ausgucnr augbl aîs imdn hd glapnrngm÷d gld cns nrthrmns plr hsl khdhrncahdth sh `mgh quh cns vhdns andhjnd vlcuahd, amhdtrns quh cns nrthrmns andhjnd prhsm÷d. Ltrn gnrngthrástmgn maplrtndth `h cns vhdns hs quh prhshdtnd hd nckudns plrgmldhs, vîcvucns, prmdgmpncahdth hd cns vhdns quh sh hdguhdtrnd hd hc mdihrmlr plrquh snohals quh cn sndkrh vn nc glrnz÷d n trnvís `h cns vhdns vn hd gldtrn cn krnvh`n` y plr hsl hsns vîcvucns sld hshdgmnchs pnrn hvmtnr cl quh hs hc icujl tnaomíd cns vhdns. Nckl quh dl pl`hals lcvm`nr ahdgmldnr hs quh tmhdh t mhdh udn iudgm÷d maplrtndth y hs quh smhaprh sh `mghd quh sld ud krnd rhshrvlrml `h sndkrh y hsl hs maplrtndth nudquh sus pnrh`hs imdns glal `mjh ndthrmlrahdth hd gmhrtns lgnsmldhs yn puh`hd gldtrnhrsh y nplrtnr hsn sndkrh hxtrn n cn gmrgucngm÷d hd gnsl `h udn bhalrrnkmn gld hc hjhrgmgml mdthdsl. Vlr hjhapcl hdtldghs hdtldghs nudquh nudquh dl thdkn udn pnrh` ausgucnr tnaomíd tnaomíd sh sh puh`h puh`h gldtrnhr y rhsnctnr plr úctmal úct mal su iudgm÷d `h rhshrvn `h sndkrh quh smhaprh hs maplrtndth. Cn gmrgucngm÷d hstî `mvm`m`l hd `ls gmrgucngmldhs smstíamgns y pucaldnrhs. Cn gmrgucngm÷d smstíamgn ncohrkn hc 20% `hc vlcuahd `h sndkrh quh hstî `mvm`m`l `h cn smkumhdth andhrn: hc 20 % `hc vlcuahd `h cn sndkrh: sh hdguhdtrnd cns vhdns y shdls

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?=0

vhdlsls 90% amhdtrns quh hc >7% sh hdguhdtrn cns nrthrmlcns, ud ;% hd cns nrthrmns y gnpmcnrhs. Nblrn cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr s÷cl sh hdguhdtrn hc =% `h cn `hc vlcuahd `h sndkrh `hc guhrpl hd hc glrnz÷d sh hdguhdtrn hc ;% y judtls ilrand hc >9% rhstndth5 20

aîs >9 hs >66%. Wuphrimgmhs trndsvhrsnchs y icujl sndkuádhl oîsmgnahdth sm pldhals tl`ls cls vnsls sndkuádhls `hc guhrpl udl nc cn`l `hc ltrl hdgldtrnals cl quh hs su suphrimgmh trndsvhrsnc y hd hsth gun`rl vhals udn `mihrhdgmn hdtrh cn suphrimgmh trndsvhrsnc `h cns nrthrmns y cns vhdns vhals nquá quh cns phquhþns nrthrmns tmhdhd udn suphrimgmh trndsvhrsnc trndsvhrsnc `h ?6 ghdtáahtrls nc gun`rn`l y cns phquhþns vhdns tmhdhd udn suphrimgmh trndsvhrsnc `h 26 ghdtáahtrls nc gun`rn`l cl quh dls qumhrh `hgmr quh cn suphrimgmh trndsvhrsnc `h cns vhdns hs guntrl vhghs anylr quh `h cns nrthrmns. Hd cn anylrán `h cls gnsls hdtldghs npcmgnals cn smkumhdth i÷raucn: `ld`h (v) hs cn vhclgm`n` `hc icujl sndkuádhl, (i) hs hc vlcuahd `h prl`uggm÷d dmþl y (N) hs cn suphrimgmh trndsvhrsnc vnsgucnr, hdtldghs npcmgnd`l hstn i÷raucn `hgmals quh cn vhclgm`n` `hc icujl sndkuádhl v hs mdvhrsnahdth  prlplrgmldnc n cn suphrimgmh trndsvhrsnc vnsgucnr hdtldghs sm npcmgnals hstn i÷raucn n cn nlrtn dls `n udn vhclgm`n` `h sndkuádhl `h 77 ghdtáahtrls plr shkud`l amhdtrns quh hd cls gnpmcnrhs hs udn vhclgm`n` `h 6.7 amcáahtrls plr shkud`l. Hdtldghs cn vhclgm`n` `hc icujl sndkuádhl hs ahdlr gund`l cn suphrimgmh trndsvhrsnc hs ahdlr hdtldghs cn vhclgm`n` `hc icujl sndkuádhl hs anylr oîsmgnahdth. Hsh gldghptl sh rhsmhdth hd suphrimgmhs trndsvhrs trndsvhrsnchs nchs y cuhkl sndkuádhns. Cns prhsmldhs `hc icujl sndkuádhl, cn prhsm÷d hs cn iuhrzn quh sh hjhrgh slorh udn suphrimgmh hd hsth gnsl cn prhsm÷d quh puh`h quh hjhrgh cn sndkrh slorh cns pnrh`hs `h cls vnsls hdtldghs cls tmpls `h icujls sld: -Icujl cnamdnr Hd gld`mgmldhs imsmlc÷kmgns hc tmpl `h icujl anylrmtnrml hs hc `hdlamdn`l icujl hd gnpns l cnamdnr. Hc icum`l sh `hspcnzn hd cîamdns glnxmnchs l gmcád`rmgns hd cns quh tl`ns cns pnrtágucns sh auhvhd smd hxghpgm÷d pnrnchcnahdth nc hjh vnsgucnr. Wh lrmkmdn ud phrimc  pnrno÷cmgl `h vhclgm`n`hs vhclgm`n`hs gld ud ud vnclr aîxmal hd hc hjh l ghdtrl khlaítrmgl khlaítrmgl `hc tuol. tuol. Hd hc gnsl `hc smsthan vnsgucnr cls hchahdtls ghcucnrhs quh sh hdguhdtrnd hd sndkrh sld `hspcnzn`ls tndtl aîs iuhrthahdth bngmn hc ghdtrl gundtl anylr shn su tnanþl. -Icujl turouchdtl Hd `hthramdn`ns gld`mgmldhs hc icujl puh`h prhshdtnr rhalcmdls, sh `mgh quh hs turouchdtl. Hd hstn ilran `h icujl hc phrimc `h vhclgm`n`hs sh npcndn y cn rhcngm÷d cmdhnc

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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hdtrh hc krn`mhdth `h prhsm÷d y hc icujl sh pmhr`h plrquh `hom`l n cls rhalcmdls sh pmhr`h  prhsm÷d. Vnrn `hthramdnr `hthramdnr sm hc icujl hs cnamdnr l turouchdtl sh utmcmzn hc dúahrl `h _hydlc`s

(D_), ud dúahrl n`mahdsmldnc quh `hphd`h `h: r, rn`ml (a) vhclgm`n` ah`mn (a/s), `hdsm`n` (k/gg) y cn vmsglsm`n` (Vn.s). Hd cn gmrgucngm÷d sndkuádhn hd rhkmldhs gld gurvnturns prldudgmn`ns, hd rhkmldhs hstrhgbn`ns l hd omiurgngmldhs, gld vnclrhs plr hdgman `h 066, npnrhghd rhalcmdls clgnchs hd cns gnpns cmaátrlihs `h cn glrrmhdth. Gund`l sh cchkn n ?666-?066 hc icujl hs tltncahdth turouchdtl. Nudquh cn npnrmgm÷d `h turouchdgmns dl hs `hshnoch plr hc rmhskl quh tmhdhd `h prl`ugmr glîkucls sndkuádhls, sh puh`hd utmcmznr glal prlgh`mamhdtls `mnkd÷stmgls, yn quh amhdtrns hc icujl cnamdnr hs smchdgmlsl, hc turouchdtl khdhrn rum`ls nu`mochs n trnvís `h ud hsthtlsglpml.

_hsmsthdgmns vnsgucnrhs Cn rhsmsthdgmn dl puh`h ah`mrsh `mrhgtnahdth plr shr udn ankdmtu` glapuhstn,  pu`mhd`l lothdhrsh lothdhrsh `h cn hgungm÷d mdmgmnc nc hstnochghr ud kkrn`mhdth rn`mhdth `h prhsm÷d hdtrh `ls  pudtls y ah`mr hc icujl quh sh hstnochgh: (aaBk. amd/ac, X_V ↟ udm`n` `h rhsmsthdgmn  

 phrmiírmgn bhal`mdîamgn). bhal`mdîamgn). Wu ankdmtu` `hphd`h `h cns `mahdsmldhs `hc tuol plr `ld`h gmrgucn hc icum`l, `h su vmsglsm`n` y `hc tmpl `h icujl i cujl l glrrmhdth quh sh rhncmgh.

Pmpls `h rhsmsthdgmn Cn rhsmsthdgmn phrmiírmgn tltnc hs cn suan `h cns rhsmsthdgmns vnsgucnrhs. C Cls ls vnsls sndkuádhlss hd hc smsthan vnsgucnr gldstmtuyhd udn rh` hd cn quh `hthramdn`ls sndkuádhl `hthram dn`ls shkahdtls sh smtúnd hd shrmh y ltrls hd pnrnchcl. Cn rhsmsthdgmn vnrán `hphd`mhd`l `h cn glclgngm÷d `h cls vnsls.

Ymsglsm`n` Xdl `h cls ingtlrhs quh `hthramdn cn rhsmsthdgmn nc alvmamhdtl `h cls icum`ls sld cns iuhrzns `h rlznamhdtl hdtrh cns pnrths gldtmkuns `hc icum`l, cns iuhrzns `h vmsglsm`n`. Cn vmsglsm`n` (λ) sh `himdh glal cn prlpmh`n` `h cls icum`ls, prmdgmpncahdth `h  

cls cáqum`ls, `h lpldhr rhsmsthdgmn nc `hspcnznamhdtl tndkhdgmnc `h gnpns `h alcígucns. Whkúd Dhwtld, rhsuctn `hc glgmhdth hdtrh cn thdsm÷d `h prlpucsm÷d (π)  l iuhrzn `h gmznccn`urn y hc krn`mhdth `h vhclgm`n` (ΐα) hdtrh cns `mstmdtns gnpns `h cáqum`ls. Cns udm`n`hs `h λ sld Vnsgnchs/shk. Vnsgnchs/shk.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?=9

Cls icum`ls dhwtldmndls u blalkídhls sld cls quh auhstrnd udn vmsglsm`n` gldstndth, glal hc nkun, l cns slcugmldhs `h hchgtrlcmtls5 plr hc gldtrnrml, cls icum`ls dl dhwtldmndls, l bhthrlkídhls, prhshdtnd udn vmsglsm`n` vnrmnoch, hs hc gnsl `h cn sndkrh

quh sh al`mimgn `hphd`mhd`l `h cns `mahdsmldhs `hc tuol y `hc tmpl `h icujl. Gund`l cn vhclgm`n` `h cn sndkrh sh mdgrhahdtn cn vmsglsm`n` vmsglsm`n` `msamduyh. Nsá bn `h thdhrsh hd guhdtn quh cn sndkrh dl prhshdtn udn vmsglsm`n` gldstndth. Nc hstnr ilran`n plr gícucns y pcnsan, cns prmahrns sld cns rhspldsnochs prmdgmpnchs `h cn vmsglsm`n` sndkuádhn, vmsglsm`n` sndkuádhn, y tndtl hc bhantlgrmtl glal cn vhclgm`n` `hc icujl y hc `mîahtrl `hc vnsl al`mimgnd cn vmsglsm`n` `h cn sndkrh. N nctns vhclgm`n`hs, cn vmsglsm`n` `msamduyh nc smtunrsh cns gícucns prhihrhdthahdth hd hc hjh hj h ghdtrnc `hc vnsl. _hcngm÷d prhsm÷d-vlcuahd l hstu`ml `h cn c n glapcmndzn Cns prlpmh`n`hs hcîstmgns l `h `msthdsmomcm`n` `h cls vnsls sndkuádhls `hphd`hd, tndtl `hc dúahrl, glal `h cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh cns imorns hcîstmgns y glcîkhdns quh ilrand  pnrth `h su pnrh`. Wm sh glapnrn n cn ncturn `hc amsal shkahdtl vnsgucnr smstíamgl, cns nrthrmns sld `h 9 n >6 vhghs ahdls `msthdsmochs quh cns vhdns. Cn gnpngm`n` `h `hilrangm÷d y rhguphrngm÷d `h ud vnsl puh`h ah`mrsh glal cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh cls gnaomls `h vlcuahd y prhsm÷d hd hc mdthrmlr `hc amsal. Hstn prlpmh`n` sh gldlgh gld hc dlaorh `h hcnstndzn (ΐV/ΐY) l omhd su mdvhrsl, cn glapcmndzn (ΐY/ΐV).   Gund`l ud vnsl plshh udn pnrh` iîgmcahdth `hilranoch su su glapcmndzn krnd`h. Cns nrthrmns sld vnsls `h glapcmndzn ah`mn n prhsmldhs imsmlc÷kmgns5 smd haonrkl, n prhsmldhs hchvn`ns sh vuhcvhd rákm`ls y gld glapcmndzns gn`n vhz ahdlrhs. Cns vhdns sld vnsls quh nudquh ahdls `hilranochs quh cns nrthrmns prhshdtnd udn krnd gnpngm`n` n prhsmldhs onjns `h nglal`nr vlcúahdhs grhgmhdths `h sndkrh. Hstl hs `hom`l n su alrilclkán, yn quh nc pnsnr `h shggmldhs hcáptmgns n shggmldhs gmrgucnrhs mdgrhahdtnd su vlcuahd., `h nbá quh shnd `hsgrmtls glal vnsls `h gnpngmtndgmn. Hd hc rndkl `h vlcúahdhs y prhsmldhs imsmlc÷kmgls `hc smsthan vnsgucnr, cns vhdns smstíamgns sld udns `mhz vhghs aîs `msthdsmochs quh cns nrthrmns. nrt hrmns. Glapcmndgmn `mihrm`n (rhcnjngm÷d plr hstrís) `h cls vnsls. Hc tíramdl «glapcmndgmn `mihrm`nµ sh rhimhrh nc bhgbl `h quh ud vnsl hxpuhstl n ud nuahdtl `h vlcuahd prmahrl auhstrn ud krnd mdgrhahdtl `h cn prhsm÷d, phrl  prlkrhsmvnahdth sh vn vn prl`ugmhd`l ud hstmrnamhdtl `mihrm`l `mihrm`l `hc aúsgucl cmsl hd cn pnrh` `h cls vnsls quh phramth quh cn prhsm÷d vuhcvn n cn dlrancm`n` hd ud phrál`l `h amdutls u blrns, glal sh auhstrn hd cn imkurn >8-?, `ld`h cn prhsm÷d sh rhkmstrn hd ud shkahdtl  phquhþl `h cn vhdn lgcum`l hd naols hxtrhals. Wh mdyhgtn orusgnahdth ud vlcuahd hxtrn

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

?=;

`h sndkrh bnstn quh cn prhsm÷d nuahdtn `h 8 n >? aaBk y cn prhsm÷d glamhdzn n `hsghd`hr mdah`mntnahdth nudquh dl sh hxtrnmkn dn`n `h sndkrh `hspuís `h cn mdyhggm÷d, ncgndznd`l cls = aaBk hd vnrmls amdutls. Hd ltrns pncnorns, hc vlcuahd `h sndkrh

mdyhgtn`l prlvlgn cn `msthdsm÷d hcîstmgn mdah`mntn `h cn vhdn, phrl `hspuís cns imorns ausgucnrhs cmsns glamhdznd n «nrrnstrnrshµ bnstn cldkmtu`hs anylrhs y sus thdsmldhs vnd `msamduyhd`l hd gldshguhdgmn. Hsth hihgtl hs udn gnrngthrástmgn `h tl`l hc thjm`l ausgucnr cmsl y sh gldlgh glal rhcnjngm÷d plr hstrís. Vucsngmldhs `h cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc Xdn lchn`n `h sndkrh cchdn cns nrthrmns gld gn`n cntm`l cnt m`l gnr`ángl. Wm dl iuhrn plr cn `msthdsmomcm`n` `hc smsthan nrthrmnc, tl`n hstn sndkrh duhvn thd`rán quh icumr n trnvís `h cls vnsls sndkuádhls phrmiírmgls gnsm mdstndtîdhnahdth, s÷cl hd cn sástlch gnr`ángn, y dl sh  prl`ugmrán icujl `urndth cn `mæstlch. Dl lostndth, cn glapcmndgmn glapcmndgmn `hc îrolc nrthrmnc rh`ugh cns pucsngmldhs `h cn prhsm÷d bnstn quh prîgtmgnahdth `hsnpnrhghd hd hc alahdtl hd quh cn sndkrh ncgndzn cls gnpmcnrhs, plr cl quh hc icujl sndkuádhl tmsucnr hs prmdgmpncahdth gldtmdul gld ud hsgnsl gnrîgthr pucsîtmc. Bny `ls ingtlrhs ma plrtndths quh nihgtnd n cn prhsm÷d `h pucsl: >) hc vlcuahd smstÿcmgl `hc glrnz÷d y ?) cn glapcmndgmn (`msthdsmomcm`n` tltnc) `hc îrolc nrthrmnc. Bny ud thrghr ingtlr, nckl ahdls maplrtndth, quh hs cn gnrngthrástmgn `h cn hyhggm÷d `hc glrnz÷d `urndth cn sástlch. Hd khdhrnc, gundtl anylr shn hc vlcuahd smstÿcmgl, `hohrî nglal`nrsh aîs gndtm`n` `h sndkrh hd hc îrolc nrthrmnc gld gn`n cntm`l y, plr tndtl, anylrhs a nylrhs shrîd hc nuahdtl y hc `hsghdsl `h cn prhsm÷d `urndth cn `mæstlch y cn sástlch, gld cl quh cn prhsm÷d `h pucsl shrî anylr. Vlr hc gldtrnrml, gundtl ahdlr shn cn glapcmndgmn `hc smsthan nrthrmnc, anylr shrî hc nuahdtl `h cn prhsm÷d pnrn ud vlcuahd smstÿcmgl `n`l quh sh  olaohh bngmn cns nrthrmns. nrthrmns. Vlr Vlr hjhapcl, glal sh `hauhstrn hd cn zldn ghdtrnc `h cns ggurvns urvns `h cn pnrth suphrmlr `h cn imkurn >8-0, hc pucsl y cn prhsm÷d hd cls ndgmndls nuahdtnd bnstn hc `loch `h cl dlranc plrquh cns nrthrmns sh bnd hd`urhgm`l gld cn nrthrmlsgchrlsms y sld rhcntmvnahdth plgl `msthdsmochs. Hd hihgtl, cn prhsm÷d `h pucsl hstî `hthramdn`n plr cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh hc knstl gnr`ángl y cn glapcmndgmn `hc îrolc nrthrmnc. Guncqumhr smtungm÷d `h cn gmrgucngm÷d quh nihgtn n udl `h hstls `ls ingtlrhs tnaomíd nihgtn n cn prhsm÷d `h pucsl: Vrhsm÷d `hc pucsl 1 vlcuahd knstl gnr`ángl/glapcmndgmn gnr`ángl/glapcmndgmn nrthrmnc.

Vhrimchs ndlranchs `h cn prhsm÷d `h pucsl Nckudns smtungmldhs `h cn gmrgucngm÷d tnaomíd prlvlgnd phrimchs ndlranchs `h cn ld`n `h pucsl `h prhsm÷d, n`haîs `h ncthrnr cn prhsm÷d `h pucsl. Hdtrh hccns, sld  pnrtmgucnrahdth maplrtndths cn hsthdlsms n÷rtmgn, hc gld`ugtl nrthrmlsl phrahnoch y cn

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mdsuimgmhdgmn n÷rtmgn. Hd cn hsthdlsms vncvucnr n÷rtmgn hc `mîahtrl `h nphrturn `h hstn vîcvucn hstî smkdmimgntmvnahdth rh`ugm`l y cn prhsm÷d `h pucsl n÷rtmgn `msamduyh `msamduyh tnaomíd smkdmimgntmvnahdth plrquh `msamduyh `msamduyh hc icujl sndkuádhl quh snch plr cn vîcvucn hsthd÷tmgn.

Hd hc gld`ugtl nrthrmlsl phrahnoch, cn amtn` l aîs `h cn sndkrh quh olaohn hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l bngmn cn nlrtn icuyh mdah`mntnahdth bngmn ntrîs n trnvís `hc gld`ugtl auy nomhrtl bngmn cn nrthrmn pucaldnr y cls vnsls sndkuádhls pucaldnrhs, gld cl quh sh  prl`ugh ud krnd `hsghdsl `hsghdsl `h cn prhsm÷d `mnst÷cmgn ndths `hc smkumhd smkumhdth th cntm`l gnr`ángl. Hd cn mdsuimgmhdgmn n÷rtmgn hstn vîcvucn hstî nushdth l dl sh gmhrrn plr glapchtl, plr cl quh `hspuís `h gn`n cntm`l cn sndkrh quh sh ngnon `h olaohnr bngmn cn nlrtn icuyh mdah`mntnahdth bngmn ntrîs, bngmn hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l. Hd gldshguhdgmn, cn prhsm÷d n÷rtmgn gnh bnstn ghrl hdtrh cls cntm`ls c ntm`ls y n`haîs dl sh prl`ugh cn hsgltn`urn `hc phrimc `hc  pucsl n÷rtmgl, plrquh plrquh dl bny dmdkudn vîcvucn n÷rtmgn n÷rtmgn quh ghrrnr.

Vrhsm÷d sndkuádhn Xdm`n`hs hstîd`nr `h prhsm÷d. Cn prhsm÷d sndkuádhn sh am`h gnsm smhaprh hd amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml (aaBk) plrquh hc and÷ahtrl `h ahrgurml sh bn usn`l glal  pntr÷d `h rhihrhdgmn pnrn ah`mr cn prhsm÷d `hs`h su mdvhdgm÷d mdvhdgm÷d hd >209 plr plr Vlmshumcch. Hd rhncm`n`, cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc am`h cn iu hrzn hjhrgm`n plr cn sndkrh gldtrn udn udm`n` `h suphrimgmh `h cn pnrh` `hc vnsl. Gund`l sh `mgh quh cn pnrh` `h ud vnsl hs `h 86 aaBk, qumhrh `hgmrsh quh cn iuhrzn hjhrgm`n hs suimgmhdth pnrn hapujnr udn glcuadn `h ahrgurml gldtrn cn krnvh`n` bnstn udn ncturn `h 86 aa. Wm cn prhsm÷d hs `h >66 aaBk, hapujnrî cn glcuadn `h ahrgurml bnstn cls >6 6 aa. Hd lgnsmldhs, cn prhsm÷d sh am`h hd ghdtáahtrls `h nkun (ga B ?6). Xdn prhsm÷d `h >6 ga B ?6 smkdmimgn udn prhsm÷d suimgmhdth pnrn hchvnr udn glcuadn `h nkun gldtrn cn krnvh`n` bnstn udn ncturn `h >6 ghdtáahtrls. Xdn prhsm÷d `h > aa `h ahrgurml hs mkunc n udn prhsm÷d `h >,79 ga `h nkun, n kun,  plrquh cn `hdsm`n` `hc `hc ahrgurml hs >7,9 vhghs anylr quh cn `hc nkun nkun y > ga hs >6 vhghs anylr quh > aa. _hsmsthdgmn nc icujl sndkuádhl Xdm`n`hs `h rhsmsthdgmn. Cn rhsmsthdgmn hs hc áaph`mahdt÷ nc icujl sndkuádhl sndkuádhl hd ud vnsl, phrl dl sh puh`h a hgr plr ah`mls `mrhgtls. Vlr hc gldtrnrml, cn rhsmsthdgmn `hoh gncgucnrsh n pnrtmr `h cns `hthramdngmldhs `hc icujl sndkuádhl m `h cn `mihrhdgmn `h prhsm÷d hdtrh `ls pudtls `hc vnsl. Wm o `mihrhdgmn `h prhsm÷d hdtrh cls `ls pudtls hs `h > aaBk aa Bk y ¼icujl hs `h > ac/s66ac/s. Cn `mihrhdgmn `h prhsm÷d hdtrh

cns nrthrmns smstíamgns y cns vhdns smstíamgns hs `h udls m 66 ardBk. Vlr tndtl, cn rhsmsthdgmn `h tl`n cn gmrgucngm÷d smstíamgn, quh sh `hdlamdn rhsmsthdgmn phrmiírmgn tltnc, hs `h >66/>66 l > udm`n` `h rhsmsthdgmn phrmiírmgn (V_X). Gund`l tl`ls cls vnsls sndkuádhls `hc lrkndmsal sh gldtrnhd gld iuhrzn cn rhsmsthdgmn phrmiírmgn tltnc puh`h nuahdtnr bnstn 0 V_X, amhdtrns quh gund`l sh `mcntnd puh`h gnhr n tnd slcl 6,? V_X. Hd hc smsthan pucaldnr cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc ah`mn hs `h >9 aaBk y cn prhsm÷d ah`mn hd cn nurágucn mzqumhr`n hs `h ? aaBk, gld cl quh cn `mihrhdgmn dhtn `h prhsm÷d hs `h >0aa. Vlr tndtl, gund`l hc knstl gnr`ángl hs dlranc, hd tlrdl n > 6 6 ac/s, sh gncgucn quh cn rhsmsthdgmn vnsgucnr pucaldnr tltnc hs `h 6,>0 V_X (cn síptman pnrth quh hd cn gmrgucngm÷d smstíamgn).

GLDGCXWMßD Hd gldgcusm÷d, pl`hals `hgmr quh cn iudgm÷d `h cn c n gmrgucngm÷d gldsmsth hd nthd`hr cns dhghsm`n`hs `hc lrkndmsal: trndsplrtnr dutrmhdths bngmn cls thjm`ls `hc lrkndmsal, trndsplrtnr trndsplrt nr cls prl`ugtls `h `hshgbl, trndsplrtnr cns blraldns `h udn pnrth `hc lrkndmsal n ltrn y, hd khdhrnc, andthdhr ud hdtlrdl nprlpmn`l hd tl`ls cls cáqum`ls tmsucnrhs `hc lrkndmsal pnrn clkrnr cn suphrvmvhdgmn y iudgmldncm`n` ÷ptman `h cns gícucns. Cn vhclgm`n` `hc icujl sndkuádhl hd augbls `h cls thjm`ls sh gldtrlcn prmdgmpncahdth hd rhspuhstn n su dhghsm`n` `h dutrmhdths. Hd nckudls ÷rkndls, glal cls rmþldhs, cn gmrgucngm÷d smrvh pnrn iudgmldhs n`mgmldnchs. Vlr hjhapcl, hc icujl sndkuádhl n cls rmþldhs hs auy suphrmlr n sus dhghsm`n`hs ahtno÷cmgns y hstî rhcngmldn`l gld su iudgm÷d hxgrhtlrn, quh hxmkh quh sh imctrh hd gn`n amdutl ud krnd vlcuahd `h sndkrh. Hc glrnz÷d y cls vnsls sndkuádhls hstîd gldtrlcn`ls, n su vhz, `h ilran quh prlplrgmldnd hc knstl gnr`ángl y cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc dhghsnrmls pnrn knrndtmznr hc icujl sndkuádhl dhghsnrml.

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IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: jlsuh lrrncn tnkch

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Xdm`n`?  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn >>: ^XÍ HW CN GM_GXCNGM×D AHDL_ L VXCALDN_ VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr ¼^uí hs cn gmrgucngm÷d ahdlr l pucaldnr<

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >> _HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

¼^XÍ HW CN GM_GXCNGM×D AHDL_ L VXCALDN_< MDP_L@XGGMLD Cn ccnan`n gmrgucngm÷d ahdlr glamhdzn hd hc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl nc quh cchkn cn sndkrh `hslxmkhdn`n rhglkm`n `h tl`l hc guhrpl plr cns vhdns gnvns suphrmlr h mdihrmlr, quh cn trndsplrtnd bnstn cn nurágucn `hrhgbn, cchknd`l nc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl `hspuís `h ntrnvhsnr cn vîcvucn trmgúspm`h. @hs`h hc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl, cn sndkrh snch plr cn nrthrmn  pucaldnr y sus rnans `hrhgbn h mzqumhr`n, y hs trndsplrtn`n n cls pucaldhs. Naons nrthrmns sh `mvm`hd bnstn `nr cuknr n cls c ls gnpmcnrhs, quh sh rhcngmldnd ádtmanahdth gld cls ncvílcls pucaldnrhs, amgrlsg÷pmgns hstrugturns `ld`h imdncmznd cns rnans `h cls  orldqumls trns sus aúctmpchs `mvmsmldhs. Hc mdthrgnaoml `h knshs sh prl`ugh n dmvhc ncvílcl-gnpmcnr, glal vhrhals hd cn Xdm`n` =, cmohrnd`l cls kc÷oucls rljls hc GL? y cchdîd`lsh `h L?. @hs`h cls gnpmcnrhs sh ilrand víducns y vhdns quh sh rhúdhd hd `ls vhdns pucaldnrhs plr gn`n puca÷d, quh cchvnd cn sndkrh lxmkhdn`n n cn nurágucn mzqumhr`n, `ld`h sh glapchtn hc gmrgumtl. N imd `h rhncmznr hc mdthrgnaoml knshlsl knshlsl `h L? y GL? hdtrh hc nmrh y cn sndkrh, cls vnsls pucaldnrhs sh rnamimgnd hd udn napcmn rh` `h gnpmcnrhs, quh pldhd cn sndkrh hd gldtngtl gld hc nmrh n trnvís `h cn mdthrinsh ncvhlclgnpmcnr, guyn suphrimgmh tltnc hd hc n`uctl dlranc hs ghrgndn n >06 a?. Pl`l hc knstl gnr`ángl gmrgucn gn`n amdutl n trnvís `h cls pucaldhs, gld udn prhsm÷d hd cn nrthrmn pucaldnr `h s÷cl ud shxtl `h cn quh tmhdh cn nlrtn.

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@HWN__LCCL Hs `hgmr, cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr l –gmrgucngm÷d  ahdlr‑ hs ud smsthan `h icujl nctl

y prhsm÷d onjn5 dl sh puh`h gldsm`hrnr pnrth `h cn gmrgucngm÷d rhkmldnc hd hc shdtm`l hd quh cl sld cns gmrgucngmldhs rhdnc, bhpîtmgn l glrldnrmn. Hstns gnrngthrástmgns sld glrrhcntmvns gld cn hstrugturn `h cls vnsls pucaldnrhs y hxpcmgnd cn anrgn`n mdicuhdgmn `h cns prhsmldhs mdtrntlrîgmgns slorh cn bhal`mdîamgn pucaldnr. N`haîs `h pnrtmgmpnr hd hc mdthrgnaoml knshlsl, cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr tmhdh guntrl iudgmldhs shgud`nrmns dl rhcngmldn`ns gld cn rhspmrngm÷d: smrvh `h rhshrvlrml sndkuádhl, ngtún glal imctrl `h pnrtágucns hd cn sndkrh vhdlsn, tmhdh ngtmvm`n`hs ahtno÷cmgns y pnrtmgmpn hd cls ahgndmsals `h `hihdsn ghcucnr y bualrnc pucaldnr. Hc vlcuahd tltnc `h sndkrh `h tl`n cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr hs nprlxman`nahdth `h 866 aC, hs `hgmr, >6% `hc vlcuahd tltnc `h sndkrh gmrgucndth (8 666 aC). Cn hdlrah hcnstmgm`n` `h cls vnsls sndkuádhls pucaldnrhs y hc îrolc vnsgucnr `h cns zldns suphrmlrhs  pucaldnrhs (plr cl khdhrnc ahdls phriud`m`l) phramthd quh hc puca÷d nuahdth su vlcuahd sndkuádhl gld hchvngmldhs rhcntmvnahdth phquhþns `h cns prhsmldhs nrthrmnc l vhdlsns pucaldnrhs, pucaldnrhs, plr hjhapcl, `urndth hc hjhrgmgml hj hrgmgml l nc pnsnr `h cn plsmgm÷d lrtlstîtmgn n `hgúomtl supmdl. Ltrn iudgm÷d `hc puca÷d hs imctrnr cn sndkrh. Cls phquhþls trlaols sndkuádhlss l íaolcls `h krnsn l nmrh sld hcmamdn`ls `h cn gmrgucngm÷d ndths quh puh`nd sndkuádhl cchknr nc ghrhorl l n ltrls ÷rkndls vmtnchs. Cns gícucns hd`lthcmnchs quh tnpmznd tnpmznd cls vnsls  pucaldnrhs cmohrnd sustndgmns imormdlcátmgns y ndtmglnkucndths quh nyu`nd n `mslcvhr cls trlaols. Hc puca÷d tnaomíd pnrtmgmpn hd cls ahgndmsals `h `hihdsn ghcucnr y bualrnc  pucaldnrhs n trnvís `h cns mdaudlkcloucmdns mdaudlkcloucmdns (MkN) y `h cls angr÷inkls angr÷inkls pucaldnrhs. Hc ahtnolcmsal `h blraldns vnslngtmvns tnaomíd hs udn maplrtndth iudgm÷d `h cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr. Xdn `h hstns sustndgmns hs cn ndkmlthdsmdn M, cn gunc sh ngtmvn y trndsilran hd ndkmlthdsmdn MM plr cn hdzman `h gldvhrsm÷d `h cn ndkmlthdsmdn (HGN) clgncmzn`n hd cn suphrimgmh `h cns gícucns hd`lthcmnchs `h cls gnpmcnrhs pucaldnrhs. Cn ngtmvngm÷d hs hxtrnlr`mdnrmnahdth rîpm`n y 26% `h cn ndkmlthdsmdn M puh`h gldvhrtmrsh hd ndkmlthdsmdn MM (plthdth vnslgldstrmgtlr) `urndth ud údmgl pnsl n trnvís `h cls vnsls  pucaldnrhs. Cns Cns nrthrmns pucaldnrhs `hrhgbn h mzqumhr`n sh lrmkmdnd, lrmkmdnd, `mrhgtnahdth, hd hc trldgl pucaldnr y cchvnd cn sndkrh `hslxmkhdn`n n cls pucaldhs `hs`h hc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl `hc glrnz÷d. Cn omiurgngm÷d `hc trldgl pucaldnr sh smtún n cn mzqumhr`n `h cn cádhn ah`mn plr `honjl `hc dmvhc vhrthornc y ndthrl-mdihrmlrahdth y n cn mzqumhr`n `h cn  omiurgngm÷d `h cn trîquhn.

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Nrthrmn Vucaldnr @hrhgbn Hs aîs cnrkn quh cn mzqumhr`n y `msgurrh blrmzldtncahdth n trnvís `hc ah`mnstmdl.

Hs ndthrmlr y cmkhrnahdth mdihrmlr n cn omiurgngm÷d `h cn trîquhn y ndthrmlr nc orldquml  prmdgmpnc `hrhgbl. Vlsthrmlr n cn Nlrtn Nsghd`hdth, n cn Yhdn Gnvn Wuphrmlr y cn Yhdn Vucaldnr Wuphrmlr @hrhgbn. Cn nrthrmn pucaldnr `hrhgbn hdtrn hd hc ph`águcl pucaldnr y `n udn krnd rnan  pnrn hc c÷oucl c÷oucl suphrmlr `hc puca÷d `hrhgbl, `hrhgbl, hc trldgl prmdgmpnc gldtmdun n trnvís `hc bmcml  pucaldnr `n udn shkud`n rnan ‗ rhgurrhdthrhgurrhdth- pnrn hc c÷oucl suphrmlr y `hspuís sh `mvm`h  pnrn mrrmknr cls c÷oucls ah`ml h mdihrmlr.

Nrthrmn Vucaldnr Mzqumhr`n Hs aîs glrtn quh cn `hrhgbn y quh`n ndthrmlr n cn Nrthrmn Nlrtn @hsghd`hdth y  plsthrmlr n cn Yhdn Vucaldnr Wuphrmlr. Vnsn Vnsn n trnvís `hc ph`águcl y `hc bmcml y sh rnamimgn hd hc mdthrmlr `hc puca÷d mzqumhr`l.

Yhdns Vucaldnrhs N gn`n cn`l `h cn nrthrmn `msgurrh udn vhdn: Vucaldnr Wuphrmlr y udn vhdn Vucaldnr Mdihrmlr. Cchvnd cn sndkrh lxmkhdn`n `hs`h cls pucaldhs `h vuhctn nc glrnz÷d. Cns vhdns pnrthd `hc bmcml pucaldnr ntrnvmhsnd hc ph`águcl `hc puca÷d y `rhdnd mdah`mntnahdth hd cn nurágucn mzqumhr`n. Cn phriusm÷d sndkuádhn `h cls ncvhlcls prlvmhdh `h cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr. Cn prmdgmpnc iudgm÷d `h cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr hs hc mdthrgnaoml knshlsl n dmvhc ncvhlcnr l bhantlsms Wu hstrugturn hs hsphgmncahdth n`hgun`n pnrn hstn iudgm÷d, cn suphrimgmh `h gldtngtl nmrh-sndkrh tmhdh hd hc n`uctl, nprlxman`nahdth hdtrh ;6-26 a? y cls kc÷oucls rljls pnsnd plr cls gnpmcnrhs gunsm udl trns ltrl. Cls imdls vnsls pucaldnrhs guapchd tnaomíd gld udn iudgm÷d `h imctrl pnrn cn sndkrh vhdlsn rhthdmhd`l ahgîdmgnahdth l plr n`bhrhdgmn, gícucns sndkuádhns hdvhjhgm`ns, amgrlglîkucls, gícucns n`mplsns, gícucns pcnghdtnrmns htg. Hchahdtls quh dlrancahdth sh hstîd ilrand`l h mdglrplrîd`lsh nc tlrrhdth gmrgucntlrml. Cn napcmn suphrimgmh pnrn hc mdthrgnaoml knshlsl y cn hxtrhan rhshrvn vnsgucnr phramth quh cn iudgm÷d sh andthdkn dlranc nud gund`l aîs `h cn amtn` `h cls gnpmcnrhs sh lgcuy lgcuynd. nd. Cns nrthrmns orldqumnchs, lrmkmdn`ns hd cn Nrthrmn Nlrtn, dutrhd dlrancahdth cls  orldqumlcls thramdnchs thramdnchs phrl cn hxmsthdgmn hxmsthdgmn `h `h ndnstlalsms ndnstlalsms prhgnpmcnrhs prhgnpmcnrhs hdtrh cn gmrgucngm÷d gmrgucngm÷d  orldqumnc y pucaldnr smkdmimgn, gld irhguhdgmn, quh cls ncvhlcls rhgmond nc ahdls cn síptman pnrth `h hsth icujl ic ujl sndkuádhl pucaldnr.

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Hc puca÷d hs hc údmgl ÷rkndl quh npnrth `hc glrnz÷d, rhgmoh cn tltncm`n` `hc knstl l `íomtl gnr`mngl, plr cl c l quh prhshdtn gld`mgmldhs auy n`hgun`ns pnrn rhkucnr cn gncm`n`

y gndtm`n` `h nckudns nc kudns sustndgmns gmrgucndths. Cns gícucns `hc hd`lthcml gnpmcnr pucaldnr sld rhspldsnochs `h cls gnaomls quh hxphrmahdtnd nckudns sustndgmns vnslngtmv vnslngtmvns ns hd cn gmrgucngm÷d: plr hjhapcl, cn ndkmlthdsmdn M, plcmpíptm`l rhcntmvnahdth mdngtmvl, mdngtmvl, nc pnsnr n trnvís `h cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr sh gldvmhrth hd ndkmlthdsmdn MM quh hs ud plthdth vnslgldstrmgtlr. Cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr tmhdh prîgtmgnahdth hc amsal icujl sndkuádhl quh cn gmrgucngm÷d smstíamgn, phrl gld ud ríkmahd `h prhsmldhs shms vhghs ahdlr `hom`l n su onjn rhsmsthdgmn.  Dlrancahdth hc gldthdm`l `h sndkrh hd cls pucaldhs rhprhshdtn slcl ud thrgml `hc n gnpngm`n` aîxman `h hsh chgbl vnsgucnr y `urndth hc hjhrgmgml iásmgl, hc icujl sndkuádhl  puh`h nuahdtnr ? n 0 vhghs su dmvhc `h rhplsl smd quh sh prl`uzgnd prl`uzgnd gnaomls dltnoch hd cn prhsm÷d.

Vrhsmldhs hd hc gmrgumtl ahdlr Cns prhsmldhs `h cn nurágucn y hc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbls y `h cn nrthrmn pucaldnr  puh`hd ah`mrsh `mrhgtnahdth ah`mndth ud gntíthr mdtrl`ugm`l bnstn hsns gnvm`n`hs n trnvís `h udn vhdn `h cns hxtrham`n`hs l `hc guhccl. @h usl irhguhdth hd gcádmgn hs hc gntíthr `h W[nd Kndz quh hstî prlvmstl `h ud phquhþl onc÷d mdicnoch hd su hxtrhal `mstnc, hc gunc icltn y hs nrrnstrn`l plr cn glrrmhdth sndkuádhn bnstn ncgndz ncgndznr nr cn nrthrmn pucaldnr, cl quh phramth su mdtrl`uggm÷d smd dhghsm`n` `h gldtrlc rn`mlsg÷pmgl. Glal yn sh ahdgmld÷ cns prhsmldhs hd hc gmrgumtl pucaldnr sld nprlxman`na nprlxman`nahdth hdth shms vhghs ahdlrhs quh cns `hc gmrgumtl smstíamgl: cn prhsm÷d ah`mn hd cn nlrtn hs `h >66aabk. Amhdtrns quh hd cn nrthrmn pucaldnr hs `h s÷cl >8aabk. Hd gldglr`ndgmn cns pnrh`hs `h cns nrthrmns pucaldnrhs sld auy `hckn`ns y hstîd  prlvmstns `h auy hsgnsn ausgucnturn cmsn, gldiud`míd`lsh gldiud`míd`lsh iîgmcahdth gld vhdns `h `mîahtrl smamcnr. Hstn gnrngthrástmgn ndnt÷amgn gldtrnstn gld cns nrthrmns smstíamgns quh tmhdhd pnrh`hs kruhsns y noud`ndth noud`ndth ausgucnturn cmsn, hsphgmncahdth hsphgmncahdth n dmvhc dmvhc nrthrmlcnr. Wm sh tmhdh prhshdth cns `mihrhdths iudgmldhs `h hstns `ls gmrgucngmldhs, sh hxpcmgn quh sus rhkáahdhs `h prhsmldhs shnd `mihrhdths. Cn gmrgucngm÷d smstíamgn suamdmstrn sndkrh n tl`ls cls ÷rkndls, mdgcusl gund`l hstîd uomgn`ls slorh hc dmvhc `hc glrnz÷d, glal plr hjhapcl cn gnohzn l ud ornzl hchvn`l, cn gunc sh rh`mstrmouyh rh`mstrmouyh plr vnslgldstrmggm÷d vnslgldstrmggm÷d shchgtmvn `h cn sndkrh `h udn rhkm÷d n ltrn `h nguhr`l n cls rhquhrmamhdtls ahtno÷cmgls `h cls thjm`ls. Hd gnaoml hd hc puca÷d cn

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 prhsm÷d nrthrmnc slcl dhghsmtn dhghsmtn ncgndz ncgndznr nr hc dmvhc dhghsnrml pnrn pnrn mapucsnr cn ssndkrh ndkrh bnstn bnstn cls vírtmghs quh, hd plsmgm÷d supmdn hstîd s÷cl n >8- ?6 ga plr hdgman `hc trldgl `h cn nrthrmn

 pucaldnr. Hc icujl `h sndkrh n trnvís `hc gmrgumtl pucaldnr hstî `hthramdn`l plr cn `mihrhdgmn `h prhsmldhs hdtrh hc trldgl `h cn nrthrmn pucaldnr y cn nurágucn mzqumhr`n. N hsth icujl sh lpldh udn rhsmsthdgmn vnsgucnr vnsgucnr `h tmpl irmggmldnc quh `hphd`h `h cn cldkmtu` `hc vnsl (M), cn vmsglsm`n` `h cn sndkrh (A) y `hc rn`ml (r) --hgungm÷d `h Vlmshumcch. Cn rhsmsthdgmn vnsgucnr pucaldnr tnaomíd puh`h gncgucnrsh `h nguhr`l n cn chy `h Lba, glal sh bngh glrrmhdthahdth hd cn prîgtmgn gcádmgn. @h nguhr`l n hstn chy cn rhsmsthdgmn hstî `hthramdn`n plr cn c n smkumhdth hgungm÷d _YV1 @mihrhdgmn `h prhsmldhs/ Icujl sndkuádhl Hd hstu`mls bhal`mdîamgls cn prhsm÷d sh am`h hd `mdns plr ghdtáahtrl gun`rn`l (iuhrzn plr udm`n` `h îrhn) y hc icujl sndkuádhl sh `hthramdn hd ghdtáahtrl gúomgl plr shkud`l. Hd hc blaorh dlranc cn rhsmsthdgmn vnsgucnr icugtún hdtrh >66 n ?66 `mdns plr s/ga8. Wm omhd cn rhsmsthdgmn vnsgucnr pucaldnr hd rhplsl hs onjn, hccn puh`h `msamdumr núd aîs sm nuahdtn hc icujl hd cls vnsls pucaldnrhs, glal lgurrh `urndth hc hjhrgmgml. @ls ahgndmsals sld rhspldsnochs `h hsth hihgtl: N ah`m`n quh cn prhsm÷d suoh, glamhdznd n normrsh gnpmcnrhs quh, hd rhplsl, hstnond ghrrn`ls l gld auy hsgnsl icujl, hs `hgmr, sh rhgcutnd duhvls vnsls onjnd`l cn rhsmsthdgmn.

Icujl Wndkuádhl pucaldnr Cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr rhgmoh cn tltncm`n` `hc vlcuahd smst÷cmgl `hc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl, quh hd gld`mgmldhs dlranchs hs prîgtmgnahdth mkunc n cn `hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l Hd cn prîgtmgn gcádmgn, hc icujl sndkuádhl pucaldnr sh am`h ah`mndth thral`mcugm÷d. Vnrn hccl sh usnd gntíthrhs `hc tmpl Wwnd Kndz, quh hstîd hqumpn`ls gld ud phquhþl shdslr `h thaphrnturn hd su hxtrhal `mstnc y gld ud cuahd n`mgmldnc, n trnvís `hc gunc sh mdyhgtn suhrl bhcn`l. Nc mdyhgtnr hc suhrl, hc shdslr `hthgtn udn `msamdugm÷d `h cn thaphrnturn guyn `urngm÷d h mdthdsm`n` `hphd`h `hc icujl sndkuádhl. Hd hc n`uctl dlranc, hc knstl gnr`mngl y plr cl tndtl hc icujl i cujl sndkuádhl pucaldnr, icugtún hdtrh 8 n 2 C/amd. C/amd.

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Gnrngthrástmgns iudgmldnchs iudgmldnchs `h cls vnsls sndkuádhl sndkuádhlss pucaldnrhs Hc krn`l `h `mcntngm÷d `h guncqumhr vnsl hs `hthramdn`l plr su prhsm÷d trndsaurnc,

quh sh `himdh glal cn `mihrhdgmn `h prhsm÷d quh ngtún n trnvís `h su pnrh`, hstl hs, cn  prhsm÷d mdtrncuamdnc (Vm) ahdls cn prhsm÷d phrmvnsgucnr l hxthrdn (Vh). @hom`l n cn krnd `msthdsmomcm`n` `h cns nrthrmns pucaldnrhs hc rndkl `h vnrmngm÷d `h su `mîahtrl hs auy napcml. Cns prhsmldhs phrmvnsgucnrhs `hphd`hd `hphd`hd `h cns hstrugturns quh rl`hnd nc vnsl. Cls krnd`hs vnsls hxtrnpucaldnrhs hstîd sujhtls n cns icugtungmldhs `h cn prhsm÷d pchurnc. Cls vnsls mdtrnpucaldnrhs hstîd sujhtls n `mihrhdths rhkáahdhs `h prhsmldhs `hphd`mhd`l `h su clgncmzngm÷d ncvhlcnr l hxtrnncvhlcnr. Cls vnsls hxtrnncvhlclnrhs sld nihgtn`ls smauctîdhnahdth plr cn prhsm÷d pchurnc y cn c n prhsm÷d `hc mmdthrstmgml. dthrstmgml. Cls vnsls ncvhlcnrhs l gnpmcnrhs uomgn`ls uomgn`ls hd cls shptn mdthrncvhlcnrhs hstîd sujhtls n cls rhkáahdhs `h prhsmldhs prhsmldhs`h `h cls ncvhlcls quh cls rl`hnd, smd quh cls nihgthd cls gnaomls `h cn prhsm÷d pchurnc.

Ingtlrhs ahgîdmgls quh rhkucnd cn rhsmsthdgmn vnsgucnr pucaldnr Vlr sus gnrngthrástmgns hstrugturnchs su uomgngm÷d `hdtrl `hc t÷rnx h mdthrplsmgm÷d hdtrh naols vhdtrágucls, cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr dlranc hstî slahtm`n n aúctmpchs mdicuhdgmns mdicuhdgm ns hxtrnvnsgucnrhs n cns quh rhspld`h pnsmvnahdth pnsmvnahdth gld krnd shdsmomcm`n`. Vlr hccl hd su rhkucngm÷d prh`lamdnd cls hihgtls `h tmpl ahgîdmgl slorh nquhccls prlpmls `h udn ngtmvm`n` vnslaltlrn prlpmnahdth tnc.

Ylcuahd pucaldnr Nc mdspmrnr `hs`h vlcuahd rhsm`unc n gnpngm`n` pucaldnr tltnc, cn rhsmsthdgmn `h cls vnsls ncvhlcnrhs nuahdtn prlkrhsmvnahdth, amhdtrns quh cl gldtrnrml lgurrh gld cls vnsls hxtrncvhlcnrhs. Hstl sh `hoh n quh cls vnsls ncvhlcnrhs sld glaprmam`ls y hcldkn`ls n ah`m`n quh hc puca÷d sh mdsuicn, amhdtrns quh cn prhsm÷d mdthrstmgmnc quh rl`hn n cls vnsls hxtrncvhlcnrhs sh bngh aîs dhkntmvn, gnusnd`l udn `msamdugm÷d `h Vh y  plr cl tndtl ud nuahdtl `h su prhsm÷d prhsm÷d trndsaurnc. Cl Cl gldtrnrml llgurrh gurrh n dmvhc ``hh vlcuahd rhsm`unc, gld`mgm÷d hd quh cls vnsls ncvhlcnrhs sh hdguhdtrnd `mcntn`ls y cls vnsls hxtrn ncvhlcnrhs, `hom`l nc nuahdtl `h cn prhsm÷d pchurnc, glcnpsn`ls. @urndth cn rhspmrngm÷d pnusn`n cls vnsls hxtrn ncvhlcnrhs hstîd hxpuhstls smhaprh n udn prhsm÷d hxthrdn l phrmvnsgucnr quh hs aîs dhkntmvn quh cn `h cls vnsls ncvhlcnrhs , cl quh tmhdh maplrtndgmn hd cn ilrangm÷d `hc h`han pucaldnr quh glamhdzn smhaprh hd hc thrrmtlrml hxtrn ncvhlcnr plr sus anylrhs prhsmldhs trndsaurnchs. Hihgtl `h cn iuhrzn `h krnvh`n`.- hc onjl ríkmahd `h prhsmldhs quh hxmsth hd cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr cn bngh

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auy shdsmoch shdsmoch n cn mdicuhdgmn `h cn krnvh`n`, ihd÷ahdl quh dl sh loshrvn hd cn gmrgucngm÷d gmr gucngm÷d smstíamgn.

GLDGCXWMßD Hd gldgcusm÷d, cns gld`mgmldhs dlranchs, cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr `hc n`uctl hs ud smsthan `h onjn rhsmsthdgmn, nctn gnpngmtndgmn y onjn prhsm÷d `mshþn`l pnrn invlrhghr hc mdthrgnaoml knshlsl pucaldnr y `msamdumr hc glstl hdhrkítmgl `hc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl. `hrhgbl. Cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr prhshdtn ud `loch lrmkhd: cns nrthrmns pucaldnrhs `h ‒gld`uggm÷d” 

hxtrnpnrhdqumantlsns y cns nrthrmns pucaldnrhs `h ‒rhsmsthdgmn” 

mdtrnpucaldnrhs. Cn plsgnrkn nrthrmnc pucaldnr puh`h hstmanrsh ah`mndth cn rhsmsthdgmn vnsgucnr (glapldhdth (glapldhdth hstngmldnrml) y cn glapcnghdgmn glapcnghdgmn nrthrmnc (glapldhdth pucsîtmc) guyn rhcngm÷d hs mdvhrsn y su prl`ugtl gnrngthrmzn cn gldstndth `h tmhapl. Cn rmkm`hz nrthrmnc  pucaldnr gldstmtuyh gldstmtuyh ud ingtlr pnrn klohrdnr cn plsgnrkn plsgnrkn `mdîamgn, y su nuahdtl gldstmtuyh ud bhgbl thaprndl hd hc `hsnrrlccl `h bmphrthdsm÷d pucaldnr. Cn rhspuhstn `h cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr nc hjhrgmgml tmhdh ud rlc maplrtndth hd hc `mnkd÷stmgl suogcádmgl `h cn bmphrthdsm÷d bm phrthdsm÷d pucaldnr.

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IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí lrrncn tnkch

Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn.

Xdm`n`?  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn >>: ^XÍ HW CN GM_GXCNGM×D AN]L_ L WMWPÍAMGN VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr ^uí hs cn gmrgucngm÷d anylr anylr l smstíamgn

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >> _HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

¼^XÍ HW CN GM_GXCNGM×D AN]L_ L WMWPÍAMGN< MDP_L@XGGMßD Cn gmrgucngm÷d anylr l gmrgucngm÷d smstíamgn hs udn `h cns `ls gmrgucngmldhs quh usnals glal lrkndmsals quh tmhdhd sndkrh hd su mdthrmlr y quh hstn sndkrh gmrgucn rhpnrtmhd`l dutrmhdths y cmapmnd`l tlxmdns. t lxmdns. Hdtldghs udn `h cns pnrths `h cn gmrgucngm÷d, glal `mgh su dlaorh hstn gmrgucngm÷d vn n shr l sh vn n tlanr aîs hspngml quh cn gmrgucngm÷d ahdlr `h bhgbl vn n `nr cn vuhctn  plr gnsm tl`l hc lrkndmsal y vnals vnals n vhr g÷al hs hstl cn gmrgu gmrgucngm÷d cngm÷d anylr anylr mapcmgn quh nquá thdíms ud `moujl n am andhrn `hc glrnz÷d sá gld nurágucn `hrhgbn vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl nurágucn mzqumhr`n vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l.

@HWN__LCCL Cn gmrgucngm÷d smstíamgn hapmhzn gld cn gldtrnggm÷d `hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l quh  olaohn cn sndkrh bngmn tl`l hc lrkndmsal l shn hc glrnz÷d olaohn cn sndkrh y snch `mspnrn`n plr cn nlrtn y `h cn nlrtn vn n vmnjnr n tl`l hc lrkndmsal `h hstn andhrn cns gícucns `h gn`n `h tl`ls cls ÷rkndls `hc guhrpl rhgmohd sndkrh gld dutrmhdths yl plr ltrl cn`l tnaomíd puh`hd sngnr sus prl`ugtls `h `hshgbl hstl hs cl quh mapcmgn m apcmgn cn sndkrh vmnjn `hs`h hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l n cn nlrtn cchkn n cls thjm`ls `ld`h sh bngh hsth mdthrgnaoml `h knshs quh ls bh bnocn`l hsth mdthrgnaoml sh bnrî krngmns n cls gnpmcnrhs quí sld cns  pnrths aîs imdmtns cls tuols l gld`ugtls aîs imdmtls `hc smsthan gmrgucntlrml gmrgucntlrml y `hs`h `hs`h hsls thjm`ls vnals n vlcvhr bnstn imdncahdth `hshaolgnr gld hsn sndkrh sugmn hd cns vhdns gnvn quh cns vhdns gnvn cl quh vnd n bnghr hs hdtrnr bngmn cn nurágucn `hrhgbn hs `hgmr cn

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762

gmrgucngm÷d smstíamgn ah bnocn `h hsn pnrth `h cn gmrgucngm÷d quh vmnjn hd `mrhggm÷d `hs`h hc glrnz÷d bngmn cls ÷rkndls `hc guhrpl y vn n rhkrhsnr hdtrnd`l plr cn nurágucn `hrhgbn

hstn hs cn prmahrn prm ahrn pnrth dls quh`nrî vhr cn gmrgucngm÷d ahdlr.

_hglrrm`l >. 

Cn sndkrh lxmkhdn`n snch `hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l `hc glrnz÷d plr ván `h

cn nlrtn, cn anylr nrthrmn `hc guhrpl. ?. 

Wh `mstrmouyh plr cls thjm`ls phrmiírmgls bnstn cchknr n cls gnpmcnrhs, `ld`h

sh prl`ugh cn sncm`n `hc lxákhdl `hs`h `hs`h cls kc÷oucls rljls. 7. 

@h cls gnpmcnrhs snch sndkrh `hslxmkhdn`n y gnrkn`n gld `m÷xm`l `h

gnroldl, pnsn plr cns víducns y gldtmdul plr cns vhdns shgud`nrmns shgud`nrmns y prmdgmpnchs bnstn cn vhdn gnvn (suphrmlr h mdihrmlr). 0. 

Cn sndkrh vhdlsn `hshaolgn hd cn nurágucn `hrhgbn `hc glrnz÷d.

Hsth gmrgumtl glamhdzn hd hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l, nc quh cchkn cn sndkrh rhglkm`n  plr cn nurágucn mzqumhr`n prlgh`hd prlgh`hdth th `h cls pucaldhs, `ld`h sh gnrk÷ `h L?. @hs`h hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l, cn sndkrh snch plr cn nrthrmn nlrtn, quh sh `mrmkh bngmn nrrmon, ntrîs y n cn `hrhgbn (nlrtn nsghd`hdth), pnrn cuhkl `hsgrmomr udn gurvn bngmn cn mzqumhr`n gnaomnd`l hc shdtm`l bngmn nonjl (nlrtn `hsghd`hdth), pnsnd`l plr `htrîs `hc glrnz÷d hd su gnamdl bngmn hc no`lahd. Nc trnyhgtl gurvl quh bny hdtrh cn nlrtn nsghd`hdth y cn `hsghd`hdth sh ch ccnan nrgl l gnyn`l `h cn nlrtn. Hd su trnyhgtl `hsghd`hd `hsghd`hdth th plr `hcndth `h cn glcuadn vhrthornc, cn nlrtn ntrnvmhsn hc `mnirnkan y phdhtrn hd hc no`lahd. Wh `mstmdkuhd, plr tndtl, `ls trnals hd cn nlrtn `hsghd`hdth, ud trnal tlrîgmgl (nlrtn tlrîgmgn) y ud trnal no`lamdnc (nlrtn no`lamdnc). N dmvhc `h cn vírthorn C0, cn nlrtn sh `mvm`h hd `ls nrthrmns mcángns prmamtmvns l glaudhs, udn `hrhgbn y ltrn mzqumhr`n, nudquh tnaomíd surkh udn imdn nrthrmn thramdnc ccnan`n nrthrmn sngrn ah`mn. @hs`h su glamhdzl hd hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l bnstn su imdncmzngm÷d no`lamdnc, cn nlrtn sh suo`mvm`h hd duahrlsns rnans nrthrmnchs pnrn hc guhccl y hc grîdhl, amhaorls suphrmlrhs, ÷rkndls tlrîgmgls, ÷rkndls no`lamdnchs y amhaorls mdihrmlrhs. Hd gundtl nc smsthan vhdlsl, n cn nurágucn `hrhgbn cchknd `ls krnd`hs vhdns, cn gnvn suphrmlr, quh rhglkh cn sndkrh prlgh`hdth `h cls amhaorls suphrmlrhs, hc t÷rnx, hc guhccl, hc grîdhl y cn gnrn5 y cn gnvn mdihrmlr, quh rhglkh cn sndkrh `hc no`lahd y cls amhaorls mdihrmlrhs. Gn`n ÷rkndl no`lamdnc tmhdh su prlpmn vhdn (hspcídmgn, rhdnc, ahshdtírmgn…),  y tl`ns hccns `rhdnd hd

cn vhdn gnvn mdihrmlr

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76=

Gnrngthrástmgns • 

Wh mdmgmn hd hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l `hc glrnz÷d gld `mrhggm÷d n cn nlrtn.

• 

Cn vîcvucn n÷rtmgn mapm`h hc rhkrhsl `h cn c n sndkrh nc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l.

• 

Cn vîcvucn amtrnc mapm`h hc rhkrhsl `h cn sndkrh n cn nurágucn mzqumhr`n.

• 

Cn prhsm÷d `h lxákhdl (VL?) hd cn sndkrh nrthrmnc smstíamgn hs `h =8

aaBk. • 

Cn prhsm÷d `h lxákhdl (VL?) hd cn sndkrh vhdlsn smstíamgn hs `h 06

aaBk. • 

Hc vlcuahd sndkuádhl hd hsth gmrgumtl hs `hc 20% `h cn sndkrh tltnc

Iudgm÷d @mstrmougm÷d `hc lxákhdl L `hs`h cls pucaldhs n cns gícucns `h cls thjm`ls  phrmiírmgls n trnvís `h cls gnpmcnrhs. N`haîs cn c n gnptngm÷d `hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl GL? `hs`h cls thjm`ls phrmiírmgls bnstn hc glrnz÷d. Vlr gldsmkumhdth cn `mstrmougm÷d `h cns blraldns `hs`h sus smtmls `h prl`uggm÷d bnstn sus smtmls `h nggm÷d. ] plr úctmal cn rhglchggm÷d `h cls prl`ugtls `h `hshgbl ahtno÷cmgl `h cns gícucns. Hchahdtls quh pnrtmgmpnd hd cn gmrgucngm÷d anylr anylr Nurágucn mzqumhr`n: rhgmoh cn sndkrh prlgh`hdth `h cls pucaldhs n trnvís `h cns vhdns pucaldnrhs. Glaudmgn gld hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l plr ud lrmimgml `ld`h hstî cn vîcvucn amtrnc, quh tmhdh trhs. Yhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l: rhgmoh cn sndkrh `h cn nurágucn mzqumhr`n y `h íc snch cn nrthrmn nlrtn, quh cchvn cn sndkrh n tl`l hc guhrpl. Hd cn nrthrmn nlrtn hstî cn vîcvucn n÷rtmgn, quh hvmtn quh cn sndkrh rhkrhsh nc vhdtrágucl. Cn vîcvucn amtrnc l omgúspm`h: hstî hdtrh cn nurágucn y hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`ls. Nrthrmns: Cchvnd cn sndkrh `hs`h hc glrnz÷d n tl`ls cls thjm`ls. Nrthrmlcns y ahtnnrthrmlcns: ahtnnrthrmlcns: Cns nrthrmlcns surkhd `h cn rnamimgngm÷d rnamim gngm÷d `h cns nrthrmns. N ah`m`n quh `msamduyhd su `mîahtrl sh trndsilrand hd ahtnnrthrmlcns. Gnpmcnrhs: Wurkhd `h cn rnamimgngm÷d `h cns ahtnnrthrmlcns. Wld vnsls sndkuádhls auy imdls, smd gnpn ausgucnr y udn údmgn gnpn hd`lthcmnc quh sh nplyn hd udn ahaorndn  onsnc. Hd cls gnpmcnrhs gnpmcnrhs sh prl`ugh prl`ugh hc mdthrgnaoml mdthrgnaoml `h sustndgmns sustndgmns gld cls thjm`ls. Yíducns: Cls gnpmcnrhs sh rhúdhd ilrand`l cns víducns, `h anylr `mîahtrl quh cls gnpmcnrhs. Yhdns: Cn gldicuhdgmn `h cns víducns `n cuknr n cns vhdns, hdgnrkn`ns `h trndsplrtnr cn sndkrh hd `mrhggm÷d nc glrnz÷d.

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7>6

@hc glrnz÷d snchd `ls Nrthrmns: Nrthrmn Vucaldnr: snch `hc Yhdtrágucl `hrhgbl y cchvn cn sndkrh n cls pucaldhs.

Nrthrmn Nlrtn: snch `hc Yhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l y sh rnamimgn, `h hstn úctman nrthrmn snchd ltrns prmdgmpnchs hdtrh cns quh sh hdguhdtrnd: Cns gnr÷tm`ns: Nplrtnd sndkrh lxmkhdn`n n cn gnohzn. Wuogcnvmns: Nplrtnd sndkrh lxmkhdn`n n cls ornzls. Bhpîtmgn: Nplrtn sndkrh lxmkhdn`n nc bákn`l. Hspcídmgn: Nplrtn sndkrh lxmkhdn`n nc onzl. Ahshdtírmgns: Nplrtnd sndkrh lxmkhdn`n nc mdthstmdl. _hdnchs: Nplrtnd sndkrh lxmkhdn`n n cls rmþldhs. Mcángns: Nplrtnd sndkrh lxmkhdn`n n cns pmhrdns.

GLDGCXWM×D Hd gldgcusm÷d, cn gmrgucngm÷d anylr hs cn hdgnrkn`n `h `mstrmoumr hc lxákhdl y ltrns alcígucns ncmahdtmgmns nc lrkndmsal y dl slcl trndsplrtnd hc lxákhdl y cls dutrmhdths n tl`l hc lrkndmsal, smdl quh tnaomíd trndsplrtn `hsphr`mgmls ahtno÷cmgls n cls ÷rkndls  pnrn cn hcmamdngm÷d `h `hshgbls, `hshgbls, hc `m÷xm`l `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl gnroldl n cls pucaldhs y ltrls`hshgbls n cls rmþldhs. Pnaomíd mdthrvmhdh hd cns `hihdsns y cn rhkucngm÷d `h cn thaphrnturn glrplrnc. Hc glrnz÷d hs hc altlr quh olaohn cn sndkrh n tl`l hc lrkndmsal y cnth `h ;6 n 26 vhghs plr amdutl. Hstî ilran`l plr trhs thjm`ls ausgucnrhs, hc amlgnr`ml, hc hd`lgnr`ml y hc phrmgnr`ml. Hstî `mvm`l hd udn amtn` `hrhgbn quh plshh sndkrh gld plgl lxákhdl y cn mzqumhr`n, quh plshh sndkrh lxmkhdn`n, y hstns amtn`hs hstîd `mvm`m`ns plr hc tnomquh. Gn`n amtn` `hc glrnz÷d plshh udn nurágucn y ud vhdtrágucl. Hc alvmamhdtl `h gldtrnggm÷d `hc glrnz÷d sh ccnan sástlch y smrvh pnrn mapucsnr cn sndkrh. Hsth alvmamhdtl sh `mvm`h hd nurmgucnr, quh hs gund`l cns nurágucns sh gldtrnhd y cn sndkrh pnsn n cls vhdtrágucls y hc sástlch vhdtrmgucnr, `ld`h cls vhdtrágucls sh gldtrnhd y cn sndkrh snch plr cn nrthrmn pucaldnr y cn nlrtn. ] hc shkud`l alvmamhdtl `h `mcntngm÷d ccnan`l `mîstlch, gld hc quh cn sndkrh hdtrn ltrn vhz n cns nurágucns. Cls vnsls sndkuádhls sld cns pnrths plr `ld`h cn sndkrh rhglrrh tl`l duhstrl lrkndmsal. Hxmsthd trhs tmpls `h vnsls sndkuádhls, cns nrthrmns, cns vhdns y cls gnpmcnrhs. Cns nrthrmns sld hcîstmgns y gld pnrh`hs kruhsns, y plr ah`ml `h hstns snch cn sndkrh `hc glrnz÷d bngmn tl`l hc lrkndmsal. Pnaomíd plshhals vhdns quh sld `h pnrh`hs `hckn`ns y plgl hcîstmgns, cchvnd`l cn sndkrh `hc guhrpl bngmn hc glrnz÷d y plr uctmal thdhals cls

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7>>

gnpmcnrhs quh sld `h pnrh`hs auy `hckn`ns, y udhd vhdns gld nrthrmns y hd hstls hs `ld`h

sugh`h hc mdthrgnaoml knshlsl y `h dutrmhdths.

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: jlsuh lrrncn tnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`?  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn >>: GCNWH ?? IMWMLCLKÁN GM_GXCNPL_MN - V_HWM×D, ICXJL ] _HWMWPHDGMN

VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr Gcnsh ?? Imsmlclkán Gmrgucntlrmn  ‗  Vrhsm÷d,   Vrhsm÷d, Icujl y rhsmsthdgmn

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >> _HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

GCNWH ?? IMWMLCLKÁN GM_GXCNPL_MN - V_HWM×D, ICXJL ] _HWMWPHDGMN MDP_L@XGGM×D Cn iudgm÷d `h cn gmrgucngm÷d sh onsn hd trndsplrtnr cn sndkrh bngmn cls thjm`ls y  judtl gld hstn hstn sndkrh sh sh mdgcuyhd: mdgcuyhd: dutrmhdths, prl`ugtls prl`ugtls `h `hshgbl, `hshgbl, blraldns blraldns htgíthrn…  Cn gmrgucngm÷d hstî `mvm`m`n hd `ls plrgmldhs: cn gmrgucngm÷d ahdlr l tnaomíd ccnan`n  pucaldnr, quh sh mdmgmn hd hc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl y thramdn hd cn nurágucn mzqumhr`n y cn cn gmrgucngm÷d anylr l smstíamgn quh sh mdmgmn hd hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l y thramdn hd cn nurágucn `hrhgbn y hc smsthan gmrgucntlrml hstî ilran`l plr nrthrmns vhdns gnpmcnrhs y cmdiîtmgls. Cn suogcnsmimgngm÷d, thdhals cns nrthrmns quh sld cns quh trndsplrtnd sndkrh gld nctn prhsm÷d glal cn nlrtn y cns nrthrmns sh vnd rnamimgnd`l ilrand`l nrthrmlcns y hstns nrthrmns shrîd cns quh gldtrlcnrîd hc icujl sndkuádhl. glal `hc gldtrlc `hc icujl sndkuádhl, `hspuís sh rnamimgnd hd gnpmcnrhs quh sld hc smtml `h mdthrgnaoml `h dutrmhdths hd `ld`h hc lxákhdl y dutrmhdths dutrmhdths vnd bngmn y hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl y `hshgbls chnd `hs`h cls thjm`ls y tl`ls hstls `hshgbls `h cls gnpmcnrhs sh mrîd n judtnr h mrîd n `hshaolgnr hd vhdlsn y

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7>?

hstns gícucns su iudgm÷d hs smapchahdth rhglkhr cn sndkrh cns sustndgmns `h cls gnpmcnrhs

y cns gícucns vnd n `hshaolgnr imdncahdth hd cchdns krnd`hs y sh vngmnrî hd cn sndkrh bngmn hc glrnz÷d y cls pucaldhs hd `ld`h lgurrmhrn hc mdthrgnaoml knshlsl pucaldnr pnrn quh cn sndkrh tl`n hsn sndkrh lxmkhdn`n shn purmimgn`n, hxpucsn`n `h duhvl nc glrnz÷d  pnrn shr `mstrmoum`n `mstrmoum`n duhvnahdth duhvnahdth bngmn cls thjm`ls. thjm`ls.

@HWN__LCCL _hglr`nd`ll ud pudtl auy maplrtndth, cns vhdns hs hc rhshrvlrml `h sndkrh, hc 90% _hglr`nd` `h duhstrn sndkrh sh hdguhdtrn hd vhdns y plr hsl sh gldsm`hrn ud rhshrvlrml `h sndkrh ;% hd cns nrthrmlcns y gnpmcnrhs >7 %, hd cns nrthrmns ; % hd hc glrnc y =% `h sndkrh hd cls pucaldhs. Wm bmgmírnals ud glrth `h ud vnsl pu`mírnals vhr cn suphrimgmh trndsvhrsnc `hc vnsl sm tl`ls cls vnsls smstíamgls `h gn`n tmpl sh pusmhrnd udl nc cn`l `hc ltrl tuvmírnals hstns suphrimgmhs trndsvhrsnchs vhnals hc `h cn lr`hd. Vlr hjhapcl ?8 ghdtáahtrls gun`rn`ls y yn quh amhdtrns aîs phquhþls sld cns hstrugturns vnsgucnrhs anylr cn suphrimgmh trndsvhrsnc, cls gnpmcnrhs su suphrimgmh trndsvhrsnc sld `h ?.866 ghdtáahtrls plr >? yn quh hxmsthd augbásmals gnpmcnrhs y s÷cl udn blr`n ltrls `htncchs y quh cns vhdns tmhdhd anylr suphrimgmh trndsvhrsnc l shn tmhdhd aîs gnpngm`n` y nquá hxpcmgn hc plr quí sh gldsm`hrnd ud rhshrvlrml `h sndkrh glal vmals hc glrnz÷d sh `mvm`h hd guntrl gîanrns hd `ld`h cn sndkrh quh sh hxpucsn `hc glrnz÷d prlvmhdh `h cn gldtrnggm÷d `hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l. Hc gmgcl gnr`ángl y cn prhsm÷d `h cn sndkrh quh snch `h cn nlrtn hsn prhsm÷d hs `h >?6 amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml hd cn sástlch l gldtrnggm÷d vhdtrmgucnr y `h 26 amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml hd cn `mîstlch l rhcnjngm÷d gld udn ah`mn prhsm÷d ah`mn / smst÷cmgn y `mnst÷cmgn `h >66 amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml hd `ld`h hstn sndkrh vn plr tl`ls cls thjm`ls y vuhcvh plr cns vhdns bngmn cn nurágucn `hrhgbn y cn sndkrh quh cchkn n cn nurágucn `hrhgbn cl bngh gld udn prhsm÷d tnd onjn quh ncgndzn cls 6 amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml y cn prhsm÷d y cls gnpmcnrhs  puh`h lsgmcnr `hs`h 78 n tnd s÷cl >6 amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml. Hd hc hxtrhal nrthrmnc 78 amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml y hd hc hxtrhal vhdlsl `h tnd slcl >6 udn prhsm÷d gnpmcnr ah`mn `h >; amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml quh hs justnahdth hdtrh hc hxtrhan nrthrmnc y hc vhdlsl quh sh ccnan prhsm÷d gnpmcnr ah`mn, hdtldghs cn sndkrh snch `hc vhdtrágucl mzqumhr`l, hd `ld`h tmhdh udn prhsm÷d `h >66 amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml nprlxman`nahdth, cn ah`mn ltrn smst÷cmgn y `mnst÷cmgn vn bngmn cls gnpmcnrhs. Bnstn cls gnpmcnrhs hd cls gnpmcnrhs nguhr`hd shr prhsm÷d gnpmcnr ah`mn >; amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml, vuhcvh bngmn hc glrnz÷d vn onjnd`l cn prhsm÷d y cchkn n shr y nguír`hdsh nguír`hdsh cn sndkrh quh pnsn plr hc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl cchkn n cn nurágucn

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7>7

`hrhgbn nc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl y bngmn udn shrmh bngmn cls pucaldhs y hd cls c ls pucaldhs cn

 prhsm÷d gnpmcnr pucaldnr ah`mn hs `h tnd slcl ; amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml. Dl dls gldiud`nals prhsm÷d gnpmcnr smstíamgn quh hs >; >; quh hs cn ah`mn y cn pucaldnr quh hs `h ; amcáahtrls `h ahrgurml. Cn iudgm÷d gmrgucntlrml hs onstndth glapchjn phrl hxmsthd trhs t rhs prmdgmpmls oîsmgls l chyhs quh sld tnd maplrtndths quh sld `hdlamdn`ls –Vrmdgmpmls oîsmgls hd cn iudgm÷d  gmrgucntlrml‑ hc prmahrl hs quh hc icujl sndkuádhl hd cn anylrán `h cls thjm`ls hstî  

gldtrlcn`l plr su dhghsm`n` tmsucnr. Hjhapcl thdhals `mihrhdths tmpls `h thjm`l phrl quí

 pnsn hd gnsl hsth aúsgucl dhghsmth aîs hc icujl hapmhgh n trnonjnr aîs y rhqumhrh ud anylr icujl sndkuádhl ¼quí vn n pnsnr< cl quh lgurrmrî shrán udn vnsl`mcntngm÷d `h cn nrthrmn quh gldtrlcn hsh thjm`l hdtldghs cn nrthrmn quh gldtrlcn hsth thjm`l quh sh vnsl`mcntnrî, lgurrmhd`l nsá ud anylr icujl sndkuádhl `hc thjm`l, nsá guormhd`l cns dhghsm`n`hs ahtno÷cmgns `hc thjm`l hc icujl. Vuh`h nuahdtnr bnstn ?6 n 76 vhghs hc icujl hd rhplsl5 krngmns n hsn vnsl`mcntngm÷d hdtldghs vnals n `hgmr quh cn amgrlvnsgucnturn `h gn`n thjm`l vmkmcn gldtmdunahdth cns dhghsm`n`hs `h su thrrmtlrml. Cn hxpcmgngm÷d `h hstn vnsl`mcntngm÷d hs quh hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl `h cls thjm`ls hs ud vnsl`mcntn`lr `hc clgnc glal cn `h gldtrlc clgnc hc icujl sndkuádhl hdtldghs n anylr `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl anylr vnsl`mcntngm÷d clgnc hstl y hc prmdgmpml oîsmgl hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl yn quh nguír`hdsh quh ud thjm`l usn hc lxákhdl y vn n cmohrnr hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl y cn anylr `h `m÷xm`l gnroldl anylr vnsl`mcntngm÷d y sm bny anylr onsh `h `ntngm÷d puhs anylr icujl y hsh hc prmdgmpml oîsmgl. Hc shkud`l prmdgmpml hs hc knstl gnr`ángl hs quh `h cn suan `h tl`ls cls icujls clgnchs `h cls thjm`ls, gn`n gn`n thjm`l tmhdh su prlpml gldtrlc `h icujl y tl`l hc icujl sndkuádhl `h gn`n thjm`l sh suand y cchknd cc hknd tl`ls bngmn hc glrnz÷d hdtldghs sh judtnd cls icujls, plr hjhapcl, hc thjm`l gldtrlcn su icujl ísth tnaomíd y nsá sughsmvnahdth bnstn quh tl`l hc icujl cchkuh bngmn hc glrnz÷d n trnvís `h cns c ns vhdns gnvns n hstl sh `hdlamdn rhtlrdl vhdlsl y hc glrnz÷d rhspld`h n hsth rhtlrdl vhdlsl n anylr quh rhgmoh hc glrnz÷d, anylr icujl quh hxpucsn bngmn cns nrthrmns hstl prlvmhdh hc ahgndmsal `h irnde stych stych y hd hc glrnz÷d cn anylr `mstmdgm÷d anylr gldtrnggm÷d plr cn nimdm`n` `h cn trlpldmdn. Hc knstl gnr`ángl vn n `hphd`hr `hc rhtlrdl vhdlsl n anylr rhtlrdl vhdlsl anylr knstl gnr`ángl. Hc thrghr prmdgmpml hs quh cn rhkucngm÷d `h cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc hs khdhrncahdth md`hphd`mhdth md`hphd` mhdth `hc gldtrlc `hc icujl sndkuádhl clgnc l `hc knstl gnr`ángl y hs quh cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7>0

Cn mdthrrhcngm÷d hdtrh cn prhsm÷d hc imjl y cn rhsmsthdgmn hc icujl sndkuádhl quh

ntrnvmhsn ud vnsl hstî `hthramdn`l plr `ls ingtlrhs hc prmahrl hs cn `mihrhdgmn `h prhsm÷d `h cn sndkrh hdtrh cls hxtrhals `h ud vnsl y hsl sh ch ccnan krn`mhdth `h prhsm÷d, ltrls ingtlrhs sld cls maph`mahdtls quh hc icujl sndkuádhl hdguhd hdguhdtrn trn guncqumhr hdthd`mamhdtl quh hdguhdtrh hdguhdtrh hc icujl ic ujl sndkuádhl hd ud vnsl sh ccnan c cnan rhsmsthdgmn vnsgucnr y ljl hsn pncnorn rhsmsthdgmn cn thdhals quh nslgmnr n guncqumhr ingtlr quh mapm`n quh hc icujl sndkuádhl, quh mapm`h hc icujl sndkuádhl ntrnvmhsh plr ud vnsl, hs ud hjhapcl hc tnanþl `hc vnsl n ahdlr tnanþl `hc vnsl anylr rhsmsthdgmn hdtmhd`hd l plrquh amhdtrns aîs phquhþl shn hsh vnsl bny aîs rhsmsthdgmn pnrn quh pnsh hc icujl. Cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc hs cn iuhrzn quh phramth hc icujl `h sndkrh `hs`h cn olaon gnr`mngn bnstn cls thjm`ls phrmiírmgls n trnvís `hc smsthan gmrgucntlrml Cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh hc icujl ah`ml, cn prhsm÷d ah`mn y cn rhsmsthdgmn hd cls vnsls sndkuádhlss hs ndîclkn, hd khdhrnc, n cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh glrrmhdth, cn iuhrzn hchgtrlaltrmz y sndkuádhl cn rhsmsthdgmn hd ud gmrgumtl hcígtrmgl hxprhsn`n plr cn chy `h Lba: Glrrmhdth (M) 1 iuhrzn hchgtrlaltrmz (H)/ rhsmsthdgmn (_) Icujl (I) 1 prhsm÷d (V)/rhsmsthdgmn (_) Pnaomíd sh puh`h bnocnr `h prhsm÷d glal cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh iuhrzn plr udm`n` `h îrhn: V 1 I/N Cn iuhrzn glrrhspld`h hd hsth gnsl nc alvmamhdtl ndthr÷krn`l `h cn sndkrh `hs`h hc glrnz÷d l knstl gnr`mngl. Vlr ltrl cn`l, hc îrhn hd hc quh sh `mstrmouyh hsn iuhrzn hs hc smsthan nrthrmnc, prmdgmpncahdth cns nrthrmlcns, quh ngtúnd glal vnsls `h rhsmsthdgmn. Cn  prhsm÷d nrthrmnc ah`mn `hphd`h prmdgmpncahdth `hc knstl gnr`mngl y `h cn rhsmsthdgmn vnsgucnr smstíamgn, `h nguhr`l n cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh icujl, ic ujl, prhsm÷d y rhsmsthdgmn. Cn prhsm÷d l thdsm÷d nrthrmnc hs cn iuhrzn plr udm`n` `h suphrimgmh hjhrgm`n plr cn sndkrh gldtrn cns pnrh`hs vnsgucnrhs. vnsgucnrhs. Hstn iuhrzn `h hapujh hs hc údmgl mapucsl gld quh cn sndkrh bn `h rhglrrhr tl`l hc gmrgumtl vnsgucnr pnrn pl`hr rhtlrdnr nc glrnz÷d. Cn prhsm÷d vmhdh `hthramdn`n plr hc vlcuahd `h sndkrh quh gldtmhdh hc smsthan nrthrmnc y plr cns  prlpmh`n`hs `h cns pnrh`hs, sm vnrán guncqumhrn `h cls `ls pnrîahtrls, cn prhsm÷d sh vhrî al`mimgn`n. Pnd s÷cl udn thrghrn pnrth `hc vlcuahd smst÷cmgl snch `h cns nrthrmns `urndth hc  phrml`l `h sástlch, y hc vlcuahd rhstndth `mstmhd`h cns nrthrmns mdgrhahdtnd`l cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc. Nc thramdnr cn gldtrnggm÷d vhdtrmgucnr, cns pnrh`hs nrthrmnchs `msthd`m`ns vuhcvhd vuhcvhd `h ilran pnsmvn n su plsmgm÷d `h pnrtm`n y cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc hapujn cn sndkrh n cns nrthrmlcns.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7>8

Glal hc glrnz÷d olaohn cn sndkrh gldtmdunahdth bngmn cn nlrtn, cn c n prhsm÷d ah`mn

hd hsth vnsl hs nctn, gld udn ah`mn hd tlrdl t lrdl n cls >66 aaBk. N`haîs, glal hc olaohl gnr`ángl hs pucsîtmc, cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc ncthrdn hdtrh udn prhsm÷d smst÷cmgn `h >?6 aaBk y udn `mnst÷cmgn `h 26 aaBk, glal sh vh hd cn pnrth mdihrmlr `h cn mdilkrnián. N ah`m`n quh hc ﬏ujl sndkuádhl ntrnvmhsn cn gmrgucngm÷d smstíamgn, cn prhsm÷d ah`mn vn gnyhd`l  

 prlkrhsmvnahdth bnstn cchknr gnsm n 6 aaBk hd hc alahdtl hd hc quh ncgndzn cn thramdngm÷d `h cns vhdns gnvn suphrmlr h mdihrmlr, `ld`h sh vngán hd cn nurágucn `hrhgbn `hc glrnz÷d. Cn prhsm÷d `h cls gnpmcnrhs smstíamgls lsgmcn `hs`h 78 aaBk ghrgn `h cls hxtrhals nrthrmlcnrhs bnstn tnd slcl >6 aaBk ghrgn `h cls hxtrhals vhdlsls, phrl cn  prhsm÷d ah`mn "iudgmldnc" hd cn anylrán `h cls chgbls vnsgucnrhs hs `h >; aaBk, nprlxman`nahdth, udn  prhsm÷d su﬎gmhdthahdth  onjn quh phramth phquhþns iukns `h  pcnsan n trnvís `h cls plrls `mamdutls `h cns pnrh`hs gnpmcnrhs, nudquh cls dutrmhdths  puh`hd `miud`mr iîgmcahdth n trnvís t rnvís `h cls amsals plrls bngmn cns gícucns `h cls thj thjm`ls m`ls hxthrdls. Hd cn pnrth `hrhgbn `hc gun`rl sh vhd cns prhsmldhs rhsphgtmvns hd cls `mstmdtls glapldhdths `h cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr. Hd cns nrthrmns pucaldnrhs cn prhsm÷d hs pucsîtmc, mkunc quh hd cn nlrtn, phrl cn prhsm÷d hs onstndth ahdlr: cn prhsm÷d smst÷cmgn nrthrmnc  pucaldnr ncgndzn ud prlah`ml `h `h ?8 aaBk, y cn `mnst÷cmgn, `h 2 aaBk, gld udn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc pucaldnr ah`mn `h slcl >9 aaBk. Cn ah`mn `h cn prhsm÷d gnpmcnr pucaldnr ncgndzn ud prlah`ml `h slcl ; aaBk. Nud nsá, hc ﬏ujl sndkuádhl plr amdutl n trnvís `h cls pucaldhs hs hc amsal quh hd cn gmrgucngm÷d smstíamgn. Cns onjns prhsmldhs `hc smsthan  pucaldnr glmdgm`hd glmdgm`hd gld cns dhghsm`n`hs dhghsm`n`hs `h `h cls pucaldhs, yn yn quh cl údmgl quh sh dhghsmtn dhghsmtn hs cn hxplsmgm÷d `h cn sndkrh hd cls gnpmcnrhs pucaldnrhs nc lxákhdl y ltrls knshs hd cls ncvílcls pucaldnrhs.

Vrmdgmpmls oîsmgls `h cn iudgm÷d gmrgucntlrmn Nudquh cn iudgm÷d gmrgucntlrmn hs auy glapchjn, bny trhs prmdgmpmls oîsmgls quh suoynghd hd tl`ns cns iudgmldhs `hc smsthan. >. 

Hc icujl sndkuádhl hd cn anylrán `h cls thjm`ls hstî gldtrlcn`l shkúd cn

dhghsm`n` tmsucnr. Gund`l cls thjm`ls sld ngtmvls dhghsmtnd ud nplrth augbl anylr `h dutrmhdths y, plr tndtl, ud ﬏ujl sndkuádhl augbl anylr quh hd rhplsl, r hplsl, hd lgnsmldhs bnstn ?6 l 76 vhghs hc dmvhc `h rhplsl, n phsnr `h quh hc glrnz÷d dlrancahdth dl puh`h nuahdtnr su knstl gnr`ángl hd aîs `h 0-; vhghs su knstl gnr`ángl plr hdgman `hc dmvhc hd rhplsl. Vlr tndtl, dl hs plsmoch nuahdtnr smapchahdth hc icujl sndkuádhl hd tl`l hc lrkndmsal gund`l ud thjm`l hd pnrtmgucnr `hand`n hc nuahdtl `hc ﬏ujl. Vlr hc gldtrnrml,

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7>9

cn amgrlvnsgucnturn `h gn`n thjm`l vmkmcn gldtmdunahdth cns dhghsm`n`hs `h su thrrmtlrml,

nsá glal cn `mspldmomcm`n` `h lxákhdl y `h ltrls dutrmhdths y cn nguaucngm÷d `h `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl y `h ltrls rhsm`uls, y, n su vhz, hstls amgrlvnsls ngtúnd `mrhgtnahdth slorh cls vnsls sndkuádhls clgnchs, `mcntîd`lcls y gldtrnyíd`lcls, pnrn gldtrlcnr hc ﬏ujl  sndkuádhl clgnc gld prhgmsm÷d bnstn hc dmvhc rhquhrm`l pnrn cn ngtmvm`n` tmsucnr. N`haîs, hc gldtrlc dhrvmlsl `h cn gmrgucngm÷d `hs`h hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc y cns blraldns tnaomíd glcnolrnd hd hc gldtrlc `hc ﬏ujl sndkuádhl tmsucnr.  ?.  Hc knstl gnr`ángl hs cn suan `h tl`ls cls ﬏ujls clgnchs `h cls thjm`ls.   Gund`l hc ﬏ujl sndkuádhl ntrnvmhsn ud thjm`l, mdah`mntnahdth vuhcvh nc glrnz÷d n trnvís t rnvís `h cns vhdns y hc glrnz÷d rhspld`h nutlaîtmgnahdth n hsth nuahdtl `hc ﬏ujl nihrhdth `h  

sndkrh olaohîd`lcl mdah`mntnahdth bngmn cns nrthrmns. Nsá, hc glrnz÷d ngtún glal ud nut÷antn rhspld`mhd`l n cns dhghsm`n`hs `h cls thjm`ls. Dl lostndth, n ahdu`l dhghsmtn nyu`n hd ilran `h shþnchs dhrvmlsns hsphgmnchs quh ch bnknd olaohnr cns gndtm`n`hs dhghsnrmns `hc ﬏ujl sndkuádhl.  7. 

Cn rhkucngm÷d `h cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc hs khdhrncahdth md`hphd`mhdth `hc

gldtrlc `hc ﬏ujl sndkuádhl clgnc l `hc gldtrlc `hc knstl gnr`ángl. Hc smsthan gmrgucntlrml  

hstî `ltn`l `h ud hxthdsl smsthan `h gldtrlc `h cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc. Vlr hjhapcl, sm hd

nckúd alahdtl cn prhsm÷d gnh smkdm﬎gntmvnahdth plr `honjl `hc dmvhc dlranc nprlxman`l `h >66 aaBk, udn `hsgnrkn `h rh﬏hjls dhrvmlsls prlvlgn hd plgls shkud`ls udn shrmh  

`h gnaomls gmrgucntlrmls quh hchvnd cn prhsm÷d `h duhvl bnstn cn dlrancm`n`. Hd hsphgmnc, cns shþnchs dhrvmlsns: • 

Nuahdtnd cn iuhrzn `h olaon `hc glrnz÷d

• 

Vrlvlgnd cn gldtrnggm÷d `h cls krnd`hs rhshrvlrmls vhdlsls pnrn nplrtnr

aîs sndkrh nc glrnz÷d •

 

Vrlvlgnd udn gldstrmggm÷d khdhrncmzn`n `h cns nrthrmlcns `h augbls thjm`ls, gld cl quh sh nguaucn aîs sndkrh hd cns c ns krnd`hs nrthrmns pnrn nuahdtnr cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc @hspuís, y hd phrál`ls aîs prlcldkn`ls, blrns l `áns, cls rmþldhs tnaomíd tmhdhd ud pnphc maplrtndth hd hc gldtrlc `h cn prhsm÷d, tndtl nc shkrhknr shkrhknr blraldns quh gldtrlcnd cn prhsm÷d glal nc rhkucnr hc vlcuahd `h sndkrh. Nsá puhs, cn gmrgucngm÷d ntmhd`h hsphgá﬎gnahdth  cns dhghsm`n`hs `h gn`n thjm`l hd pnrtmgucnr.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7>;

GLDGCXWMLD

Hd gldgcusm÷d, cn iudgm÷d `hc npnrntl gmrgucntlrml gldsmsth hd trndsplrtnr cn sndkrh hdtrh cls `mstmdtls shgtlrhs `hc lrkndmsal. Cn gmrgucngm÷d nrthrmnc hs ud smsthan `h nctn  prhsm÷d. Hc hstu`ml `h cn imsmlclkán nrthrmnc sh onsn hd cn vnclrngm÷d `h duahrls duahrlsls ls  pnrîahtrls, glal cn vhclgm`n` `h gmrgucngm÷d gmrgucngm÷d `h cn sndkrh hd cns nrthrmns, hc icujl nrthrmnc, cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc, cns rhsmsthdgmns, r hsmsthdgmns, cn bhalrrhlclkán bhalrrhlclkán y hc hd`lthcml vnsgucnr. Hsth smsthan hstî rhkucn`l plr ahgndmsals clgnchs y rhkmldnchs. Cn hxpclrngm÷d `h cn gmrgucngm÷d nrthrmnc sh rhncmzn ah`mndth cn ah`mgm÷d `h cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc, `h cn vhclgmahtrán uctrns÷dmgn plr hihgtl @lppchr y `hc icujl nrthrmnc pnrn hc nsphgtl bhal`mdîamgl. Hc nsphgtl ahtno÷cmgl sh hstu`mn ah`mndth cn lxmahtrán tmsucnr. Cn vnclrngm÷d alrilc÷kmgn sh hihgtún slorh tl`l gld cn hglkrnián. @n n gldlghr hc iudgmldnamhdtl y glaplrtnamhdtl `hc smsthan gmrgucntlrml smstíamgl, pnrtmhd`l `h cn `hsgrmpgm÷d `h cls hchahdtls quh cl gldilrand, pnrn cuhkl nsá rhcngmldnrcls gld cls al`hcls y udm`n`hs iásmgns quh hxpcmquhd hccl (cns rhcngmldhs `h  prhsm÷d, icujl sndkuádhl y rhsmsthdgmn vnsgucnr), y nsá nsá pl`hr mdthrprhtnr cns ndlancáns y/l ncthrngmldhs quh hxmsthd hd hc lrkndmsal buandl Cn glapchjm`n` hd su iudgmldnamhdtl `hc guhrpl buandl (`hc smsthan gmrgucntlrml smstíamgl), dls bngh dltnr quh `hohals gldsm`hrnr vnrmls ingtlrhs (glal cldkmtu`, `mîahtrl, vmsglsm`n`, hcnstmgm`n`, thdsm÷d, hdtrh ltrls).

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7>2

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D

Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí Lrrncn tnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`?

  Pnrhn

 ‗ 

>?:

HC

IXDGMLDNAMHDPL

@HC

WMWPHAN

_HWVM_NPL_ML

VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr Hc iudgmldnamhdtl `hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >? _HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

HC IXDGMLDNAMHDPL @HC WMWPHAN _HWVM_NPL_ML MDP_L@XGGMßD  Dlrancahdth gld hc tíramdl rhspmrngm÷d sh `himdh hc mdthrgnaoml `h knshs hdtrh hc ah`ml naomhdth hxthrdl y hc ah`ml mdthrdl. Wmd haonrkl, onjl hstn `himdmgm÷d tnd smapch sh mdgcuyh dl slcnahdth hc alvmamhdtl `h nmrh hdtrh hc mdthrmlr y hxthrmlr `h cls  pucaldhs, smdl tnaomíd hc pnsl `h cls amsals `hc mdthrmlr pucaldnr n cn sndkrh5 hc trndsplrth ah`mndth cn ván sndkuádhn bnstn cns gícucns y su plsthrmlr `miusm÷d n trnvís `h cns ahaorndns ghcucnrhs. Pl`ls hstls pnsls phramthd n cns c ns gícucns hc gldsual `h L? y cn cmohrngm÷d `h GL?. @hs`h ud pudtl `h vmstn aîs cmamtn`l, glal hs hc ghcucnr, cn rhspmrngm÷d (l rhspmrngm÷d ghcucnr) sh rhimhrh nc ahtnolcmsal lxm`ntmvl (lxm`ngm÷d `h dutrmhdths) pnrn cn khdhrngm÷d `h hdhrkán ahtno÷cmgn5 y hd hsth prlghsl hs `÷d`h sh gldsuah hc lxákhdl y sh ilran ndbá`rm`l gnro÷dmgl. Vnrn pl`hr rhncmznr tl`ns cns iudgmldhs `hsgrmtns sh rhqumhrh cn pnrtmgmpngm÷d `h ltrls npnrntls n`haîs `hc rhspmrntlrml. Nsá hc npnrntl gnr`mlvnsgucnr l cn sndkrh sld  pmhzns tnd maplrtndths maplrtndths h maprhsgmd`mochs maprhsgmd`mochs glal hc prlpml prlpml npnrntl rhsp rhspmrntlrml. mrntlrml.

@HWN__LCCL Hc npnrntl rhspmrntlrml hstî ilran`l plr cns váns nírhns y plr cls pucaldhs. N trnvís `h cns váns nírhns hc nmrh gmrgucn hd `mrhggm÷d n cls pucaldhs y hs hd hstls ÷rkndls `ld`h sh rhncmzn hc mdthrgnaoml `h knshs.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7>=

Hd cns váns nírhns `mihrhdgmnals cn ván nírhn suphrmlr, quh vn `hs`h cn dnrmz y cn

 olgn bnstn cns guhr`ns vlgnchs, h mdgcuyh cn inrmdkh y cn cnrmdkh, y cn ván nírhn mdihrmlr, ilran`n plr cn trîquhn, cls orldqumls y sus rnamimgngmldhs hd hc mdthrmlr `h cls pucaldhs, cls orldqumlcls. Cn trîquhn hs hc tuol quh vn `hs`h cn cnrmdkh n cls orldqumls prmdgmpnchs. Ístls, Ístls, n su vhz, phdhtrnd hd hc mdthrmlr `h gn`n puca÷d y sh vnd `mvm`mhd`l hd rnans aîs phquhþns (orldqumlcls). Imdncahdth n ah`m`n quh sh mdtrl`ughd hd cls pucaldhs thramdnd thram dnd hd udns  olcsns l sngls sngls `hdlamdn`ls `hdlamdn`ls ncvhlcls. Hd cns pnrh`hs `h cn trîquhn y cls orldqumls aîs kruhsls bny vnrmns gnpns quh `h iuhrn n`hdtrl sld hc gnrtácnkl, quh ch `n hstrugturn y gldsmsthdgmn, udn gnpn ausgucnr y udn guomhrtn aîs mdthrdn, quh hs cn auglsn.

Hstrugturn `hc npnrntl rhspmrntlrml Hc npnrntl rhspmrntlrml sh `mvm`h hd `ls pnrths `hs`h hc pudtl `h vmstn iudgmldnc N) 

smsthan `h gld`uggm÷d l váns nírhns.

O) 

smsthan `h mdthrgnaoml l suphrimgmh ncvhlcnr.

Yáns rhspmrntlrmns l smsthan rhspmrntlrml gld`ugtlr Yáns nírhns nctns: ilsns dnsnchs y inrmdkh. Yáns nírhns onjns: cnrmdkh, trîquhn y orldqumls. Cn inrmdkh hs ud gld`ugtl glapchjl quh gldhgtn cn gnvm`n` dnsnc y cn gnvm`n` lrnc gld hc hs÷inkl y gld cn cnrmdkh. Hs udn zldn `h pnsl amxtn pnrn hc ncmahdtl y hc nmrh rhspmrn`l.

_hkmldhs `h cn inrmdkh Cn cnrmdkh tmhdh udn rhkm÷d `hdlamdn`n cn kcltms, ilran`n plr `ls pnrhs `h  pcmhkuhs l guhr`ns vlgnchs, smhd`l cls pcmhkuhs suphrmlrhs suphrmlrhs cns guhr`ns vlgnchs vlgnchs incsns incsns y cls  pcmhkuhs mdihrmlrhs cns guhr`ns vlgnchs vhr`n`hrn. vhr`n`hrn. Cns guhr`ns vlgnchs vlgnchs vhr`n`hrns sld cns rhspldsnochs `h cn hamsm÷d `h cls sldm`ls prlpmls `hc bnocn nc vmornr gund`l hdtrh hccns  pnsn hc nmrh hspmrn`l. hspmrn`l.

Prîquhn Cn trîquhn hs ud gld`ugtl `h udls >? ga `h cldkmtu` y ?,8-7,8 ga `h `mîahtrl, quh gldhgtn cn cnrmdkh gld cls orldqumls. Wu auglsn tmhdh gícucns pshu`lhstrntmimgn pshu`lhstrntmimgn`ns `ns y gmcmn`ns, quh ngtúnd `h cádhn `hihdsmvn irhdth n cn hdtrn`n `h pnrtágucns. Gldtmhdh udls >9?6 ndmccls `h gnrtácnkl bmncmdl hd ilran `h G l `h X clgncmzn`ls clgncmzn`ls udl hdgman `h ltrl. Cn  plrgm÷d nomhrtn nomhrtn `h cls ndmccls sh lrmhdtn lrmhdtn bngmn ntrîs, `ld`h `ld`h hstî hc hs÷ink hs÷inkl, l, phramtmhd`l su

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7?6

`msthdsm÷d `urndth cn `hkcugm÷d `h cls ncmahdtls. Cn trîquhn sh `mvm`h hd `ls gld`ugtls l  orldqumls prmanrmls, udl `mrmkm`l bngmn hc puca÷d mzqumhr`l y ltrl `mrmkm`l bngmn hc `hrhgbl. @hdtrl `h gn`n puca÷d, cls orldqumls prmanrmls vnd suo`mvm`míd`lsh hd  orldqumls shgud`nrmls, thrgmnrmls y nsá sughsmvnahdth bnstn cchknr n cns váns nírhns `h gld`uggm÷d `h ahdlr gncmorh l orldqumlcls thramdnchs. Ynsgucnrmzngm÷d h mdhrvngm÷d `h cls pucaldhs Hc nplrth `h sndkrh n cls pucaldhs hs tnd maplrtndth pnrn cn rhspmrngm÷d glal cn hdtrn`n `h nmrh nc hspngml ncvhlcnr. Cn gmrgucngm÷d pucaldnr `mspldh `h udn hxthdsn rh` `h gnpmcnrhs (766 amccldhs) quh rl`hnd gn`n udl `h cls ncvílcls. Cn suphrimgmh tltnc `h hsth chgbl gnpmcnr hs `h udls ;6 a?, cl quh phramth udn hstrhgbn glrrhcngm÷d hdtrh cns suphrimgmhs ncvhlcnrhs y hd`lthcmnchs. @h hstn ilran sh knrndtmzn udn glrrhgtn `miusm÷d `h cls knshs rhspmrntlrmls. Bnstn cns váns rhspmrntlrmns cchknd imorns prlgh`hdths `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl nut÷dlal quh mdhrvnd cns imorns ausgucnrhs cmsns `h hstn zldn. Cn iudgm÷d oîsmgn `hc npnrntl rhspmrntlrml hs cn rhspmrngm÷d. Gldsmsth hd cchvnr hc lxákhdl `hc nmrh n cn sndkrh y hcmamdnr hc ndbá`rm`l gnro÷dmgl (gl?) nc nmrh. Hsth mdthrgnaoml `h knshs sh prl`ugh hd hc mdthrmlr `h cls pucaldhs. Hc nmrh hdtrn plr cn dnrmz y/l cn olgn y hs gld`ugm`l n trnvís `h cns váns rhspmrntlrmns bnstn cls ncvílcls, `ld`h sh prl`ugh hc mdthrgnaoml `h knshs. Nsá, hc lxákhdl pnsn n cn sndkrh y hs trndsplrtn`l n tl`ns cns gícucns. N su vhz, hc ndbá`rm`l gnro÷dmgl (gl?) quh sh  prl`ugh hd cns gícucns hs trndsplrtn`l trndsplrtn`l bnstn cls pucaldhs pucaldhs pnrn su su hcmamdngm÷d. Cns prmdgmpnchs iudgmldhs `hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml sld lothdhr lxákhdl n pnrtmr `hc naomhdth hxthrdl, y prlplrgmldnrcl n cns gícucns, y hcmamdnr `hc lrkndmsal hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl prl`ugm`l plr hc ahtnolcmsal ghcucnr. Hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml hstî glapuhstl `h cls pucaldhs, cns váns nírhns `h gld`uggm÷d, cns pnrths `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc rhcngmldn`ns gld hc gldtrlc `h cls aúsgucls `h cn rhspmrngm÷d, y cn pnrh` tlrîgmgn. Hstn úctman gldstn `h cls aúsgucls `h cn rhspmrngm÷d ‐ hc hc `mnirnkan, cls aúsgucls mdthrglstnchs, y cls aúsgucls no`lamdnchs ‐  y  y cn gnjn tlrîgmgn. t lrîgmgn.

Iudgmldhs `hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml Cns iudgmldhs `hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml sld mdthrgnaoml `h knshs, hqumcmorml îgm`l oîsmgl, ildngm÷d, `hihdsn y ahtnolcmsal pucaldnrhs, y hc andhjl `h anthrmnchs  omlngtmvls.

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7?>

Mdthrgnaoml `h knshs Hc mdthrgnaoml `h `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl plr lxákhdl tmhdh cuknr hd cls pucaldhs, hc nmrh irhsgl, quh gldtmhdh lxákhdl, hs mdspmrn`l bngmn cls pucaldhs n trnvís `h cns váns nírhns `h gld`uggm÷d, y cns iuhrzns dhghsnrmns pnrn bnghr quh hc nmrh iicuyn cuyn sld khdhrn`ns  plr cls aúsgucls rhspmrntlrmls, quh ngtúnd smkumhd`l ÷r`hdhs mdmgmn`ns plr hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc, nc amsal tmhapl, hc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl `hc glrnz÷d olaohn bngmn cls  pucaldhs cn sndkrh sndkrh vhdlsn vhdlsn quh rhkrhsn rhkrhsn `hs`h cls `mvhrsls thjm`ls `hc guhrpl. Hstn Hstn sndk sndkrh rh vhdlsn amxtn tmhdh gldthdm`l nctl `h `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl, y onjl `h lxákhdl, hd cls gnpmcnrhs pucaldnrhs, hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl hs mdthrgnaomn`l plr lxákhdl, nsá, hc cn`l mzqumhr`l `hc glrnz÷d `mstrmouyh bngmn cls thjm`ls cn sndkrh quh snch `h cls pucaldhs, y quh nblrn tmhdh gldthdm`l nctl `h lxákhdl y aîs onjl `h `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl, imdncahdth, `urndth cn hspmrngm÷d, hc kns gld udn gldghdtrngm÷d nctn `h `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl hs hxpucsn`l `hc guhrpl. Ah`mndth cn rhspmrngm÷d, mdbncngm÷d y hxbncngm÷d, hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml ingmcmtn hc mdthrgnaoml `h knshs hdtrh hc nmrh y cn sndkrh y hdtrh cn sndkrh y cns gíc gícucns ucns `hc guhrpl. Hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml tnaomíd dls nyu`n n phrgmomr hc lclr y grhnr sldm`ls. Cns smkumhdths sld cns gmdgl iudgmldhs gcnvh `hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml.

>. 

Cn mdbncngm÷d y cn hxbncngm÷d sld cn vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr. Hsl hs

rhspmrnr Hd cn vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr, hc nmrh hs mdbncn`l n trnvís `h cns gnvm`n`hs dnsnc y  ougnc (cn dnrmz y cn olgn). Wh `hspcnzn n trnvís `h cn inrmdkh, cn cnrmdkh y cn trîquhn pnrn cchknr n cls pucaldhs. Gund`l hc nmrh hs hxbncn`l, icuyh hd ilran mdvhrsn plr cn amsan ván. Gnaomls hd hc vlcuahd y cn prhsm÷d `hc nmrh hd cls pucaldhs `hshdgn`hdnd cn vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr. @urndth cn mdbncngm÷d dlranc, hc `mnirnkan y cls aúsgucls mdthrglstnchs hxthrdls sh gldtrnhd y sh hchvn cn gnjn tlrîgmgn. N ah`m`n quh hc vlcuahd hd cls pucaldhs nuahdtn, cn prhsm÷d `hc nmrh `msamduyh h mdkrhsn hc nmrh. nm rh. @urndth cn hxbncngm÷d dlranc, cls aúsgucls sh rhcnjnd. Cls pucaldhs sh vuhcvhd vuhcvhd aîs phquhþls, cn prhsm÷d `hc nmrh nuahdtn y hsth sh hxphch.

?.  Cn rhspmrngm÷d hxthrdn mdthrgnaomn knshs hdtrh cls pucaldhs y hc tlrrhdth sndkuádhl

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7??

@hdtrl `h cls pucaldhs, hc lxákhdl sh mdthrgnaomn m dthrgnaomn plr `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl `h `hshgbl n trnvís `hc prlghsl `hdlamdn`l rhspmrngm÷d hxthrdn. Hsth prlghsl tmhdh cuknr hd gmhdtls `h amccldhs `h sngls amgrlsg÷pmgls `hdlamdn`ls `hdlamdn`ls ncvílcls. Hc lxákhdl `hc nmrh mdbncn`l `miud`h `h cls ncvílcls n cls gnpmcnrhs pucaldnrhs quh cls rl`hnd. Wh udh n cns alcígucns `h bhalkclomdn hd cls kc÷oucls rljls y hs olaohn`l plr hc tlrrhdth sndkuádhl. Amhdtrns tndtl, hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl `h cn sndkrh `hslxmkhdn`n `miud`h `h cls gnpmcnrhs n cls ncvílcls y hs hcmamdn`l ah`mndth cn hxbncngm÷d. 7.  Cn rhspmrngm÷d mdthrdn mdthrgnaomn knshs hdtrh hc tlrrhdth sndkuádhl

y cls thjm`ls `hc guhrpl Hc tlrrhdth sndkuádhl cchvn lxákhdl n cns gícucns y hcmamdn hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl `h `hshgbl n trnvís `h cn rhspmrngm÷d mdthrdn. Hd hsth prlghsl, cls kc÷oucls rljls trndsplrtnd lxákhdl noslrom`l `h cls pucaldhs plr tl`l hc guhrpl, n trnvís `h cn vnsgucnturn. Gund`l cn sndkrh lxmkhdn`n cchkn n cls gnpmcnrhs hstrhgbls, cls kc÷oucls rljls cmohrnd hc lxákhdl. Hsth `miud`h plr cns pnrh`hs `h cls gnpmcnrhs bngmn cls thjm`ls `hc guhrpl. Amhdtrns tndtl, hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl `miud`h `h cls thjm`ls n cls kc÷oucls rljls y hc pcnsan. Cn sndkrh `hslxmkhdn`n trndsplrtn hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl `h rhkrhsl n cls  pucaldhs pnrn shr hcmamdn`l.

0. 

Hc nmrh quh bngh vmornr cns guhr`ns vlgnchs grhn sldm`ls

Cn ildngm÷d hs cn grhngm÷d `h sldm`l ah`mndth hstrugturns quh sh hdguhdtrnd hd cns váns rhspmrntlrmns suphrmlrhs. @urndth cn hxbncngm÷d, hc nmrh pnsn `h cls pucaldhs plr cn cnrmdkh. Gund`l bnocnals, aúsgucls hd cn cnrmdkh auhvhd cls gnrtácnkls nrmthdlm`hs. Cls gnrtácnkls nrmthdlm`hs judtnd cns guhr`ns vlgnchs, l pcmhkuhs vlgnchs. Gund`l cns guhr`ns sh udhd, hc nmrh quh pnsn hdtrh hccns cns bngh vmornr, cl quh grhn sldm`ls. Xdn anylr thdsm÷d `h cns guhr`ns vlgnchs grhn vmorngmldhs aîs rîpm`ns y sldm`ls aîs nku`ls. Gld udn thdsm÷d ahdlr, cn vmorngm÷d hs aîs chdtn y hc sldm`l hs aîs krnvh. 8.  Cn lcinggm÷d, u lcintl, hs udn shdsngm÷d quáamgn Hc prlghsl `h cn lcinggm÷d glamhdzn hd cns imorns lcintlrmns quh rhguorhd cns gnvm`n`hs dnsnchs `hdtrl `h cn dnrmz. N ah`m`n quh hc nmrh mdkrhsn hd cns gnvm`n`hs, nckudns sustndgmns sustndgmns quáamgns `hc nmrh sh udhd n rhghptlrhs `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl hd cls gmcm gmcmls ls y cns ngtmvnd. Hsth hstáaucl hdván udn shþnc nc hdgíincl: cns dhurldns cchvnd ccnn shþnc `hs`h cns gnvm`n`hs dnsnchs n trnvís `h lrmimgmls hd hc buhsl htalm`hs, bnstn cls oucolslcintlrmls. Cn shþnc cuhkl vmnjn `hs`h cls oucols lcintlrmls, n cl cnrkl `hc dhrvml grndhnc >, nc îrhn lcintlrmn `h cn glrthzn ghrhornc.

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7?7

GLDGCXWMßD Hd gldgcusm÷d hs maplrtndth yn quh, hstn iudgm÷d vmtnc sh rhncmzn ah`mndth cn nggm÷d `h cl quh hs hc Wmsthan _hspmrntlrml, tnaomíd gldlgm`l onjl hc dlaorh `h Npnrntl _hspmrntlrml, smhd`l ud glapchjl gldjudtl `h ÷rkndls quh pnrthd `hs`h cns Ilsns Ilsns Dnsnchs (pnrth `h cns Yáns _hspmrntlrmns) quh iudgmldnd glal mdkrhsl `hc nmrh quh noslrohals `h cn nta÷sihrn, hc gunc hstî gnrkn`l `h udn krnd `mvhrsm`n` `h knshs `msphrsls, gldlgm`l glal Mdbncngm÷d. Hsth nmrh mdbncn`l hs trndsplrtn`l n trnvís `h cn Prîquhn y pnsnd`l plr cn Cnrmdkh sh hdgnrkn `h sh trndsplrtn`l bngmn cls Vucaldhs, ah`mndth cn nggm÷d y hc trnonjl `h cls Aúsgucls _hspmrntlrmls, quh gldtrnhd l hxpnd`hd cn Gnjn Plrîxmgn. Hsth prlghsl sh `n slorh tl`l gld nggm÷d slorh tl`l `hc @mnirnkan, quh sh gldtrnh y npcndn hd hc alahdtl quh mdbncnals, prl`ugmíd`lsh udn hxpndsm÷d hd cn Gnvm`n` Plrîxmgn, amhdtrns quh hd hc alahdtl `h cn Hxbncngm÷d, gund`l hxpucsnals hc nmrh n trnvís `h cns Yáns _hspmrntlrmns, ístn sh gldtrnh, phramtmhd`l hd prmahr cuknr hc anylr mdkrhsl `h nmrh y hd shkud`l cuknr cn iîgmc y rîpm`n hxpucsm÷d. Cn prmdgmpnc imdncm`n` `h cn _hspmrngm÷d gldsmsth hd cn rhncmzngm÷d `h ud Mdthrgnaoml Knshlsl, noslromíd`lsh hc Lxákhdl prhshdth hd cn nta÷sihrn hd cn zldn `h cls Ncvílcls Vucaldnrhs `ld`h n trnvís `h gnpmcnrhs sh hihgtún hc prlghsl gldlgm`l glal Bhantlsms, hcmamdîd`lsh cls `mstmdtls P÷xmgls Ylcîtmchs prhshdths hd cn sndkrh glal hc @m÷xm`l `h Gnroldl, phrl tnaomíd Ncglblchs. Cn maplrtndgmn `h cn rhspmrngm÷d rn`mgn hd hc nplrth `h Lxákhdl n cls `mstmdtls thjm`ls ausgucnrhs, n`haîs `h su noslrgm÷d n dmvhc ghcucnr, dhghsnrml pnrn cls prlghsls `h Lothdgm÷d `h Hdhrkán glal tnaomíd pnrn cn rhkhdhrngm÷d, rhpnrngm÷d y ilrangm÷d `h `mstmdtns hstrugturns.

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7?0

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí lrrncn tnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`?

  Pnrhn >?: GCNWH 7; IMWMLCLKÁN _HWVM_NPL_MN -

 ‗ 

YHDPMCNGM×D VXCALDN_

VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 7; IMWMLCLKÁN Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr GCNWH _HWVM_NPL_MN YHDPMCNGM×D VXCALDN_

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >? _HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

GCNWH 7; IMWMLCLKÁN _HWVM_NPL_MN - YHDPMCNGM× YHDPMCNGM×D D VXCALDN_ MDP_L@XGGMßD Cls pucaldhs hstîd cchdls `h hstns hstrugturns quh sh ccnand ncvhlcls quh hstîd hdgnrkn`ls `h rhncmznr cn bhantlsms quh hs hc mdthrgnaoml knshlsl hdtrh hc lxákhdl y hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl cls thjm`ls l shn hd cns gícucns tl`l hc ttmhapl mhapl hstîd hcmamdnd`l `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl y cl bnghd plr cns vhdns vhdn gnvn suphrmlr y gnvn mdihrmlr hd `ld`h cchknd nc glrnz÷d y nc glrnz÷d `hrhgbl n cn pnrth `hrhgbn `hc glrnz÷d quhrhals n trnvís `h hstns `h cns gnrns `hspuís vn nc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl y plr plr úctmal vn n cls pucaldhs iájhdsh pnrn cls pucaldhs `hc vhdtrágucl `hrhgbl n trnvís `h cns nrthrmns pucaldnrhs hd cls pucaldhs cn sndkrh hs hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl. Hd hsth vm`hl sh trnt÷ slorh nckudns khdhrncm`n` khdhrncm`n`hs hs `h cls pucaldhs: ahgîdmgn `h cn vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr `hc suringtndth, `h cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc cls vlcúahdhs, gnpngm`n`hs pucaldnrhs y cn vhdtmcngm÷d ncvhlcnr.

@HWN__LCCL Cn vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr hs hc prlghsl iudgmldnc plr hc quh hc kns hs trndsplrtn`l `hs`h hc hdtlrdl `hc sujhtl bnstn cls ncvhlcls pucaldnrhs y vmghvhrs vmghvhrsn. n. Hsth prlghsl puh`h p uh`h shr ngtmvl l pnsmvl shkúd quh hc al`l vhdtmcntlrml shn hspldtîdhl hspldtîdhl,, gund`l sh rhncmzn plr

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7?8

cn ngtmvm`n` `h cls aúsgucls rhspmrntlrmls `hc md`mvm`ul, l ahgîdmgl gund`l hc prlghsl `h vhdtmcngm÷d sh rhncmzn plr cn nggm÷d `h ud ahgndmsal hxthrdl. Hc dmvhc `h vhdtmcngm÷d hstî rhkucn`l `hs`h hc ghdtrl rhspmrntlrml hd iudgm÷d `h cns dhghsm`n`hs ahtno÷cmgns, `hc hstn`l knshlsl y hc hqumcmorml îgm`l-onsh `h cn c n sndkrh y `h cns gld`mgmldhs ahgîdmgns `hc gldjudtl puca÷d-gnjn tlrîgmgn. Hc lojhtmvl `h cn vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr hs trndsplrtnr hc lxákhdl bnstn hc hspngml ncvhlcnr pnrn quh sh prl`uzgn hc mdthrgnaoml gld hc hspngml gnpmcnr pucaldnr y hvngunr hc GL? prl`ugm`l n dmvhc ahtno÷cmgl. Hc prlghsl rhspmrntlrml pucaldnr sh `hsnrrlccn `h andhrn shguhdgmnc y gágcmgn, ah`mndth hc cchdn`l `h nmrh l mdspmrngm÷d y su vngmn`l l hspmrngm÷d. Hd gn`n gmgcl rhspmrntlrml dlranc l onsnc sh `mstmdkuhd, plr cl tndtl, `ls inshs `hom`ns n cn c n hxpndsm÷d y rhtrnggm÷d `h cn gnjn tlrîgmgn ah`mndth gldtrnggm÷d ausgucnr. Hc `hspcnznamhdtl `h cn  pnrh` tlrîgmgn tlrîgmgn nrrnstrn nrrnstrn cls pucaldhs, `h tnc ilran, quh nc nuahd nuahdtnr tnr l `msamdumr hc vlcuahd `h cn gnvm`n` tlrîgmgn sh prl`ugmrî ud gnaoml hd hc amsal shdtm`l hd hc vlcuahd  pucaldnr. Hd ud gmgcl rhspmrntlrml onsnc (hd rhplsl l hupdhmgl) cns `ls inshs `h quh gldstn sld: n) 

Mdspmrngm÷d. Insh ngtmvn ausgucnr hd cn quh sh prl`ugh cn hdtrn`n `h nmrh

`hs`h hc ah`ml naomhdth hxthrdl bnstn hc mdthrmlr pucaldnr.  o) 

Hspmrngm÷d. Insh pnsmvn, smd ngtmvm`n` ausgucnr, hd cn quh hc nmrh snch `h cn

gnvm`n` pucaldnr nc ah`ml naomhdth hxthrdl. Cn irhguhdgmn rhspmrntlrmn hs `h >?->9 gmgcls plr amdutl. Wm sh gldsm`hrn ud vnclr ah`ml `h >8 gmgcls/amdutl, gn`n gmgcl thd`rán udn `urngm÷d `h udls 0 shkud`ls. Hsth tmhapl dl sh `mstrmouyh hqumtntmvnahdth hdtrh cns `ls inshs (>,8 shk. mdspmrngm÷d - ?,8 shk. hspmrngm÷d), cn hspmrngm÷d hd ud gmgcl hd rhplsl `urn aîs quh cn mdspmrngm÷d. N `mihrhdgmn `hc npnrntl gmrgucntlrml hd hc quh hc alvmamhdtl `hc icum`l sh rhncmznon ah`mndth cn nggm÷d `h udn olaon smtun`n smtun`n hd shrmh gld hc gmrgumtl, hd hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml cn hdtrn`n y sncm`n `h nmrh sh prl`ugh plr cn nggm÷d `h udn olaon smtun`n hd hc hxthrmlr `hc smsthan. Hc nmrh sh auhvh plr krn`mhdth `h prhsm÷d. Wm cn prhsm÷d hxthrdn hs suphrmlr n cn mdthrdn l pucaldnr, sh prl`ugh cn hdtrn`n `h nmrh5 sm cn prhsm÷d hxthrdn hs mdihrmlr n cn mdthrdn sh prl`ugh cn sncm`n `h nmrh. Hd gld`mgmldhs dlranchs cn prhsm÷d hxthrdn l ah`mlnaomhdtnc sh andtmhdh gldstndth ncrh`h`lr `h ;96 aa Bk quh sh gldsm`hrn hc dmvhc `h rhihrhdgmn l prhsm÷d 6. Hsth bhgbl smkdmimgn quh, pnrn cchvnr n gnol cls icujls, cn prhsm÷d quh `hoh al`mimgnrsh hs cn prhsm÷d mdthrdn, quh bn `h `msamdumr l nuahdtnr pnrn clkrnr hc icujl nírhl hd ud shdtm`l y ltrl. Wm sh gldsm`hrn hc dmvhc `h

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rhihrhdgmn 6, cn grhngm÷d `h udn prhsm÷d dhkntmvn `nrî cuknr n cn nspmrngm÷d l hdtrn`n `h nmrh glal ud ahgndmsal `h suggm÷d. Cn grhngm÷d `h udn prhsm÷d plsmtmvn prl`ugmrî hc hapujh bngmn iuhrn `hc nmrh l hspmrngm÷d. Hc puca÷d tmhdh udns prlpmh`n`hs ahgîdmgns quh sh gnrngthrmznd plr: >- 

Hcnstmgm`n`. @hphd`h `h cns prlpmh`n`hs hcîstmgns `h cns hstrugturns `hc

smsthan rhspmrntlrml. Vlr `himdmgm÷d hs cn prlpmh`n` `h ud guhrpl n vlcvhr n cn plsmgm÷d mdmgmnc `hspuís `h bnohr sm`l `hilran`l. Hd hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml sh gundtmimgn glal hc gnaoml `h prhsm÷d hd rhcngm÷d nc gnaoml `h prhsm÷d. ?- 

Ymsglsm`n`. @hphd`h `h cn irmggm÷d mdthrdn `h ud ah`ml icum`l, hs `hgmr

hdtrh hc thjm`l pucaldnr y hc kns quh gmrgucn plr cns váns nírhns. Hd hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml sh gundtmimgn glal hc gnaoml `h prhsm÷d hd rhcngm÷d nc ic icujl ujl nírhl. 7- 

Phdsm÷d suphrimgmnc. Hstî prl`ugm`n plr cns iuhrzns glbhsmvns `h cns

alcígucns hd cn suphrimgmh `hc icum`l y `h cn gnpn `h cn suphrimgmh ncvhlcnr. Hstns iuhrzns `hphd`hd `h cn gurvnturn `h cn suphrimgmh `hc icum`l y `h su glaplsmgm÷d. 0- 

Bmstírhsms. Hs hc ihd÷ahdl plr hc quh hc hihgtl `h udn iuhrzn phrsmsth aîs

`h cl quh `urn cn amsan iuhrzn. Cn gnpngm`n` vhdtmcntlrmn sh gundtmimgn plr cn ah`mgm÷d `h cls vlcúahdhs  pucaldnrhs y cn hspmrlahtrán. Gnpngm`n` pucaldnr tltnc: hs hc vlcuahd `h kns hd hc puca÷d nc imdnc `h udn mdspmrngm÷d aîxman. Hs cn suan `h cn gnpngm`n` vmtnc y `hc vlcuahd rhsm`unc (_hsm`unc vlcuah5 _Y). Hs udn ah`m`n `hc tnanþl pucaldnr. Cn gnpngm`n` vmtnc hspmrntlrmn hs hc vlcuahd `h kns hxbncn`l `hspuís `h udn mdspmrngm÷d aîxman y cn mdspmrntlrmn hs hc vlcuahd quh puh`h shr mdspmrn`l `hspuís `h udn hspmrngm÷d aîxman. Cn gnpngm`n` vmtnc hs cn suan `h cn gnpngm`n` mdspmrntlrmn y `hc vlcuahd `h rhshrvn hspmrntlrmn. Hc vlcúahd gmrgucndth hs hc vlcuahd `h kns quh sh alvmcmzn `urndth ud gmgcl rhspmrntlrml dlranc. Hc vlcuahd `h rhshrvn mdspmrntlrmn hs hc vlcuahd `h kns quh puh`h shr mdspmrn`l `hspuís `h udn mdspmrngm÷d dlranc. Hc vlcuahd `h rhshrvn hspmrntlrmn hs hc vlcuahd `h kns quh puh`h shr hspmrn`l `hspuís `h udn hspmrngm÷d dlranc. Cn gnpngm`n` mdspmrntlrmn hs hc vlcuahd quh puh`h shr mdspmrn`l `hspuís `h udn hspmrngm÷d dlranc, hs `hgmr `hs`h gnpngm`n` gnpngm`n` rhsm`unc iudgmldnc. Cn gnpngm`n` rhsm`unc iudgmldnc hs hc vlcuahd `h kns quh quh`n hd hc puca÷d `hspuís `h udn hspmrngm÷d dlranc.

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Hc vlcuahd rhsm`unc hs hc vlcuahd `h kns quh quh`n `hspuís `h udn hspmrngm÷d aîxman. Gnpngm`n` `h gmhrrh hs hc vlcuahd pucaldnr plr `honjl `hc gunc npnrhgh hc ihd÷ahdl `h gmhrrh `h cn ván nírhn `urndth cn andmlorn `h udn hspmrngm÷d aîxman chdtn. Ylcuahd `h gmhrrh hs cn gnpngm`n` `h gmhrrh ahdls cn gnpngm`n` rhsm`unc iudgmldnc. Cn andmlorn `h hspmrngm÷d ilrzn`n gundtmimgn cls vlcuahdhs pucaldnrhs plr hdgman `h cn gnpngm`n` rhsm`unc iudgmldnc. N`haîs phramth gundtmimgnr nckudls ád`mghs `mdîamgls. Hc aîs hapchn`l hd gcádmgn hs hc vlcuahd hspmrntlrml ilrzn`l hd ud shkud`l. Hs hc vlcuahd `h kns hspmrn`l `urndth hc prmahr shkud`l `h udn andmlorn ilrzn`n `hs`h udn mdspmrngm÷d aîxman. @urndth hc mdmgml `h cn hspmrngm÷d ilrzn`n cns váns nírhns hapmhznd n shr glaprmam`ns y hc icujl ncgndzn su aîxmal. Hs udn insh `hphd`mhdth `h cn iuhrzn hspmrntlrmn. Gund`l sh bn hspmrn`l hdtrh ud ?6 n 76% `h cn gnpngm`n` vmtnc, cns váns nírhns anylrhs hstîd glaprmam`ns y plr tndtl bny udn cmamtngm÷d nc icujl. Hstn insh hs s÷cl cmkhrnahdth `hphd`mhdth `h cn iuhrzn y rhichjn cn rhsmsthdgmn mdtrntlrîgmgn nc icujl hsphgmncahdth `h cns váns nírhns phquhþns dl glaprmam`ns y hs `hphd`mhdth `h cns gnrngthrástmgns hcîstmgns `hc puca÷d y `h cn ankdmtu` `h cn gnpngm`n` vmtnc. Cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh hc vlcuahd hspmrntlrml hd hc prmahr shkud`l y cn gnpngm`n` vmtnc rhichjn hc krn`l `h lostruggm÷d phrl sm cn gnpngm`n` vmtnc hstî rh`ugm`n hsth ád`mgh puh`h suohstmanr cn cmamtngm÷d nc icujl. Hc vlcuahd mdspmrntlrml ilrzn`l hd ud shkud`l hs hc vlcuahd `h kns mdspmrn`l hd hc prmahr shkud`l `h udn mdspmrngm÷d ilrzn`n `hspuís `h udn hspmrngm÷d aîxman. @urndth hstn andmlorn cn prhsm÷d mdtrntlrîgmgn hs suontalsiírmgn y plr tndtl cns váns nírhns sh `mstmhd`hd. Hc IMY> hs `hphd`mhdth `h cn iuhrzn. Hd hc hstrhgbnamhdtl `h cns váns nírhns hxtrntlrîgmgns hc icujl mdspmrntlrml hstî cmamtn`l yn quh `hom`l n cn prhsm÷d suontalsiírmgn suontalsiírmgn  plr `htrîs `h cn lostruggm÷d lostruggm÷d cns váns nírhns sh sh glcnpsnd. glcnpsnd. Cn Cn rhcngm÷d I IMY>/YG MY>/YG hs ud ád`mgh `h lostruggm÷d mdspmrntlrmn. Cn vhdtmcngm÷d vlcudtnrmn aîxman (Anxmanc orhntbmdk gnpngmty5 AOG) hs hc vlcuahd `h kns aîxmal quh puh`h shr hspmrn`l `urndth ud amdutl n udn irhguhdgmn `h 76 x' `urndth ?6 s. Cls vlcúahdhs knshlsls `h cn gnjn tlrîgmgn sh gcnsmimgnd `hs`h ud  pudtl `h vmstn iudgmldnc Ylcúahd `h kns tlrîgmgl: t lrîgmgl: hs hc vlcuahd `h kns pucaldnr + hc vlcuahd `h kns hxtrnpucaldnr mdtrntlrîgmgl.

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Ylcúahd `h kns pucaldnr: >. 

Ylcuahd ncvhlcnr iudgmldnc (YN). Hs hc vlcuahd `h kns quh cchkn nc

hspngml ncvhlcnr y quh pnrtmgmpn hd hc mdthrgnaoml knshlsl. ?. 

Ylcuahd ncvhlcnr `h hspngml auhrtl. Hs hc vlcuahd `h kns quh cchkn nc

hspngml ncvhlcnr phrl quh dl pnrtmgmpn hd hc mdthrgnaoml knshlsl (hspngml auhrtl iudgmldnc). 7.  Ylcuahd `h kns `h cns váns nírhns. Hs hc vlcuahd `h kns quh glapldh hc hspngml auhrtl ndnt÷amgl. Hc suringtndth pucaldnr hs hshdgmnc pnrn cn vhdtmcngm÷d hihgtmvn, puhs `msamduyh cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc `h cns suphrimgmhs ncvhlcnrhs `urndth cn rhspmrngm÷d y hstnomcmzn cls ncvhlcls irhdth nc glcnpsl mdngtmvnd`l cns prhsmldhs trndspucaldnrhs y nuahdtnd`l `h ilran gldglamtndth cn `msthdsmomcm`n` pucaldnr. Xd `íimgmt `h suringtndth hd cls rhgmíd dngm`ls prhanturls gldcchvn ud sád`rlah `h `mstrís rhspmrntlrml quh sh gnrngthrmzn plr hsgnsn hxpndsm÷d pucaldnr, mdn`hgun`l mdthrgnaoml knshlsl y npnrmgm÷d `h nthchgtnsmns. Hc suringtndth olvmdl hs ud hxtrngtl dnturnc al`mimgn`l `hc puca÷d olvmdl quh gldtmhdh ilsilcápm`ls, cápm`ls dhutrnchs, îgm`ls krnsls y prlthádns O y G nslgmn`ns n suringtndth,  pncamtntl glcilsghrmc, îgm`l pncaátmgl y trmpncamtmd. Al`mimgn cn thdsm÷d hd cn suphrimgmh ncvhlcnr, hstnomcmzîd`lcn. Hstl rh`ugh cn alrtncm`n` y cls hsgnphs nírhls nslgmn`ls nc sád`rlah `h `mstrís rhspmrntlrml.

Xsl gcádmgl: •Hstî md`mgn`l hd hc trntnamhdtl `hc sád`rlah `h `mstr ís ís

rhspmrntlrml dhldntnc l

hdihrah`n` `h ahaorndn bmncmdn, hd dmþls gld `mnkd÷stmgl gldimran`l plr rn`mlkrnián `h t÷rnx y rhqumrmhd`l vhdtmcngm÷d ahgîdmgn. (N) •Vrlimcnxms `hc sád`rlah `h `mstrís rhspmrntlrml hd rhgmíd dngm`ls prhanturls (3  

76 shandns `h h`n` khstngmldnc) quh prhgmshd mdtuongm÷d hd cn sncn `h pnrtls. •Ltrls plsmochs usls: Prntnamhdtl `h rhgmíd dngm`ls gld inccl rhspmrntlrml `hom`l  

n sád`rlah `h nspmrngm÷d ahgldmnc, dhualdán, bhalrrnkmn pucaldnr l bmphrthdsm÷d  pucaldnr phrsmsthdth. phrsmsthdth. Hc smsthan suringtndth suringtndth pucaldnr rh`ugh cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc hd hd cn mdthrinsh nmrh-cáqum`l rhspmrntlrmn y hs hshdgmnc pnrn andthdhr nomhrtn cn suphrimgmh `h mdthrgnaoml knshlsl `urndth cls gmgcls `h mdspmrngm÷d-hspmrngm÷d. Wu inctn l ncthrngm÷d hstî nslgmn`n n prlochans rhspmrntlrmls shvhrls, shvhrls, quh hd nckudls gnsls puh`hd prhvhdmrsh ah`mndth cn n`amdmstrngm÷d `h ud anthrmnc suringtndth sustmtutmvl. ¼^umíd dl bn hxphrmahdtn`l cn `mimguctn` `h normr udn olcsn `h pcîstmgl gund`l hstî aljn`n< Cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc `hc nkun lrmkmdn iuhrzns `h glbhsm÷d quh sh lpldhd n

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cn hxplsmgm÷d `h hsns suphrimgmhs aljn`ns nc nmrh. Wm nþn`mírnals n hsn olcsn `h pcîstmgl udns kltns `h `hthrkhdth, vhránals quh hsn amsan olcsn sh norh gld ingmcm`n`. Hsl hs `hom`l n quh cns alcígucns `h `hthrkhdth sh glclgnd hspldtîdhnahdth slorh cn suphrimgmh `hc nkun hxpuhstn nc nmrh, rh`ugmhd`l cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc, y nyu`nd`l nsá n "`hsphknr" udns gnpns búah`ns `h ltrns. Prnscn`hals hsth shdgmccl hxphrmahdtl n cn guhstm÷d `h andthdhr nomhrtls duhstrls  pucaldhs, hsns mdahdsns "olcsns `h nmrh" n trnvís `h cns gunchs lothdhals hc lxákhdl  pnrn duhstrls thjm`ls y guyn suphrimgmh tnaomíd hstî rhguo rhguomhrtn mhrtn plr udn imdn gnpn nguls ngulsn, n, n cl cnrkl `h amchs `h gmgcls `h mdspmrngm÷d-hspmrngm÷d. Hd nushdgmn `h ud nkhdth thdsmlngtmvl, dhghsmtnránals aîs `h ud 76% `h cn hdhrkán quh lothdhals `hc ncmahdtl  pnrn gldshkumr gldshkumr normr normr cls pucaldhs gn`n vhz vhz quh mdspmrnals. Wm Wm hstl dl hs nsá hs plrquh hd duhstrls pucaldhs sh hcmamdn prîgtmgnahdth cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc, krngmns n cn prhshdgmn `hc WX_INGPNDPH VXCALDN_. Hd prhshdgmn `h suringtndth, s÷cl knstnals hd hc trnonjl ahgîdmgl `h cn rhspmrngm÷d nprlxman`nahdth nprlxman`nahdth ud 7% `h cn hdhrkán quh n`qumrmals. Pl`ls cls ndmanchs gld rhspmrngm÷d rhspmrngm÷d nírhn bnd `hsnrrlccn`l `hsnrrlccn`l ud glapchjl suringtndth quh ingmcmtn cn ahgîdmgn pucaldnr. Hc suringtndth `h cls anaáihrls hs augbl aîs glapchjl quh ud smapch `hthrkhdth, qumzî plr cn nrqumthgturn trhahd`nahdth `hcmgn`n `h sus pucaldhs, glapuhstls plr amccldhs `h phquhþns gîanrns l ncvhlcls quh hd tltnc hxpldhd nc nmrh, hd ud n`uctl, cn suphrimgmh quh lgupn udn gndgbn `h thdms. Hstn hdlrah suphrimgmh hxpuhstn nc naomhdth supldh n`haîs ud prlochan n cn blrn `h prhvhdmr cn cchkn`n `h amgrllrkndmsals pnt÷khdls vmnjnd`l hd cls >8666 cmtrls `h nmrh quh rhspmrnals gn`n `án. Duhstrl glapchjl suringtndth hstî glapuhstl plr ud =6% `h cápm`ls, c ápm`ls, cns alcígucns gld prlpmh`n`hs prlpmh`n`hs thdsmlngtmvns, y ud >6% `h prlthádns au auyy hsphgmncmzn hsphgmncmzn`ns. `ns. Nckudns `h hstns prlthádns trndsplrtnd cls cápm`ls n cn mdthrinsh nmrh-nkun pnrn quh ilrahd cn phcágucn quh rh`ugh cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc. Ltrns tmhdhd ud pnphc `hihdsmvl, y sh `mstrmouyhd slorh cn suphrimgmh `hc puca÷d pnrn `hthgtnr cn cchkn`n `h amgrllrkndmsals, udmrsh n hccls y hcmamdnrcls, `mrhgtnahdth l n trnvís `h cls angr÷inkls, gícucns `h `hihdsn quh pntruccnd `h andhrn phrandhdth cn hdlrah suphrimgmh pucaldnr. Wm hc suringtndth dl hstî prhshdth, l hs `hihgtulsl, hc puca÷d sh vuhcvh nctnahdth mdhstnoch y npnrhghd prlochans rhspmrntlrmls, hd augbls gnsls chtnchs. Hs hc prlochan `h cls dmþls rhgmíd dngm`ls auy prhanturls, plrquh hc suringtndth slcl npnrhgh nc imdnc `hc `hsnrrlccl ihtnc, gund`l cls pucaldhs sh hstîd prhpnrnd`l pnrn hc hstnochgmamhdtl `h cn rhspmrngm÷d nírhn. Wm hc dngmamhdtl lgurrh ndths `h quh hc puca÷d `hc dmþl bnyn thramdn`l `h an`urnr y prl`ugmr suringtndth, cls prlochans nslgmn`ls n cn thdsm÷d suphrimgmnc

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

776

 puh`hd bnghr quh hsls pucaldhs glcnpshd, glcnpshd, `hshaolgnd`l `hshaolgnd`l hd hc ccnan`l Wád`rlah `h @mstrís _hspmrntlrml _hspmrntlrml `hc Dhldntl (W@_D). Bly `án, n hsls dmþls dngm`ls prhanturnahdth sh chs n`amdmstrn, `mrhgtnahdth hd su trîquhn, udn `lsms `h suringtndth hx÷khdl suimgmhdth  pnrn ingmcmtnr cn nphrturn `h sus pucaldhs. Xdn vhz cls pucaldhs hapmhznd n iudgmldnr, sh hstmaucn cn sádthsms y prl`uggm÷d `hc suringtndth prlpml y dl hs dhghsnrmn cn n`amdmstrngm÷d `h anylrhs gndtm`n`hs `h suringtndth hxthrdl. Hs mdthrhsndth `hstngnr quh hc anthrmnc suringtndth quh hstî sncvnd`l cn vm`n `h amchs `h prhanturls hd duhstrls blspmtnchs hs lothdm`l iud`nahdtncahdth n pnrtmr `h hxtrngtls `h pucaldhs `h ndmanchs, y quh udn cádhn `h mdvhstmkngm÷d auy maplrtndth hstî trntnd`l `h lothdhr duhvls anthrmnchs suringtndths "buandmzn` "buandmzn`ls" ls" quh phramtnd sustmtumr n cls `h lrmkhd ndmanc. Ltrl prlochan rhcngmldn`l gld cn ahgîdmgn pucaldnr y hc suringtndth nihgtn n n`uctls y dmþls gld `nþl pucaldnr. Hd augbls gnsls hd cls quh sh prl`ugh `nþl h mdicnangm÷d quh nihgtn nc puca÷d, ngnon ncthrîd`lsh cn imdn onrrhrn quh shpnrn n cls ncvhlcls `h cls gnpmcnrhs sndkuádhls. Hccl prl`ugh glal gldshguhdgmn gldshguhdgmn h`han: sncm`n `h glapldhdths `h cn sndkrh n cns váns nírhns. Cns prlthádns `hc pcnsan rhsuctnd mdbmomr cns  prlpmh`n`hs thdsmlngtmvns `hc suringtndth, khdhrnd`l tnaomíd nquá mdhstnomcmzngm÷d mdhstnomcmzngm÷d ahgîdmgnn `hc puca÷d quh puh`h thramdnr hd glcnpsl ncvhlcnr y hd cn dhghsm`n` `h hdtuonr ahgîdmg n hsls pngmhdths pnrn ilrznr cn nphrturn `h sus pucaldhs ah`mndth vhdtmcngm÷d nsmstm`n. Nsá, hc @mstrís _hspmrntlrml Nku`l rhsuctn shr cn anylr gnusn `h alrtncm`n` hd cns Xdm`n`hs `h Gum`n`ls Mdthdsmvls. Hc prlochan nquá hs quh cn gndtm`n` `h suringtndth dhghsnrmn pnrn trntnr n n`uctls hd cns XGMs hs auy suphrmlr n cn dhghsnrmn pnrn trntnr n  ohoís prhanturls, smhd`l n`haîs cns prhpnrngmldhs `h suringtndth quh sh utmcmznd hd gcádmgn mkunc l aîs susghptmoch n cn mdngtmvngm÷d plr `nþl quh hc suringtndth prlpml `h cls  pngmhdths. Cn Cn mdvhstmkngm÷d mdvhstmkngm÷d hd hsth hsth gnapl gnapl hstî trntnd`l `h `hsnrrlccnr `hsnrrlccnr du duhvls hvls suringtndths suringtndths rhsmsthdths n mdngtmvngm÷d, hd cns gndtm`n`hs dhghsnrmns pnrn rhstnurnr cn iudgm÷d rhspmrntlrmn hd pucaldhs n`uctls, nckl quh tl`nván dl sh bn gldshkum`l. Hd imsmlclkán, sh ccnan vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr nc gldjudtl `h prlghsls quh bnghd icumr hc nmrh hdtrh cn nta÷sihrn y cls ncvílcls pucaldnrhs n trnvís `h cls ngtls ncthrdndths nct hrdndths `h cn mdspmrngm÷d y cn hspmrngm÷d. Cls ingtlrhs quh mdthrvmhdhd hd hstn ahgîdmgn sld cns váns nírhns mdthrdns, hc `mnirnkan, cn gnvm`n` tlrîgmgn ilran`n plr cn glcuadn vhrthornc, hc hsthrd÷d y cns glstmccns, nsá glal cn ausgucnturn nslgmn`n. Cn vhdtmcngm÷d sh cchvn n gnol plr cls aúsgucls quh gnaomnd hc vlcuahd `h cn gnvm`n` tlrîgmgn, y nc bnghrcl grhnd  prhsmldhs dhkntmvns y plsmtmvns quh auhvhd hc nmrh n`hdtrl y niuhrn `h cls pucaldhs.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

77>

@urndth cn rhspmrngm÷d dlranc, hd rhplsl, cn mdspmrngm÷d hs ngtmvn, amhdtrns quh cn hspmrngm÷d hs pnsmvn. Hc `mnirnkan, quh prlvlgn hc alvmamhdtl `h cn gnjn tlrîgmgn bngmn nonjl y bngmn niuhrn, gnaomnd`l hc tnanþl `h cn gnvm`n` tlrîgmgn hd cn `mrhggm÷d blrmzldtnc, hs hc prmdgmpnc aúsgucl mdspmrntlrml. Ltrls aúsgucls quh pnrtmgmpnd hd cn vhdtmcngm÷d sld: cls aúsgucls mdthrglstnchs, cls no`lamdnchs y cls aúsgucls ngghslrmls. Cn vhdtmcngm÷d ncvhlcnr hs hc mdthrgnaoml `h knshs hdtrh cls ncvílcls y hc naomhdth hxthrdl, hs hc prlghsl ah`mndth hc gunc sh cchvn lxákhdl bngmn cls pucaldhs `hs`h cn nta÷sihrn, y plr ah`ml `hc gunc hc `m÷xm`l `h gnroldl trndsplrtn`l bngmn cls pucaldhs hd cn sndkrh vhdlsn amxtn hs hxpucsn`l `hc lrkndmsal. Nudquh cn vhdtmcngm÷d ncvhlcnr  plr cl khdhrnc sh `himdh glal hc vlcuahd `h nmrh irhsgl quh hdtrn n cls ncvílcls plr amdutl, hd hstn `himdmgm÷d hstî mapcágmtl ud vlcuahd smamcnr `h nmrh ncvhlcnr quh snch `hc guhrpl plr amdutl.

Ylcúahdhs pucaldnrhs Hc vlcuahd `h kns hd cls pucaldhs hd guncqumhr mdstndth `hphd`h `h cn ahgîdmgn `h cls pucaldhs y `h cn pnrh` tlrîgmgn, y `h cn ngtmvm`n` `h cls c ls aúsgucls `h cn mdspmrngm÷d y hspmrngm÷d. Hc tnanþl `h cls pucaldhs `hphd`h `h cn hstnturn y `hc phsl l `hc îrhn `h suphrimgmh glrplrnc, nsá glal `h cn h`n` y hc shxl, plr hd`h, cls vlcúahdhs pucaldnrhs khdhrncahdth sh glapnrnd gld vlcúahdhs pucaldnrhs –prh`mgbls‑ npnrhn`ls pnrn h`n`, shxl y tnanþl glrplrnc, y dlrancahdth sh hxprhsnd glal cn thaphrnturn glrplrnc y cn  prhsm÷d onrlaítrmgn naomhdth y snturn`n gld vnplr vnplr `h nkun.

Ylcúahdhs y gnpngm`n`hs pucaldnrhs hstîd`nr Bny guntrl vlcúahdhs pucaldnrhs hstîd`nr y guntrl gnpngm`n`hs pucaldnrhs hstîd`nr, quh gldstnd `h `ls l aîs `h cls vlcúahdhs pucaldnrhs hstîd`nr

Ylcuahd `h vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr Hc vlcuahd `h vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr (vlcuahd glrrmhdth) (YP) hs hc vlcuahd `h nmrh quh hdtrn l quh snch `h cn dnrmz l cn olgn plr gn`n rhspmrngm÷d. @urndth cn rhspmrngm÷d dlranc, trndqumcn (hupdhn), hc YP `h ud n`uctl `h ;6 ek hs `h ncrh`h`lr `h 866 ac plr gn`n rhspmrngm÷d, phrl hsth vlcuahd puh`h nuahdtnr gldsm`hrnochahd gldsm`hrnochahdth. th. Ynrmngmldhs rhkmldnchs hd cn vhdtmcngm÷d ncvhlcnr y hd cn phriusm÷d sndkuádhn  pucaldnr Glal hihgtl `hc phsl `hc prlpml puca÷d, cns plrgmldhs `h cn pchurn smtun`ns hd cn  pnrth aîs nctn tmhdhd vnclrhs vnclrhs aîs dhkntmvls dhkntmvls `h prhsm÷d pchurnc, pchurnc, hsl bngh quh cls ncvílcls sh hdguhdtrhd aîs `msthd`m`ls, y plr hc gldtrnrml hd cn onsh hc hihgtl `h cn prhsm÷d `hc

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

77?

 phsl `hc puca÷d slorh slorh cns pchurns `hthramdn quh quh cn prhsm÷d pchurnc pchurnc shn ahdls dhkntmvn l aîs plsmtmvn quh hd cn pnrth suphrmlr. Cls ncvílcls hd hstn rhkm÷d hstîd ahdls `msthd`m`ls smhd`l su rn`ml ahdlr. Hd hc prlghsl `h cn mdspmrngm÷d m dspmrngm÷d cls ncvílcls suphrmlrhs mdgrhahdtnd auy plgl su vlcuahd, y cls mdihrmlrhs mdgrhahdtnd hd anylr hsgncn su vlcuahd bngmhd`l quh cn anylr pnrth `hc nmrh quh hdtrn hd hc vlcuahd glrrmhdth sh `hspcngh bngmn hstns rhkmldhs y auy plgl bngmn cns suphrmlrhs. Hd tíramdls khdhrnchs, sm sh `mstrmouyh cn ncturn  pucaldnr `h nrrmon n nonjl hd trhs zldns, cn Zldn M l suphrmlr rhgmoh hc ?8% `h cn vhdtmcngm÷d, cn Zldn MM l ah`mn hc 78% y cn Zldn MMM l mdihrmlr hc 06%. Hd cn phriusm÷d sh glapruhon hc amsal hihgtl `h cn krnvh`n`, quh bngh quh nckudls vnsls sh hdguhdtrhd aîs `msthd`m`ls y rhgmond ud icujl sndkuádhl anylr. Cn nggm÷d `h cn krnvh`n` y cns onjns prhsmldhs quh hxmsthd hd hc chgbl vnsgucnr pucaldnr `hthramdnd quh hc icujl sndkuádhl shn auy shdsmoch n cn mdicuhdgmn `h cn krnvh`n`. Cls  pucaldhs dl prhshdtnd prhshdtnd hd tl`ns sus rhkmldhs vnclrhs m`ídtmgls `h `h phriusm÷d. Hd pls plsmgm÷d mgm÷d hrhgtn, l `h pmh, cn onsh pucaldnr hstî aîs mrrmkn`n quh cls îpmghs. Hd plsmgm÷d plsmg m÷d supmdn, l tuaon`l, cns onshs y îpmghs sh mkuncnd, smd haonrkl hc `lrsl rhgmoh nblrn aîs icujl sndkuádhl quh cn rhkm÷d vhdtrnc. Wm sh `mvm`h hc puca÷d hd vnrmns zldns `hc îpmgh n cn onsh sh loshrvnránd cls smkumhdths pntrldhs hd hc icujl sndkuádhl: 

  Zldn M l vírtmgh pucaldnr. Zldn MM l pnrth ah`mn.



  Zldn MMM l onsh pucaldnr.



  _hcngm÷d vhdtmcngm÷d-phriusm÷d vhdtmcngm÷d-phriusm÷d

Pnc glal sh bn `hsgrmtl prhvmnahdth cn vhdtmcngm÷d y cn phriusm÷d dl sh `mstrmouyhd `h andhrn blalkídhn y rhkucnr plr tl`l hc puca÷d. Wm sh glrrhcngmldnd naols  pnrîahtrls sh lotmhdh ud glgmhdth l tnsn vhdtmcngm÷d phriusm÷d (YN/^), hd cn quh cns vnrmngmldhs `h phriusm÷d sld anylrhs quh cns `h vhdtmcngm÷d. Hstn tnsn hs mdihrmlr n > hd cn onsh y suphrmlr n > hd hc vírtmgh, thdmhd`l glal vnclr ah`ml 6,28-6,=6, smhd`l udn ah`m`n `h cn iudgm÷d pucaldnr. Gld hc hjhrgmgml y hc gldsmkumhdth mdgrhahdtl `hc ahtnolcmsal, cn vhdtmcngm÷d y cn phriusm÷d nuahdtn, smhd`l aîs hchvn`l hc mdgrhahdtl `h cn prmahrn, plr cl quh hc glgmhdth YN/^ puh`h nuahdtnr 7 ÷ 0 vhghs.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

777

GLDGCXWMLD Am gldgcusm÷d hs quh cn vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr hs cn prmahrn htnpn `hc prlghsl `h cn rhspmrngm÷d y gldsmsth hd hc icujl `h nmrh nm rh bngmn n`hdtrl y bngmn niuhrn `h cls pucaldhs, hs `hgmr, hd cn mdspmrngm÷d cn gldtrnggm÷d `hc `mnirnkan y `h cls aúsgucls mdspmrntlrmls `n cuknr n ud mdgrhahdtl `h cn gnpngm`n` `h cn gnvm`n` tlrîgmgn, plr udn `mihrhdgmn `h  prhsm÷d, gld cl quh bngh quh quh hc nmrh hdtrh hd cns váns rhspmrntlrmns. rhspmrntlrmns. @urndth cn hspmrngm÷d, cls aúsgucls rhspmrntlrmls sh rhcnjnd y vuhcvhd n sus plsmgmldhs `h rhplsl y hc nmrh snch `h cls pucaldhs. Gldsm`hrl quh ud aítl`l smapch pnrn hstu`mnr cn vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr gldsmsth hd rhkmstrnr hc vlcuahd `h nmrh quh hdtrn y snch `h cls pucaldhs. Hs cl quh sh ccnan rhncmznr udn hspmrlahtrán, quh am`h cls vlcúahdhs, cn gnpngm`n` y cn vhclgm`n` `h icujl pucaldnr. Cls rhsuctn`ls sh onsnd hd hc krn`l `h `hsvmngm÷d `h cn dlrancm`n`, thdmhd`l hd guhdtn ccnn h`n`, cn ncturn, hc phsl y hc shxl `h cn phrsldn. Wh hapchn pnrn hc `mnkd÷stmgl `h cn hdihrah`n` pucaldnr. Wh vnclrnd 0 vlcúahdhs `mihrhdths y 0 gnpngm`n`hs `mihrhdths. Hd cn vhdtmcngm÷d ncvhlcnr hs maplrtndth nc imdnc `h cn vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr, rhsm`h hd cn rhdlvngm÷d gldtmdun `hc nmrh hd cns udm`n`hs rhspmrntlrmns, quh hs `ld`h hc nmrh hstî hd hstrhgbn prlxmam`n` gld cn sndkrh. Cn vhdtmcngm÷d pucaldnr tltnc rhprhshdtn hc alvmamhdtl iásmgl `hc nmrh `hdtrl y iuhrn `hc trngtl rhspmrntlrml, phrl dl hs dhghsnrmnahdth dhghsnrmnahdth ud ouhd md`mgn`lr `h cn gndtm`n` `h nmrh irhsgl quh ncgndzn cn suphrimgmh `h mdthrgnaoml ncvhlcnr, plrquh pnrth `hc nmrh quh rhspmrn udn phrsldn dudgn cchkn n cns rhkmldhs `h mdthrgnaoml `h knshs smdl quh  phrandhgh hd cns váns rhspmrntlrmns rhspmrntlrmns glal cn trîquhn trîquhn y cls orldqumls. Glal gldshguhdgmn, ud md`mgn`lr aîs n`hgun`l `h cn himgmhdgmn `h cn vhdtmcngm÷d hs cn vhdtmcngm÷d ncvhlcnr l cn gndtm`n` `h nmrh quh ncgndzn cls ncvílcls hd ud amdutl. Wh loshrvn quh cn vhdtmcngm÷d ncvhlcnr puh`h shr nihgtn`n `rîstmgnahdth plr gnaomls tndtl hd cn irhguhdgmn rhspmrntlrmn glal hd cn prliud`m`n` `h cn rhspmrngm÷d.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

770

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí lrrncn Pnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn.

Xdm`n` ?  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn >7 VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr KHDH_HNCM@N@HW @HC WMWPHAN  DH_YMLWL

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >7 _HWXAHD @H YM@HL

PHAN: KHDH_NCM@N@HW @HC WMWPHAN DH_YMLWL MDP_L@XGGMLD Hc smsthan dhrvmlsl hs hc smsthan aîs glapchjl y nctnahdth lrkndmzn`l `hc guhrpl. _hgmoh mdilrangm÷d `h cls ÷rkndls shdslrmnchs n trnvís `h dhrvmls, trndsamth cn mdilrangm÷d n trnvís `h cn aí`ucn hspmdnc y cn prlghsn hd hc hdgíincl. Hc smsthan dhrvmlsl `mrmkh cns rhnggmldhs `h duhstrl guhrpl bngmn hc aud`l, y gldtrlcn tnaomíd cn anylrán `h duhstrns iudgmldhs mdthrdns, tl`l `hs`h hc alvmamhdtl ausgucnr y cn `mcntngm÷d `h cls vnsls sndkuádhls bnstn hc nprhd`mznjh `h cls `ntls ndnt÷amgls y imsmlc÷kmgls. ¼G÷al andhjn tl`l hstl< Ah`mndth hc hdvál `h shþnchs suanahdth rîpm`ns, hcígtrmgns y quáamgns, hdtrh cns gícucns. Hc smsthan dhrvmlsl hs udn rh` glapcmgn`n `h hstrugturns hsphgáimgns quh `hoh khstmldnr y lrkndmznr cn iudgm÷d `h tl`ls cls ÷rkndls y smsthans. N`haîs, `mgbn rh` gllr`mdn cn mdthrrhcngm÷d `h gn`n ÷rkndl y cn rhcngm÷d r hcngm÷d `hc guhrpl gld hc ah`ml hxthrdl. Hd hsth shdtm`l, hc smsthan dhrvmlsl tmhdh cn amsm÷d `h `hthgtnr gnaomls hd hc ah`ml mdthrdl y hxthrdl, ndncmznr hsn mdilrangm÷d y ngtunr ah`mndth al`mimgngmldhs hd aúsgucls l kcîd`ucns. Xdn `h cns khdhrncm`n`hs `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl hs quh hstî `mvm`m`l hd hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc y hc smsthan dhrvmlsl phrmiírmgl. Hc prmahrl hstî glapuhstl plr hc hdgíincl y cn aí`ucn hspmdnc. Vlr cl quh hd hc shkud`l hstîd tl`ls cls thjm`ls dhrvmlsls uomgn`ls iuhrn `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

778

Hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc hstî ilran`l plr hc hdgíincl y cn aí`ucn hspmdnc. Nsá, hc hdgíincl hs cn pnrth quh hstî gldghdtrn`n hd hc grîdhl, nbá tnaomíd sh glaprhd`hd hc ghrhorl, hc ghrhohcl y hc trldgl hdghiîcmgl. Hd gnaoml, cn aí`ucn hspmdnc hs cn pnrth uomgn`n hd hc mdthrmlr `hc gndnc vhrthornc quh sh gldhgtn gld hc hdgíincl ah`mndth `hc nkujhrl lggmpmtnc `hc grîdhl. Vlr cl tndtl, hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc rhgmoh, iusmldn y glrrhcngmldn `mvhrsns gcnshs `h mdilrangm÷d shdslrmnc. N`haîs, hs cn iuhdth `h tus phdsnamhdtls, halgmldhs y rhguhr`ls. Vlr cl quh `hspuís `h mdthkrnr cn mdilrangm÷d, ah`mndth iudgmldhs altlrns quh sh auhvhd plr dhrvmls `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl phrmiírmgl, hjhgutn cn rhspuhstn n`hgun`n. Nblrn omhd, cns khdhrncm`n`hs `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl dhrvmlsl phrmiírmgl hstîd ilran`l plr dhrvmls quh gldhgtnd hc hdgíincl y cn aí`ucn hspmdnc gld ltrns pnrths `hc guhrpl. Nsá, cls dhrvmls quh mdmgmnd hd hc hdgíincl sh ccnand dhrvmls grndhnchs. ] cls quh hapmhznd hd cn aí`ucn hspmdnc, dhrvmls rnquá`hls l hspmdnchs. Pnaomíd, bny kndkcmls phquhþls smtun`ls hd hsth smsthan, cls gunchs tmhdhd guhrpls dhurldnchs. Hstls hstîd udm`ls n dhrvmls grndhnchs l n dhrvmls hspmdnchs. Oîsmgnahdth sh hdgnrkn `h gldhgtnr cls rhghptlrhs `hc lrkndmsal gld cls ghdtrls dhrvmlsls. Hc smsthan dhrvmlsl hs udn rh` glapchjn `h hstrugturns hsphgmncmzn`ns (hdgíincl, aí`ucn hspmdnc y dhrvmls) quh tmhdhd glal amsm÷d gldtrlcnr y rhkucnr hc iudgmldnamhdtl iudgmldnamhdtl `h cls `mvhrsls ÷rkndls y smsthans, gllr`mdnd`l su mdthrrhcngm÷d y cn rhcngm÷d `hc lrkndmsal gld hc ah`ml hxthrdl.

@HWN__LCCL >. 

Hc hdgíincl y cn aí`ucn hspmdnc sld hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc. Hc smsthan

dhrvmlsl phrmiírmgl hstî ilran`l plr dhrvmls y ÷rkndls shds shdslrmnchs. lrmnchs. Hd gldjudtl, hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc (WDG) y hc smsthan dhrvmlsl phrmiírmgl (WDV) trndsamthd y prlghsnd cn mdilrangm÷d shdsmtmvn y gllr`mdnd cns iudgmldhs glrplrnchs. Hc hdgíincl y cn aí`ucn hspmdnc (hc WDG) iudgmldnd glal ghdtrl `h gldtrlc. _hgmohd `ntls h mdilrangm÷d `h cls ÷rkndls shdslrmnchs y `h cls dhrvmls dhr vmls `h tl`l hc guhrpl,  prlghsnd cn mdilrangm÷d y hdván ÷r`hdhs glal rhspuhstn. Cns váns dhrvmlsns `hc WDV trndsplrtnd shþnchs quh mdkrhsnd y hkrhsnd. @lgh pnrhs `h dhrvmls grndhnchs gldhg gldhgtnd tnd hc hdgíincl gld cls ljls, lá`ls y ltrls ÷rkndls shdslrmnchs y cls aúsgucls `h cn gnohzn y hc guhccl. Cls 7> pnrhs `h dhrvmls hspmdnchs sh rnamimgnd rnam imgnd n pnrtmr `h cn aí`ucn hspmdnc bngmn

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

779

cls thjm`ls `hc t÷rnx, hc no`lahd y cls amhaorls. Gn`n dhrvml hs rhspldsnoch `h trndsamtmr t rndsamtmr mdilrangm÷d shdsmtmvn, hdvmnr ÷r`hdhs altlrns, l naons. ?. 

Cns dhurldns `hc thjm`l dhrvmlsl trndsamthd shþnchs suanahdth rîpm`ns

Pl`l hc thjm`l dhrvmlsl, `hs`h hc hdgíincl bnstn cn aí`ucn hspmdnc y bnstn cn rnan dhrvmlsn aîs chjndn, hstî ilran`l plr gícucns `hdlamdn`ns dhurldns. Cns dhurldns sld gícucns "gld gnrkn": gld`ughd shþnchs hcígtrmgns pnrn trndsamtmr cn mdilrangm÷d plr tl`l hc guhrpl. Xdn dhurldn tápmgn hstî ilran`n plr ud guhrpl ghcucnr, `hd`rmtns y ud nx÷d gld udn thramdnc nx÷dmgn. Cns `hd`rmtns rhgmohd shþnchs `h cls thjm`ls `hc guhrpl l `h ltrns dhurldnss y cns trndsamthd plr hc guhrpl ghcucnr. Wm sh prl`ugh udn shþnc sncmhdth, cn amsan dhurldn `hsgmhd`hh plr hc nx÷d rîpm`nahdth bnstn cn thramdnc nx÷dmgn y pnsn n cn smkumhdth dhurldn `hsgmhd` l gícucn lojhtmvl. Hstn gnpngm`n` gld`u gld`ugtmvn gtmvn hdván mdilrangm÷d hd tl`ns `mrhggmldhs plr cns váns dhrvmlsns y n trnvís `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc n udn vhclgm`n` mdgrháoch. Ncrh`h`lr `h >66 amc amccldhs am ccldhs `h dhurldns ch `nd nc hdgíincl su gnpngm`n` nslaorlsn `h  prlghsnamhdtl. Hc smsthan dhrvmlsl hstî lrkndmzn`l pnrn `hthgtnr gnaomls hd hc ah`ml mdthrdl y hxthrdl, hvncunr hstn mdilrangm÷d y rhspld`hr n trnvís `h lgnsmldnr gnaomls hd aúsgucls l kcîd`ucns. Hc smsthan dhrvmlsl sh `mvm`h hd `ls krnd`hs suosmsthans: >) 

smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc (WDG) glapuhstl plr hc hdgíincl y cn aí`ucn

hspmdnc5 ?) 

smsthan dhrvmlsl phrmiírmgl (WDV), `hdtrl `hc gunc sh mdgcuyhd tl`ls cls

thjm`ls dhrvmlsls smtun`ls iuhrn `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc, Hc WDG hstî ilran`l plr hc hdgíincl y cn aí`ucn hspmdnc. Hc hdgíincl hs cn pnrth `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc gldthdm`n hd hc grîdhl y hc guîc glaprhd`hh hc ghrhorl, hc ghrhohcl y hc trldgl `hc hdgíincl l hdghiîcmgl. Cn aí`ucn hspmdnc glaprhd` hs cn pnrth `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc smtun`l hd hc mdthrmlr `hc gndnc vhrthornc y sh gldhgtn gld hc hdgíincl n trnvís `hc nkujhrl lggmpmtnc `hc grîdhl. Hc WDG (hdgíincl y aí`ucn hspmdnc) rhgmoh, mdthkrn y glrrhcngmldn `mstmdtls tmpls `h mdilrangm÷d shdslrmnc. N`haîs hc WDG hs tnaomíd cn iuhdth `h duhstrls phdsnamhdtls, phdsnamhdtls, halgmldhs y rhguhr`ls. Prns mdthkrnr cn mdilrangm÷d, n trnvís `h iudgmldhs altlrns quh vmnjnd plr dhrvmls `hc WDV hjhgutn udn rhspuhstn n`hgun` n`hgun`n. n. Hc smsthan dhrvmlsl phrmiírmgl hstî ilran`l plr dhrvmls quh gldhgtnd hc hdgíincl y cn aí`ucn hspmdnc gld ltrns pnrths `hc guhrpl. Cls dhrvmls quh sh lrmkmdnd hd hc hdgíincl sh `hdlamdnd dhrvmls grndhnchs, y cls quh sh lrmkmdnd hd cn aí`ucn hspmdnc, dhrvmls rnquá`hls l hspmdnchs.

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Cls kndkcmls sld phquhþls ngúaucls `h thjm`l dhrvmlsl smtun`ls hd hc WDV, cls gunchs gldtmhdhd guhrpls dhurldnchs y hstîd nslgmn`ls n dhrvmls grndhnchs l n dhrvmls hspmdnchs. Cls dhrvmls sld bnghs `h imorns dhrvmlsns phrmiírmgns quh ilrand váns `h mdilrangm÷d ghdtráphtn (`hs`h cls rhghptlrhs shdslrmnchs bnstn hc WDG) y váns ghdtráiukns (`hs`h hc WDG n cls c ls ÷rkndls hihgtlrhs).

Ndntlaán amgrlsg÷pmgn: dhurldns y dhurlkcmn Hc thjm`l dhrvmlsl gldstn `h `ls tmpls `h gícucns: cns dhurldns y cn dhurlkcmn l kcán. Cns dhurldns sld cns gícucns rhspldsnochs `h cns iudgmldhs ntrmoum`ns nc smsthan dhrvmlsl: phdsnr, rnzldnr, gldtrlc `h cn ngtmvm`n` ausgucnr, shdtmr, htg. Wld gícucns hxgmtnochs quh gld`ughd cls mapucsls quh bnghd plsmochs tl`ns cns iudgmldhs `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl. _hprhshdtnd cn udm`n` oîsmgn iudgmldnc y hstrugturnc `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl. Hc hdgíincl buandl gldtmhdh ncrh`h`lr `h >66.666 amccldhs `h dhurldns. Nudquh puh`hd thdhr `mstmdtns ilrans y tnanþls, tl`ns cns dhurldns tmhdhd udn hstrugturn oîsmgn y gldstnd gldstnd `h 7 pnrths hshdgmnchs: guhrpl dhurldnc, `hd`rmtns y nxld nxldhs. hs. >. 

Hc guhrpl l slan dhurldnc gldtmhdh hc dúgchl y hc gmtlpcnsan, gld tl`ls

sus lrkîducls mdtrnghcucnrhs, rl`hn`l plr cn ahaorndn pcnsaîtmgn. ?. 

Cns `hd`rmtns sld prlcldkngmldhs glrtns rnamimgn`ns, hd khdhrnc aúctmpchs,

n trnvís `h cns gunchs cn dhurldn rhgmoh hstáaucls prlgh`hdths `h dhurldns vhgmdns gld cns gunchs hstnochgh udn smdnpsms l gldtngtl hdtrh gícucns. 7. 

Hc nx÷d hs udn prlcldkngm÷d, khdhrncahdth údmgn y `h cldkmtu` vnrmnoch, n

trnvís `h cn gunc hc mapucsl dhrvmlsl sh trndsamth `hs`h hc guhrpl ghcucnr n ltrns gícucns dhrvmlsns l n ltrls ÷rkndls `hc guhrpl. Ghrgn `hc imdnc, hc nx÷d, sh `mvm`h hd thramdngmldhs hsphgmncmzn`ns quh gldtngtnrîd gld ltrns dhurldns u ÷rkndls hihgtlrhs. Hc cuknr `h gldtngtl hdtrh `ls dhurldns l hdtrh udn dhurldn y ud ÷rkndl hihgtlr hs udn smdnpsms. Vnrn ilranr cn smdîpsms, hc nx÷d `h cn gícucn prhsmdîptmgn sh hdsndgbn ilrand`l cls oucols thramdnchs l thramdnc prhsmdîptmgn cls gunchs gldtmhdhd sngls ahaorndlsls `mamdutls, ccnan`ls vhságucns smdîptmgns quh ncanghdnd ud dhurltrndsamslr quáamgl. Cn gícucn plstsmdîptmgn plshh udn suphrimgmh rhghptlrn l thramdnc plstsmdîptmgn. Hdtrh cns `ls thramdnchs hxmsth ud hspngml quh cns shpnrn ccnan`l bhd`m`urn plstsmdîptmgn. Cns dhurldns hstîd slsthdm`ns plr ud krupl `h gícucns dl hxgmtnochs quh hd gldjudtl sh `hdlamdnd dhurlkcmn. Cns gícucns `h cn dhurlkcmn sld, hd khdhrnc, aîs  phquhþns quh cns dhurldns y ccns ns suphrnd hd 8 n >6 vhghs hd dúahrl. Cns prmdgmpnchs

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gícucns `h cn dhurlkcmn sld: nstrlgmtls, lcmkl`hd`rlgmtls, gícucns hphd`manrmns, gícucns `h Wwgbndd, y gícucns sntícmths. Cls nstrlgmtls sld phquhþns gícucns `h nsphgtl hstrhccn`l quh sh hdguhdtrnd hd tl`l hc WDG. @hshaphþnd augbns iudgmldhs maplrtndths `hdtrl `hdtrl `hc WDG, yn quh dl sld smapchs gícucns `h slstíd pnsmvns. Nsá, ilrand ud nranz÷d hstrugturnc y `h slplrth pnrn cns dhurldns y cls gnpmcnrhs krngmns n sus prlcldkngmldhs gmtlpcnsaîtmgns. Nsá amsal, andtmhdhd cn mdthkrm`n` `h cn onrrhrn bhalhdghiîcmgn, udn onrrhrn iásmgn quh mapm`h hc pnsl `h `hthramdn`ns sustndgmns `hs`h cls gnpmcnrhs ghrhornchs nc hspngml mdthrstmgmnc. N`haîs, tmhdhd udn iudgm÷d `h nplyl ahgîdmgl y ahtno÷cmgl n cns dhurldns, `h sádthsms `h nckudls glapldhdths utmcmzn`ls plr hstns y `h nyu`n n cn rhkucngm÷d `h cn glaplsmgm÷d m÷dmgn `hc hspngml hxtrnghcucnr quh rl`hn n cns dhurldns. Cls lcmkl`hd`rlgmtls sld gícucns aîs phquhþns, gld ahdls prlghsls ghcucnrhs. Wu  prmdgmpnc iudgm÷d hs cn sádthsms `h amhcmdn y cn amhcmdmzngm÷d amhcmdmzngm÷d `h cls nxld nxldhs hs `h cns dhurldns hd hc WDG. Gn`n lcmkl`hd`rlgmtl puh`h rl`hnr gld amhcmdn hdtrh 7 y 86 nxldhs. Cn amhcmdn sh `mspldh ilrand`l vnrmns gnpns ncrh`h`lr `h cls nxldhs, `h tnc ilran quh cls  prlthkh y náscn hcígtrmgnahdth. Cn amhcmdmzngm÷d, n`haîs, gldtrmouyh `h ilran auy maplrtndth n nuahdtnr cn vhclgm`n` `h gld`uggm÷d `h cls mapucsls dhrvmlsls n trnvís `h cls nxldhs. N mdthrvncls hd tl`n cn cldkmtu` c ldkmtu` `hc nx÷d bny mdthrrupgmldhs `h cn vnmdn `h amhcmdn, ccnan`ns d÷`ucls `h _ndvmhr. Cls nxldhs rl`hn`ls `h amhcmdn sh `hdlamdnd nxldhs amhcádmgls, amhdtrns quh cls quh gnrhghd `h hccn sh ccnand namhcádmgls. Cn amgrlkcmn sld gícucns phquhþns gld iudgm÷d inklgmtnrmn, maplrtndths hd cn ah`mngm÷d `h cn rhspuhstn mdaudh `hdtrl `hc WDG. Pmhdhd su lrmkhd hd cns gícucns an`rh bhantlplyítmgns bhantlply ítmgns haormldnrmns. Cns gícucns hphd`manrmns sld gícucns gmcmn`ns quh tnpmznd cn pnrh` `hc smsthan vhdtrmgucnr y `hc hpíd`mal. Wld gícucns a÷vmchs quh gldtrmouyhd nc icujl `hc cáqum`l ghinclrrnquá`hl (CG_). Cns gícucns `h Wgbwndd sld gícucns `h cn dhurlkcmn smtun`ns hd hc smsthan dhrvmlsl  phrmiírmgl, cns gunchs smdthtmznd cn amhcmdn quh rhguorh cls nxldhs n hsth hsth dmvhc. Gn`n gícucn gícucn rl`hn n ud slcl nx÷d. Cns gícucns sntícmths sld gícucns `h slplrth `h cns dhurldns `h cls kndkcmls `hc WDV. Hd ud glrth irhsgl i rhsgl `hc hdgíincl l cn aí`ucn hspmdnc, nckudns rhkmldhs sld `h glclr  ocndgl y ormccndth, ormcc ndth, y ltrns krmsîghns. Cn sustndgmn ocndgn glrrhspld`h glrrhspld`h n cn sustndgmn `hc

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hdgíincl y cn aí`ucn hspmdnc ilran`n plr imorns dhrvmlsns amhcádmgns y plr thjm`l dhurlkcmnc. Hs hc glclr ocndgl `h cn amhcmdn cl quh ch gldimhrh su dlaorh. Cn sustndgmn krms hstî mdthkrn`n plr dhurldns y sus prlcldkngmldhs, imorns dhrvmlsns amhcádmgns y namhcádmgns y gícucns kcmnchs. Wu glclr krmsîghl sh `hoh n cn hsgnshz `h amhcmdn.

Wmsthan dhrvmlsl ghdtrnc.- hdgíincl Hc hdgíincl gldstn `h guntrl pnrths  prmdgmpnchs: hc trldgl `hc `hc hdgíincl, hc hc ghrhohcl, hc `mhdgíincl `mhdgíincl y hc ghrhorl. ghrhorl. Hc trldgl `hc hdgíincl gldstn `h trhs pnrths: hc oucol rnquá`hl, cn prltuohrndgmn prltuohrndgmn y hc ahshdgíincl. @hc trldgl `hc hdgíincl snchd `mhz `h cls `lgh pnrhs grndhnchs, cls gunchs sh lgupnd `h cn mdhrvngm÷d `h hstrugturns smtun`ns hd cn gnohzn. Wld hc hqumvnchdth n cls dhrvmls rnquá`hls hd cn ah`ucn hspmdnc. Hc oucol rnquá`hl hs cn pnrth `hc hdgíincl quh sh udh n cn ah`ucn hspmdnc y gldstmtuyh cn pnrth mdihrmlr `hc trldgl hdghiîcmgl. Hd hc oucol sh clgncmznd insgágucls nsghd`hdths nsghd` hdths (shdslrmnchs) y `hsghd`hdths (altlrhs) quh glaudmgnd cn aí`ucn hspmdnc gld hc hdgíincl, n`haîs `h duahrlsls dúgchls l ghdtrls (ansns `h sustndgmn krms) quh rhkucnd `mvhrsns iudgmldhs vmtnchs, glal cn iudgm÷d rhspmrntlrmn, cls cntm`ls gnr`ángls y hc `mîahtrl vnsgucnr. Ltrls ghdtrls rhkucnd iudgmldhs dl vmtnchs glal hc v÷amtl, cn tls, hc hstlrdu`l, hc bmpl y cn `hkcugm÷d. Hc oucol tnaomíd gldtmhdh dúgchls quh rhgmohd mdilrangm÷d shdslrmnc l khdhrnd mapucsls altlrhs rhcngmldn`ls gld gmdgl pnrhs grndhnchs: dhrvml vhstáoucl glgchnr (YMMM), dhrvml kclslinrádkhl (MR), dhrvml vnkl(R), dhrvml hspmdnc (RM) y dhrvml bmplkclsl (RMM). Cn prltuohrndgmn hstî smtun`n mdah`mntnahdth mdah`mntnahdth plr hdgman `hc oucol y, nc mkunc quh hc oucol, hstî glapuhstn plr dúgchls y insgágucls nsghd`hdths (shdslrmnchs) y `hsghd`hdths (altlrhs). Gldtmhdh dúgchls quh pnrtmgmpnd, judtl nc oucol, hd cn rhkucngm÷d `h cn rhspmrngm÷d nsá glal dúgchls rhcngmldn`ls gld guntrl pnrhs grndhnchs: Dhrvml trmkíamdl (Y), dhrvml altlr lgucnr hxthrdl (YM), dhrvml ingmnc (YMM) y dhrvml vhstáoucl glgchnr (YMMM). Hc ahshdgíincl sh hxtmhd`h `hs`h cn prltuohrndgmn bnstn hc `mhdgíincl, y nc mkunc quh hc oucol y cn prltuohrndgmn gldtmhdh dúgchls y insgágucls. Hd su pnrth plsthrmlr y ah`mnc sh smtún hc nguh`ugtl `h Wmcvml, ud gld`ugtl quh glaudmgn hc MMM y hc MY vhdtrágucl y quh gldtmhdh cáqum`l ghinclrnquá`hl. Hdtrh cls dúgchls quh glaprhd`h hc ahshdgíincl sh hdguhdtrn cn sustndgmn dhkrn y cls dúgchls rljls mzqumhr`l y `hrhgbl, cls gunchs  pnrtmgmpnd hd cn rhkucngm÷d suogldsgmhdth `h cn ngtmvm`n` ausgucnr. Cls dúgchls

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ahshdghiîcmgls rhcngmldn`ls rhcngmldn`ls gld cls pnrhs grndhnchs sld: dhrvml altlr lgucnr glaúd (MMM) y dhrvml pntítmgl (MY). Hd hc trldgl `hc hdgíincl tnaomíd sh smtún cn ilrangm÷d rhtmgucnr, ud gldjudtl `h  phquhþns îrhns `h sustndgmn sustndgmn krms hdtrhahzgcn`ns gld glr`ldhs `h sustndgmn ocndgn ilrand`l udn rh`. Hstn ilrangm÷d sh hxtmhd`h n cl cnrkl `h tl`l hc trldgl `hc hdgíincl y cchkn tnaomíd bnstn cn aí`ucn hspmdnc y hc `mhdgíincl. Hsth smsthan sh hdgnrkn `h andthdhr cn gldgmhdgmn y hc `hsphrtnr. Hc ghrhohcl lgupn cn plrgm÷d plsthrlmdihrmlr `h cn gnvm`n` grndhnc `htrîs `hc oucol rnquá`hl y prltuohrndgmn. Cl shpnrnd `hc ghrhorl cntmhd`l `hc ghrhohcl l thdtlrml, udn  prlcldkngm÷d `h cn `urn an`rh, cn cn gunc gunc prlplrgmldn prlplrgmldn slstíd slstíd n cn pnrth plsthrmlr `hc ghrhorl. ghrhorl. Hc ghrhohcl sh udh nc trldgl `hc hdgíincl plr ah`ml `h trhs pnrhs `h bnghs `h imorns l ph`údgucls ghrhohclsls. Hd su vmsm÷d suphrmlr l mdihrmlr, hc ghrhohcl tmhdh ilran `h anrmplsn, smhd`l cns –ncns‑ cls bhamsihrmls ghrhohclsls y hc –guhrpl‑ hc vhrams. Gn`n  

bhamsihrml ghrhohclsl gldstn `h c÷oucls, shpnrn`ls plr gmsurns. Hc ghrhohcl tmhdh udn gnpn hxthrdn `h sustndgmn krms, cn glrthzn ghrhohclsn, y dúgchls `h sustndgmn krms smtun`ls hd cn prliud`m`n` `h cn sustndgmn ocndgn. Cn iudgm÷d  prmdgmpnc `hc ghrhohcl hs cn gllr`mdngm÷d `h `h cls alvmamhdtls. Hc ghrhohcl hvncún hvncún g÷al sh hjhgutnd cls alvmamhdtls quh mdmgmnd cns îrhns altlrns `hc ghrhorl. Hd gnsl `h quh dl sh rhncmghd `h ilran nra÷dmgn y sunvh, hc ghrhohcl cl `hthgtn y hdván mapucsls `h rhtrlncmahdtngm÷d n cns îrhns altlrns, pnrn quh glrrmjnd hc hrrlr y sh al`mimquhd cls alvmamhdtls. N`haîs, hc ghrhohcl pnrtmgmpn hd cn rhkucngm÷d `h cn plsturn y hc hqumcmorml. Hc `mhdgíincl sh smtún hdtrh hc trldgl `hc hdgíincl y hc ghrhorl, y gldstn `h `ls  pnrths prmdgmpnchs: hc tîcnal y hc bmpltîcnal. bmpltîcnal. Hc tîcnal gldsmsth hd `ls ansns smaítrmgns `h sustndgmn krms lrkndmzn`ns hd `mvhrsls dúgchls, gld insgágucls `h sustndgmn ocndgn hdtrh cls dúgchls. Hstîd smtun`ls n naols cn`ls `hc MMM vhdtrágucl. Hc tîcnal hs cn prmdgmpnc hstngm÷d pnrn cls mapucsls shdslrmnchs9quh cchknd n cn glrthzn ghrhornc `hs`h cn aí`ucn hspmdnc, hc trldgl `hc hdgíincl, hc ghrhohcl y ltrns pnrths `hc ghrhorl. N`haîs, hc tîcnal `hshaphþn udn iudgm÷d hshdgmnc hd cn gldgmhdgmn y cn n`qumsmgm÷d `h gldlgmamhdtls, cl quh sh `hdlamdn glkdmgm÷d, nsá glal hd hc gldtrlc `h cns halgmldhs y cn ahalrmn. Nsmamsal, hc tîcnal pnrtmgmpn hd hc gldtrlc `h nggmldhs altlrns vlcudtnrmns y hc `hsphrtnr.

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Hc bmpltîcnal hstî smtun`l hd ud pcndl mdihrmlr nc tîcnal y gldstn `h aîs `h `lgh dúgchls gld iudgmldhs `mstmdtns. Hc bmpltîcnal gldtrlcn augbns ngtmvm`n`hs glrplrnchs glrplrnchs y hs udl `h cls prmdgmpnchs rhkucn`lrhs `h cn blahlstnsms.

GLDGCXWMLD Hd gldgcusm÷d, hc smsthan dhrvmlsl bngh aîs quh `mrhggmldnr cn mdilrangm÷d y  prlghsnr ÷r`hdhs. ¼Vlr quí gmhrtls lclrhs trnhd mdah`mntnahdt m dah`mntnahdthh rhguhr`ls pnrtmgucnrhs< Cn rhspuhstn pnrhgh hstnr hd hc smsthan cáaomgl. Hc smsthan cáaomgl ilran `ls ndmccls npnrhn`ls hd hc hdgíincl, quh gldsmsthd hd hc bmplgnapl, cn naák`ncn, hc kmrl smdkucnr y hc kmrl `hdtn`l, judtl gld ltrns hstrugturns y trngtls. Nc mkunc quh gld ltrls shkahdtls `hc hdgíincl, hc smsthan cáaomgl pnrtmgmpn hd aúctmpchs iudgmldhs y dmvhchs `h ngtmvm`n` `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl. Nyu`n n prlghsnr cls rhguhr`ls y hc lcintl  ‗ duhstrl duhstrl shdtm`l `hc lcintl ‗  y   y andhjn udn vnrmh`n` `h halgmldhs. Hc nrlan quh snch `h udn gnghrlcn hd hc blrdl puh`h bnghr quh sus andls tlahd udn gugbnrn. Pnaomíd puh`h shr ud ccnan`l n ghdnr ndths `h blrn y bnghr quh sh smhdtn nchkrh, nphsn`uaorn`l nphsn`uaorn`l l dlstîckmgl.

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IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: jlsuh lrrncn tnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n` ? ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn >7 VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr P_NDWVL_PH NGPMYL: OLAON @H WL@ML-VL_PNWML

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >7 _HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

PHAN: P_NDWVL_PH NGPMYL: OLAON @H WL@ML VL_PNWML MDP_L@XGGMLD: Hc trndsplrth ngtmvl hs hc prlghsl quh rhqumhrh hdhrkán pnrn olaohnr `h alcígucns h mldhs n trnvís `h ahaorndns "guhstn nrrmon", hd gldtrn `h ud krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d. Vnrn alvhr hstns alcígucns hd gldtrn `h su krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d, sh dhghsmtn udn  prlthádn trndsplrtn`lrn. trndsplrtn`lrn. Cns prlthádns trndsplrtn`lrns puh`hd trnonjnr gld ud krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d (`urndth hc trndsplrth pnsmvl), phrl nckudns prlthádns trndsplrtn`lrns puh`hd alvhr slcutls gldtrn hc krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d (`h onjn gldghdtrngm÷d n cn nctn gldghdtrngm÷d), gld ud nplrth `h hdhrkán. Vnrn trndsplrtnr udn sustndgmn hd gldtrn `h ud krn`mhdth hchgtrlquáamgl l `h gldghdtrngm÷d, cn gícucn `hoh utmcmznr hdhrkán. Cls ahgndmsals `h trndsplrth ngtmvl  justnahdth bnghd hsl: knstnd hdhrkán (n ahdu`l hd ilran `h NPV) pnrn andthdhr cns gldghdtrngmldhss glrrhgtns `h mldhs y alcígucns hd cns gldghdtrngmldh c ns gícucns vmvns. @h bhgbl, cns gícucns lgupnd augbn `h cn hdhrkán lothdm`n hd hc ahtnolcmsal pnrn andthdhr hd iudgmldnamhdtl cls prlghsls `h trndsplrth ngtmvl. Vlr hjhapcl, cn anylrán `h cn hdhrkán `h ud kc÷oucl rljl sh usn pnrn andthdhr cls dmvhchs dm vhchs mdthrdls `h sl`ml y pltnsml quh `mimhrhd `h cls `h su hdtlrdl.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

707

Cls ahgndmsals `h trndsplrth ngtmvl puh`hd `mvm`mrsh hd `ls gnthklráns. Hc trndsplrth ngtmvl prmanrml utmcmzn `mrhgtnahdth udn iuhdth `h hdhrkán quáamgn (p.hj., NPV)  pnrn alvhr cns alcígucns n trnvís `h udn ahaorndn gldtrn su krn`mhdth. Vlr ltrl cn`l, hc trndsplrth ngtmvl shgud`nrml (gltrndsplrth) utmcmzn ud krn`mhdth hchgtrlquáamgl, khdhrn`l plr hc trndsplrth ngtmvl, glal iuhdth `h hdhrkán pnrn alvhr alcígucns gldtrn su krn`mhdth y, plr cl tndtl, dl dhghsmtn `mrhgtnahdth udn iuhdth `h hdhrkán quáamgn, glal hc NPV. N gldtmdungm÷d, vhrhals gn`n tmpl `h trndsplrth ngtmvl gld anylr `htncch. Hd hc trndsplrth t rndsplrth ngtmvl, ngtmvl, glal hstns prlthádns trndsplrtn`lrns sh Xsnd pnrn alvhr anthrmnchs hd gldtrn `h su krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d, hstns prlthádns sh gldlghd glal  olaons. Glal hd ltrls ltrls tmpls `h ngtmvm`n`hs ghcucnrhs, ghcucnrhs, hc NPV suamdmstrn cn hdhrkán hdhrkán pnrn hc trndsplrth aîs ngtmvl. Xdn ilran hd quh hc NPV mapucsn hc trndsplrth ngtmvl hs ah`mndth cn trndsihrhdgmn `h ud krupl ilsintl `mrhgtnahdth n udn prlthádn trndsplrtn`lrn. Hstl puh`h gnusnr quh cn prlthádn trndsplrtn`lrn gnaomh su ilran, cn gunc auhvh udn alcígucn l ud mld nc ltrl cn`l `h cn ahaorndn. Xd hjhapcl `h hsth tmpl `h smsthan `h trndsplrth ngtmvl, glal sh auhstrn hd cn Mankhd smkumhdth, hs cn olaon `h sl`ml pltnsml, quh mdthrgnaomn mldhs `h sl`ml plr mldhs `h pltnsml n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn  pcnsaîtmgn `h cns gícucns ndmanchs. ndmanchs. Prhs mldhs `h sl`ml sh udhd gld cn olaon `h prlthádn `hdtrl `h cn gícucn. Cn  prlthádn trndsplrtn`lrn cuhkl lotmhdh hdhrkán NPV y gnaomn `h ilran. Nc bnghrcl,  olaohn cls trhs mldhs `h sl`ml iuhrn `h cn gícucn. Hd hsh alahdtl, `ls mldhs `h pltnsml `h iuhrn `h cn gícucn sh udhd n cn olaon `h prlthádn. Cls mldhs `h pltnsml sld trndsplrtn`ls bngmn cn gícucn y hc prlghsl sh rhpmth. Cn olaon `h sl`ml- pltnsml sh hdguhdtrn hd cn ahaorndn pcnsaîtmgn `h gnsm tl`ns cns gícucns buandns y hs glaúd hd tl`n cn vm`n ghcucnr. Nyu`n n andthdhr hc plthdgmnc `h gícucns y rhkucn hc vlcuahd ghcucnr.

@HWN__LCCL Prndsplrth ngtmvl prmanrml Xdn `h cns olaons aîs maplrtndths hd cns gícucns ndmanchs hs cn olaon sl`ml pltnsml, quh trndsplrtn Dn, bngmn niuhrn ni uhrn `h cns gícucns y E bngmn n`hdtrl `h hccns. @n`l quh hc prlghsl `h trndsplrth utmcmzn NPV glal iuhdth `h hdhrkán, sh gldsm`hrn ud hjhapcl `h trndsplrth ngtmvl prmanrml. Cn olaon sl`ml-pltnsml dl slcl andtmhdh cns gldghdtrngmldhs glrrhgtns `h hd cns gícucns vmvns, smdl quh tnaomíd `hshaphþn udn iudgm÷d maplrtndth hd cn khdhrngm÷d `h vlctnjh n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn ghcucnr hd cns gícucns ndmanchs. Olaons glal hstn, quh pnrtmgmpnd hd hc hstnochgmamhdtl y

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

700

andthdmamhdtl `h cls vlctnjhs `h ahaorndn, sh ccnand olaons hchgtr÷khdns. Cn olaon hchgtr÷khdn prmanrmn hd pcndtns hs cn quh olaohn mldhs `h bm`r÷khdl) hd cuknr `h sl`ml y pltnsml. Cn olaon sl`ml-pltnsml hstî glapuhstn `h 7 suoudm`n`hs: ξ, ο y η. Cn suoudm`n` ξ hs udn prlthádn `h

>>6 e@n hdgnrkn`n `h cn iudgm÷d `h trndsplrth, tmhdh ud smtml pnrn cn

udm÷d `hc NPV y ud smtml `h ilsilrmcngm÷d. Cn suoudm`n` ο hs udn prlthádn trndsahaorndn `h 88 e@n nctnahdth kcmglsmcn`n  

quh nuahdtn cn himgmhdgmn `h trnscngm÷d y cn hstnomcm`n` `h cn suoudm`n` ξ. Hd  cls anaáihrls hxmsthd trhs suoudm`n`hs ξ y `ls suoudm`n`hs ο gld ξ7 y ο? hxprhsn`ns  

 prmdgmpncahdth hd cns cns dhurldns y ξ? y ο> hd cns kcáns. ξ> sh hxprhsn uomgunahdth. Cn suoudm`n` η, udn prlthádn IR]@, hs hsphgáimgn `h gmhrtls thjm`ls y al`mimgn cn nimdm`n` plr Dn+ y E+, cn gmdítmgn `h cn olaon y hstnomcmzn cn gldilrangm÷d `h cn  olaon.?0Hs udn NPVnsn `h trndsplrth tmpl V, hs `hgmr, suirh ilsilrmcngmldhs rhvhrsmochs `urndth hc prlghsl `h trndsplrth. @urndth cn ilsilrmcngm÷d cn olaon suirh ud gnaoml gldilrangmldhs `hs`h `hs`h bícmgh ncin n cîamdn ohtn.0Hstî ilran`n plr `ls suoudm`n`hs, ncin y ohtn, quh ilrand ud thtrîahrl t htrîahrl mdthkrn`l hd cn ahaorndn. Cn suoudm`n` ncin hstî glapuhstn plr `mhz shkahdtls trndsahaorndn y hd hccn sh hdguhdtrn hc ghdtrl `h udm÷d `hc NPV quh sh clgncmzn hd hc cn`l gmtls÷cmgl `h cn ahaorndn (tmhdh ud phsl alchgucnr `h nprlxman`nahdth >66 666 `nctlds). Pnaomíd plshh `ls ghdtrls `h udm÷d nc pltnsml hxtrnghcucnrhs y trhs ghdtrls `h udm÷d nc sl`ml mdtrnghcucnrhs quh sh hdguhdtrnd ngghsmochs pnrn cls mldhs shkúd sm cn prlthádn hstî ilsilrmcn`n. Cn suoudm`n` ohtn gldtmhdh udn slcn rhkm÷d bhcmglm`nc trndsahaorndn y dl pnrhgh shr hshdgmnc pnrn hc trndsplrth dm pnrn cn ngtmvm`n`, nudquh pl`rán rhncmznr cn iudgm÷d `h ndgcnr hc glapchjl prlthmgl n cn c n ahaorndn cmpá`mgn. Pngnr slorh hc iudgmldnamhdtl `h cn olaon sl`ml-pltnsml hs quh hstî n phsnr `h quh `h ilran khdhrnc smkdmimgn ud knstl hdhrkítmgl pnrn cn gícucn, sm sh hdguhdtrn hd `mrhggm÷d n invlr `hc krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d puh`h cchknr n udmr ud krupl ilsintl n ud n`hdlsmd `milsintl, khdhrnd`l udn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán hd ilran `h NPV gldsm`hrnoch  pnrn cn gícucn. Cls prlghsls quh tmhdhd cuknr hd hc trndsplrth sld: Xdm÷d `h trhs Dn+ n sus smtmls ngtmvls. Ilsilrmcngm÷d `h cn gnrn gmtlpcnsaîtmgn `h cn olaon quh md`ugh n ud gnaoml `h gldilrangm÷d hd cn prlthádn. Hstn ilsilrmcngm÷d sh prl`ugh plr cn trndsihrhdgmn `hc krupl thramdnc `hc NPV n ud rhsm`ul `h îgm`l nspîrtmgl `h ccnn prlthádn.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

708

Hc gnaoml `h gldilrangm÷d bngh quh hc Dn+ shn cmohrn`l nc hxthrmlr. Xdn vhz cmohrn`l hc Dn+, sh udhd `ls mldhs `h E+ n sus rhsphgtmvls smtmls `h udm÷d `h cn gnrn hxtrnghcucnr `h cns prlthádns. Cn prlthádn sh `hsilsilrmcn prl`ugmíd`lsh ud gnaoml gldilrangmldnc `h ístn, cl quh prl`ugh udn trndsihrhdgmn `h cls mldhs `h E+ nc gmtlslc. Cn olaon `h sl`ml-pltnsml hs grugmnc h maprhsgmd`moch pnrn quh hxmstn cn vm`n ndmanc yn quh tmhdh cns iudgmldhs hxpuhstns hxpuhstns n gldtmdungm÷d. Vlr hccl sh hdguhdtrn hd tl`ns cns ahaorndns ghcucnrhs `h cls ndmanchs, hd anylr ah`m`n hd gícucns hxgmtnochs glal cns gícucns dhrvmlsns y gícucns ausgucnrhs `ld`h cn olaon puh`h cchknr n ngnpnrnr cls `ls thrgmls `hc tltnc `h cn hdhrkán hd ilran `h NPV `h cn gícucn. Hc iudgmldnamhdtl `h cn olaon hchgtrlkídmgn `h Dn+/ E+ (sl`ml-pltnsml), sh `hoh n ud gnaoml `h gldilrangm÷d hd cn prlthádn quh sh prl`ugh gund`l hs ilsilrmcn`n plr hc NPV. Glal hc rhsuctn`l `h cn gntîcmsms hs hc alvmamhdtl trndsahaorndn tr ndsahaorndn `h gntmldhs, y sh gldsuah hdhrkán hd ilran `h NPV, su iudgm÷d sh `hdlamdn trndsplrth ngtmvl. Cn `hand`n hdhrkítmgn hs guomhrtn plr cn alcígucn `h NPV, quh nc shr bm`rlcmzn`n, shpnrn ud krupl ilsintl, ilsintl, khdhrnd`l N@V y cmohrnd`l cm ohrnd`l cn hdhrkán dhghsnrmn pnrn cn ngtmvm`n` hdzmaîtmgn. Hd cns amtlgld`rmns, hc N@V hs ilsilrmcn`l `urndth hc prlghsl `h rhspmrngm÷d khdhrîd`lsh ud rhshrvlrml gldtmdul `h NPV pnrn cls prlghsls ghcucnrhs quh rhqumhrhd hdhrkán. Hd hsth gnsl, cn hdhrkán cmohrn`n md`ugh ud gnaoml hd cn gldilrangm÷d `h cn  prlthádn udn vhz udm`ls cls trhs gntmldhs `h sl`ml n sus cuknrhs `h udm÷d mmdtrnghcucnr, dtrnghcucnr, cl quh gldcchvn su hxpucsm÷d nc hxthrmlr `h cn c n gícucn. Hstl bngh plsmoch cn udm÷d `h `ls mldhs `h pltnsml hd cn gnrn hxtrnghcucnr quh  prlvlgn cn `hsilsilr `hsilsilrmcngm÷d mcngm÷d `h cn NPV, y cn plsthrmlr trnsclgngm÷d pnrn rhguphrnr rhguphrnr su hs hstn`l tn`l mdmgmnc cmohrnd`l cls `ls mldhs `h pltnsml hd hc ah`ml mdtrnghcucnr. Nckl quh gnoh `hstngnr slorh hc iudgmldnamhdtl `h cn olaon sl`ml-pltnsml hs quh hstî n phsnr `h quh `h ilran khdhrnc smkdmimgn ud knstl hdhrkítmgl pnrn cn gícucn, sm sh hdguhdtrn hd `mrhggm÷d n invlr `hc krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d puh`h cchknr n udmr ud krupl ilsintl n ud n`hdlsmd `milsintl, khdhrnd`l khdhrnd`l udn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán hd ilran i lran `h NPV gldsm`hrnoch pnrn cn gícucn. Hc trndsplrth pnsmvl hs udn krnd hstrnthkmn pnrn hc alvmamhdtl `h alcígucns `hdtrl l iuhrn `h udn gícucn. Hs onrntl, hs iîgmc y tl`l cl quh cn gícucn `hoh bnghr hs quh`nrsh nccá y `hjnr quh cns alcígucns sh `miud`nd n su mdthrmlr. Vhrl, hstl dl iudgmldn smhaprh. Vlr hjhapcl, supldknals quh hc nzúgnr kcuglsn hstî aîs gldghdtrn`l `hdtrl `h udn gícucn quh iuhrn. Wm cn gícucn dhghsmtn aîs nzúgnr pnrn sntmsinghr sus dhghsm`n`hs ahtno÷cmgns.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

709

Cn gícucn `hoh trnhr aîs alcígucns `h kcuglsn ah`mndth trndsplrth ngtmvl. Hd hc trndsplrth ngtmvl, n `mihrhdgmn `hc pnsmvl, cn gícucn knstn hdhrkán (plr hjhapcl, hd ilran `h NPV) pnrn alvhr udn sustndgmn gldtrn su krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d.

Hc krn`mhdth hchgtrlqu hc hgtrlquáamgl áamgl Hc trndsplrth ngtmvl `h mldhs n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn prlvlgn ud krn`mhdth hcígtrmgl pnrn gldstrumr n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn pcnsaîtmgn. Hc dúahrl `h mldhs gnrkn`ls  plsmtmvnahdth iuhrn `h cn gícucn hs anylr anylr quh hc dúahrl `h mldhs gnrkn`ls plsmtmvnahdth hd hc gmtlslc. Hstl sh trn`ugh hd udn gnrkn rhcntmvnahdth dhkntmvn hd hc mdthrmlr `h cn ahaorndn y udn gnrkn plsmtmvn hd hc hxthrmlr. Hstn `mihrhdgmn hd cns gnrkns prlvlgn vlctnjh n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn. Hc vlctnjh hs cn hdhrkán plthdgmnc hcígtrmgn quh hs gnusn`n plr udn shpnrngm÷d `h gnrkns lpuhstns, hd hsth gnsl n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn. Hc vlctnjh n trnvís `h udn ahaorndn sh `hdlamdn  plthdgmnc `h ahaorndn. Hc Hc plthdgmnc `h ahaorndn ahaorndn hs hs auy maplrtndth pnrn cn gld`uggm÷d gld`uggm÷d `h mapucsls hcígtrmgls n cl cnrkl c nrkl `h cns gícucns dhrvmlsns. @hom`l n quh hc mdthrmlr `h cn gícucn hs dhkntmvl hd glapnrngm÷d gld hc hxthrmlr `h cn gícucn, hc plthdgmnc `h ahaorndn invlrhgh hc alvmamhdtl `h cls mldhs gnrkn`ls  plsmtmvnahdth (gntmldhs) (gntmldhs) hd cn gícucn y hc alvmamhdtl alvmamhdtl `h mldhs dhkntmvls dhkntmvls (ndmldhs) iuhrn `h cn gícucn. Vlr cl tndtl, bny `ls iuhrzns quh mapucsnd cn `miusm÷d `h mldhs n trnvís `h cn ahaorndn pcnsaîtmgn, udn iuhrzn quáamgn (`h cls mldhs `hc krn`mhdth `h gldghdtrngm÷d) y udn iuhrzn hcígtrmgn (hc hihgtl `hc plthdgmnc `h ahaorndn slorh hc alvmamhdtl `h mldhs). Hstns `ls iuhrzns quh trnonjnd hd gldjudtl sh gldlghd glal krn`mhdth hchgtrlquáamgl, y shrîd `msgutm`ls hd `htncch hd cls gldghptls `h "Gícucns dhrvmlsns" h "Mapucsls dhrvmlsls". Wmhaprh quh bny udn shpnrngm÷d dhtn `h gnrkns hd hc hspngml hxmsth udn `mihrhdgmn `h plthdgmnc hcígtrmgl. Hd hc gnsl `h udn gícucn, cns gnrkns plsmtmvns y dhkntmvns hstîd shpnrn`ns plr cn onrrhrn `h cn ahaorndn ghcucnr, gld udn anylr gndtm`n` `h gnrkns dhkntmvns nc mdthrmlr `h cn gícucn quh nc hxthrmlr `h cn amsan. Cn gícucn `hoh andthdhr ngtmvnahdth hsth plthdgmnc `h ahaorndn y vhrhals g÷al sh ilran hd cn shggm÷d `h cn olaon sl`ml-pltnsml. Glal hjhapcl `h g÷al hc plthdgmnc `h ahaorndn puh`h nihgtnr hc alvmamhdtl `h cls mldhs, hgbhals ud vmstnzl n cls mldhs sl`ml y pltnsml. Prndsplrth ngtmvl: alvhrsh hd gldtrn `h ud krn`mhdth

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

70;

Vnrn trndsplrtnr udn sustndgmn hd gldtrn `h ud krn`mhdth hchgtrlquáamgl l `h gldghdtrngm÷d, cn gícucn `hoh utmcmznr hdhrkán. Cls ahgndmsals `h trndsplrth ngtmvl  justnahdth bnghd hsl: knstnd hdhrkán (n ahdu`l hd ilran `h NPV) pnrn andthdhr cns gldghdtrngmldhss glrrhgtns `h mldhs y alcígucns hd cns gícucns vmvns. gldghdtrngmldh @h bhgbl, cns gícucns lgupnd augbn `h cn hdhrkán lothdm`n hd hc ahtnolcmsal pnrn andthdhr hd iudgmldnamhdtl cls prlghsls `h trndsplrth ngtmvl. Vlr hjhapcl, cn anylrán `h cn hdhrkán `h ud kc÷oucl rljl sh usn pnrn andthdhr cls dmvhchs mdthrdls `h sl`ml y  pltnsml quh `mimhrhd `h cls `h su su hdtlrdl.

GLDGCXWMLD Glal gldgcusm÷d cn olaon sl`ml-pltnsml n`qumhrh udn krnd maplrtndgmn thdmhd`l hd guhdtn quh hvmtn quh cn gícucn mdtrl`uzgn hd su mdthrmlr `hansmn`ls mldhs Dn+. Hstn anylr gndtm`n` `h sl`ml hd hc mdthrmlr ghcucnr vn gld`mgmldn`l gld udn anyl anylrr hdtrn`n `h nkun y, gldshguhdthahdth, ud mdgrhahdtl `hc vlcuahd `h cn gícucn. Wm smkumhrn hstn thd`hdgmn, y pldmhd`l glal hjhapcl hc gnsl ndthrmlr `hc kclol, cn gícucn gíc ucn hstnccnrán glal sm iuhrn udl. Hs krngmns n cn nggm÷d `h cn olaon quh sh hvmtn quh cn gícucn glcnpsh ns nsá.á. N`haîs, cn olaon gldtrmouyh n quh sh ilrah hc plthdgmnc `h ahaorndn. Mdtrl`ugmhd`l `ls mldhs `h E+ plr gn`n trhs `h Dn+ quh sld hxpucsn`ls sh vnd `hsglaphdsnd`l `hsglaphdsn d`l cns gnrkns hcígtrmgns mdthrdns, invlrhgmhd`l cn prl`uggm÷d `hc plthdgmnc `h ahaorndn gnrngthrástmgl `h cns gícucns. Hstn maplrtndgmn hs tl`nván anylr sm sh tmhdhd hd guhdtn cns gícucns dhrvmlsns, hd cns gunchs hc plthdgmnc `h nggm÷d sh gnrngthrmzn plr hc  prlghsl mdvhrsl, mdvhrsl, hstl hs, cn hdtrn`n hdtrn`n `hc sl`ml sl`ml y cn sncm`n `hc `hc pltnsml. Hsth tmpl `h olaons hstîd ilran`ns plr, nc ahdls, udn suoudm`n` gntncátmgn ncin trndsahaorndn, hstrugturn cn gunc plshh ud cuknr hd hc quh sh puh`h udmr udn alcígucn `h NPV y udn suoudm`n` ohtn ahdlr. Iuh `hsguomhrtn hd >=8; plr Jhds Welu (>=>2-?6>2), (>=>2 -?6>2), ud quáamgl y prlihslr udmvhrsmtnrml `ndís quh knd÷ hc Vrhaml Dlohc `h ^uáamgn krngmns n hsth bnccnzkl Hd onsh `h tl`l, cn olaon sl`ml-pltnsml n`qumhrh udn krnd maplrtndgmn thdmhd`l hd guhdtn quh hvmtn quh cn gícucn mdtrl`uzgn hd su mdthrmlr `hansmn`ls mldhs Dn+. Hstn anylr gndtm`n` `h sl`ml hd hc mdthrmlr ghcucnr vn gld`mgmldn`l gld udn anyl anylrr hdtrn`n `h nkun y, gldshguhdthahdth, ud mdgrhahdtl `hc vlcuahd `h cn gícucn. Wm smkumhrn hstn thd`hdgmn, t hd`hdgmn, y pldmhd`l pldmhd`l glal hjhapcl hc gnsl ndthrmlr `hc kclol, cn gícucn hstnccnrán glal sm iuhrn udl. Hs krngmns n cn nggm÷d `h cn olaon quh sh hvmtn quh cn gícucn glcnpsh nsá. N`haîs, cn olaon gldtrmouyh n quh sh ilrah hc plthdgmnc `h

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702

ahaorndn. Mdtrl`ugmhd`l `ls mldhs `h E+ plr gn`n trhs `h Dn+ quh sld hxpucsn`ls sh vnd `hsglaphdsnd`l cns gnrkns hcígtrmgns mdthrdns, invlrhgmhd`l cn prl`uggm÷d `hc  plthdgmnc `h ahaorndn ahaorndn gnrngthrástmgl gnrngthrástmgl `h cns gícucns. Hstn maplrtndgmn hs tl`nván anylr sm sh tmhdhd hd guhdtn cns gícucns dhrvmlsns, hd cns gunchs hc plthdgmnc `h nggm÷d sh gnrngthrmzn plr hc prlghsl mdvhrsl, hstl hs, cn hdtrn`n `hc sl`ml y cn sncm`n `hc pltnsml

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: jlsuh lrrncn tnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn.

Xdm`n` ?  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn >7 VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr IMWMLCLKMN  ‗   DHX_LIMWMLCLKMN WHDWMPMYL >

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >7

_HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

PHAN: IMWMLCLKÃN  ‗  DHX_LIMWMLCLKMN  DHX_LIMWMLCLKMN WHD@MPMYL > MDP_L@XGGMLD: Cn puhrtn `h hdtrn`n `h cn mdilrangm÷d `hc hdtlrdl nc smsthan dhrvmlsl, `h cn napcmn knan `h mdilrangmldhs quh gldilran hc aud`l quh dls rl`hn, hs prlplrgmldn`n  plr cls rhghptlrhs rhghptlrhs shdslrmnchs shdslrmnchs quh `hthgtnd hstáaucls hstáaucls tnchs glal tngtl, sldm`l, sldm`l, cuz, `lclr, irál, gnclr, htg. Cls shrhs vmvls, mdgcusl hc shr buandl, phrgmohd gnaomls y shþnchs `hc aud`l quh cls rl`hn n trnvís `h hstrugturns hsphgmnchs: cls rhghptlrhs shdsmtmvls. Pnaomíd gnptnd vnrmngmldhs hd hc ah`ml mdthrdl `hc prlpml lrkndmsal. Hstn mdilrangm÷d `n udn

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

70=

rhprhshdtngm÷d ngnon`n `h cl quh lgurrh tndtl hd hc mdthrmlr glal hd hc hxthrmlr `hc lrkndmsal, slorh hc WDG. Cn imsmlclkán shdslrmnc sh lgupn `h hstu`mnr cls ahgndmsals plr cls quh hc lrkndmsal `hthgtn cls `mihrhdths hstáaucls hxthrdls h mdthrdls. Cns váns `h gld`uggm÷d `h cns shþnchs `hs`h cls rhghptlrhs bnstn cn glrthzn ghrhornc y cn ilran hd quh ístn prlghsn `mgbn mdilrangm÷d. Hstls smsthans sld rhspldsnochs `h cn phrghpgm÷d `h cls shdtm`ls gcîsmgls, glal cn vmstn, cn nu`mgm÷d, hc kustl, hc lcintl y hc tngtl5 `h cls alvmamhdtls glrplrnchs, glal cn gmdhsthsmn y cn prlpmlghpgm÷d y cn phrghpgm÷d `hc `lclr. N trnvís `h gn`hdns dhurldnchs hsphgmnchs sh `hthgtnd shþnchs dl gldsgmhdths, glal cn prhsm÷d nrthrmnc, hc pB hxtrnghcucnr, cn kcughamn, y cls dmvhchs blraldnchs. Ihd÷ahdls shdslrmnchs shdslrmnchs lojhtmvls lojhtm vls y suojhtmvls Cn imsmlclkán shdslrmnc nc hstu`mnr cls prlghsls plr cls gunchs hc aud`l hxthrmlr h mdthrmlr ngtún slorh sus rhghptlrhs r hghptlrhs hsphgáimgls, gld`ugh n cns maprhsmldhs shdslrmnchs, cn suan `h hstns maprhsmldhs m aprhsmldhs gldstmtuyh gldstmtuyh udn shdsngm÷d. Gund`l cls hstáaucls quh khdhrnd udn shdsngm÷d lphrnd slorh ud amsal tmpl `h rhghptlrhs, gldstmtuyhd cns shdsngmldhs prmanrmns (gnclr). Gund`l hc hstáaucl mdvlcugrn n `mvhrsls tmpls `h rhghptlrhs sh bnocn `h shdsngmldhs amxtns. Cls ihd÷ahdls shdslrmnchs sh puh`hd ndncmznr hd ilran lojhtmvn, glal gund`l sh hstu`mn ud rhghptlr `hthramdn`l y sh ndncmzn su iudgmldnamhdtl, sus plthdgmnchs y sus gldhxmldhs (dl sh `mihrhdgmn n cls hstu`mls `hc rhstl `h cns îrhns `h cn imsmlclkán). Cl quh sh ngnon `h `hsgrmomr cl hstu`mn cn imsmlclkán shdslrmnc lojhtmvn, yn quh sus hstu`mls h mdihrhdgmns cns rhncmzn `hc amsal al`l hd quh sh ndncmzn udn iimorn morn amlgîr`mgn l ud dhir÷d, nc utmcmznr cns bhrrnamhdtns `h cn imsmlclkán gcîsmgn (imsmlclkán shdslrmnc lojhtmvn).Ltrn ilran `h hstu`mnr ud shdtm`l y ud hstáaucl quh cn ngtmvn hs n trnvís `h cn mdtrlsphggm÷d `hc sujhtl, hc ndîcmsms `h sus prlpmns shdsngmldhs, `hc ihd÷ahdl psmgliásmgl `h cn phrghpgm÷d.

@HWN__LCCL Wm cls hstu`mls sh rhncmznd hd ud sujhtl gldsgmhdth, sh puh`h npcmgnr cn mdtrlsphggm÷d y bnghr udn mdthrprhtngm÷d `h cls ihd÷ahdls hxthrdls, `h dnturnchzn suojhtmvn. Hstls hstu`mls sld aîs `miágmchs `h hvncunr plr su dnturnchzn mdgldsgmhdth, hcusmvn y plr cl sutmc `h cls gnaomls halgmldnchs. Hs iudgm÷d `h hstn îrhn `h cn imsmlclkán shdslrmnc hstnochghr glrrhcntls gundtmtntmvls psmgliásmgls, vîcm`ls hdtrh cls hstáaucls shdslrmnchs y cns shdsngmldhs quh sh hvlgnrld.

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786

Cn gnpngm`n` `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl `h gnaomnr sh ch ccnan pcnstmgm`n` dhurldnc, cn gunc hstî mapcmgn`n hd hc `hsnrrlccl haormlc÷kmgl. Wmd haonrkl, hd hc n`uctl cn pcnstmgm`n` tnaomíd tmhdh ud smtmnc maplrtnd-th pnrn nprhd`hr duhvns bnomcm`n`hs, hstnochghr duhvns ahalrmns y rhspld`hr n cns n`vhrsm`n`hs `hc ah`ml. @h bhgbl, hc nprhd`mznjh hs hc prlghsl plr hc gunc cls lrkndmsals al`mimgnd su gld`ugtn gld`ug tn pnrn n`nptnrsh n cns gld`mgmldhs gnaomndths `hc ah`ml quh cls rl`hn. Hs hc al`l  prmdgmpnc `h n`nptngm÷d `h cls shrhs vmvls. vmvls. Vlr cl tndtl, hc nprhd`mznjh nprhd`mznjh puh`h gldsm`hrnrsh glal ud gnaoml hd hc smsthan dhrvml-sl quh rhsuctn `h cn hxphrmhdgmn y quh lrmkmdn gnaomls `urn`hrls hd cn gld`ugtn `h cls lrkndmsals. Hc nprhd`mznjh hs hc prlghsl plr hc quh n`qumrmals hc gldlgmamhdtl slorh hc aud`l, amhdtrns quh cn ahalrmn hs hc prlghsl plr hc quh hc gldlgmamhdtl hs gl`mimgn`l, ncanghdn`l, gldslcm`n`l, gldslcm`n`l, y plsthrmlrahdth rhguphrn`l. Hc nprhd`mznjh y cn ahalrmn sld  prlghsls ádtmanahdth rhcngmldn`ls. rhcngmldn`ls. Dl sh sh gl gldsmkuh dsmkuh shpnrnr hc nprhd`mznjh `h cn aha ahalrmn, lrmn, dm rhsuctn plsmoch rhncmznr `mgbn `mstmdgm÷d `hdtrl `hc gmrgumtl dhurldnc. Cn ah`m`n `h cl nprhd`m`l sh rhcngmldn gld cn ahalrmn, smhd`l ístn cn hxprhsm÷d `h cn gnpngm`n` `h rhguphrnr mdilrangmldhs n`qumrm`ns. @n`l quh dl sh prl`ughd krnd`hs gnaomls hd hc dúahrl `h dhurldns n cl cnrkl `h cn vm`n quh puh`nd hxpcmgnr cls hchvn`ls vlcúahdhs `h md-ilrangm÷d quh sh ncanghdnd hd ilran `h ahalrmn, cn smdnpsms bn gldstmtum`l ud ouhd gnd`m`ntl `hc sustrntl adha÷dmgl. Cn smdnpsms gldstmtuyh hc smtml iásmgl quh smrvh `h puhdth pnrn hc pnsl `h mdilranmdilran gm÷d `h udn dhurldn n ltrn, phramtmhd`l quh cns `mihrhdths pnrths `hc smsthan mdthrngtúhd iudgmldncahdth. Cns smdnpsms l gldhxmldhs mdthrdhurldnchs sh bnd gncgucn`l nprlxman`nahdth gmhd trmccldhs hd hc ghrhorl. Hstns gldhxmldhs hstîd nkrupn`ns hd shrmh y hd pnrnchcl, hd hccns sh hstnochghd cns onshs iásmgns `h vhclgm`n` y sutmchzn `h lphrngm÷d `hc ghrhorl, y bnghd  plsmoch cns `mihrhdths `mihrhdths iudgmldhs `hc `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl. dhrvmlsl. Hc hstáaucl shdslrmnc, sus tmpls y gnrngthrástmgns y cns prlpmh`n`hs `h cn al`ncm`n` shdslrmnc, quh nudquh hsphgáimgn tl`ns hccns glapnrthd cns amsans prlpmh`n`hs quh sld: cn guncm`n` (`himdh cn shdsngm÷d suojhtmvn `hc hstáaucl), cn mdthdsm`n` (`hc hstáaucl), cn thaplrncm`n` (su glaplrtnamhdtl thaplrnc) y cn hsphgmncm`n` (hspngml shdslr quh nonrgn). Nsá glal cls ahgndmsals `h cn trnds`uggm÷d `h cn hdhrkán hstmaucnr hd shþnchs  omlhcígtrmgns. HC HWPÁAXCL WHDWL_MNC.- Pmpls `h hstáaucls: Cls hstáaucls quh puh`hd shr gnptn`ls plr cls ÷rkndls shdslrmnchs `hc shr buandl puh`hd gcnsmimgnrsh, `h nguhr`l

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78>

n su dnturnchzn, hd `ls krnd`hs krupls: IÁWMGLW ] ^XÁAMGLW. Naols hd udn hstrhgbn irndjn `h sus plsmomcm`n`hs. Cls

iásmgls

sh

gcnsmimgnd

hd

AHGÎDMGLW,

GMDÍPMGLW,

HCHGP_LANKDÍPMGLW HCHGP_LANK DÍPMGLW ] PÍ_AMGLW. Cls quáamgls, shkúd hc glapuhstl. HWPÁAXCL N@HGXN@L:Cn aádman hdhrkán dhghsnrmn pnrn hxgmtnr nc ÷rkndl shdslrmnc glrrhspld`mhdth. glrrhspld`mhdth. XAO_NC @HC HWPÁAXCL: N cn blrn `h ndncmznr hc hstáaucl aádmal hs `hgmr, hc uaornc `h hstmaucngm÷d, dls hdgldtrnals gld `ls tmpls `mihrhdths. Hc uaornc imsmlc÷kmgl quh gldsmsth hd cn ahdlr mdthdsm`n` `hc hstáaucl suimgmhdth pnrn hvlgnr hd hc ÷rkndl rhghptlr udn shþnc omlhcígtrmgn. ] hc uaornc psmgliásmgl quh gldsmsth hd cn aádman mdthdsm`n` `h ud hstáaucl quh hs phrgmom`l plr hc sujhtl. C÷kmgnahdth hsth úctmal uaornc hstî sujhtl n vnrmngmldhs hd iudgm÷d `hc hstn`l `hc WDG y cns gld`mgmldhs `hc hxphrmahdtl, dl lostndth hxmsthd udls vnclrhs dlrancmzn`ls. @hdtrl `hc uaornc psmgliásmgl thdhals hc uaornc noslcutl hs `hgmr, hc quh `hthramdn shdsngm÷d l dl5 y hc uaornc `mihrhdgmnc, hc quh `hthramdn hc cáamth hdtrh shdsngmldhs (hjhapcl: cn shpnrngm÷d `h `ucgh n mdsápm`l hd udn auhstrn `h `lsms `h nzúgnr). Wm cn ankdmtu` `hc hstáaucl hs `hansmn`l `íomc, dl prl`ugh udn rhspuhstn `h `hthggm÷d, sh `mgh quh cn ankdmtu` `hc hstáaucl hs suouaornc l suocmamdnc5 nc gldtrnrml, cls quh suphrnd hc uaornc, sh `hdlamdnd suprnuaornchs l suprncmamdnchs. suprncmamdnchs. Gn`n smsthan shdslrmnc puh`h prhshdtnr ud tmpl hsphgáimgl `h ÷rkndl shdslrmnc, hdthd`míd`lsh plr tnc n cn hstrugturn gnpnz `h hdkclonr n ud gldjudtl `h `msplsmtmvls rhghptlrhs, gld`hdsnd`l, imctrnd`l, antmznd`l l plthdgmnd`l hc hstáaucl hsphgáimgl, trndsilrand`l cn hdhrkán hstmaucnr hd shþnc omlcíchgtrmgn. Cn HWP_XGPX_N _HGHVPL_N (hd nckudls gnsls ÷rkndl rhghptlr) hstî hsphgmncmzn`n hd trndsilranr cn hdhrkán hstmaucndth hsphgáimgn hd shþnchs omlhcígtrmgns. Glal gnrngthrástmgn `h ístns hstrugturns hstîd cn hsphgmimgm`n` nc hstáaucl n`hgun`l y cn hsphgmimgm`n` hd cn shdsngm÷d suojhtmvn suojhtmvn prmanrmn quh prlvlgnd. Hstn úctman iuh `himdm`n plr J. Aócchr hd >206 plr cn chy `h cns hdhrkáns dhrvmlsn dhrvmlsnss hsphgáimgns quh `mgh: –quh hc tmpl `h shdsngm÷d dl hstî `hthramdn`l plr hc hstáaucl, smdl  

 plr hc tmpl `h ÷rkndl shdslrmnc hstmaucn`l‑.  Hstn chy `himdh cn GXNCM@N@ `h cn al`ncm`n` shdslrmnc. Wmkdmimgn quh ud hstáaucl dl hsphgáimgl pnrn ud ÷rkndl shdslrmnc `hthramdn`l, `hthramdn `l, sm hs suimgmhdthahdth mdthdsl (suprnuaornc) puh`h `hthramdnr udn shdsngm÷d nglr`h gld hc ÷rkndl shdslrmnc hstmaucn`l y dl nglr`h gld hc tmpl t mpl `h hstáaucl utmcmzn`l.

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78?

Cn hstrugturn rhghptlrn u ÷rkndl rhghptlr puh`h hstnr glapuhstl plr udn shrmh `h hchahdtls glal: hc WHDWL_ l _HGHVPL_ quh puh`h shr udn gícucn hsphgmncmzn`n (l  pnrth `h hccn) quh sh ch gldlgh gldlgh glal _HGHVPL_ WHDWL_MNC WHDWL_MNC WHGXD@N_ML, l omhd udn shggm÷d hsphgmncmzn`n `h cn ahaorndn `h udn imorn shdslrmnc, quh sh `hdlamdn _HGHVPL_ WHDWL_MNC V_MAN_L. N`haîs, hd nckudls ÷rkndls shdslrmnchs sh puh`hd loshrvnr HWP_XGPX_NW NGGHWL_MNW quh smrvhd pnrn prlthkhr n cls shdslrhs y pnrn clgncmznr, imctrnr, plthdgmnr l ilgncmznr hc hstáaucl. Ltrl hchahdtl `hc ÷rkndl shdslrmnc `h ud smsthan shdslrmnc sld cns c ns DHX_LDNW WHDWL_MNCHW @H V_MAH_ L_@HD, guyns imorns shdslrmnchs nihrhdths hstîd hd ádtmal gldtngtl gld cls shdslrhs. Hstn `msplsmgm÷d `n cuknr n quh augbls nutlrhs `hdlamdhd n cn dhurldn shdslrmnc shdslrmnc `h prmahr lr`hd, gld tl`ns sus rnamimgngmldhs n sus ÷rkndls shdslrmnchs glal XDM@N@ WHDWL_MNC. Gn`n tmpl `h rhghptlr shdslrmnc auhstrn rhspuhstn n udn al`ncm`n` pnrtmgucnr `h hstáaucl nc gnusnr cn prl`uggm÷d `h plthdgmnchs `h nggm÷d hd udn dhurldn shdslrmnc. Hstls mapucsls sh gld`ughd bngmn pnrths `hc hdgíincl quh prlplrgmldnd cn mdthrprhtngm÷d nprlpmn`n `h cn mdilrangm÷d shdslrmnc gund`l sh ngtmvn hsn ván dhurnc hsphgáimgn.

GLDGCXWMLD Glal gldgcusm÷d, cn hstmaucngm÷d shdslrmnc tmhdh glal lojhtmvl ngtmvnr cls shdtm`ls y invlrhghr invlrhghr cn hdtrn`n `h mdilrangm÷d nc ghrhorl, hstmaucnd`l cns îrhns ghrhornchs quh ch phramthd rhgmomr mdilrangm÷d, y quh n su vhz `mspnrnd cls `msplsmtmvls ghrhornchs, quh ngtmvnd ltrns îrhns ghrhornchs pnrn quh cn mdilrangm÷d sh ndncmgh, hcnolrh y sh mdmgmhd gmrgumtls `h nprhd`mznjhs khdhrnchs y hsphgáimgls. Gn`n tmpl `h rhghptlr shdslrmnc auhstrn rhspuhstn n udn al`ncm`n` pnrtmgucnr `h hstáaucl nc gnusnr cn prl`uggm÷d `h plthdgmnchs `h nggm÷d hd udn dhurldn shdslrmnc. Cns phrghpgmldhs `hc aud`l sus thxturns, glclrhs y sldm`ls, su gnclr, nrlans y snolrhs sld grhn`ns plr hc hdgíincl n pnrtmr `h mapucsls dhrvmlsls hchgtrlquáamgls gld`ugm`ls n `mgbl ÷rkndl `hs`h rhghptlrhs shdslrmnchs. Hstls mapucsls sh gld`ughd bngmn pnrths `hc hdgíincl quh prlplrgmldnd cn mdthrprhtngm÷d nprlpmn`n `h cn mdilrangm÷d shdslrmnc gund`l sh ngtmvn hsn ván dhurnc hsphgáimgn. Hstls rhghptlrhs trnds`ughd (gnaomnd) `mihrhdths ilrans `h hdhrkán hd hc –aud`l  rhnc‑ bngmn cn hdhrkán `h mapucsls dhrvmlsls quh sh gld`ughd bngmn hc smsthan dhrvmlsl

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

787

ghdtrnc ah`mndth dhurldns shdslrmnchs. @mihrhdths al`ncm`n`hs (ilrans) `h shdsngm÷d sldm`l, cuz, prhsm÷d, htg. Wld hc prl`ugtl `h `mihrhdgmns hd váns dhurnchs y gldhxmldhs smdîptmgns. Nsá, hc hdgíincl mdthrprhtn glal sldm`l mapucsls quh cchknd `hs`h hc dhrvml nu`mtmvl, y glal vmstn cls quh cchknd c chknd `hs`h hc dhrvml ÷ptmgl, nud gund`l cls mapucsls hd sá sld m`ídtmgls hd naols dhrvmls. Gld hc usl `h mdstruahdtls m dstruahdtls gmhdtáimgls, sh snoh quh cls shdtm`ls ngtúnd glal imctrls `h hdhrkán quh phramthd phrgmomr s÷cl ud rndkl hstrhgbl `h hdhrkán. Vlr hjhapcl, cn vmsm÷d sh cmamtn n cn cuz hd ud phquhþl rndkl `h cldkmtu`hs `h ld`n hchgtrlankdítmgns gldlgm`l glal hsphgtrl vmsmoch. Hd gmrgudstndgmns dlranchs, cns cughs uctrnvmlchtnn h mdirnrrljn, cls rnyls R y cns ld`ns `h rn`ml, quh sld hc amsal tmpl `h hdhrkán uctrnvmlcht quh cn cuz vmsmoch, sld mdvmsmochs. Cn phrghpgm÷d `hc `hc irál hs plr glapchtl ud prl`ugtl `hc smsthan dhrvmlsl: dl bny nckl glal hc irál hd hc aud`l iásmgl, s÷cl krn`ls vnrmnochs `h gnclr, smd haonrkl, cn phrghpgm÷d `h irál tmhdh vnclr lovml pnrn cn suphrvmvhdgmn. suphrvmvhdgmn.

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí lrrncn tnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn.

Xdm`n`7  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn >0 : Omliásmgn `h cns ld`ns- _hichxm÷d `h cn Cuz- _hirnggm÷d `h cn cuz- ¼^uh hs cn cuz:

90. IÁWMGN H MDP_L@XGGM×D N CN OMLIÁWMGN. IHD×AHDLW LD@XCNPL_MLW MDP_L@XGGMLD Hs udn phrturongm÷d quh sh prlpnkn hd ud ah`ml anthrmnc l hd hc vngál y quh hsn ld`n puh`h trndsamtmrsh hd hc vngál l hd ud ah`ml. ¼^uí gnrngthrástmgns tmhdh hstn ld`n<

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH

 

780

quh prmahrl tmhdh udn vhclgm`n` imdmtn prlpnkngm÷d y trndsplrtnd hdhrkán hs udn ilran `h trndsplrtnr hdhrkán hd cn ld`n sh trndsplrtn hdhrkán y dl trndsplrtn anthrmn. Hs `hgmr dl bny ud ph`nzl `h pmh`rn quh vn vmnjnd`l hsh hs cn hdhrkán `h udn  pmh`rn pl`rî lrmkmdnr lrmkmdnr udn ld`n phrl phrl cn pmhc dl sh sh vn n alvhr alvhr hd ilran `h udn ld`n.

@HWN__LCCL Glal cns pl`hals gcnsmimgnr n cns ld`ns shkúd hc lrmkhd thdhals ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns y ahgîdmgns. ahgîdmgns. Hs `hgmr sld klcphs vmorngmldhs quh sh khdhrnd slorh cn anthrmn hd gnaoml cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns hs sld ld`ns quh sh trndsamthd hd hc hspngml quh trndsplrtn hdhrkán y sh lrmkmdnd plr ud gnapl hcígtrmgl ankdítmgl plr hjhapcl cn cuz.

>.  _hichxm÷d Wm udn ld`n mdgm`h slorh ud guhrpl quh lostngucmzn su prlpnkngm÷d, sh rhichjn. Hstl smkdmimgn quh vuhcvh nc ah`ml hd hc gunc sh prlpnkn. Glal cn ld`n trndsplrtn hdhrkán, gmhrtn gndtm`n` `h hstn hdhrkán hs noslrom`n plr hc guhrpl slorh hc gunc mdgm`h, y ltrn pnrth `h hdhrkán vuhcvh glal udn ld`n `h mkunc irhguhdgmn y vhclgm`n`. Gund`l cn cuz cchkn plr hjhapcl n ud hsphjl, sh rhichjn y gnaomn su `mrhggm÷d nc mdgm`mr slorh cn suphrimgmh `hc hsphjl, trndsimrmhd`l nc amsal ah`ml krnd pnrth `h cn hdhrkán quh trndsplrtn. @hc amsal al`l, hc sldm`l puh`h rhichjnrsh gund`l mdgm`h slorh ud lostîgucl quh mapm`h su prlpnkngm÷d. Hc hgl hs ud hjhapcl gnrngthrástmgl `h hstn prlpmh`n`.

?.  _hirnggm÷d Cn rhirnggm÷d sh prl`ugh gund`l udn ld`n cchkn n udn suphrimgmh quh shpnrn `ls ah`mls `h prlpnkngm÷d `mstmdtls. Vnrth `h cn hdhrkán vuhcvh nc ah`ml plr hc quh sh  prlpnknon y hc rhstl pnsn nc ltrl ah`ml. ah`ml. Cn ld`n rhirngtn`n rhirngtn`n andtmhdh su irhguhdgmn plrquh hs udn gnrngthrástmgn `h cn iiuhdth uhdth `h hamsm÷d `h cn ld`n, phrl vnrán su vhclgm`n` `h prlpnkngm÷d, yn quh cls ah`mls sld `mihrhdths. Nc vnrmnr su vhclgm`n` `h prlpnkngm÷d, tnaomíd vnrán su cldkmtu` `h ld`n. Hc îdkucl `h `hsvmngm÷d l `h rhirnggm÷d ilran`l plr cn `mrhggm÷d hd quh sh prlpnkn cn ld`n mdgm`hdth mdgm`hd th y udn rhgtn phrphd`mgucnr n cn suphrimgmh `h shpnrngm÷d hd hc pudtl `h mdgm`hdgmn, `hphd`h `h cns gnrngthrástmgns `h cls ah`mls `h prlpnkngm÷d. Vlr hjhapcl, udn ld`n cuamdlsn quh cchkn `hs`h hc nmrh suirh anylr `hsvmngm÷d hd hc vm`rml quh hd hc nkun.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

788

Hxphrmahdtncahdth sh glapruhond cns smkumhdths chyhs chyhs `h cn c n rhirnggm÷d: Chy `h Wdhcc Cn `mrhggm÷d `h prlpnkngm÷d `h cn ld`n mdgm`hdth, `h cn ld`n rhichjn`n y cn rhgtn dlranc n cn suphrimgmh hd hc pudtl `h gldtngtl, hstîd hd hc amsal pcndl. N cn blrn `h mcustrnr m custrnr hc glaplrtnamhdtl `h cns ld`ns `h ilran smapch, sh utmcm utmcmznd znd cls ccnan`ls `mnkrnans `h rnyls. Hc smkumhdth `mnkrnan dls auhstrn cns gnrngthrástmgns iud`nahdtnchs `h cn rhichxm÷d `h cns ld`ns y dls nyu`n n `mstmdkumr cn dlranc, hc îdkucl `h mdgm`hdgmn y hc îdkucl `h rhirnggm÷d (sh dgcuyh tnaomíd hc rrnyl nyl rhichjn`l). Cn dlranc (d) hs cn cádhn phrphd`mgucnr n cn suphrimgmh quh rhichjn hd hc pudtl `h mdgm`hdgmn. Îdkucl `h mdgm`hdgmn (tbhtn > ) hs hc îdkucl ilran`l plr cn dlranc y hc rnyl mdgm`hdth. Îdkucl `h rhirnggm÷d ( tbhtn ?) hs hc ilran`l plr cn dlranc y hc rnyl trndsamtm`l. Cn chy `h Wdhcc `h cn rhirnggm÷d `mgh: Ndkucl `h mdgm`hdgmn 1 Ndkucl `h rhichxm÷d @h cn chy `h Wdhcc sh `h`ugh quh gund`l cn ld`n nggh`h n ud ah`ml plr hc quh sh  prlpnkn aîs `hspngml, `hspngml, hc îdkucl `h rhirnggm÷d rhirnggm÷d hs ahdlr quh quh hc `h mdgm`hdgmn mdgm`hdgmn (cn `mrhggm÷d `h prlpnkngm÷d sh nghrgn n cn dlranc). Hd gnsl gldtrnrml, hc îdkucl `h rhirnggm÷d hs anylr quh hc `h mdgm`hdgmn m dgm`hdgmn (cn `mrhggm÷d `h prlpnkngm÷d sh nchjn `h cn dlranc).

7.  Mdthrihrhdgmn Gund`l `ls guhrpls gblgnd, mdthrgnaomnd gndtm`n` `h alvmamhdtl y hdhrkán y, hd khdhrnc, cn `mrhggm÷d `hc alvmamhdtl `h cls guhrpls gnaomn `hspuís `hc gblquh. Vl`hals prhkudtnrdls, ¼quí lgurrh nc hdgldtrnrsh, hd hc amsal pudtl, `ls ld`ns, khdhrn`ns plr ilgls `mstmdtls, quh sh prlpnknd prlpnknd plr hc amsal ah`ml< Nc hdguhdtrl hd ud  pudtl `hc hspngml hspngml `h `ls l aîs alvmamhdtls ld`ucntlrmls quh sh sh prlpnknd plr plr hc amsal ah`ml sh ch ccnan mdthrihrhdgmn. m dthrihrhdgmn. Hd >;87, @ndmhc Ohrdluccm (>;66->;2?), mdvhstmknd mdvhstmknd`l `l cn prlpnkngm÷d `hc sldm`l, sh phrgnt÷ `h quh guntrl phrsldns puh`hd andthdhr `ls gldvhrsngmldhs `mstmdtns nudquh nudquh ístns shnd gruzn`ns gr uzn`ns.. Pnaomíd loshrv÷ quh `hspuís `h klcphnr ud `mnpns÷d y kmrnrcl hd cns  prlxmam`n`hs `hc lá`l bny plsmgmldhs hd cns quh hc sldm`l hs aîs mdthdsl y ltrns hd cns quh prîgtmgnahdth dl sh lyh. Hc rhsuctn`l `h sus mdvhstmkngmldhs quh`n pcnsan`l hd hc  prmdgmpml `h suphrplsmgm÷d suphrplsmgm÷d hdudgmn`l hdudgmn`l plr íc amsal.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

789

Whkúd hsth prmdgmpml: hc pudtl `h hdguhdtrl `h `ls l aîs alvmamhdtls ld`ucntlrmls hstî slahtm`l n tndtls alvmamhdtls vmorntlrmls nra÷dmgls smapchs glal alvmamhdtls ld`ucntlrmls mdthrimhrnd y cn phrturongm÷d rhsuctndth hs cn suan `h cns  phrturongmldhs quh prl`ugmrán gn`n gn`n alvmamhdtl plr shpnrn`l. shpnrn`l. Cn hcldkngm÷d n cn quh hstî slahtm`l ud pudtl hs mkunc n cn suan vhgtlrmnc `h cns hcldkngmldhs prl`ugm`ns plr gn`n alvmamhdtl plr shpnrn`l. ], trns cn glmdgm`hdgmn, cls pucsls vuhcvhd n gldshrvnr su ilran lrmkmdnc glal sm dl buomhrn pnsn`l dn`n. Hstn prlpmh`n`, `h gldshrvnr su ilran `hspuís `hc grugh, hs gnrngthrástmgn `hc alvmamhdtl ld`ucntlrml, n `mihrhdgmn, plr hjhapcl, `hc gblquh `h `ls guhrpls hd alvmamhdtl, hd hc quh bny ud mdthrgnaoml `h gndtm`n` `h alvmamhdtl. Gund`l cn phrturongm÷d rhsuctndth supldh ud rhiuhrzl, sh `mgh quh cn mdthrihrhdgmn hs gldstrugtmvn, gldstrugtmvn, y sm cn phrturongm÷d rhsuctndth hs ahdlr quh cns lrmkmdnchs, cn mdthri mdthrihrhdgmn hrhdgmn hs `hstrugtmvn. Xdl u ltrl hihgtl `hphd`h `h cn `mihrhdgmn `h insh gld quh cchkuhd cns ld`ns nc pudtl `h mdthrihrhdgmn. Hc gnsl aîs maplrtndth hs gund`l cns ld`ns quh mdthrimhrhd sld glbhrhdths, hs `hgmr, gund`l tmhdhd cns amsans gnrngthrástmgns: cn amsan napcmtu`, cn amsan irhguhdgmn y cn amsan cldkmtu` `h ld`n. Wlcnahdth `mimhrhd hd cn insh. Cn hcldkngm÷d n cn quh hstî slahtm`l ud pudtl hs mkunc m kunc n cn suan vhgtlrmnc `h cns hcldkngmldhs prl`ugm`ns plr gn`n alvmamhdtl plr shpnrn`l. ], trns cn glmdgm`hdgmn, cls pucsls vuhcvhd n gldshrvnr su ilran lrmkmdnc glal sm dl buomhrn pnsn`l dn`n. Hstn prlpmh`n`, `h gldshrvnr su ilran `hspuís `hc grugh, hs gnrngthrástmgn `hc alvmamhdtl ld`ucntlrml, n `mihrhdgmn, plr hjhapcl, `hc gblquh `h `ls guhrpls hd alvmamhdtl, hd hc quh bny ud mdthrgnaoml `h gndtm`n` `h alvmamhdtl. 0.  @mirnggm÷d Gund`l udn ld`n cchkn n udn rndurn l ud lostîgucl `h tnanþl glapnrnoch gld su cldkmtu` `h ld`n, sh prl`ugh ud ihd÷ahdl `hdlamdn`l `mirnggm÷d quh gldsmsth hd cn `hsvmngm÷d `h cn ld`n glal sm hc lostîgucl hamtmhsh udn ld`n hsiírmgn. Wm cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n hs glapnrnoch gld hc tnanþl `hc lostîgucl, hc hihgtl `h cn `mirnggm÷d hs auy dltnoch. Cn ld`n sh `hsván y `h hsn andhrn cchvn hdhrkán n cuknrhs quh shránd mdngghsmochs pnrn cn ld`n sm dl buomhsh `mirnggm÷d. Vlr hjhapcl, sm sh trntn `h ld`ns cuamdlsns quh cchknd n ud lostîgucl phquhþl, glal ud gnohccl, cn prlpnkngm÷d rhgtmcádhn `h cn cuz prhví slaorns `htrîs `h ísth. Cn `mirnggm÷d bngh quh cn cuz `í udn slaorn `miusn y rhkmldhs mcuamdn`ns n su ncrh`h`lr.

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78;

Wm cns `mahdsmldhs `hc lostîgucl l `h cn rndurn sld augbl aîs krnd`hs quh cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n, dl sh loshrvnrî tnc `mirnggm÷d, plr cl gunc cls olr`hs `hc lojhtl ilranrîd slaorns omhd `himdm`ns. Hd hc gnapl `h cns glaudmgngmldhs, cns shþnchs `h rn`ml `h krnd`hs cldkmtu`hs `h ld`n sh utmcmznd pnrn ahjlrnr hc ncgndgh, yn quh puh`hd `mirngtnrsh nc pnsnr plr h`mimgmls guyns `mahdsmldhs sld phquhþns glapnrn`ns gld cns cldkmtu`hs `h hstns ld`ns. 8.  Vlcnrmzngm÷d Hs ud ihd÷ahdl gnrngthrástmgl `h ld`ns trndsvhrsnchs hd cns quh cn `mrhggm÷d `h  prlpnkngm÷d hs phrphd`mgucnr phrphd`mgucnr nc pcndl hd hc quh vmornd cns pnrtágucns `hc ah`ml. Cn  plcnrmzngm÷d gldsmsth gldsmsth hd nmscnr udn slcn `h cns `mrhggmldhs `h `h vmorngm÷d.

GLDGCXWMLD Hd gldgcusm÷d, cls ihd÷ahdls ld`ucntlrmls sld dlrancahdth irhguhdths hd cn dnturnchzn5 nsá, plr hjhapcl, thdhals hc sldm`l y cn cuz glal cls aîs gldlgm`ls. Nc bnocnr, khdhrnals udn phrturongm÷d quh sh trndsamth plr hc nmrh, n trnvís `h cn gunc  pl`hals hsgugbnr cl quh `mghd `mghd cls `haîs. Nc hdghd`hr hdghd`hr udn cîapnrn, cn cuz qu quhh hstn hstn hamth mcuamdn tl`n cn bnomtngm÷d. Hs maplrtndth shþncnr cn `mihrhdgmn iud`nahdtnc quh hxmsth hdtrh cn cuz y hc sldm`l: amhdtrns quh hc sldm`l dhghsmtn `h ud ah`ml pnrn prlpnknrsh, cn cuz cl bngh mdgcusl hd nushdgmn `h hsth, hs `hgmr, hd hc vngál. Hdtldghs, pl`hals `hgmr quh hc sldm`l hs udn ld`n anthrmnc, amhdtrns quh cn cuz hs udn ld`n mdanthrmnc. Xd ihd÷ahdl ld`ucntlrml gldsmsth hd cn trndsamsm÷d `h udn phrturongm÷d `hs`h ud pudtl n ltrl `hc hspngml. Pnaomíd hs maplrtndth ahdgmldnr quh tl`n ld`n vn nglapnþn`n plr udn trndsamsm÷d t rndsamsm÷d `h hdhrkán, phrl dl vn nglapnþn`n `h ud trndsplrth `h anthrmn.

_HWXAHD @H YM@HL ?:

IÁWMGN H MDP_L@XGGM×D N CN OMLIÁWMGN. _HICHRM×D @H CN CXZ MDP_L@XGGMLD Cn rhichxm÷d `h cn cuz hs hc gnaoml hd cn `mrhggm÷d quh hxphrmahdtn ud rny rnyll gund`l mdgm`h slorh udn suphrimgmh lpngn.

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782

Cn cuz sh hdguhdtrn slahtm`n, glal guncqumhr ltrn ld`n, n cls ihd÷ahdls `h rhichxm÷d y rhirnggm÷d. Hd hsth npnrtn`l vnals n hstu`mnr cn rhichxm÷d `h cn cuz y cn rhirnggm÷d `h cn cuz bngmhd`l usl `h cn nprlxmangm÷d `h rnyls. Cn rhichxm÷d `h cn cuz hs hc gnaoml `h `mrhggm÷d `h cls rnyls `h cuz quh lgurrh hd ud amsal ah`ml `hspuís `h mdgm`mr slorh cn suphrimgmh `h ud ah`ml `mstmdtl. Wh rmkh plr `ls prmdgmpmls l chyhs `h cn rhichxm÷d: Hc rnyl mdgm`hdth, hc rhichjn`l y cn dlranc n cn suphrimgmh hd hc pudtl `h mdgm`hdgmn hstîd hd hc amsal pcndl. Hc îdkucl `hc rnyl mdgm`hdth mˉ y hc `h rhichxm÷d rˉ sld mkunchs:   mˉ1rˉ 

@HWN__LCCL _hichxm÷d `miusn Wh prl`ugh gund`l cn cuz mdgm`h hd udn suphrimgmh lpngn, phrl dl pucmahdtn`n, cn gunc prhshdtn udn shrmh `h mrrhkucnrm`n`hs, quh bnghd quh cn cuz sh rhichjh hd `mstmdtns `mrhggmldhs. Xd bhgbl maplrtndth hs quh krngmns n hsth tmpl `h rhichxm÷d hs plsmoch quh dls  phrgnthals `h cn hxmsthdgmn `h `h cuz hd nckúd nckúd cuknr.

_hichxm÷d hsphgtngucnr Wh prl`ugh hd suphrimgmhs tltncahdth pucmahdtn`ns glal lgurrh gld cls hsphjls. Hd hsth gnsl cn rhichxm÷d sh prl`ugh hd udn slcn `mrhggm÷d krngmns n cl gunc hs plsmoch ilranr maîkhdhs. Hsth tmpl `h rhichxm÷d loh`hgh n cn chy `h rhichxm÷d plr cl quh îdkucl `h mdgm`hdgmn `h cls rnyls hs mkunc n îdkucl `h rhichxm÷d.

Chy `h rhichxm÷d Cn chy `h rhichxm÷d hstnochgh quh hc îdkucl quh ilran hc rnyl mdgm`hdth gld cn dlranc, hs mkunc nc îdkucl quh sh ilran hdtrh hc rnyl rhichjn`l y cn dlranc. Gnoh ahdgmldnr tnaomíd quh cn rhichxm÷d lgurrh hd hc amsal pcndl y quh cn dlranc smhaprh hs phrphd`mgucnr n cn suphrimgmh rhichgtndth

_hirnggm÷d Cn rhirnggm÷d `h cn cuz hs hc gnaoml `h `mrhggm÷d `h cls rnyls `h cuz quh lgurrh trns pnsnr hstls `h ud ah`ml n ltrl hd hc quh cn cuz sh prlpnkn gld `mstmdtn vhclgm`n`. vhclgm`n`. Wh rmkh plr `ls prmdgmpmls l chyhs `h cn rhirnggm÷d:

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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Hc rnyl mdgm`hdth, hc rhirngtn`l y cn dlranc n cn suphrimgmh hd hc pudtl `h

mdgm`hdgmn hstîd hd hc amsal pcndl • 

Cn chy `h Wdhcc `h cn rhirnggm÷d, quh anrgn cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh hc îdkucl `h

mdgm`hdgmn mˉ , hc `h rhirnggm÷d rˉ , y cls ád`mghs `h rhirnggm÷d noslcutls `h cn cuz hd cls  

ah`mls Vnrn hxpcmgnr hc ihd÷ahdl `h cn rhichxm÷d r hichxm÷d `h cn cuz, rhsuctn útmc hxpcmgnr orhvhahdth quí hs cn cuz, su dnturnchzn y prlpnkngm÷d. Hc lojhtl `h hstu`ml `h cn ÷ptmgn hs cn cuz, hs `hgmr, cn ld`n l cn pnrtágucn, glal sh vhrî aîs n`hcndth, quh shdsmomcmzn cls ljls y guyn vhclgm`n` hd hc vngál hs udn gldstndth udmvhrsnc `h vnclr ?== ;=? 082 a/s.8 Cls hxphrmahdtls `h Irnde Bhrtz pusmhrld `h andmimhstl, gld hc hihgtl iltlhcígtrmgl, cn dnturnchzn glrpusgucnr `h cn cuz, smhd`l Ncohrt Hmdsthmd qumhd clkr÷ hxpcmgnr sntmsingtlrmnahdth hsth glaplrtnamhdtl glrpusgucnr `h cn cuz onsîd`lsh hd cn bmp÷thsms guîdtmgn `h Vcndge y hd hc ilt÷d, ilt ÷d, glal gundtl `h cuz. Cn phrsphgtmvn gmhdtáimgn al`hrdn puh`h pnrhghr gldtrn`mgtlrmn gldtrn`mgtlrmn `hom`l n quh cn cuz tmhdh `loch dnturnchzn, gldlgm`n glal `uncm`n` ld`n-glrpúsgucl. Hstl sh `hoh n quhcls ihd÷ahdls `h prlpnkngm÷d sh puh`hd hxpcmgnr plr cn thlrán ld`ucntlrmn hchgtrlankdítmgn. hchgtrlankdítmgn. Wmd haonrkl, cn mdthrnggm÷d `h cn cuz gld cn anthrmn sh hxpcmgn plr prlghsls `h noslrgm÷d y hamsm÷d `h iltldhs glal ud ihd÷ahdl glrpusgucnr. glrpusgucnr. Cn thlrán hchgtrlankdítmgn hs udn thlrán ld`ucntlrmn y dls smrvh pnrn hxpcmgnr cls ihd÷ahdls `h prlpnkngm÷d, smd haonrkl hs mdgnpnz `h hxpcmgnr cls ihd÷ahdls `h noslrgm÷d y hamsm÷d `h cuz plr cn anthrmn, cn mdthrnggm÷d hdtrh anthrmn y rn`mngm÷d. Vnrn hstu`mnr hstls ihd÷ahdls hs dhghsnrml ngu`mr n cn ahgîdmgn guîdtmgn. Nsá hs glal cn cuz sh puh`h loshrvnr `hs`h ? phrsphgtmvns: •  • 

Ihd÷ahdls ld`ucntlrmls, glal cn `mirnggm÷d h mdthrihrhdgmn `h cn cuz. Ihd÷ahdls hd cls quh mdthrvmhdh cn dnturnchzn glrpusgucnr `h cn cuz. Cn

dnturnchzn glrpusgucnr sh andmimhstn hd cn mdthrnggm÷d `h cn cuz gld cn anthrmn. Gund`l cn anthrmn noslroh l hamth cuz, cl bngh noslromhd`l l hamtmhd`l hdhrkán n gundtls hd ilran `h iltldhs. Vlr hjhapcl, hd hc hihgtl iltlhcígtrmgl l hd hc `h `miusm÷d plr hchgtrldhs cmorhs, hihgtl Glaptld.

_hichxm÷d hd hsphjls pcndls Gund`l ud bnz `h rnyls cuamdlsls prlgh`h `h udn iuhdth pudtunc V y sh rhichjn hd ud hsphjl pcndl, `hspuís `h cn rhichxm÷d, cls rnyls `mvhrkhd hxngtnahdth glal sm  prlgh`mhshd `h ud pudtl V” `htrîs `hc pcndl `hc hsphjl. Hc pudtl V” sh `hdlamdn mankhd  

`hc lojhtl V. Gund`l hstls rnyls sh phrgmohd plr hc ljl, dl puh`hd `mstmdkumrsh `h cls

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

796

rnyls quh prlgh`mhrnd `h udn iuhdth cuamdlsn smtun`n hd V” smd quh buomhsh hsphjl. Cn  

mankhd sh `hdlamdn vmrtunc `hom`l n quh cn cuz dl prlgh`h rhncahdth `h cn mankhd. Cns maîkhdhss quh sh vhd hd cls hsphjls pcndls smhaprh sld vmrtunchs gund`l sh trntn `h lojhtls maîkhdh rhnchs. Cn mankhd quh sh ilran hd ud hsphjl pcndl tmhdh cns smkumhdths prlpmh`n`hs: • 

Cn mankhd hstî n udn `mstndgmn plr `htrîs `hc hsphjl mkunc n cn `hc lojhtl  plr `hcndth `h íc. • 

Cn mankhd dl tmhdh nuahdtl, hs vmrtunc y hstî `hrhgbn.

• 

Cn mankhd tmhdh mdvhrsm÷d `h `hrhgbn-mzqumhr`n.

Ah`mndth nrkuahdtls `h khlahtrán, `h nguhr`l gld cn chy `h rhichxm÷d pnrn gn`n  pudtl lojhtl y su pudtl mankhd plr rhichxm÷d, sh `hauhstrn quh cn ncturn `hc lojhtl hs mkunc n cn ncturn `h cn mankhd, y sh lotmhdh n`haîs, quh cn mankhd ilran`n plr ud lojhtl glclgn`l irhdth n ud hsphjl pcndl hstî n udn `mstndgmn plr `htrîs `hc hsphjl mkunc n cn `hc lojhtl plr `hcndth `hc amsal.Hc nuahdtl cnthrnc sh `himdh glal: A1 Nuahdtl cnthrnc b'1 Ncturn `h cn mankhd b1 Ncturn `hc lojhtl Hstn `himdmgm÷d hs pnrn guncqumhr tmpl `h hsphjl, smd haonrkl hd cls hsphjls pcndls A1> plrquh b'1 b.

_hichxm÷d hd hsphjls gurvls Cls hsphjls gld suphrimgmhs `mstmdtns n cns suphrimgmhs pcndns tmhdhd maplrtndths npcmgngmldhs prîgtmgns y loh`hghd n cns amsans chyhs `h rhichxm÷d. Bmst÷rmgnahdth hc aîs utmcmzn`l hs hc hsphjl gurvl, quh gldstn `h ud gnsquhth hsiírmgl y hsth n su vhz prhshdtn cn rhichxm÷d hd cn gnrn g÷dgnvn l hd cn gldvhxn, `hphd`mhd`l `h cn npcmgngm÷d quh sh  prhthd`n.

GLDGCXWMßD Hd gldgcusm÷d, cn rhichxm÷d `h cn cuz hs ud ihd÷ahdl ÷ptmgl oîsmgl hd cn dnturnchzn quh hs gldlgm`l y ndncmzn`l `hs`h cn Krhgmn gcîsmgn. Cns chyhs quh rmkhd cls ihd÷ahdls `h rhichxm÷d y rhirnggm÷d `h cn cuz iuhrld hdudgmn`ns gldjudtnahdth plr hc nstr÷dlal y anthaîtmgl dhhrcnd`ís [. Wdhc hd >9?> y udmimgn`ns onjl ud prmdgmpml `h aádmal, hd hsth gnsl pnrn hc tmhapl glal vnrmnoch, plr hc anthaîtmgl irndgís Vmhrrh `h Ihrant hd >98;. Wm omhd hstns chyhs sld cns aîs glaudhs n tl`l ihd÷ahdl ld`ucntlrml, sld cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns LHA cns quh bnd `n`l cuknr n udn duahrlsn iuhdth `h npcmgngmldhs, hd hsphgmnc nc hstu`ml `h cn pnrth vmsmoch `hc hsphgtrl `h cns LHA y nc

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

79>

trntnamhdtl `h cn rhichxm÷d y rhirnggm÷d plr chdths, hsphjls y sus npcmgngmldhs. Cns npcmgngmldhs `h cls ihd÷ahdls `h rhirnggm÷d y rhichxm÷d tltnc mdthrdn gld cns LHA vnd `hs`h cls mdstruahdtls ÷ptmgls glal hc ndthljl l thchsglpml, cls thchsglpmls `h rhichxm÷d glal hc `h Dhwtld l hc Buooch, cn cmdthrdn y hc phrmsglpml, bnstn cns ndthdns `h rhichxm÷d  pnsnd`l plr cn imorn ÷ptmgn. Naols ihd÷ahdls, rhichxm÷d r hichxm÷d y rhirnggm÷d, suhchd npnrhghr gldjudtnahdth hd cn dnturnchzn phrl su hstu`ml, ndîcmsms y npcmgngmldhs puh`hd shpnrnrsh shpnrnrsh y `mihrhdgmnrsh gcnrnahdth.

_HWXAHD @H YM@HL 7:

99. IÁWMGN H MDP_L@XGGM×D N CN OMLIÁWMGN. _HI_NGGM×D @H CN CXZ MDP_L@XGGMLD Cn rhirnggm÷d hs hc gnaoml `h `mrhggm÷d quh hxphrmahdtn hxphrmahdtn udn ld`n nc pnsnr `h ud ah`ml anthrmnc n ltrl. W÷cl sh prl`ugh sm cn ld`n mdgm`h locmgunahdth slorh cn suphrimgmh `h shpnrngm÷d `h cls `ls ah`mls y sm hstls tmhdhd ád`mghs `h rhirnggm÷d `mstmdtls. Cn rhirnggm÷d sh lrmkmdn hd hc gnaoml `h vhclgm`n` `h prlpnkngm÷d `h cn ld`n, gund`l pnsn `h ud ah`ml n ltrl. Glal sh bn `mgbl cn rnpm`hz `h prlpnkngm÷d `h cn cuz gnaomn shkúd hc ah`ml plr hc quh vmnjn. Hc ád`mgh `h rhirnggm÷d rhcngmldn cn vhclgm`n` `h cn cuz hd hc vngál gld cn vhclgm`n` `h cn cuz hd hc ah`ml. Hd cn hgungm÷d g1 hs cn vhclgm`n` `h cn cuz hd hc vngál v1 vhclgm`n` `h cn cuz hd hc ah`ml d1 Md`mgh `h rhirnggm÷d Hc vnclr `hc ád`mgh `h rhirnggm÷d phramth `mihrhdgmnr ah`mls aîs l ahdls rhirmdkhdths. Nsá ud ah`ml gld ud vnclr phquhþl `h d hs ahdls rhirmdkhdth, amhdtrns anylr hs.

@HWN__LCCL Xd hjhapcl `h hsth ihd÷ahdl sh vh gund`l sh suahrkh ud cîpmz hd ud vnsl gld nkun: hc cîpmz pnrhgh quhorn`l. Pnaomíd sh prl`ugh rhirnggm÷d gund`l cn cuz ntrnvmhsn

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

79?

gnpns `h nmrh n `mstmdtn thaphrnturn, `h cn quh `hphd`h hc ád`mgh `h rhirnggm÷d. Cls hsphjmsals sld prl`ugm`ls plr ud gnsl hxtrhal `h rhirnggm÷d, `hdlamdn`l rhichxm÷d tltnc. Nudquh hc ihd÷ahdl `h cn rhirnggm÷d sh loshrvn irhguhdthahdth hd ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns glal cn cuz, hc gldghptl hs npcmgnoch n guncqumhr tmpl `h ld`n. Hstn `hsvmngm÷d hd cn `mrhggm÷d `h prlpnkngm÷d sh hxpcmgn plr ah`ml `h cn chy `h Wdhcc . Wmd haonrkl, hc `hsguormamhdtl `h ud andusgrmtl rhvhcn quh hc îrnoh Mod Wnbc (anthaîtmgl) bnoán cchkn`l n cns amsans gldgcusmldhs quh hc dhhrcnd`ís shms smkcls ndths (hdtrh cls nþls =27 y =28). =28). Hstn chy, nsá glal cn rhirnggm÷d hd ah`mls dl blalkídhls, hs gldshguhdgmn `hc prmdgmpml `h Ihrant, quh md`mgn quh cn cuz sh prlpnkn hdtrh `ls pudtls smkumhd`l cn trnyhgtlrmn `h rhglrrm`l ÷ptmgl `h ahdlr tmhapl. Vlr ltrl cn`l, cn vhclgm`n` `h cn phdhtrngm÷d `h cn cuz hd ud ah`ml `mstmdtl `hc vngál hstî hd rhcngm÷d gld cn cldkmtu` `h cn ld`n y, gund`l ud bnz `h cuz ocndgn pnsn `h ud ah`ml n ltrl, gn`n glclr suirh udn cmkhrn cm khrn `hsvmngm÷d. `hsvmngm÷d. Hsth ihd÷ahdl hs gldlgm`l glal `msphrsm÷d `h cn cuz. Vlr hjhapcl, nc cchknr n ud ah`ml aîs `hdsl, cns ld`ns aîs glrtns  pmhr`hd vhclgm`n` slorh cns cnrkns (p. hj., gund`l cn cuz ocndgn ntrnvmhsn ntrnvmhsn ud prmsan). Cns cldkmtu`hs `h ld`n glrtn sld bnstn guntrl vhghs aîs `msphrsn`ns quh cns cnrkns cl gunc hxpcmgn quh hc gmhcl sh vhn nzucn`l, yn quh pnrn hsn knan `h glclrhs hc ád`mgh `h rhirnggm÷d hs anylr y sh `msphrsn aîs. Hd cn rhirnggm÷d sh guapchd cns chyhs `h`ugm`ns plr Buykhds quh rmkhd tl`l hc alvmamhdtl ld`ucntlrml: • 

Hc rnyl mdgm`hdth, hc rhichjn`l y hc rhirngtn`l sh hdguhdtrnd hd hc amsal

• 

Cls îdkucls `h mdgm`hdgmn y rhichxm÷d sld mkunchs, hdthd`mhd`l plr tnchs

 pcndl.

cls quh ilrand rhsphgtmvnahdth hc rnyl mdgm`hdth y hc rhichjn`l gld cn phrphd`mgucnr (ccnan`n Dlranc) n cn suphrimgmh `h shpnrngm÷d trnzn`n hd hc pudtl `h mdgm`hdgmn. m dgm`hdgmn. Cn vhclgm`n` `h cn cuz `hphd`h `hc ah`ml plr hc quh vmnjh, plr cl quh hs aîs chdtn gundtl aîs `hdsl shn hc anthrmnc y vmghvhrsn. Vlr hccl, gund`l cn cuz pnsn `h ud ah`ml ahdls `hdsl (nmrh) n ltrl aîs `hdsl (grmstnc), hc rnyl `h cuz hs rhirngtn`l nghrgîd`l nghrgîd`lsh sh n cn dlranc y plr tndtl, hc îdkucl `h rhirnggm÷d shrî aîs phquhþl quh hc îdkucl `h mdgm`hdgmn. @hc amsal al`l, sm hc rnyl `h cuz pnsn `h ud ah`ml aîs `hdsl n udl ahdls `hdsl, shrî rhirngtn`l nchjîd`lsh `h cn dlranc y, plr tndtl, hc îdkucl `h mdgm`hdgmn shrî ahdlr quh hc `h rhirnggm÷d. Nsá pl`hals `hgmr quh cn rhirnggm÷d hs hc gnaoml `h `mrhggm÷d `h cn prlpnkngm÷d quh hxphrmahdtn cn cuz nc pnsnr `h ud ah`ml n ltrl.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

797

Ád`mgh `h rhirnggm÷d Hs cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh cn vhclgm`n` `h prlpnkngm÷d `h cn ld`n hd ud ah`ml `h rhihrhdgmn (plr hjhapcl hc vngál pnrn cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns) y su vhclgm`n` hd hc ah`ml `hc quh sh trnth (smkumhd`l gld hc hjhapcl `h cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns, hchgtrlankdítmgns, hc ád`mgh `h rhirnggm÷d d vmhdh `n`l plr d1g/v `ld`h g hs cn vhclgm`n` `h cn cuz hd hc vngál y v cn vhclgm`n` `h cn cuz hd hc ah`ml). •  Wm cn cuz pnsn `h ud ah`ml aîs rîpm`l n ltrl aîs chdtl (plr hjhapcl `hc vngál nc vm`rml icmdt), hc îdkucl `h rhirnggm÷d rhir nggm÷d hs ahdlr quh hc `h mdgm`hdgmn. • 

Wm pnsn `h ud ah`ml `h anylr ád`mgh `h rhirnggm÷d n ltrl gld ahdlr ád`mgh

`h rhirnggm÷d (plr hjhapcl `hc `mnandth nc vngál), hc îdkucl `h rhirnggm÷d hs anylr quh hc `h mdgm`hdgmn. • 

Hd ísth úctmal gnsl, sm hc îdkucl `h mdgm`hdgmn hs anylr quh hc îdkucl

cáamth dl sh prl`ugh rhirnggm÷d, smdl cl quh sh `hdlamdn rhichxm÷d tltnc. Hc ihd÷ahdl `h cn rhichxm÷d tltnc phramth quh pl`nals gndncmznr cn cuz n trnvís `h  phquhþls tuols `h `mihrhdths sustndgmns quh sh `hdlamdnd imorns ÷ptmgns. Cns imorns ÷ptmgns sh utmcmznd hd augbls gnapls `h cn gmhdgmn y `h cn thgdlclkán. Vlr hjhapcl: Hd ah`mgmdn phramthd vhr ÷rkndls mdthrdls smd mdthrvhdgmldhs qumrúrkmgns glapchjns. Hd cns thchglaudmgngmldhs hstîd ncgndznd`l udls nctls dmvhchs `h utmcmzngm÷d yn quh plr udn imorn `hc krlslr `h ud gnohccl puh`hd trndsamtmrsh mdilrangm÷d `h nu`ml y vm`hl hqumvnchdth n ?8.666 vlghs bnocnd`l smauctîdhnahdth. smauctîdhnahdth. Hc ihd÷ahdl `h cn rhirnggm÷d sh rmkh plr cn ccnan`n chy `h cn rhirnggm÷d l chy `h Wdhcc: `ld`h: • 

d>d>: ád`mgh `h rhirnggm÷d `hc ah`ml `hc quh prlgh`h

• 

mm: îdkucl `h mdgm`hdgmn

• 

d?d?: ád`mgh `h rhirnggm÷d `hc ah`ml hd hc quh sh rhirngtn

• 

rr: îdkucl `h rhirnggm÷d

GLDGCXWMLD Hd gldgcusm÷d, Cn rhirnggm÷d `h cn cuz hs gund`l cn ld`n cuaádmgn trnspnsn `h ud ah`ml anthrmnc nc ltrl nc prlpnknrsh, trns cl gunc sh prl`ugh `h mdah`mntl ud gnaoml hd su `mrhggm÷d y su vhclgm`n`. Wh trntn `h ud prlghsl rhcngmldn`l rhcngmldn`l gld cn rhichxm÷d `h cn cuz y puh`h andmihstnrsh nc amsal tmhapl.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

790

Cn cuz puh`h prlpnknrsh hd ah`mls anthrmnchs glal hc vngál, hc nkun, hc nmrh, hc `mnandth, hc vm`rml, hc gunrzl, cn kcmghrmdn, y tl`n gcnsh `h anthrmnchs trndspnrhdths l trnscúgm`ls. Hd gn`n ah`ml, cn cuz sh prlpnkn n udn vhclgm`n` `mihrhdth. Cn rhichxm÷d y rhirnggm÷d `h cn cuz sld prlghsls rhcngmldn`ls, nudquh `mihrhdths. Cn rhichxm÷d `h cn cuz gldsmsth hd hc rholth `h hstn gund`l mdgm`h slorh udn suphrimgmh l mdthrinz quh shpnrn `ls ah`mls `mihrhdths. Vlr hjhapcl, hc rhichjl rhichj l `h ud pnmsnjh hd ud cnkl l `h ud rlstrl hd hc hsphjl sld ihd÷ahdls `h rhichxm÷d `h cn cuz. Hd gnaoml, cn rhirnggm÷d `h cn cuz sh prl`ugh gund`l cn cuz ntrnvmhsn cn suphrimgmh quh shpnrn n `ls ah`mls pnrn gldtmdunr gld su prlpnkngm÷d. Nc phdhtrnr hd hc shkud`l ah`ml anthrmnc, hc rnyl cuaádmgl gnaomnrî hc îdkucl y cn vhclgm`n`.

_HWXAHD @H YM@HL 0:

¼^XÍ HW CN CXZ< LD@NW HCHGP_LANKDHPMGNW MDP_L@XGGMßD Cn cuz (`hc cntmd cux, cugms) hs udn ld`n hchgtrlankdítmgn gnpnz `h shr phrgmom`n  plr hc ljl buandl y guyn irhguhdgmn `hthramdn su glclr. Cn gmhdgmn quh hstu`mn cns  prmdgmpnchs ilrans `h prl`ugmr cuz, nsá glal su gldtrlc y npcmgngmldhs sh `hdlamdn cuamdlthgdmn.

Hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl Cn cuz hs udn irnggm÷d irnggm ÷d `hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl quh puh`h shr `hthgtn`l plr hc ljl buandl. Hd tíramdls khdhrnchs, hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl nonrgn hd lr`hd grhgmhdth `h irhguhdgmn: • 

Cns amgrlld`ns

• 

Cns ld`ns `h rn`ml

• 

Cls rnyls mdirnrrljls (rn`mngmld mdirnrljn)

• 

Cn cuz vmsmoch

• 

Cn rn`mngm÷d uctrnvmlchtn

• 

Cls rnyls R

• 

Cls rnyls knaan.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

798

Wh `hdlamdn hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdhtmgl nc gldjudtl `h ld`ns hchgtrlankdhtmgns, l rn`mngmld hchgtrlankdhtmgn quh hamth (hsphgtrl `h hamsmld), l noslroh (hsphgtrl `h noslrgmld) ud lojhtl. @mgbn rn`mngmld smrvh pnrn m`hdtmimgnr nc lojhtl. Cls hsphgtrls sh  puh`hd loshrvnr ah`mndth hsphgtrlsglpmls hsphgtrlsglpmls quh, n`hans `h phramtmrdls loshrvnr hc hsphgtrl, phramth rhncmznr ah`m`ns slorh hsth, glal cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n l cn irhguhdgmn `h cn rn`mngmld.

@HWN__LCCL N cl cnrkl `h cls smkcls RYMM, RYMMM y prmahrn amtn` `hc RMR, krngmns n cls trnonjls prhshdtn`ls nþls ntrîs plr Buykhds, ]ludk l Irhsdhc hd rhcngm÷d n cn dnturnchzn `h cn cuz, pnrhgm÷ quh`nr gcnrl quh cn cuz sh glaplrtnon glal udn ld`n, irhdth n cns thlrá thlráns ns quh plstucnond quh pl`án trntnrsh aîs omhd `h udn sughsm÷d `h pnrtágucns l glrpúsgucls. Wmd haonrkl núd quh`non nomhrtn cn guhstm÷d `h snohr quí hrn hxngtnahdth cl quh vmornon hd hsth tmpl `h ld`ns. Iuh hc iásmgl mdkcís m dkcís Jnahs Gchre Anxwhcc ( >27> - >2;= ) qumhd, hd cn shkud`n amtn` `hc smkcl RMR, hstnochgm÷ quh cn cuz sh glaplrtnon glal udn ld`n hchgtrlankdítmgn. Hd hsth npnrtn`l vnals n hstu`mnr: ¼^uí sld cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns< Bnstn ah`mn`ls `hc W RMR cns `mstmdtns thlráns rhcngmldn`ns gld cn hchgtrmgm`n` y hc ankdhtmsal hstnond auy irnkahdtn`ns: Hxmstánd `mstmdtns lorns quh trntnond `h `nr hxpcmgngm÷d n cls hxphrmahdtls ankdítmgls y hcígtrmgls gldlgm`ls hd cn íplgn, phrl inctnon udn thlrán quh cls udmimgnrn. Cn sádthsms hchgtrlankdítmgn rhncmzn`n plr Anxwhcc  phramtm÷ udmimgnr y hxpcmgnr ah`mndth udn s÷cn thlrán cls ihd÷ahdls hcígtrmgls, ankdítmgls y ÷ptmgls gldlgm`ls hd cn íplgn. Xdn ld`n hchgtrlankdítmgn hs udn phrturongm÷d phrm÷`mgn `hc gnapl hcígtrmgl H↟  y `hc ankdítmgl O↟ quh sh prlpnkn hd hc hspngml n cn vhclgm`n` gldstndth `h cn cuz. Wh   trntn `h ld`ns trndsvhrsnchs hd cns quh hc gnapl hcígtrmgl y hc ankdítmgl, hd insh, sld  phrphd`mgucnrhs hdtrh sá y, n su vhz, phrphd`mgucnrhs phrphd`mgucnrhs n cn `mrhggm÷d `mrhggm÷d `h prlpnkngm÷d. prlpnkngm÷d.

Wádthsms Hchgtrlankdítmgn Hc gnapl hcígtrmgl, hd dnrndjn, y hc ankdítmgl, hd vhr`h, sld phrphd`mgucnrhs hdtrh sá y, n su vhz, phrphd`mgucnrhs n cn `mrhggm÷d `h prlpnkngm÷d, prlpnkngm÷d, md`mgn`n plr hc vhgtlr nzuc. Naols gldstmtuyhd udn ld`n hchgtrlankdítmgn. hchgtrlankdítmgn. Anxwhcc cchk÷ n `ls gldgcusmldhs maplrtndths:

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799

Xd gnapl ankdítmgl vnrmnoch gld hc tmhapl md`ugh cn npnrmgm÷d `h ud gnapl hcígtrmgl prlplrgmldnc n cn rnpm`hz gld quh gnaomn hc icujl ankdítmgl y phrphd`mgucnr n nquhc Xd gnapl hcígtrmgl vnrmnoch gld hc tmhapl md`ugh cn npnrmgm÷d `h ud gnapl ankdítmgl prlplrgmldnc n cn rnpm`hz gld quh gnaomn hc icujl hcígtrmgl y phrphd`mgucnr n nquhc Cn gldgcusm÷d hs quh: Wh prl`ughd ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns gund`l udn pnrtágucn gnrkn`n sh hdguhdtrh slahtm`n n udn nghchrngm÷d l omhd gund`l hxmstnd glrrmhdths vnrmnochs. @h hstn andhrn cn gnrkn hcígtrmgn, hd alvmamhdtl `n cuknr n ud gnapl hcígtrmgl vnrmnoch quh, n su vhz, grhn ud gnapl ankdítmgl tnaomíd vnrmnoch quh, n su vhz, grhn ud gnapl hcígtrmgl vnrmnoch y nsá sughsmvnahdth. Nsá sh khdhrnd y prlpnknd prlpnknd cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns hchgtrlankdítmgns.. Gnrngthrástmgns Nc gldtrnrml quh cns ld`ns ahgîdmgns, cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns puh`hd  prlpnknrsh hd hc vngál, n`haîs n`haîs `h bnghrcl hd hc nmrh l anthrmnchs anthrmnchs s÷cm`ls Cls a÷`ucls `h cls gnapls hcígtrmgls y ankdítmgls hstîd rhcngmldn`ls ah`mndth cn hxprhsm÷d H1g⋈O Cn `mrhggm÷d `h prlpnkngm÷d `h cn ld`n, phrphd`mgucnr n cls vhgtlrhs H↟ y O↟ ,   hs cn amsan quh cn `hc prl`ugtl vhgtlrmnc H↟ÛO↟   Hxmsth udn krnd gndtm`n` `h ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns `mstmdtns, shkúd su irhguhdgmn y cldkmtu` `h ld`n. Cn cuz vmsmoch hs, glal bhals vmstl, udn pnrth phquhþn `h hstns ld`ns. Hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl hs hc gldjudtl lr`hdn`l `h tl`ns cns irhguhdgmns l cldkmtu`hs `h ld`n hd quh puh`h `hsglapldhrsh cn rn`mngm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn. Prn`mgmldncahdth sh suhchd hstnochghr ; zldns quh sld, `h ahdlr n anylr irhguhdgmn: cns ld`ns `h rn`ml, cns amgrlld`ns, cls mdirnrrljls, cn cuz vmsmoch, cls uctrnvmlchtn, cls rnyls R y cls rnyls knaan. Ph prhshdth quh cn irhguhdgmn y cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n sh hdguhdtrnd rhcngmldn`ns n  pnrtmr `h cn vhclgm`n` `h cn cuz quh hd hc vngál, glal bhals `mgbl, hs mkunc pnrn tl`ns cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns: g1ε ⋈i Nsá amsal, rhguhr`n quh pnrn udn amsan napcmtu` `h ld`n, n anylr irhguhdgmn anylr hdhrkán. Cns rhkmldhs hd cns quh quh`n `mvm`m`l hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl sld, `h ahdlr n anylr irhguhdgmn (l `h anylr n ahdlr cldkmtu` `h ld`n):

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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• 

Ld`ns `h rn`ml: Wld cns quh tmhdhd udn irhguhdgmn ahdlr. Dlrancahdth sh

khdhrnd ah`mndth gmrgumtls lsgmcndths. Iuh Bhmdrmgb _u`lci Bhrtz su `hsguorm`lr (hd su bldlr sh `hdlamdn cn udm`n` `h irhguhdgmn bhrgml), nc khdhrnrcns y `hthgtnrcns plr prmahrn vhz ah`mndth `msplsmtmvls `h cnolrntlrml. Iuh Iuh Kukcmhcal Anrgldm qumhd plr prmahrn vhz cns utmcmz÷ `h andhrn prîgtmgn pnrn rhncmznr udn trndsamsm÷d tr ndsamsm÷d thchkrîimgn mdncîaormgn • 

Amgrlld`ns: Hd hc lr`hd `h irhguhdgmns glaprhd`m`l hdtrh cls >6= Bz y >6>? Bz. Wh suhchd prl`ugmr ah`mndth cls alvmamhdtls `h rltngm÷d y vmorngm÷d `h cns alcígucns. Wh hapchn, plr hjhapcl, hd cn thchildán a÷vmc, hd cls blrdls amgrlld`ns y hd cns glaudmgngmldhs gld vhbágucls hspngmnchs • 

Mdirnrrljl: Hd hc lr`hd `h irhguhdgmns glaprhd`m`l hdtrh cls >6>? Bz y

cls 7•>6>0 Bz. Wld hamtm`ls plr guhrpls gncmhdths. Bny npcmgngmldhs, npcmgngmldhs, plr hjhapcl, hd cls gldtrlchs rhaltls, and`ls n `mstndgmn, shdslrhs y ah`mgmdn. • 

Ymsmoch: Wh trntn `h cn zldn aîs hstrhgbn `hc hsphgtrl gld irhgu irhguhdgmns hdgmns quh

lsgmcnd hdtrh 7•>6>0 Bz y ;•>6>0 Bz. Hs cl quh glaúdahdth gldlghals glal cuz y sld ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns gnpnghs `h shr gnptn`ns plr duhstrls ljls. Dlrancahdth sh khdhrnd n pnrtmr `h udn hxgmtngm÷d hcígtrmgn `h îtlals l alcígucns, quh hamthd cn hdhrkán slorndth hd ilran `h rn`mngm÷d. Hc glclr rljl y hc vmlchtn sh hdguhdtrnd hd cls hxtrhals, `h nbá cls dlaorhs `h cns zldns ndthrmlr (mdirnrrljl) y plsthrmlr (uctrnvmlchtn) `hc hsphgtrl • 

Xctrnvmlchtn: Wus irhguhdgmns hstîd glaprhd`m`ns hd hc rndkl hdtrh cls

;•>6>0 Bz y cls 7•>6>; Bz. Wh prl`ughd, nc mkunc quh hd hc gnsl `h cn cuz vmsmoch, plr hc  

trîdsmtl hchgtr÷dmgl hd îtlals y alcígucns. Hxmsthd, n su vhz, `mstmdtls suokrupls `hdtrl `h hstn rhkm÷d hdtrh cls quh `hstngnd XY-N, XY-O y XY-G. Cn rn`mngm÷d uctrnvmlchtn hs  pnrth mdthkrndth mdthkrndth `h cls rnyls slcnrhs prl`ugmhd`l cls rnyls XY-N, XY-N, X XY-O Y-O y XY-G `mstmdtls hihgtls slorh cn sncu`. Hd khdhrnc, cn gnpn `h lzldl dls prlthkh `h hstls rnyls phrl `hohd ` hohd shr hvmtn`ns hxplsmgmldhs prlcldkn`ns n cls amsals. Wus npcmgngmldhs sld auy vnrmn`ns, `hs`h cn hsthrmcmzngm÷d n cn hcmamdngm÷d `h alsgns y alsqumtls • 

_nyls R: Wus irhguhdgmns hstîd glaprhd`m`ns hd hc rndkl hdtrh cls 7•>6>; 

Bz y cls 7•>6>= Bz. Wh puh`hd prl`ugmr bngmhd`l mdgm`mr hchgtrldhs hc hgtrldhs `h krnd hdhrkán slorh ahtnchs. Wh suhchd hapchnr glal bhrrnamhdtns `h `mnkd÷stmgl, smhd`l auy plpucnrhs sus usls hd cns rn`mlkrniáns, hd `ld`h su hchvn`n hdhrkán hxmkh `h udn gum`n`lsn `lsmimgngm÷d `h cls amsals pnrn quh dl rhsucthd phcmkrlsls. • 

_nyls knaan: Gld irhguhdgmns suphrmlrhs n 7•>6>= Bz. Wld khdhrn`ls hd

nckudls dúgchls rn`mngtmvls y hd nckudns nc kudns rn`mngmldhs dugchnrhs. Wld phcmkrlsls pnrn tl`n

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ilran `h vm`n, smhd`l s÷cl noslrom`ls plr hc pclal l hc blramk÷d gld gmhrtl krlslr, phrl sh bnd hdgldtrn`l útmchs pnrn glaontmr gícucns gndghrlsns hd trntnamhdtls `h rn`mlthrnpmn.

GLDGCXWMLD Vl`hals `hsgrmomr cn rn`mngm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn plr ah`ml `h su napcmtu` (ormccl), su cldkmtu` `h ld`n, su irhguhdgmn y su phrml`l. Gld cn hgungm÷d H1bSduH1bαH,  hquncs, b, Sdu, bhals vmstl g÷al cn irhguhdgmn `h udn ld`n ccuamdlsn uamdlsn hs prlplrgmldnc n su hdhrkán. Nc prmdgmpml `hc smkcl vhmdth, hc `hsguormamhdtl `h quh cn hdhrkán hstî gundtmzn`n dls cchv÷ n cn rhvhcngm÷d `h quh cn cuz dl slcl hs udn ld`n, smdl quh tnaomíd puh`h shr `hsgrmtn glal udn glchggm÷d `h pnrtágucns gldlgm`ns glal iltldhs. Cls iltldhs tmhdhd `mstmdtns gndtm`n`hs `h hdhrkán, ccnan`ns gundtls. Hstn hdhrkán puh`h trndsihrmrsh n îtlals y alcígucns gund`l noslrohd cls iltldhs. Cls îtlals y cns alcígucns tnaomíd  puh`hd phr`hr hdhrkán hdhrkán nc hamtmr iltldhs. Nudquh hs ouhdl thdhr udn glaprhdsm÷d oîsmgn `h cl quh hs cn rn`mngm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn, cn anylrán anylrán `h cls quáamgls hstîd ahdls mdthrhsn`ls hd cn iásmgn `htrîs `h hsth tmpl `h hdhrkán, y augbl aîs mdthrhsn`ls hd g÷al hstns ld`ns mdthrngtúnd gld cn anthrmn. Hsphgáimgnahdth, cls quáamgls hstu`mnd g÷al cns `mihrhdths `mi hrhdths ilrans `h rn`mngm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn mdthrngtúnd gld cls îtlals y cns alcígucns. @h hstns mdthrnggmldhs, ud quáamgl puh`h lothdhr mdilrangm÷d slorh cn hstrugturn `h udn alcígucn, nsá glal cls tmpls `h hdcnghs quh lgurrhd hd hccn. Ndths `h bnocnr `h hsl, smd haonrkl, hs dhghsnrml bnocnr ud plgl `h cns prlpmh`n`hs iásmgns `h cns c ns ld`ns `h cuz.

_HWXAHD @HC YM@HL 8:

¼^XÍ HW CN CXZ< MDP_L@XGGMLD Cl quh ccnanals cuz hs cn pnrth `hc hsphgtrl hchgtrlankdítmgl quh puh`h shr  phrgmom`l plr hc ljl buandl. Hxmsthd, npnrth `h cn cuz, `mvhrsns ilrans `h rn`mngm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn hd hc udmvhrsl, quh sh prlpnkn plr hc hspngml y trndsplrtn hdhrkán `h ud cuknr n ltrl (glal cn rn`mngm÷d uctrnvmlchtn l cls c ls rnyls x), phrl n dmdkudn `h hccns pl`hals  phrgmomrcns dnturncahdth. dnturncahdth.

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Hc shr buandl hstî loshsmldn`l plr `hsgmirnr tl`l cl quh ccll rl`hn. @urndth smkcls, cn iásmgn sh bn hdgnrkn`l `h hxpcmgnr hc glaplrtnamhdtl `h cn anthrmn. Vhrl, n phsnr `h tl`ls sus hsiuhrzls, hxmsthd augbls ihd÷ahdls quh ístn dl bn clkrn`l `hsgmirnr. Cn cuz, plr hjhapcl, hs udl `h hstls ihd÷ahdls. Dhwtld phdsnon quh cn cuz hstnon ilran`n plr pnrtágucns. Wmd haonrkl, su thlrán hs mdvîcm`n, yn quh, `h shr nsá, sm `ls bnghs `h cuz gblgnrnd, cns pnrtágucns quh gblgnshd snc`ránd vlcnd`l hd `mihrhdths `mrhggmldhs. Hstl dl pnsn. Vlsthrmlrahdth sh cchk÷ n cn gldgcusm÷d `h quh cn cuz hd rhncm`n` hrn udn ld`n `h hdhrkán. Hstn ld`n, nc vmnjnr hd `mihrhdths irhguhdgmns y rholtnr hd `mihrhdths `mrhggmldhs, khdhrn cn phrghpgm÷d `h slaorns y glclrhs. Wmd haonrkl, cn cuz tnaomíd trndsimhrh hdhrkán n ltrns pnrtágucns hd ilran `h –qundtn‑ (plr hjhapcl, hc ahtnc sh gncmhdtn gld cn mdgm`hdgmn m dgm`hdgmn `h cn cuz), glaplrtnamhdtl tápmgl `h udn pnrtágucn. Gld tndtns mdg÷kdmtns plr rhslcvhr, npnrhgh cn thlrán `h guhr`ns gld udn duhvn  prlpuhstn quh nonrgn nonrgn dl s÷cl cn cuz cuz,, smdl tl`l ihd÷ahdl ihd÷ahdl hd hc udmvhrsl: udmvhrsl: Ístn Ístn pcndthn quh tl`ns cns pnrtágucns hchahdtnchs sld hd rhncm`n` –guhr`ns‑ quh lsgmcnd hd `mihrhdths  

irhguhdgmns y `h `mihrhdth andhrn. Xd tmpl `h lsgmcngm÷d prlvlgnrî quh cn guhr`n shn nprhgmn`n glal, plr hjhapcl, ud prlt÷d5 amhdtrns quh ltrl md`ugmrî cn khdhrngm÷d `h ud ilt÷d. Cn vhclgm`n` y napcmtu` `h cns irhguhdgmns `nrîd cuknr n gldghptls glal phsl l hspngml. @h nguhr`l n cn thlrán `h guhr`ns, tl`l hc udmvhrsl hstî khdhrn`l plr ud slcl hchahdtl: guhr`ns quh lsgmcnd hd `mihrhdth andhrn. Cn nspmrngm÷d prmdgmpnc `h hstn thlrán hs pl`hr cchknr n hxpcmgnr hc iudgmldnamhdtl iudgmldnamhdtl `hc udmvhrsl hd su tltncm`n`. Cn cuz vmsmoch hstî glapuhstn plr iltldhs (`hc vlgnocl krmhkl pbls, –cuz‑), ud tmpl `h pnrtágucns hchahdtnchs quh gnrhghd `h ansn. Cls iltldhs sh glaplrtnd `h andhrn `unc: glal ld`ns y glal pnrtágucns. Hstn `uncm`n` `ltn n cn cuz `h prlpmh`n`hs iásmgns smdkucnrhs. Cn ÷ptmgn hs cn rnan `h cn iásmgn quh hstu`mn cn cuz, sus prlpmh`n`hs, glaplrtnamhdtl, mdthrnggm÷d y sus hihgtls slorh cn anthrmn. Wmd haonrkl, cn cuz hs hc hstu`ml `h augbns ltrns `msgmpcmdns glal cn quáamgn, cn rhcntmvm`n` khdhrnc l cn iásmgn guîdtmgn, hdtrh ltrns.

@HWN__LCCL Cn dnturnchzn `h cn cuz bn mdtrmkn`l n cn rnzn buandn `hs`h smhaprh. Hd cn ndtmkóh`n` sh cn gldsm`hrnon udn prlpmh`n` `h cn anthrmn, nckl quh handnon `h cns c ns glsns.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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Pnaomíd sh cn vmdgucnon gld hc Wlc, hc nstrl rhy hd cn anylrán `h cns rhcmkmldhs y glsalvmsmldhs `h cn buandm`n` prmamtmvn y, plr cl tndtl, tnaomíd gld hc gnclr y gld cn vm`n. Cls ndtmkuls krmhkls hdthd`ánd cn cuz glal nckl ghrgndl n cn vhr`n` `h cns glsns. Iuh hstu`mn`n plr imc÷slils glal Hapí`lgchs y Hugcm`hs, qumhdhs yn bnoánd `hsguomhrtl vnrmns `h sus prlpmh`n`hs iásmgns. N pnrtmr `hc _hdngmamhdtl hurlphl, hd hc smkcl RY su hstu`ml y npcmgngm÷d n cn vm`n buandn tla÷ ud krnd mapucsl, gld hc `hsnrrlccl `h cn iásmgn al`hrdn y `h cn ÷ptmgn. Vlsthrmlrahdth, hc andhjl `h cn hchgtrmgm`n` phramtm÷ cn mcuamdngm÷d nrtmimgmnc `h cls blknrhs y gmu`n`hs, `hjnd`l `h `hphd`hr `hc Wlc l `h cn quhan `h glaoustmochs (cîapnrns `h knslmc l ehrlsíd). Nsá sh shaornrld cns onshs `h cn mdkhdmhrán ÷ptmgn quh sh `hsnrrlcc÷ hd hc smkcl RR. Krngmns n cn hchgtr÷dmgn y cn ÷ptmgn iuh plsmoch hc `hsnrrlccl `h npcmgngmldhs pnrn cn cuz quh smkcls ntrîs bnoránd sm`l maphdsnochs. Nuahdt÷ duhstrn glaprhdsm÷d `h su iudgmldnamhdtl iásmgl, hd pnrth krngmns n cns thlráns guîdtmgns y nc hdlrah nvndgh hd cn iásmgn y cn quáamgn quh tuvl cuknr krngmns n hccns. Krngmns n cn cuz y su hstu`ml hxmsthd thgdlclkáns tnd `mspnrhs glal hc cîshr, hc gmdh, cn iltlkrnián, hc iltlglpmn`l l cls pndhchs iltlvlctnmgls. Gnrngthrástmgns `h cn cuz Cn cuz hs udn hamsm÷d ld`ucntlrmn y glrpusgucnr `h iltldhs, hs `hgmr, nc amsal tmhapl sh glaplrtn glal sm hstuvmhrn bhgbn `h ld`ns y `h anthrmn. Wh `hspcnzn smhaprh hd cmdhn rhgtn, n udn vhclgm`n` `himdm`n y gldstndth. Cn irhguhdgmn `h cns ld`ns cuaádmgns `hthramdn hc dmvhc `h hdhrkán `h cn cuz, y hs cl quh `mihrhdgmn n cn cuz vmsmoch `h ltrns ilrans `h rn`mngm÷d. Nudquh cn cuz hd khdhrnc (tndtl `hc Wlc glal cn `h udn cîapnrn), sh vhn ocndgn, gldtmhdh ld`ns gld cldkmtu`hs `h ld`n quh glrrhspld`hd n gn`n glclr `hc hsphgtrl vmsmoch. Hsl puh`h hvm`hdgmnrsh nc npudtnrcn n ud prmsan y `hsglapldhrcn hd cls tldls `hc nrglárms. ^uh ud lojhtl thdkn ud glclr pnrtmgucnr hs gldshguhdgmn `h quh hc pmkahdtl `hc lojhtl noslroh gmhrtns cldkmtu`hs `h ld`n y rhichjn ltrns, rhichjnd`l cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n `hc glclr quh vhals. Wm n ud lojhtl cl vhals ocndgl hs plrquh hc pmkahdtl rhichjn tl`n cn cuz quh sh hamth slorh íc, tl`ns cns cldkmtu`hs `h ld`n. Wm, hd gnaoml, cl vhals dhkrl hs plrquh noslroh tl`n tl`n cn cuz y dl sh rhichjn dn`n, dl vhals dn`n, hs `hgmr, vhals dhkrl. Cls glclrhs

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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`hc hsphgtrl phrghptmoch plr duhstrl ljl vnd `hs`h hc rljl (;66 ( ;66 dnd÷ahtrls `h cldkmtu` `h ld`n) bnstn hc vmlchtn (066 ( 066 dnd÷ahtrls `h cldkmtu` `h ld`n). Vrlpnkngm÷d `h cn cuz Cn cuz sh prlpnkn hd cádhn rhgtn y n udn vhclgm`n` `h ?==.;=?.0082 ahtrls plr shkud`l hd hc vngál. Wm ch tlgn ntrnvhsnr ah`mls `hdsls l glapchjls, sh auhvh n vhclgm`n`hs ahdlrhs. Hc nstr÷dlal `ndís Lch _lhahr bmzl cn prmahrn ah`mgm÷d nprlxman`n `h cn vhclgm`n` `h cn cuz hd >9;9. @hs`h hdtldghs, cn iásmgn bn nimdn`l hdlrahahdth cls ahgndmsals `h ah`mgm÷d. Hc ihd÷ahdl `h cns slaorns tnaomíd tmhdh quh vhr gld cn prlpnkngm÷d `h cn cuz: nc mapngtnr gldtrn ud lojhtl lpngl, cn cuz prlyhgtn su smcuhtn slorh hc ild`l, `hcmdhnd`l cn plrgm÷d oclquhn`n plr hc lojhtl. Hxmsthd `ls krn`ls `h slaorn: udn aîs cuamdlsn, ccnan`n phduaorn5 y ltrn aîs lsgurn, ccnan`n uaorn. Cn khlahtrán bn sm`l udn bhrrnamhdtn maplrtndth n cn blrn `h hstu`mnr cn  prlpnkngm÷d `h cn cuz l `h `mshþnr nrthingtls pnrn lothdhr `hthramdn`ls hihgtls, plr hjhapcl, hc thchsglpml y hc amgrlsglpml. Ihd÷ahdls `h cn cuz Cn rhirnggm÷d hd hstn imkurn sh prl`ugh plrquh `msamduyh cn vhclgm`n` `h cn cuz nc  pnsnr plr hc nkun. nkun. Cls ihd÷ahdls `h cn cuz sld ncthrngmldhs quh hxphrmahdtn nc slahthrsh n `hthramdn`ls ah`mls l `hthramdn`ns gld`mgmldhs iásmgns. Augbls `h hccls sld vmsmochs n `mnrml, mdgcusl sm dl snohals omhd g÷al lphrnd. • 

Cn rhichxm÷d. Nc mapngtnr slorh `hthramdn`ns suphrimgmhs, cn cuz hs gnpnz

`h –rholtnr‑, hs `hgmr, `h gnaomnr su trnyhgtlrmn `hsgrmomhd`l îdkucls `hthramdn`ls y  

 prh`hgmochs. Vlr hjhapcl, sm hc lojhtl slorh hc quh mapngtn gld gmhrtl îdkucl hs cmsl y  plshh prlpmh`n`hs rhichgtmvns (glal puh`h shr cn suphrimgmh `h ud hsphjl), cn cuz sh rhichjnrî ilrand`l ud îdkucl mkunc nc mdgm`hdth, phrl hd `mrhggm÷d gldtrnrmn. Hs nsá glal iudgmldnd cls hsphjls. • 

Cn rhirnggm÷d. Gund`l cn cuz pnsn `h ud ah`ml trndspnrhdth n ltrl, gld

`mihrhdths `hdsm`n`hs sh `n ud ihd÷ahdl gldlgm`l glal «rhirnggm÷dµ. Hc hjhapcl gcîsmgl cl gldstmtuyh hc pnsl `h cn cuz hdtrh hc nmrh (ahdls `hdsl) y hc nkun (aîs `hdsn), glsn quh  puh`h hvm`hdgmnrsh hvm`hdgmnrsh nc mdtrl`ugmr mdtrl`ugmr ud guomhrtl guomhrtl hd ud vnsl gld nkun y dltnr g÷al cn mankhd `hc guomhrtl pnrhgh mdthrruapmrsh y `upcmgnrsh, glal sm buomhrn ud –hrrlr‑ hd cn mankhd.

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Hstl sh `hoh n quh hc nkun gnaomn cn `mrhggm÷d `h prlpnkngm÷d nc pnsnr `h ud ah`ml nc ltrl. • 

Cn `mirnggm÷d. Gund`l cls rnyls `h cuz rl`hnd n ud lojhtl l pnsnd n trnvís

`h nohrturns hd ud guhrpl lpngl, hxphrmahdtnrîd ud gnaoml hd su trnyhgtlrmn,  prl`ugmhd`l ud hihgtl `h nphrtur nphrturn, n, glal lgurrh lgurrh gld cls inrls `h ud nutla÷vmc `urndth cn dlgbh. Hsth ihd÷ahdl hs prlpml `h tl`ns cns ld`ns. •  Cn `msphrsm÷d. Hstn prlpmh`n` `h cn cuz hs cn quh dls phramth lothdhr hc hsphgtrl `h glclr glapchtl nc `msphrsnr hc bnz `h cuz, hs `hgmr, hs cl quh lgurrh gund`l cn bnghals ntrnvhsnr ud prmsan, l cl quh lgurrh gund`l cn cuz ntrnvmhsn cns kltns `h ccuvmn hd cn nta÷sihrn y khdhrn nsá ud nrglárms. • 

Cn plcnrmzngm÷d. Cn cuz hstî glapuhstn plr lsgmcngmldhs `hc gnapl

hcígtrmgl y ankdítmgl quh puh`hd thdhr `mstmdtns `mrhggmldhs. Cn plcnrmzngm÷d `h cn ccuz uz hs ud ihd÷ahdl quh lgurrh gund`l, plr hjhapcl, plr ah`ml `h ud plcnrmzn`lr (glal puh`hd shr cls ndthljls `h slc) sh `msamduyhd `msamduyhd cns `mrhggmldhs `mr hggmldhs `h lsgmcngm÷d `h andhrn quh cn cuz sh prlpnkn gld ahdls mdthdsm`n`. Cuz slcnr y cuz nrtmimgmnc Cn iuhdth `h cuz trn`mgmldnc `h cn buandm`n` bn sm`l cn prlvhdmhdth `hc Wlc, quh dls mrrn`mn gldstndthahdth gld cuz vmsmoch, gnclr, cuz uctrnvmlchtn y rn`mngmldhs `h ltrls tmpls. Cn cuz slcnr hs md`msphdsnoch pnrn cn iltlsádthsms y pnrn andthdhr cn thaphrnturn `hc pcndhtn `hdtrl `h rndkls glapntmochs gld cn vm`n. Hs shahjndth n cn cuz quh loshrvnals `h cns ltrns hstrhccns `h cn kncnxmn, nudquh sh hdguhdtrhd n amchs `h amccldhs `h emc÷ahtrls `h `mstndgmn,. @hs`h íplgns auy thaprndns hc shr buandl bn mdthdtn`l mamtnr m amtnr hsn iuhdth `h cuz dnturnc. Mdmgmncahdth cl bmzl ah`mndth hc `lamdml `hc iuhkl, gld ndtlrgbns y ilkntns quh rhquhránd `h anthrmnchs glaoustmochs y hrnd plgl `urn`hrns. Vlsthrmlrahdth utmcmz÷ vhcns `h ghrn quh nr`ánd `h andhrn gldtrlcn`n, y augbl `hspuís grh÷ inrlcns quh quhanond nghmth u ltrls bm`rlgnrourls, `nd`l lrmkhd n cn  prmahrn rh` `h mcuamdngm÷d urondn, quh cuhkl iuh rhhapcnzn`n plr kns dnturnc. Hvhdtuncahdth sh cchk÷ nc usl `h hchgtrmgm`n`, su vhrsm÷d aîs shkurn y himgnz. Cls ihd÷ahdls cuamdlsls y cn dnturnchzn `h cn cuz iuhrld `hs`h smhaprh ud amsthrml npnsmldndth quh ngnpnr÷ cn nthdgm÷d `h cls c ls phdsn`lrhs aîs ndtmkuls. Cn bmstlrmn `h cn gmhdgmn dls prlplrgmldn sughsmvns bmp÷thsms quh mdthdtnd `nr udn hxpcmgngm÷d n tnchs bhgbls. Cn prmdgmpnc gldtrlvhrsmn sh ghdtr÷, `urndth augbl tmhapl, hd sm cn cuz hrn udn

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ld`n l udn pnrtágucn (glrpúsgucl). Bly `án cls iásmgls hdthd`hals quh cn cuz hs naons glsns.

Vrlpmh`n`hs Vrlpmh` n`hs `h cn cuz Gund`l cn cuz mdgm`h slorh ud guhrpl, su glaplrtnamhdtl vnrán shkúd shn cn suphrimgmh y gldstmtugm÷d `h `mgbl guhrpl, y cn mdgcmdngm÷d `h cls rnyls mdgm`hdths, `nd`l cuknr n cls smkumhdths ihd÷ahdls iásmgls. n)  Noslrgm÷d

Nc mdgm`mr ud rnyl `h cuz vmsmoch slorh udn suphrimgmh dhkrn, anth y lpngn, hs noslrom`l prîgtmgnahdth hd su tltncm`n`, trndsilraîd`lsh hd gnclr. o)  _hichxm÷d

Gund`l cn cuz mdgm`h slorh udn suphrimgmh cmsn y ormccndth, sh rhichjn tltncahdth t ltncahdth hd ud îdkucl mkunc nc `h mdgm`hdgmn m dgm`hdgmn (_HICHRM×D HWVHG HWVHGXCN_). XCN_). Wm cn suphrimgmh dl hs `hc tl`l cmsn, y ormccndth, rhichjn s÷cl pnrth `h cn cuz quh ch cchkn y n`haîs cl bngh hd tl`ns `mrhggmldhs, `mrhggmld hs, glal hd hc gnsl `h cls rhichgtlrhs iltlkrîimgls `h plcmhspîd. N hsth ihd÷ahdl sh ch gldlgh gld hc dlaorh `h _HICHRM×D @MIXWN, y hs cn onsh `h cn Phlrán `hc Glclr, quh `mgh quh: nc mdgm`mr slorh ud lojhtl ud bnz `h ld`ns `h `mstmdtn cldkmtu`, noslroh udns y rhichjn ltrns, smhd`l hstns úctmans cns quh hd gldjudtl `hthramdnd hc glclr `hc lojhtl. g)  Prndsamsm÷d

Hs hc ihd÷ahdl plr hc gunc cn cuz puh`h ntrnvhsnr lojhtls dl lpngls. Cn trndsamsm÷d hs @M_HGPN gund`l hc bnz `h cuz sh `hspcnzn hd hc duhvl ah`ml ádthkrnahdth y `h ilran cmdhnc. N hstls ah`mls sh chs gldlgh glal P_NDWVN_HDPHW. Cn trndsamsm÷d hs @MIXWN, sm hd hc mdthrmlr `hc guhrpl hc rnyl sh `msphrsn hd vnrmns `mrhggmldhs, tnc glal lgurrh hd hc vm`rml lpnc, l pnc, gmhrtls pcîstmgls, pnphc vhkhtnc, htg. N hstls anthrmnchs sh chs `hdlamdn P_NDWCXGMHDPHW. P_NDWCXGMHDPHW. Hxmsth ud thrghr tmpl `h trndsamsm÷d, cn WHCHGPMYN quh lgurrh gund`l gmhrtls anthrmnchs, vm`rmls, pcîstmgls l khcntmdns glclrhn`ns `hjnd pnsnr s÷cl gmhrtns cldkmtu`hs `h ld`n y noslrohd ltrns, glal hs hc gnsl `h cls imctrls iltlkrîimgls. i ltlkrîimgls. `)  _hirnggm÷d

Hs ud ihd÷ahdl quh lgurrh `hdtrl `hc `h trndsamsm÷d. Gund`l cls rnyls cuamdlsls mdgm`hd locmgunahdth slorh ud ah`ml trndspnrhdth, l pnsnd `h ud ah`ml n ltrl `h `mstmdtn `hdsm`n`, hxphrmahdtnd ud gnaoml `h `mrhggm÷d quh hstî hd iudgm÷d `hc îdkucl `h mdgm`hdgmn (n anylr îdkucl anylr rhirnggm÷d), `h cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n mdgm`hdth ( n ahdlr cldkmtu` `h ld`n anylr rhirnggm÷d), y `hc ád`mgh `h rhirnggm÷d `h ud ah`ml rhsphgtl nc

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ltrl. Hsth ihd÷ahdl tmhdh augbn maplrtndgmn hd iltlkrnián, yn quh cn cuz ndths `h ilranr cn mankhd iltlkrîimgn bn `h gnaomnr irhguhdthahdth `h ah`ml: nmrh - imctrls - vm`rmls `h cls lojhtmvls - slplrth `h cn phcágucn. ]n `mjmals quh cn cuz `msamduyh su vhclgm`n` hd iudgm÷d `h cn `hdsm`n` `hc ah`ml quh ntrnvmhsn. Hd hc gnsl `h cls vm`rmls ÷ptmgls, vmhdh n shr nprlxman`nahdth `h udls >=8.666 Ea/shk. Wm ud rnyl `h cuz mdgm`h  phrphd`mgucnrahdth slorh cn suphrimgmh  phrphd`mgucnrahdth suphrimgmh `hc vm`rml, suirh suirh udn `msamdugm÷d `msamdugm÷d `h su su vhclgm`n`  phrl dl sh `hsván. Vlr hc gldtrnrml, sm cl bngh locmgunahdth, locmgunahdth, cn pnrth `hc rnyl quh cchkuh  prmahrl suirmrî ud irhdnzl y gldtmdunrî nvndznd`l n mdihrmlr vhclgm`n`, amhdtrns quh hc rhstl `hc rnyl gldtmdún tl`nván udls mdstndths n anylr vhclgm`n`. Hstn `mihrhdgmn `h vhclgm`n`hs hd cn pnrth irldtnc `hc rnyl cuamdlsl hs cn quh prl`ugh cn `hsvmngm÷d `h su trnyhgtlrmn. ^umzî sh glaprhd`n ahjlr sm mankmdnals ud glgbh quh gmrgucnd`l plr nutlpmstn phdhtrh hd udn zldn haonrrn`n: sm hdtrn `h irhdth, suirmrî udn `msamdugm÷d `h su vhclgm`n` phrl gldtmdunrî rhgtl. Vhrl sm phdhtrn locmgunahdth, locmgunahdth, udn ruh`n sh vhrî irhdn`n ndths quh cn ltrn gld hc gldsmkumhdth gnaoml `h trnyhgtlrmn. h)  @msphrsm÷d

Glal ngnonals `h vhr, udl `h cls ingtlrhs quh nihgtnond n cn rhirnggm÷d, hrn cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n `h cn cuz mdgm`hdth. Glal cn cuz ocndgn hs ud gldjudtl `h `mvhrsns cldkmtu`hs `h ld`n, sm ud rnyl gnaomn locmgunahdth `h ah`ml, gn`n udn `h cns rn`mngmldhs sh rhirngtnrî `h ilran `hsmkunc, prl`ugmíd`lsh ud shpnrngm÷d `h cns amsans, `hsvmîd`ls `hsvmîd`lshh ahdls cns `h ld`n cnrkn glal hc rljl y aîs cns ghrgndns nc vmlchtn. Xd prmsan prl`ugh anylr `mirnggm÷d plrquh n`haîs, nc dl shr sus gnrns pnrnchcns, cls rnyls rhirngtn`ls bnd `h rhglrrhr ud gnamdl núd anylr quh prlvlgn, nc sncmr hc rnyl, udn rhirnggm÷d aîs hxnkhrn`n. Hd cn prîgtmgn cn `msphrsm÷d `hthramdn hc glclr `hc gmhcl y plr tndtl cn mcuamdngm÷d dnturnc, nsá glal cns nohrrngmldhs grlaîtmgns y hc `mshþl `h cns chdths quh vhrhals aîs n`hcndth. n`hcndth. N prmahrn vmstn, hc hstu`ml `h cn cuz puh`h pnrhghrdls aîs `h iásmgn quh `h iltlkrnián, phrl hd rhncm`n` su phrihgtl gldlgmamhdtl rhsuctn maprhsgmd`moch pnrn `lamdnr hc prlghsl iltlkrîimgl y utmcmznr n`hgun`nahdth cls lojhtmvls, imctrls, mcuamdngm÷d, htg. i)  

@mirnggm÷d Hs cn `hsvmngm÷d `h cls rnyls cuamdlsls gund`l mdgm`hd slorh hc olr`h `h ud lojhtl

lpngl. Hc ihd÷ahdl hs aîs mdthdsl gund`l hc olr`h hs nimcn`l. Nudquh cn cuz sh prlpnkn hd cádhn rhgtn, smkuh thdmhd`l dnturnchzn ld`ucntlrmn y, nc gblgnr gld ud olr`h nimcn`l, sh

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 prl`ugh ud shkud`l trhd `h ld`ns gmrgucnr, nc mkunc quh hd ud hstndquh. Hstl `n cuknr n udn zldn `h phduaorn quh `hstruyh cn dmtm`hz hdtrh cns zldns `h cuz y slaorn.

GLDGCXWMßD Hd gldgcusm÷d, cn cuz nglapnþn nc blaorh `hs`h hc glamhdzl `h cls tmhapls: dl  pl`hals phr`hr `h vmstn quh hs hshdgmnc hshdgmnc pnrn hc prlpml `hsnrrlccl `h cn vm`n. Vlr hccl dl hs `h hxtrnþnr quh nckudns `h cns ahdths aîs ormccndths `h cn bmstlrmn `h cn gmhdgmn sh bnynd `h`mgn`l n su hstu`ml, cchknd`l n `mstmdtns thlráns slorh su dnturnchzn quh gnusnrld krnd gldtrlvhrsmn hd su íplgn. Wu hstu`ml dls bn ingmcmtn`l krnd`hs mdvhdtls glal cls thchsglpmls y cls amgrlsglpmls, amgrlsglpmls, quh dls phramthd loshrvnr hc aud`l aîs chjndl y hc aîs mdah`mntl, phrl tnaomíd mdkhdmls napcmnahdth utmcmzn`ls pnrn cn trndsamsm÷d `h mdilrangm÷d glal cn imorn ÷ptmgn. N ouhd shkurl, cn Iásmgn `hc iuturl trnhrî duhvls `hsguormamhdtls hd tlrdl n hsth npnsmldndth ihd÷ahdl.

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: jlsuh lrrncn tnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n`7  ‗   Pnrhn >0: N. Ld`ns sldlrns- O.¼^uh hs hc sldm`l< - G. Hc sldm`l: Vrlpmh`n`hs

VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr N. Ld`ns sldlrns- O.¼^uh hs hc sldm`l< - G. Hc sldm`l: Vrlpmh`n`hs

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >0 _HWXAHD @H YM@HL N:

92. IÁWMGN H MDP_L@XGGM×D N CN OMLIÁWMGN. KHDH_NCM@N@HW @H CN LD@N WLDL_N MDP_L@XGGMßD Xdn ld`n sldlrn hs prlpnkngm÷d krn`unc `h udn phrturongm÷d gnrngthrmzn`n plr udn vmorngm÷d `h cns alcígucns `hc ah`ml ncrh`h`lr `h sus plsmgmldhs `h hqumcmorml (l

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hstn`l `h rhplsl). Hd hihgtl, n gldtmdungm÷d gldtmdungm÷d `h udn phrturongm÷d, prlvlgn`n hd prmdgmpml  plr udn iuhdth ahgîdmgn, cns alcígucns hxphrmahdtnd phquhþls gnaomls `h prhsm÷d (prhsm÷d ngústmgn). Cns alcígucns gblgnd hdtrh hccns pnrn trndsamtmr cn `hilrangm÷d (phrturongm÷d) suirmhd`l `h hstn ilran amgrl- `hspcnznamhdtls. Hstns alcígucns vuhcvhd n su plsmgm÷d lrmkmdnc gund`l pnsn cn phrturongm÷d. Hc sldm`l hs udn prlpnkngm÷d `h hdhrkán hd ud ah`ml anthrmnc smd trndsplrth tr ndsplrth `h anthrmn. Xdn ld`n sldlrn hs udn sughsm÷d `h glaprhsmldhs / `mcntngmldhs `h cns alcígucns. Hd hstn ndmangm÷d, sh loshrvn quh cns alcígucns vmornd vmornd ncrh`h`lr `h su plsmgm÷d `h hqumcmorml y dl sh auhvhd augbl, slcl udls  plgls amgr÷ahtrls.

@HWN__LCCL Gld augbn irhguhdgmn udn ld`n `h sldm`l hs udn ld`n ahgîdmgn cldkmtu`mdnc,  puhs cns alcígucns sh auhvhd auhvhd pnrnchcns n cn `mrhggm÷d `h prlpnkngm÷d prlpnkngm÷d `h cn ld`n. Hd cls s÷cm`ls, puh`h bnohr tnaomíd glapldhdths trndsvhrsnchs. trndsvhrsnchs. N`haîs, gund`l cn ld`n sldlrn sh trndsamth hd ud ah`ml blalkídhl, msltr÷pmgl msltr÷pmgl y smd lostîgucl, cn ld`n `h udn iuhdth m`hnc sh prlpnknrán `h ilran m`ídtmgn hd tl`ns cns `mrhggmldhs, sh ch `hdlamdn hsiírmgn. Wmd haonrkl, n udn `mstndgmn smkdmimgntmvn `h cn iuhdth, cn ld`n sldlrn puh`h shr nsmamcn`n n udn ld`n pcndn yn quh hc irhdth `h cn ld`n (gldjudtl `h alcígucns quh lsgmcnd hd hc amsal hstn`l vmorntlrml) tmhd`h n shr rhgtmcádhn. Glal hjhapcl pnrn glapnrngm÷d, hc pcndhtn Pmhrrn hs rh`ld`l phrl, smd haonrkl, n hsgncn buandn hs pcndl. Cn ld`n `h sldm`l puh`h `hsgrmomrsh plr gmdgl gnrngthrástmgns: cldkmtu` `h ld`n, napcmtu`, phrál`l `h tmhapl, irhguhdgmn y vhclgm`n` l vhclgm`n`.

Cldkmtu` `h ld`n. Cn `mstndgmn aádman hd cn c n quh sh rhpmth udn ld`n `h sldm`l sh `hdlamdn cldkmtu` `h ld`n. Hs `hgmr, hs cn cldkmtu` `h udn ld`n glapchtn. Wh `hdltn gld udn chtrn krmhkn ε  

(cnao`n).

Napcmtu`. Gund`l udn lcn pnsn n trnvís `h ud ah`ml, cns pnrtágucns `hc ah`ml sh `hspcnznd thaplrncahdth `h sus plsmgmldhs lrmkmdnchs smd phrturongmldhs. Hc `hspcnznamhdtl aîxmal `h cns pnrtágucns `hc ah`ml `hs`h sus plsmgmldhs lrmkmdnchs dl phrturon`ns, gund`l udn ld`n pnsn n trnvís `hc ah`ml, sh ccnan napcmtu` `h cn ld`n. @h bhgbl, cn

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7;;

napcmtu` sh usn pnrn `hsgrmomr hc tnanþl l ncturn `h cn ld`n. Cn udm`n` `h ah`m`n `h napcmtu` `hc W.M hs ahtrl (a), (a ), nudquh n vhghs tnaomíd sh am`h hd ghdtáahtrls.

Vhrml`l `h tmhapl. Hc tmhapl rhquhrm`l pnrn prl`ugmr udn ld`n glapchtn l gmgcl l gmgcl sh ccnan  phrál`l `h tmhapl `h cn ld`n. ld`n. Nblrn, udn ld`n glapchtn hs prl`ugm`n plr udn vvmorngm÷d morngm÷d glapchtn `hc guhrpl vmorntlrml. Hdtldghs, pl`hals `hgmr quh hc tmhapl dhghsnrml pnrn glapchtnr udn vmorngm÷d sh gldlgh glal phrál`l `h tmhapl. Wh `hdltn gld cn chtrn P. Cn udm`n` `h ah`m`n `hc phrál`l `h tmhapl hs hc shkud`l (s).

Irhguhdgmn. Hc dúahrl `h ld`ns l gmgcls glapchtls prl`ugm`ls hd ud shkud`l sh ccnan irhguhdgmn `h cn ld`n. @n`l quh udn ld`n glapchtn hs prl`ugm`n plr udn vmorngm÷d glapchtn `hc guhrpl vmorntlrml, hdtldghs pl`hals `hgmr quh hc dúahrl `h vmorngmldhs  plr shkud`l sh ccnan irhguhdgmn. Vlr hjhapcl: sm sh prl`ughd >6 ld`ns glapchtns l vmorngmldhs hd ud shkud`l, cn irhguhdgmn `h cns ld`ns shrî `h >6 bhrtz l >6 gmgcls plr shkud`l.

Yhclgm`n` `h ld`n. Cn `mstndgmn rhglrrm`n plr udn lcn hd ud shkud`l sh ccnan vhclgm`n` `h ld`n. Hd ah`mls blalkídhls hstn vhclgm`n` shrî gldstndth gldstndth plr cl quh vnrmn hd iudgm÷d `hc ah`ml hd hc quh sh prlpnkuh.

Vhrál`l Hc phrál`l, quh sh anrgn glal P, hs hc mdthrvncl `h tmhapl quh hxmsth hdtrh `ls hstn`ls vmorntlrmls m`ídtmgls sughsmvls `h ud pudtl `hc ah`ml hd hc quh sh prlpnkn cn ld`n. Irhguhdgmn Cn irhguhdgmn hs hc dúahrl `h phrml`ls plr udm`n` `h tmhapl, cl c l quh glrrhspld`h nc mdvhrsl `hc phrál`l: i 1 > / P, `ld`h i hs cn irhguhdgmn hd Bhrtz (Bz l s->) y P hs hc  phrml`l hd shkud`ls shkud`ls (s). Hd hc hjhapcl hsglkm`l, cn smduslm`h tmhdh ud phrál`l `h 6,> shkud`ls. Cn irhguhdgmn glrrhspld`h nc dúahrl `h phrál`ls plr shkud`l, hs `hgmr, hc dúahrl `h vhghs quh sh rhpmtn hc pntr÷d, hs `hgmr >6 vhghs. Cn irhguhdgmn hs, plr tndtl, `h >6 Bz. Nc npcmgnr npcm gnr cn mdvhrsn `hc phrml`l sh lotmhdh tnaomíd hsth vnclr: i 1 >/6, > 1 >6 Bz

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7;2

Cldkmtu` `h ld`n Cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n hs cn `mstndgmn quh shpnrn `ls alcígucns sughsmvns hd hc amsal hstn`l vmorntlrml (amsan prhsm÷d y vhclgm`n` ngústmgn) l cn c n `mstndgmn rhglrrm`n plr cn ld`n `urndth ud phrál`l. Hd hc hjhapcl hchkm`l nquá, cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n hstî rhprhshdtn`n glal cn `mstndgmn quh shpnrn `ls aîxmals `h glaprhsm÷d (cádhns kruhsns sughsmvns)5 hd hc mdstndth m dstndth t, gn`n alcígucn shpnrn`n plr cn cldkmtu` hstî slahtm`n n udn prhsm÷d y udn vhclgm`n` ngústmgn m`ídtmgns. Hd ud ah`ml `hthramdn`l, cn irhguhdgmn y cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n hstîd rhcngmldn`ns  plr cn i÷raucn: ε   1 g / i 1 g * P 5 hd cn quh ε  hs  hs cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n hd ahtrls (a), g cn vhclgm`n` `h  prlpnkngm÷d `h cn ld`n hd ahtrls plr shkud`l (as->), i hs cn ir irhguhdgmn hguhdgmn (Bz) y P hs hc  phrál`l (s). Vnrn udn smduslm`h `h irhguhdgmn `h >6 Bz y udn vhclgm`n` `h prlpnkngm÷d `h cn ld`n mkunc n 706 as->, cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n hs `h 70 ahtrls. Gundtl anylr hs cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n, aîs sh rh`ugh cn irhguhdgmn. N cn mdvhrsn, gundtl ahdlr hs cn cldkmtu` c ldkmtu` anylr anylr hs cn irhguhdgmn.

Vlthdgmn sldlrn Hxprhsn`n hd vntmls, cn plthdgmn sldlrn hs cn hdhrkán suamdmstrn`n plr udn iuhdth `h sldm`l `urndth ud mdthrvncl `h tmhapl `hthramdn`l. Wh puh`h `himdmr plr cn i÷raucn: V 1 H / Nt 5 `ld`h V hs cn plthdgmn ngústmgn hd vntmls ([), H hs cn hdhrkán ngústmgn hd  jucmls (J), y Nt hs ud mdthrvncl `h tmhapl (s). Hstn vnrmnoch slcl `hphd`h `h cns gnrngthrástmgns `h cn iuhdth. i uhdth. Nthdgm÷d, dl tmhdh dn`n quh vhr gld cn plthdgmn hcígtrmgn `h ud smsthan sldlrl (plr hjhapcl `h udls nctnvlghs), quh hs n vhghs vnrmns `hghdns `h vntmls. Cn plthdgmn hcígtrmgn phramtmrî quh sh khdhrh udn hdhrkán ngústmgn. Cn mdthdsm`n` `hc sldm`l (l `hdsm`n` `h plthdgmn) Hxprhsn`n hd vntmls plr ahtrl gun`rn`l ([a-?), cn mdthdsm`n` ngústmgn glrrhspld`h n cn hdhrkán ngústmgn quh pnsn hd ud shkud`l plr udn udm`n` `h suphrimgmh  phrphd`mgucnr n cns ld`ns sldlrns. Hd hc gnsl `h udn iuhdth `h ld`ns hsiírmgns, hstî rhcngmldn`n gld cn plthdgmn ah`mndth cn i÷raucn: M 1 [ / (0 * φ * r ¿), `ld`h M hs cn  

mdthdsm`n` ngústmgn ([a-?), [ hs cn plthdgmn ngústmgn ([) y r hs cn c n `mstndgmn r hdtrh cn iuhdth i uhdth `hc sldm`l y ud pudtl `h ah`m`n (a). Vlr cl tndtl, cn mdthdsm`n` dl slcl `hphd`h `h cns gnrngthrástmgns `h cn iuhdth n pnrtmr `h cn  plthdgmn smdl tnaomíd `h cn `mstndgmn hdtrh cn iuhdth iuhdth y hc pudtl pudtl hd hc qu quhh sh sh bn bngh gh cn ah`m`n. ah`m`n.

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7;=

Wm cn `mstndgmn hdtrh hc pudtl `h ah`m`n y cn iuhdth sh `upcmgn cn mdthdsm`n` sh `mvm`mrî plr guntrl.

Vrhsm÷d sldlrn Cn prhsm÷d p hs cn thdsm÷d npcmgn`n cn suphrimgmh `h ud guhrpl. Glrrhspld`h n cn iuhrzn plr udm`n` `h îrhn. Hd rhplsl, cns alcígucns hstîd slahtm`ns n cn prhsm÷d ntalsiírmgn. Gund`l hc ah`ml hs ncthrn`l, hc alvmamhdtl `h cns alcígucns prlvlgn vnrmngmldhs clgnchs `h cn prhsm÷d, quh hs cn prhsm÷d ngústmgn. Cn prhsm÷d y cn mdthdsm`n` `hc sldm`l hstîd rhcngmldn`ns rhcngmldn`ns plr cn i÷raucn: M 1 p ¿ / (ώ * g), hd `ld`h M hs cn mdthdsm`n` ([a?), p hs cn prhsm÷d ngústmgn hd ud pudtl hxprhsn`n hd Vnsgnc (Vn), ώ hs cn `hdsm`n` `hc   ah`ml (ek.a-7), g cn vhclgm`n` `h prlpnkngm÷d `h cn ld`n (as- >). Gund`l cn prhsm÷d sh `upcmgn cn mdthdsm`n` ngústmgn quh`n auctmpcmgn`n plr 0.

@urngm÷d @hphd`h `hc tmhapl `urndth hc gunc sh phrturon hc ah`ml. Cn udm`n` usn`n hs hc shkud`l (s). -

Yhclgm`n` `h prlpnkngm÷d `h cn ld`n: cn vhclgm`n` `hc sldm`l

Cns rhnggmldhs `h ud icum`l (ah`ml) slahtm`l n prhsmldhs y `mcntngmldhs `hphd`hd `mrhgtnahdth `hc hstn`l `hc icum`l y `h sus prlpmh`n`hs hcîstmgns. Cn ld`n ngústmgn sh  prlpnkn nsá n `mihrhdths vhclgm`n`hs hd iudgm÷d `h `hthramdn`ns gnrngthrástmgns mdtrádshgns `hc ah`ml quh ntrnvmhsn: cn glaprhsmomcm`n` (hs `hgmr, cn gnpngm`n` `h vlcvhr n udn ilran lrmkmdnc trns cn `hilrangm÷d), y cn `hdsm`n`. Hstls `ls glapldhdths hstîd mdicuhdgmn`ls plr vnrmls pnrîahtrls tnchs glal cn thaphrnturn, cn prhsm÷d y cls gnaomls `hc ah`ml. N`haîs, hstls `ls glapldhdths thd`rîd ahdlr maplrtndgmn gundtl anylr shn cn vhclgm`n` `h prlpnkngm÷d `h cn ld`n (ghchrm`n`). Cn `hdsm`n`, plr hjhapcl, sh vh mdicum`n plr cn thaphrnturn, cn prhsm÷d y cls hvhdtunchs gnaomls `hc ah`ml. ¼G×AL WH V_L@XGH HC VNWL @H LD@N HD HC AH@ML NÍ_HL< Phaphrnturn Hd hc nmrh, cn vhclgm`n` `hc sldm`l sh puh`h nprlxmanr plr cn i÷raucn: g 1 (6,96; * 77>,78 + q), hd `ld`h g hs cn vhclgm`n` `hc sldm`l hd hc nmrh (as->) y q hs cn thaphrnturn hd krn`ls Ghcsmus. Gundtl anylr shn cn thaphrnturn anylr shrî cn vhclgm`n` `h prlpnkngm÷d. Hd hihgtl, gundtl anylr hs cn thaphrnturn aîs sh rh`ugh cn `hdsm`n` `msamduyh  plrquh pnrn udn ansn `n`n, hc nmrh lgupn anylr anylr vlcuahd. Vlr hjhapcl, n 6 ¶ G, cn `hdsm`n` `hc nmrh hs `h >,?=7 ek.a-7 y n ?6 ¶ G `h >,?60 ek.a-7.

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Vrhsm÷d Vnrn udn thaphrnturn `n`n, cn prhsm÷d n cn quh hstî slahtm`l hc nmrh sujhtl gnaomn su `hdsm`n`. N ahdlr prhsm÷d, ahdls maplrtndth hs cn `hdsm`n` plrquh hc nmrh sh hxpnd`h. Vlr hxthdsm÷d, cn vhclgm`n` `hc sldm`l nuahdtn.

Al`mimgngmldhs `hc ah`ml Vnrn udn prhsm÷d y udn thaphrnturn `n`ns, hc vnplr `h nkun gldthdm`l hd hc nmrh al`mimgn cn `hdsm`n` `hc nmrh. Gundtl ahdls maplrtndth shn cn buah`n` rhcntmvn, ahdlr maplrtndgmn thd`rî cn `hdsm`n` `hc nmrh. @h andhrn quh hc sldm`l sh prlpnkn aîs `hprmsn hd hc nmrh shgl quh hd hc búah`l. ¼G×AL WH V_L@XGH HC VNWL @H LD@N HD LP_LW AH@MLW< Vnrn udn thaphrnturn thaphrnturn `h ?6 ¶ G, udn prhsm÷d `h >6>7 bVn y buah`n` rhcntmvn ducn, cn vhclgm`n` `h prlpnkngm÷d `h cn ld`n sldlrn hd hc nmrh hstnrán hdtlrdl n 707a.s->. 707a.s->. Hd ud ah`ml glal nkun, n udn thaphrnturn naomhdth `h ?6 ¶ G, udn ld`n sldlrn sh prlpnkn n >866 as-> y vhclgm`n`hs núd anylrhs hd anthrmnchs aîs `hdsls (7866 as> hd hc buhsl y bnstn 'n 9666 as-> hd hc nghrl!). Hd hihgtl, nudquh hstls anthrmnchs tmhdhd udn `hdsm`n` augbl anylr quh hc nmrh, su glhimgmhdth `h glaprhsmomcm`n` hs auy onjl. Vlr cl tndtl, cn c n ld`n sldlrn sh prlpnkn hd hccls auy rîpm`nahdth. Hd hc vngál, quh dl gldtmhdh anthrmn, dl sh puh`h prlpnknr dmdkudn ld`n sldlrn (hc ah`ml `h prlpnkngm÷d `hoh hstnr gldstmtum`l plr anthrmn), nc gldtrnrml `h cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns quh puh`hd prlpnknrsh hd hstns gld`mgmldhs. Hjhapcl: sm pldhs udn iuhdth `h sldm`l onjl udn gnapndn, sh lyh hc sldm`l. Wmd haonrkl, sm sh bngh hc vngál `honjl `h cn gnapndn, hc sldm`l `hsnpnrhgh plrquh yn dl bny alcígucns `h nmrh.

CN MAVH@NDGMN NGÚWPMGN Gn`n ah`ml sh gnrngthrmzn plr udn rhsmsthdgmn nc pnsl `hc sldm`l quh sh `hdlamdn maph`ndgmn ngústmgn. Hd hc gnsl khdhrnc, hs cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh prhsm÷d ngústmgn hd ud pudtl `n`l y cn vhclgm`n` `h vmorngm÷d `h cns alcígucns hd hsh pudtl (nthdgm÷d: dl hs cn vhclgm`n` `hc sldm`l). Hd hc gnsl `h udn ld`n pcndn, hs plsmoch hstmanr ud vnclr `h cn maph`ndgmn plr cn i÷raucn: ώ 1 Z l Z * g hs cn maph`ndgmn ngústmgn gnrngthrástmgn `hc ah`ml (ek.a -?.s-> ), cn ώ `hdsm`n` `hc ah`ml (ek.a-7) y g hs cn vhclgm`n` `hc sldm`l (as->)

Vlr cl tndtl, cn maph`ndg m aph`ndgmn mn `hc nmrh hs `h udls 000 ek. a-?.s-> y cn `hc nkun `h >,8 * >69 ek. a- ?.s-> hs `hgmr quh bny udn prlplrgm÷d `h 7,0 * >6 T 7. Hsth gldghptl hs

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maplrtndth pnrn cn glaprhdsm÷d `h cn rhspuhstn `h udn ld`n `h sldm`l quh sh prlpnkn ud ah`ml `h nmrh n ud ah`ml cáqum`l. Cn ld`n gund`l hdtrn hd gldtngtl gld ud ah`ml `h maph`ndgmn nctn prlvlgn quh udn pnrth maplrtndth `h cn ld`n shn rhichjn`n. Hstns gnrngthrástmgns `h maph`ndgmn sh utmcmznd hd `mvhrsls gnapls: cn lghndlkrnián (sldnr), maîkhdhs aí`mgns, l `h cls h`mimgmls pnrn hvncunr, plr hjhapcl, cn gncm`n` `hc blramk÷d plr hstmangm÷d `h cn gldghdtrngm÷d `h ouroujns `h nmrh quh gldtmhdh. Pnaomíd sh puh`h ingmcmtnr hc pnsl `h udn ld`n `h ud ah`ml n ltrl njustnd`l sus maph`ndgmns, hs cl quh bngh duhstrl lá`l (vínsh hd hsth smtml: Iudgmldnamhdtl `hc lá`l Lphrngm÷d). Hjhapcl `h n`nptngm÷d `h maph`ndgmns: Hd hglkrnián, udn sld`n npcmgn`n slorh cn  pmhc `hc pngmhdth hamth uctrnsldm`ls. Wmd haonrkl, mdgcusl udn imdn gnpn `h n mrh hdtrh cn sld`n y cn pmhc puh`h gnusnr udn maplrtndth nthdungm÷d `h cn shþnc. Hd hihgtl, cns maph`ndgmns `h nmrh y cn pmhc sld auy `mihrhdths, cn `h pmhc hs >6.666 vhghs anylr. Hc bhgbl `h npcmgnr ud khc n cn pmhc tmhdh ch vhdtnjn `h quh maph`ndgmn hs pr÷xman n cn `h cn  pmhc. @h hstn ilran sh cmamtn `h udn pnrth cn prhshdgmn `h nmrh y, plr ltrn, sh lptmamzn hc  pnsl `h uctrnsldm`ls. uctrnsldm`ls.

GLDGCXWMLD Hd gldgcusm÷d, udn ld`n sldlrn hs udn ld`n cldkmtu`mdnc quh trndsamth cl quh sh nslgmn gld sldm`l. Wm sh prlpnkn hd ud ah`ml hcîstmgl y gldtmdul khdhrn udn vnrmngm÷d clgnc `h prhsm÷d l `hdsm`n`, quh sh trndsamth hd ilran `h ld`n hsiírmgn phrm÷`mgn l gunsmphrm÷`mgn. Ahgîdmgnahdth Ahgîdmgnahdth cns ld`ns sldlrns sld ud tmpl `h ld`n hcîstmgn. Cns vnrmngmldhs `h prhsm÷d, buah`n` l thaphrnturn `hc ah`ml, prl`ughd hc `hspcnznamhdtl `h cns alcígucns quh cl ilrand. Gn`n alcígucn trndsamth cn vmorngm÷d n cns quh sh hdguhdtrhd hd su vhgmd`n`, prlvlgnd`l ud alvmamhdtl hd gn`hdn. Cns `mihrhdgmns `h prhsm÷d khdhrn`ns plr cn prlpnkngm÷d `hc alvmamhdtl `h cns alcígucns `hc ah`ml, prl`ughd hd hc lá`l buandl udn shdsngm÷d `hsgrmtn glal sldm`l. Hc sldm`l quh  phrgmomals n duhstrl ncrh`h`lr dl hs aîs quh hdhrkán hdhrkán prl`ugm`n plr vmorngm÷d quh vmnjn n trnvís `hc nmrh l guncqumhr ltrl ah`ml y quh puh`h rhgmomrsh y hsgugbnrsh gund`l cchkn nc lá`l `h udn phrsldn. Wnohals quh hc sldm`l vmnjn hd ilran i lran `h ld`n. Xdn ld`n hs udn phrturongm÷d vmorntlrmn hd ud ah`ml quh trndsplrtn hdhrkán `h ud  pudtl n ltrl smd quh quh bnyn ud gldtngtl `mrhgtl hdtrh hdtrh cls `ls pudtls.

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Vl`hals `hgmr quh udn ld`n hs prl`ugm`n plr cns vmorngmldhs `h cns pnrtágucns pnrt águcns `hc ah`ml n trnvís `hc gunc pnsn hs `hgmr `h udn prlpnkngm÷d.

_HWXAHD @H YM@HL O:

¼^XÍ HW HC WLDM@L< MDP_L@XGGMLD Gund`l bnocnals `h sldm`l, dls rhihrmals n cn prlpnkngm÷d `h cns ld`ns ahgîdmgns lrmkmdn`ns plr cn vmorngm÷d `h ud guhrpl n trnvís `h ud icum`l l ud ah`ml hcîstmgl. @mgbns ld`ns puh`hd l dl shr phrgmom`ns plr cls c ls shrhs vmvls, `hphd`mhd`l `h su irhguhdgmn. Hxmsthd sldm`ls nu`mochs plr hc lá`l buandl y ltrls quh slcl phrgmohd gmhrtns hsphgmhs `h ndmanchs. Wh trntn `h ld`ns ngústmgns prl`ugm`ns plr cn lsgmcngm÷d `h cn  prhsm÷d `hc nmrh, quh sld phrgmom`ns plr hc lá`l y trndsamtm`ns nc ghrhorl pnrn shr mdthrprhtn`ns. Hd hc gnsl `hc shr buandl, hsth prlghsl hs hshdgmnc pnrn cn glaudmgngm÷d bnocn`n. Hc sldm`l puh`h prlpnknrsh tnaomíd hd ltrls hchahdtls y sustndgmns, cáqum`ls, s÷cm`ls l knshlsls, phrl n ahdu`l suirmhd`l gmhrtns al`mimgngmldhs. Wh trntn `h ud trndsplrth `h hdhrkán smd trndsplrth `h anthrmn y, nc gldtrnrml `h cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns `h cn cuz l cn rn`mngm÷d, dl puh`h prlpnknrsh hd hc vngál.

@HWN__LCCL Hc sldm`l hs hstu`mn`l plr cn ngústmgn, udn rnan `h cn iásmgn y `h cn mdkhdmhrán. Pnaomíd hs `h sual mdthrís pnrn cn ildítmgn, rnan `h cn cmdkóástmgn hsphgmncmzn`n hd cn glaudmgngm÷d lrnc `h cls shrhs buandls hd sus `mstmdtls m`mlans. m `mlans. Hc sldm`l sh prl`ugh gund`l ud guhrpl vmorn, y trndsamth `mgbns vmorngmldhs nc ah`ml gmrgud`ndth hd ilran `h ld`ns sldlrns. Ístns sh `hspcnznd hxpndsmvnahd hxpndsmvnahdth, th, n udn vhclgm`n` prlah`ml (hd nmrh) `h 77>,8 a/s, y puh`hd rhvhrohrnr (–rholtnr‑) hd `mstmdtls  

tmpls `h suphrimgmhs, clkrnd`l `mstmdtls hihgtls `h hgl l `h `mstlrsm÷d, quh n ahdu`l ankdmimgnd su plthdgmn (glal hd cns gnjns `h rhsldndgmn l cls pnrcndths). Hc sldm`l prhshdtn cns smkumhdths gnrngthrástmgns iásmgns: Irhguhdgmn (i). Hs hc dúahrl `h vmorngmldhs glapchtns plr shkud`l quh hihgtún cn iuhdth `hc sldm`l y quh sh trndsamth hd cns ld`ns. Xd sldm`l nu`moch plr cls

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727

shrhs buandls thd`rî udn irhguhdgmn `h hdtrh ?6 y ?6.666 Bz. Vlr hdgman `h hsh rndkl shrî ud uctrnsldm`l phrghptmoch, n cl sual, plr nckudls ndmanchs. Napcmtu`. Hs cn mdthdsm`n` (plthdgmn ngústmgn), quh slchals ccnanr «vlcuahd«.. Cn napcmtu` sh rhcngmldn gld cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán trndsamtm`n plr cns ld`ns «vlcuahd« sldlrns. Cldkmtu` `h ld`n (ε). Hs cn `mstndgmn quh rhglrrh udn ld`n hd ud phrál`l  

`h lsgmcngm÷d, l `mgbl `h ltrl al`l, cn `mstndgmn hdtrh `ls aîxmals gldshgutmvls `h cn lsgmcngm÷d. Vlthdgmn ngústmgn ([). Hs cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán hamtm`n plr cns ld`ns plr udm`n` `h tmhapl. Wh am`h hd vntmls y `hphd`h `mrhgtnahdth `h cn napcmtu` `h ld`n. Hsphgtrl `h irhguhdgmn. Hs cn `mstrmougm÷d `mstrm ougm÷d `h napcmtu`hs, l hdhrkán ngústmgn,  pnrn gn`n irhguhdgmn irhguhdgmn `h cns `mvhrsns ld`ns ld`ns quh glapldhd glapldhd hc sldm`l. ¼G÷al sh prlpnkn hc sldm`l< Hc sldm`l sh prlpnkn hd cáqum`ls, s÷cm`ls y knshs, phrl cl bngh gld anylr rnpm`hz hd cls `ls prmahrls. Hstl sh `hoh n quh cn glaprhsmomcm`n` y cn `hdsm`n` `h cn anthrmn tmhdhd hihgtls slorh cn trndsamsm÷d `h cns ld`ns: n ahdlr `hdsm`n` l anylr glaprhsmomcm`n` `hc ah`ml, ahdlr shrî cn vhclgm`n` `h trndsamsm÷d `hc sldm`l. Cn thaphrnturn tnaomíd puh`h mdicumr hd hc nsudtl. Nsá, cn prlpnkngm÷d prlpnkngm÷d `hc sldm`l dl puh`h `nrsh sm dl hxmsth ud ah`ml anthrmnc ant hrmnc guyns alcígucns puh`nd vmornr. Vlr hsl, udn hxpclsm÷d hd hc hspngml hxthrmlr dl pl`rán shr  phrgmom`n nu`mtmvnahdth, amhdtrns amhdtrns quh hc sldm`l `h cn cchkn`n `h ud ud trhd, plr hjhapcl, hjhapcl, dls ncgndzn krngmns n quh cn ld`n sldlrn sh trndsamth t rndsamth plr hc nmrh. N krnd`hs rnskls, hc sldm`l tmhdh guntrl krnd`hs prlpmh`n`hs: Ncturn l tldl: @h nguhr`l n su irhguhdgmn, cls sldm`ls sh gcnsmimgnd hd nku`ls (nctn irhguhdgmn), ah`mls (irhguhdgmn (irhguhdgmn ah`mn) y krnvhs (onjn irhguhdgmn). Cn irhguhdgmn hs cl quh `mstmdkuh cns dltns ausmgnchs hdtrh sá. @urngm÷d: Hs hc tmhapl `urndth hc gunc sh andtmhdhd cns vmorngmldhs quh prl`ugh ud sldm`l. Mdthdsm`n`: Hs cn plthdgmn ngústmgn (gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán plr udm`n` `h tmhapl)  plr udm`n` nírhn, y sh am`h am `h hd `hgmohchs (`o). Xd sldm`l hs nu`moch plr hc buandl plr hdgman `h cls 6 `o, y prl`ugh `lclr plr hdgman `h cls >76 `o. Pmaorh: Hs udn guncm`n` quh phramth `mstmdkumr `ls sldm`ls `h mkunc irhguhdgmn h mdthdsm`n` hamtm`ls plr `mstmdtns iuhdths. Glal cn irhguhdgmn `h ud sldm`l, hd khdhrnc, dl hs údmgn smdl quh bny udn iud`nahdtnc y ltrns `h ahdlr mdthdsm`n`, hc tmaorh sh

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rhcngmldn gld cns mdthdsm`n`hs y vnrmh`n`hs `h hsns ltrns irhguhdgmns quh nglapnþnd n cn iud`nahdtnc. @hs`h ud pudtl `h vmstn iásmgl hc sldm`l hs udn vmorngm÷d quh sh prlpnkn hd ud ah`ml hcîstmgl. Vnrn quh sh prl`uzgn sldm`l sh rhqumhrh cn hxmsthdgmn `h ud guhrpl vmorndth, `hdlamdn`l ilgl (guhr`n thdsn, vnrmccn, udn chdkóhtn) y `h ud ah`ml hcîstmgl quh trndsamtn hsns vmorngmldhs, quh sh prlpnknd plr íc gldstmtuyhd`l cl quh sh `hdlamdn ld`n sldlrn. Phdhals glstuaorh `h `mstmdkumr hdtrh sldm`ls y rum`ls. Cls prmahrls sld nquhccls quh dls prl`ughd shdsngm÷d nkrn`noch, omhd plrquh sld sldm`ls ausmgnchs l  plrquh sld glal cns sácnons quh ilrand cns pncnorns, sldm`ls nra÷dmgls, quh hdgmhrrnd gmhrtl smkdmimgn`l nc thdhr hc lá`l h`ugn`l pnrn hccls. Wm sh lotmhdhd krîimgns `h rhkmstrl `h cns vmorngmldhs `h sus ld`ns sh loshrvn quh, hd khdhrnc, cls sldm`ls ausmgnchs a usmgnchs plshhd ld`ns gnsm smduslm`nchs, nudquh ncthrn`ns n vhghs nprhgmnochahdth plr cn prhshdgmn `h sus nra÷dmgls. Cls rhstndths sldm`ls nra÷dmgls gldshrvnd tl`nván udn tltnc phrml`mgm`n` nudquh su krîimgn sh nchjh dltnochahdth `h udn smduslm`h, plr hstnr glapuhstls `h vnrmls krupls `h ld`ns `h irhguhdgmns iud`nahdtnchs `mstmdtns, nglapnþn` nglapnþn`ns ns `h nckudls `h sus nra÷dmgls. Vlr úctmal cls rum`ls prhshdtnd, `h lr`mdnrml, krîimgns gnrhdths `h  phrml`mgm`n` y hs prhgmsnahdth prhgmsnahdth hstn phgucmnrm`n` cl quh prl`ugh quh cn shdsngm÷d ghrhornc rhsucth `hsnkrn`noch l alchstn. @hs`h ud pudtl `h vmstn iásmgl hc sldm`l hs udn vmorngm÷d quh sh prlpnkn hd ud ah`ml hcîstmgl. Vnrn quh sh prl`uzgn sldm`l sh rhqumhrh cn hxmsthdgmn `h ud guhrpl vmorndth, `hdlamdn`l ilgl (guhr`n thdsn, vnrmccn, udn chdkóhtn) y `h ud ah`ml hcîstmgl quh trndsamtn hsns vmorngmldhs, quh sh prlpnknd plr íc gldstmtuyhd`l cl quh sh `hdlamdn ld`n sldlrn. Phdhals glstuaorh `h `mstmdkumr hdtrh sldm`ls y rum`ls. Cls prmahrls sld nquhccls quh dls prl`ughd shdsngm÷d nkrn`noch, omhd plrquh sld sldm`ls ausmgnchs l  plrquh sld glal cns sácnons quh ilrand cns pncnorns, sldm`ls nra÷dmgls, quh hdgmhrrnd gmhrtl smkdmimgn`l nc thdhr hc lá`l h`ugn`l pnrn hccls. Wm sh lotmhdhd krîimgns `h rhkmstrl `h cns vmorngmldhs `h sus ld`ns sh loshrvn quh, hd khdhrnc, cls sldm`ls ausmgnchs plshhd ld`ns gnsm smduslm`nchs, nudquh ncthrn`ns n vhghs nprhgmnochahdth nprhgmnochahdth plr cn prhshdgmn `h sus nra÷dmgls. Cls rhstndths sldm`ls nra÷dmgls gldshrvnd tl`nván udn tltnc phrml`mgm`n` nudquh su krîimgn sh nchjh dltnochahdth `h udn smduslm`h, plr hstnr glapuhstls `h vnrmls krupls `h ld`ns `h irhguhdgmns iud`nahd iud`nahdtnchs tnchs `mstmdtns, nglapnþn`ns `h nckudls `h sus nra÷dmgls. Vlr úctmal cls rum`ls prhshdtnd, `h lr`mdnrml, krîimgns gnrhdths `h

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 phrml`mgm`n` y hs prhgmsnahdth prhgmsnahdth hstn phgucmnrm`n` phgucmnrm`n` cl quh prl`ugh quh cn shds shdsngm÷d ngm÷d ghr ghrhornc hornc rhsucth `hsnkrn`noch l alchstn.

GLDGCXWMLD Hc sldm`l hs udn phrghpgm÷d `h duhstrl ghrhorl (g) `h cns vmorngmldhs ahgîdmgns quh prl`ughd cls guhrpls (n) y quh cchknd n duhstrl lá`l n trnvís `h ud ah`ml (o). Wmhaprh quh hsgugbnals ud sldm`l `hoh hxmstmr nckl quh cl prl`ugh l udn iuhdth quh cl khdhrn, y hdgldtrnr hstn iuhdth hs rhcntmvnahdth iîgmc. Wm hsgugbnals hc sldm`l `h ud tmaorh, snorhals quh prlvmhdh `h udn iuhdth glal cl hs ud mdthrruptlr l gnapndn. Hsh sldm`l hs hc rhsuctn`l `h klcph quh bngh vmornr cn ansn ahtîcmgn, cl gunc pl`hals glaprlonr sm nghrgnals ud `h`l gld sunvm`n`: shdtmals ud glsqumcchl, quh md`mgn udn rîpm`n vmorngm÷d (alvmamhdtls hd vnmvíd). @h hstn andhrn hc sldm`l hs cn gldshguhdgmn `hc alvmamhdtl vmorntlrml `h ud guhrpl, quh nc vmornr khdhrn ld`ns quh sh prlpnknd n trnvís `h ud ah`ml hcîstmgl, hd hsth gnsl hc nmrh. Wmhaprh hd gn`n prl`uggm÷d `h sldm`l bny hdhrkán quh hs trndsplrtn`n5 phrl `hoh quh`nr gcnrl quh dl sh khdhrn alvmamhdtl nckudl `h anthrmn.

_HWXAHD @H YM@HL G:

HC WLDM@L ] WXW V_LVMH@N@HW MDP_L@XGGMßD Vlr cl khdhrnc sh `mstmdkuh hdtrh sldm`ls y rum`ls. Cls sldm`ls sld cls quh dls  prl`ughd udn shdsngm÷d nkrn`noch, hstl hs plrquh sld sldm`ls nra÷dmgls, quh clkrnd thdhr smkdmimgn`l hd hc lá`l. Xd sldm`l sh `himdh hd `mstmdtns ankdmtu`hs: `urngm÷d, mdthdsm`n`, tldl y tmaorh. Hc sldm`l hs, imsmgnahdth, udn vmorngm÷d quh sh prlpnkn hd ud ah`ml hcîstmgl. Hc sldm`l sh prl`ugh n pnrtmr `h ud guhrpl vmorndth, `hdlamdn`l ilgl y `h ud ah`ml hcîstmgl quh hs cl quh trndsamth t rndsamth cns vmorngmldhs, gldstmtuyhd`l gldstmtuyhd`l cn ld`n sldlrn. Cls sldm`ls ausmgnchs  plshhd ld`ns gnsm smduslm`nchs, quh sh puh`hd nprhgmnr hd krîimgns `h sldm`l `h cns vmorngmldhs, hd cn quh cn prhshdgmn `h sus nra÷dmgls sh bngh nprhgmnoch. Hc rhstl `h cls sldm`ls nra÷dmgls tmhdhd udn phrml`mgm`n` phrl su krîimgn sh nchjn `h udn smduslm`h. Cl ndthrmlr, sh `hoh n quh hstîd glapuhstls `h krupls `h ld`ns `h irhguhdgmns `mstmdtns, y nglapnþn`ns `h nckudls `h sus nra÷dmgls.

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@HWN__LCCL Nblrn omhd, cls rum`ls tmhdhd krîimgns smd phrml`mgm`n` y hs hstl cl quh bngh cn shdsngm÷d ghrhornc rhsucth plgl nkrn`noch. Gund`l bnocnals `h cn pncnorn «sldm`lµ, pl`hals tlanrcl `h `ls andhrns `mihrhdths, puhs hs plsmoch `hsgrmomr cn shdsngm÷d quh hxphrmahdtnals gund`l cls dhrvmls nu`mtmvls puh`hd rhgmomr ud hstáaucl hxthrdl l, plr ltrn pnrth, gund`l sh qumhrhd `hsgrmomr cns ld`ns sldlrns quh prl`ugh cn glaprhsm÷d `hc nmrh y quh cchknd n hstmaucnr hc dhrvml nu`mtmvl `hc md`mvm`ul.

@urngm÷d Hs hc tmhapl `urndth hc gunc sh andtmhdh ud sldm`l. Cn `urngm÷d `h ud sldm`l hs rhihrhdgmn `h cn cldkmtu` `h ld`n. Hs cl quh md`mgn hc tmhapl hd quh sh andtmhdh udn ld`n sldlrn glapchtn. Cn `urngm÷d smrvh pnrn `mstmdkumr sldm`ls cnrkls l glrtls.

Mdthdsm`n` Hs cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán ngústmgn quh gldtmhdh ud sldm`l. Hs hqumvnchdth nc vlcuahd. Hd ltrns pncnorns, hs cl iuhrth l cl sunvh `h ud sldm`l. Cn mdthdsm`n` sh rhkmstrn `hdtrl `hc prlghsl `h gundtmimgngm÷d y bngh rhihrhdgmn n cn napcmtu` `h cn ld`n sldlrn. Hc sldm`l cl quh bngh hs alvhrsh ntrnvhsnd`l hc nmrh hd ilran `h ld`n. Gund`l bnocnals `h cn napcmtu`, cl bnghals `h cn `mstndgmn hxmsthdth hdtrh hc pudtl aîs nctl y hc aîs onjl `h udn ld`n. Gund`l bnocnals `h napcmtu` `h sldm`l cl bnghals `h cn prlpmn mdthdsm`n`, tnaomíd ccnan`l «vlcuahdµ. Hs cl quh phramth quh pl`nals hsgugbnrcl hd duhstrls lá`ls aîs nctl l aîs onjl. Gund`l sh trnonjn t rnonjn hd udn hamslrn l hstngm÷d `h rn`ml l gld cn nyu`n `h h`mtlrhs `h sldm`l `mkmtnchs, pl`ránals `hgmr quh cl bnghals gld anylr l ahdlr napcmtu` hd vhz `h onjnr l suomr hc vlcuahd. Pldl Pnaomíd sh ch gldlgh glal irhguhdgmn, hs cn ankdmtu` quh md`mgn cn gndtm`n` `h vmorngmldhs, plr udm`n` `h tmhapl, quh hamth udn iuhdth sldlrn. Cns irhguhdgmns aîs  onjns sld cns krnvhs krnvhs y cns aîs nctns, cns nku`ns. nku`ns. Ltrn ilran gldlgm`n gldlgm`n `hc tldl hs cn ncturn ncturn y hs cn guncm`n` quh nyu`n n `mstmdkumr hdtrh ud sldm`l nku`l l nctl y ltrl krnvh l onjl. Hd ud sldm`l purl hc tldl sh `hthramdn plr cn irhguhdgmn, i rhguhdgmn, nudquh tnaomíd puh`h gnaomnr gld cn prhsm÷d y cn hdvlcvhdth. Gund`l sh trnth `h ah`mr cn c n irhguhdgmn `h ud sldm`l, cl bnghals hd bhrgmls (bhrtz) y sld cls quh `hsgrmohd cn gndtm`n` `h ld`ns plr shkud`l quh cchknd n glapchtnr ud gmgcl. Hs hc tldl ncturn quh tmhdh hc sldm`l hstn hs cn ilran hd cn quh sh `mihrhdgmn ud sldm`l

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nku`l `h udl krnvh. Hc lá`l buandl hs gnpnz `h phrgmomr cns irhguhdgmns quh sh hdguhdtrhd hdtrh ?6 bhrtz y ?6 emclbhrtz.

Pmaorh Hs udn guncm`n` `hc sldm`l quh nyu`n n m`hdtmimgnr su iuhdth sldlrn. Hs cn guncm`n` quh aîs `ntls nplrtn. Hc tmaorh `h udn amsal vlcuahd

hd

amsan dltn

ausmgnc tlgn`n

nc

`mstmdtls mdstruahdtls, mdstruahdtls, plr gmtnr ud hjhapcl. Cls sldm`ls

tmhdhd glapchjm`n`, hstîd glapuhstls ld`ns smauctîdhns, nudquh nc lá`l sh ch prhshdth glal phrghpgm÷d udn slcn dltn, hd rhncm`n` sld vnrmns ld`ns n cn vhz. Hc tmaorh `hphd`h `hphd`h smhaprh, `h cn gndtm`n` `h nra÷dmgls quh tmhdh ud sldm`l y `h cn mdthdsm`n` `h gn`n udl `h hccls. Gund`l bnocnals `hc tmaorh cl bnghals `h udn prlpmh`n` `hc sldm`l quh hs glapcmgn`n `h hxpcmgnr `h andhrn gmhdtáimgn. Hs cn `mihrhdgmn hxmsthdth hdtrh `ls sldm`ls quh tmhdhd m`ídtmgn napcmtu` y irhguhdgmn. Vl`hals hdgldtrnr ud ouhd hjhapcl gld cls `mihrhdths mdstruahdtls ausmgnchs. Hc tmaorh suhch gnrngthrmznr n gn`n mdstruahdtl quh puh`h tlgnr gld cn amsan irhguhdgmn y napcmtu`, phrl quh slals gnpnghs `h m`hdtmimgnr n gn`n udl `h hccls plr hc tmaorh `mihrhdth gld hc quh guhdtnd. Hc sldm`l glal tnc t nc tmhdh ltrns gnrngthrástmgns glal sld cn hspngmncm`n` (sh prlpnkn hd ud hspngml) y cn `urngm÷d (cns ld`ns vmnjnd plr ud tmhapl `hthramdn`l), nudquh pl plrr cl khdhrnc, cns trhs prmahrns suhchd shr cns quh aîs suhchd hstu`mnrsh.

Ld`ns ahgîdmgns N tl`l alvmamhdtl ld`ucntlrml quh sh trndsamth n trnvís `h ud ah`ml anthrmnc, sh ccnan ld`n ahgîdmgn. Cl quh sh prlpnkn hs cn hdhrkán `h cns lsgmcngmldhs ahgîdmgns `h cns pnrtágucns `hc ah`ml. Cn ld`n ahgîdmgn aîs gnrngthrástmgn hs hc sldm`l, quh hs ud alvmamhdtl ld`ucntlrml cldkmtu`mdnc (cns pnrtágucns `hc ah`ml vmornd hd cn `mrhggm÷d `h  prlpnkngm÷d `hc gnapl), trndsamtm`l hd hc ah`ml plr glcmsmldhs hcîstmgns hdtrh cns  pnrtágucns n`ynghdths. n`ynghdths. Cn vhclgm`n` `h prlpnkngm÷d `hc sldm`l hd cls knshs sh gncgucn glal: @ld`h k hs hc glgmhdth hdtrh cls gnclrhs hsphgmimgls n prhsmld gldstndth y n vlcuahd gldstndth `hc kns, r hs cn gldstndth udmvhrsnc `h cls knshs (`h vnclr r 1 2,7>0  j/alc•e), a cn ansn `hc kns y t cn thaphrnturn noslcutn.

Irhdths `h ld`n

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Vnrn hxpcmgnr cn prlpnkngm÷d `h cns ld`ns ahgîdmgns sh rhgurrh irhguhdthahdth n ud al`hcl khlaítrmgl hd hc quh sh `mstmdkuhd: • 

Hc ilgl hamslr prmanrml, `hc quh pnrth cn phrturongm÷d ld`ucntlrmn.

• 

Cls irhdths `h ld`n, l cuknrhs khlaítrmgls `h cls pudtls `hc ah`ml quh

tmhdhd mkunc insh (hstn`l `h vmorngm÷d) hd ud mdstndth `n`l. • 

Cls rnyls `h ld`n, quh sld rhgtns phrphd`mgucnrhs n cls irhdths `h ld`n y

`hthramdnd krîimgnahdth cns `mrhggmldhs `h prlpnkngm÷d. Mcustrngm÷d `h cls gldghptls `h irhdths `h ld`n y rnyls `h ld`n. @mirnggm÷d `h ld`ns Wh `himdh `mirnggm÷d glal cn guncm`n` `h udn ld`n shkúd cn gunc hc alvmamhdtl ld`ucntlrml, nud gund`l sh prlpnkuh hd cádhn rhgtn, hs gnpnz `h slrthnr lostîgucls, `locnr hsqumdns l `miud`mrsh n trnvís `h udn rhd`mjn. Hsth ihd÷ahdl puh`h hxpcmgnrsh ah`mndth hc al`hcl khlaítrmgl `h cls irhdths `h ld`n shgud`nrmls, plr hc gunc gn`n pudtl `hc irhdth `h ld`ns sh gldvmhrth hd hamslr `h ld`ns hsiírmgns guyn hdvlcvhdth hdkhd`rn hc duhvl irhdth `h ld`ns.

GLDGCXWMLD Hd gldgcusm÷d, cn gnpngm`n` `h hsgugbnr sldm`ls `h quh `msirutnd cls ndmanchs suphrmlrhs supldh udn n`nptngm÷d hxmtlsn pnrn n`hgunrsh nc ah`ml hxthrdl y nprlvhgbnr ahjlr sus rhgursls. Hd cns slgmh`n`hs al`hrdns, hc sldm`l gldstmtuyh núd ud al`l iud`nahdtnc `h suphrvmvhdgmn pnrn glaudmgnrsh, lrmhdtnrsh l hcu`mr cns smtungmldhs  phcmkrlsns l prlochaîtmgns. prlochaîtmgns. Hd ltrl gldthxtl, hc sldm`l sh rhcngmldn bly tnaomíd gld ud glapldhdth `h `msiruth y nrth, quh hdguhdtrn su pnrn`mkan hd cn aúsmgn. Vnrn ncgndznr cns gmans `h cn hxprhsm÷d ausmgnc, `hs`h cls krnd`hs anhstrls `hc onrrlgl l hc gcnsmgmsal bnstn cns rhncmzngmldhs `hc prhshdth sh bn m`l hstnochgmhd`l udn s÷cm`n thlrán mdspmrn`n tndtl hd guhstmldhs hstítmgns glal hd ud gldlgmamhdtl prliud`l `h cns prlpmh`n`hs y guncm`n`hs `hc sldm`l: tldl, tmaorh h mdthdsm`n`. Hsth gldlgmamhdtl susthdtn hc hdtrnan`l `h cns lorns mdalrtnchs quh sh hsgugbnd bly hd cns sncns `h gldgmhrtls `h tl`l hc aud`l. Hc sldm`l glal ld`n ahgîdmgn: Hd hshdgmn, hc sldm`l puh`h `himdmrsh glal udn ld`n ahgîdmgn quh mapcmgn cn vmorngm÷d `h cn anthrmn. Hstn vmorngm÷d sh glaudmgn sughsmvnahdth n trnvís `h cls glapldhdths `h ud anthrmnc, `hdlamdn`l ah`ml, ah`ml, `hs`h cn iuhdth u lrmkhd `hc amsal bnstn

su `hthggm÷d hd ud rhghptlr ngústmgl, glal puh`h shr ud mdstruahdtl m dstruahdtl `h ah`mgm÷d

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

72=

gmhdtáimgn l, smapchahdth, hc lá`l buandl. Hc shr buandl hs gnpnz `h phrgmomr sldm`ls glaprhd`m`ls hdtrh cns irhguhdgmns `h ?6 y ?6.666 bhrgmls, nprlxman`nahdth. Hsth mdthrvncl, `hdlamdn`l cáamth `h nu`mgm÷d l ond`n ngústmgn, hs aîs hxthdsl hd cn mdindgmn, mdin dgmn, y sh vn rh`ugmhd`l `h ilran krn`unc gld hc hdvhjhgmamhdtl. Hccl dl mapcm mapcmgn gn quh dl hxmstnd ld`ns sldlrns iuhrn `h cn ond`n ngústmgn. Cns quh plshhd irhguhdgmns plr hdgman `hc uaornc suphrmlr (?6.666 bz) sh `hdlamdnd uctrnsldm`ls5 plr `honjl `hc amsal rhgmohd hc dlaorh `h mdirnsldm`ls.

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí lrrncn tnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn.

Xdm`n`7  ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn >8: _N@MNGMLDHW MLDMZNDPHW ] DL MLDMZNDPHW VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr _N@MNGMLDHW MLDMZNDPHW ] DL MLDMZNDPHW

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >8 _HWXAHD @H YM@HL:

_N@MNGMLDHW MLDMZNDPHW ] DL MLDMZNDPHW MDP_L@XGGMLD Cn hstrugturn `h cn anthrmn sh glapldh `h alcígucns, ilran`ns plr îtlals. @urndth smkcls, cls iásmgls y cls quáamgls grhánd quh hc îtlal hrn cn pnrth aîs phquhþ phquhþnn `h cn anthrmn, plr hccl su dlaorh, îtlal, quh qumhrh `hgmr –md`mvmsmoch‑. Wmd haonrkl,  

mdvhstmkngmldhss aîs rhgmhdths dls bnd phramtm`l mdvhstmkngmldh phr amtm`l gldlghr quh hc îtlal sh glapldh `h ud dúgchl y `h hchgtrldhs quh kmrnd n su ncrh`h`lr. Cls hchgtrldhs sld udn hsphgmh `h hdvlctlrml, glal ud slorh quh prlthkh nc dúgchl, ilran`l plr prltldhs y dhutrldhs. Cls  prltldhs tmhdhd gnrkn hcígtrmgn plsmtmvn y cls hchgtrldhs, dhkntmvn, amhdtrns quh cls dhutrldhs sh ccnand nsá plrquh dl tmhdhd gnrkn. Vrltldhs y hchgtrldhs sh ntrnhd plr iuhrzns iásmgns.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7=6

Hd gld`mgmldhs dlranchs `h hqumcmorml, cns pnrtágucns `hc îtlal phrandhghd iuhrthahdth udm`ns, glal sm hstuvmhrnd ntn`ns. Vhrl ud hxghsl l udn inctn `h dhutrldhs  puh`hd rlaphr hsh hqumcmorml. Hdtldghs sh gldvmhrthd hd hchahdtls mdhstnochs, gld thd`hdgmn n trndsilranrsh hd ltrls hchahdtls. Vnrn quh hstl lgurrn, cns ntn`urns tmhdhd quh rlaphrsh y ilranr ltrns duhvns. Hsth gnaoml, quh sh ccnan `hsmdthk `hsmdthkrngm÷d rngm÷d rn`mngtmvn, sh prl`ugh cmohrnd`l krnd gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán hd ilran `h ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns l  pnrtágucns mdvmsmochs y smchdgmlsns quh ccnan ccnanals als rn`mngmldhs. Vnrth `h cn ansn `h `hcc guhrpl sh trndsilran hd hdhrkán, `h nguhr`l gld cn i÷raucn `h Hmdsthmd. Hsth prlghsl sh `hdlamdn imsm÷d dugchnr, hs `hgmr, rupturn `hc dúgchl `hc îtlal.

@HWN__LCCL Nckudls hchahdtls sld aîs n`hgun`ls quh ltrls pnrn prl`ugmr hsth tmpl `h rhnggmldhs. Hs hc gnsl `hc urndml-?78, gld thd`hdgmn n noslrohr guncqumhr dhutr÷d quh gblquh gld íc. Gund`l hstl lgurrh, hc urndml-?78 nuahdtn `h phsl, sh vuhcvh aîs mdhstnoch y ngnon rlapmíd`lsh hd vnrmls irnkahdtls, cmohrnd`l ltrls dhutrldhs. Wm hstls dhutrldhs sld noslrom`ls, n su vhz, plr ltrls îtlals `h urndml-?78 sh prl`ugh udn shguhdgmn `h rhnggmldhs hd gn`hdn, quh khdhrn gndtm`n`hs maplrtndths `h rn`mngtmvm`n` y `h hdhrkán. Cn rn`mngm÷d, gund`l phdhtrn hd cn anthrmn, y slorh tl`l hd hc gnsl `h pnrtágucns gnrkn`ns  ‗ ncin, ncin, prltldhs, irnkahdtls `h imsm÷d y hchgtrldhs ‗ , iud`nahdtncahdth suhch nrrndgnr hchgtrldhs `h cls îtlals gmrgud`ndths ah`mndth ud prlghsl quh sh gldlgh gld hc dlaorh `h mldmzngm÷d. Hd hc gnsl `h quh cn anthrmn shn thjm`l omlc÷kmgl gld ud nctl gldthdm`l `h nkun, cn mldmzngm÷d `h cns alcígucns `h nkun puh`h `nr cuknr n cls ccnan`ls rn`mgnchs cmorhs quh  prhshdtnd udn krnd krnd rhngtmvm`n` rhngtmvm`n` quáamgn, suimgmhdth suimgmhdth pnrn pnrn ncthrnr alcígucns maplrtndths quh ilrand pnrth `h cls thjm`ls `h cls shrhs vmvls. Hdtrh hsns ncthrngmldhs puh`hd mdgcumrsh cls gnaomls quáamgls hd hc N@D, cn alcígucn lrkîdmgn oîsmgn quh ilran pnrth `h cns gícucns quh ilrand duhstrl guhrpl. Hstls gnaomls puh`hd gld`ugmr n cn npnrmgm÷d `h hihgtls omlc÷kmgls, mdgcuyhd`l hc `hsnrrlccl ndlranc `h cns gícucns. Cns rn`mngmldhs mldmzndths hstîd ilran`ns plr pnrtágucns l plr ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns `h auy nctn irhguhdgmn gld cn suimgmhdth hdhrkán glal pnrn prl`ugmr cn

mldmzngm÷d `h ud îtlal y rlaphr cls hdcnghs nt÷amgls quh andtmhdhd cns alcígucns

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7=>

udm`ns hd cns gícucns. Hstns ncthrngmldhs puh`hd shr aîs l ahdls krnvhs shkúd cn `lsms `h rn`mngm÷d rhgmom`n. Hxmsthd vnrmls tmpls `h rn`mngmldhs mldmzndths: • 

Cns rn`mngmldhs ncin sld dúgchls `h bhcml 0 quh sh hamthd hd `hthramdn`ns

`hsmdthkrngmldhs `hsmdthkrngmld hs dugchnrhs y quh hstîd ilran`ls plr `ls dhutrldhs y `ls prltldhs. Pmhdhd augbn ansn phrl sld plgl phdhtrndths: udn bljn `h pnphc l cn c n amsan pmhc buandn sld suimgmhdths pnrn prlthkhrdls `h sus hihgtls. • 

Cns rn`mngmldhs ohtn sld icujls `h hchgtrldhs (ohtn dhkntmvns) l plsmtrldhs

(ohtn plsmtmvns) cmohrn`ls hd `hthramdn`ns `hsmdthkrngmldhs dugchnrhs. Pmhdhd ahdls ansn quh cns ncin, nudquh sld nckl aîs phdhtrndths: puh`hd trnspnsnr udn bljn `h pnphc y hdtrh udl y `ls ghdtáahtrls `h thjm`l vmvl, phrl dl puh`hd phdhtrnr udn cîamdn `h ncuamdml. • 

Cls rnyls R y knaan sld rn`mngmldhs hchgtrlankdítmgns smd gnrkn dm ansn.

Cns rn`mngmldhs knaan prlgh`hd `h cn `hsmdthkrngm÷d `h cls dúgchls mdhstnochs `h nckudls hchahdtls rn`mngtmvls y cls rnyls R prlgh`hd `h cns gnpns hxthrdns `hc îtlal, `ld`h sh hdguhdtrnd cls hchgtrldhs. Hsth tmpl `h rn`mngmldhs sld onstndth phdhtrndths, ntrnvmhsnd cn bljn `h pnphc y cn cîamdn `h ncuamdml y pnrn irhdnrcns sh prhgmsn udn cîamdn `h pclal `h krlslr suimgmhdth. • 

Cls dhutrldhs cmohrn`ls sld ud tmpl `h rn`mngm÷d auy phdhtrndth. Nc dl

thdhr gnrkn hcígtrmgn, cls dhutrldhs phdhtrnd iîgmcahdth cn hstrugturn `h `hthramdn`ls îtlals y prlvlgnd su `mvmsm÷d. Wh puh`hd noslrohr gld `hthramdn`ls hchahdtls quáamgls glal hc gn`aml l hc olrl. Hd hc gnapl `h cn ah`mgmdn, cns rn`mngmldhs mldmzndths sh usnd tndtl pnrn hc `mnkd÷stmgl, yn quh phramthd lothdhr maîkhdhs `hc mdthrmlr `h cns phrsldns, glal pnrn hc trntnamhdtl `h nckudns hdihrah`n`hs, `hom`l n cn gnpngm`n` quh tmhdh cn rn`mngm÷d, n `lsms nctns, `h `hstrumr gícucns tualrnchs. Wld vnrmns cns hsphgmncm`n`hs quh utmcmznd rn`mngmldhs mldmzndths. Hd rn`ml`mnkd÷stmgl sh utmcmznd pnrn lothdhr maîkhdhs gld hc lojhtmvl `h `mnkdlstmgnr hdihrah`n`hs l ncthrngmldhs `h cls ÷rkndls y thjm`ls `hc guhrpl5 cn ah`mgmdn dugchnr utmcmzn cn rn`mngm÷d mdtrl`ugmhd`l hd hc lrkndmsal udn sustndgmn rn`mngtmvn rn`mngtmvn pnrn nyu`nr n `mnkdlstmgnr hdihrah`n`hs, y tnaomíd pnrn trntnrcns, amhdtrns quh cn ldglclkán rn`mlthrîpmgn utmcmzn `mihrhdths ilrans `h rn`mngm÷d pnrn trntnr `mstmdtls tmpls `h gîdghr. Hd rn`ml`mnkd÷stmgl, sh utmcmznd cls rnyls x prlgh`hdths `h udn iuhdth i uhdth hxthrdn pnrn

lothdhr cns maîkhdhs `hc mdthrmlr `hc guhrpl. Hstns maîkhdhs sld cns rn`mlkrniáns. Cn

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7=?

mankhd quh sh vh hd udn rn`mlkrnián cn ilrand `mihrhdths tldncm`n`hs quh vnd `hc ocndgl nc dhkrl. Vlr hjhapcl, cls buhsls y cls ahtnchs prhshdtnd ud glclr ocndgl, hc nmrh hs dhkrl y cls thjm`ls ocnd`ls, glal cls aúsgucls l cn krnsn, sld `h glclr krms. N pnrtmr `h cns rn`mlkrniáns sh bnd m`l `hsnrrlccnd`l duhvns tígdmgns y npcmgngmldhs glal cns analkrniáns, hc hxnahd `hdtnc, cn `hdsmtlahtrán l cn tlalkrnián glaputnrmzn`n (tg), tígdmgns gn`n vhz aîs nvndzn`ns. Cn ah`mgmdn dugchnr dl utmcmzn iuhdths hxthrdns `h rn`mngm÷d mldmzndth, glal cns tígdmgns ndthrmlrhs, smdl quh hapchn sustndgmns rn`mngtmvns khdhrncahdth udm`ns n ud iîrangl, cls ccnan`ls rn`mliîrangls. Hstns sustndgmns l rn`mliîrangls sh mdtrl`ughd hd hc lrkndmsal ah`mndth udn mdyhggm÷d, cl aîs irhguhdth hd udn vhdn `hc ornzl, plr ván lrnc l mdbncn`n hd ilran `h kns. Hc rn`mliîrangl sh `mstrmouyh shchgtmvnahdth plr `mvhrsls ÷rkndls cl quh phramth rhncmznr hc shkumamhdtl `h cn ngtmvm`n` `h hsh ÷rkndl ah`mndth maîkhdhs. Cns maîkhdhs `h ah`mgmdn dugchnr sh lotmhdhd hd udn knaangîanrn, y sh  puh`hd utmcmznr glaomdn`ns gld cns lothdm`ns plr tlalkrnián glaputnrmzn`n (tg) `nd`l maîkhdhs augbl aîs glapchtns. @mstmdtls tmpls `h rn`mliîrangls sh utmcmznd tnaomíd  pnrn hc trntnamhdtl `h hdihrah`n`hs glal hc gîdghr `h tmrlm`hs, tualrhs bhpîtmgls, chsmldhs `hrmvn`ns `hc gîdghr `h pr÷stntn l hdihrah`n`hs ohdmkdns glal hc bmphrtmrlm`msal. Cn ltrn krnd npcmgngm÷d `h cns rn`mngmldhs mldmzndths hd ah`mgmdn hs pnrn hc trntnamhdtl `h nckudns hdihrah`n`hs, hsphgmncahdth hsphgmncahdth tualrhs, y sh onsn hd su gnpngm`n`  pnrn `hstrumr gícucns. Hstls trntnamhdtls puh`hd thdhr hihgtls gurntmvls phrl tnaomíd  puh`hd utmcmznrsh `h ilran glapchahdtnrmn, glapchahdtnrmn, npcmgn`n trns gmrukán l qumamlthrnpmn, pnrn gldtrlcnr clgncahdth cn hdihrah`n` l `h ilran pncmntmvn l smdtlaîtmgn, pnrn cn ahjlrán l `hsnpnrmgm÷d `h nckudls sádtlans glal hc `lclr. Wh hdtmhd`h plr rn`mngm÷d dl mldmzndth nquhccn ld`n l pnrtágucn quh dl hs gnpnz `h nrrndgnr hchgtrldhs `h cn anthrmn quh mcuamdn prl`ugmhd`l, glal augbl, hxgmtngmldhs hchgtr÷dmgns. Gmþíd`lsh n cn rn`mngm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn, cn gnpngm`n` `h nrrndgnr hchgtrldhs (mldmznr îtlals l alcígucns) vhd`rî `n`n, hd hc gnsl cmdhnc, cm dhnc, plr cn irhguhdgmn `h cn rn`mngm÷d, quh `hthramdn cn hdhrkán plr ilt÷d, y hd hc gnsl dl cmdhnc tnaomíd plr cn "icuhdgmn" (hdhrkán plr udm`n` `h suphrimgmh) `h `mgbn rn`mngm÷d5 hd hsth gnsl sh bnocn `h mldmzngm÷d dl cmdhnc. Nsá, nthd`mhd`l n cn irhguhdgmn i rhguhdgmn `h cn rn`mngm÷d shrîd rn`mngmldhs dl mldmzndths cns irhguhdgmns glaprhd`m`ns hdtrh cns irhguhdgmns onjns l rn`ml irhguhdgmns y hc uctrnvmlchtn

nprlxman`nahdth, n pnrtmr `hc gunc (rnyls x y rnyls knaan) sh bnocn `h rn`mngm÷d

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7=7

mldmzndth. Hd hc gnsl pnrtmgucnr `h rn`mngmldhs dl mldmzndths plr su irhguhdgmn phrl hxtrhan`nahdth mdthdsns (údmgnahdth cls cîshrhs mdthdsls) npnrhgh hc ihd÷ahdl `h cn mldmzngm÷d dl cmdhnc smhd`l, plr tndtl, tnaomíd t naomíd mldmzndths. Cn hamsm÷d `h dhutrldhs thranchs glrrhspld`h n ud tmpl t mpl `h rn`mngm÷d dl mldmzndth trhahd`nahdth `nþmdn pnrn cls shrhs vmvmhdths. Xd ocmd`njh himgmhdth cl gldstmtuyh guncqumhr iuhdth quh plshn bm`r÷khdl, glal hc nkun l cls pcîstmgls, nudquh hc ahjlr  ocmd`njh `h tl`ls pnrn hsth tmpl `h dhutrldhs, nc mkunc quh hd cn hamsm÷d `h dhutrldhs chdtls, sld: hc gn`aml dnturnc (g`), plr gnpturn rhngtmvn, y hc olrl (o), plr rhnggmldhs rhnggmldhs `h trndsautngm÷d. Vnrn hsth tmpl `h rn`mngm÷d cls anthrmnchs glal hc pclal, nghrl, htg. Wld noslcutnahdth trndspnrhdths t rndspnrhdths.. Cns rn`mngmldhs dl mldmzndths sld `h onjn hdhrkán, hs `hgmr, dl sld gnpnghs `h mldmznr cn anthrmn gld cn quh mdthrnggmldnd m dthrnggmldnd.. Hstns rn`mngmldhs sh puh`hd gcnsmimgnr hd `ls krnd`hs krupls: _n`mngmldhs hchgtrlankdítmgns. N hsth krupl phrthdhghd cns rn`mngmldhs khdhrn`ns plr cns cádhns `h glrrmhdth hcígtrmgn l plr gnapls hcígtrmgls hstîtmgls. Ltrls hjhapcls sld cns ld`ns `h rn`mlirhguhdgmn, utmcmzn`ns plr cns hamslrns `h

rn`ml y

cns

amgrlld`ns

utmcmzn`ns

hd hchgtrl`laístmgl hchgtrl`laístmglss

y hd hc îrhn `h cns thchglaudmgngmldhs. _n`mngmldhs ÷ptmgns. Vhrthdhghd n hsth krupl cls rnyls mdirnrrljls, cn cuz vmsmoch y cn rn`mngm÷d uctrnvmlchtn. Cns rn`mngmldhs dl mldmzndths sá quh puh`hd thdhr hihgtls omlc÷kmgls hd cns  phrsldns hxpuhstns `hphd`mhd`l `h cn irhguhdgmn `h hamsm÷d y cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán rhgmom`n. _hsuamals cls prmdgmpnchs: _n`mngmldhs uctrnvmlchtns: hxmsthd `mstmdtls tmpls y puh`hd cchknr n shr mldmzndths. Vhrl, ghdtrîd`ldls hd cns dl mldmzndths, hstns hstîd auy prhshdths hd hc shgtlr sndmtnrml  pnrn hsthrmcmznr bhrrnamhdtns aí`mgns, phrl tnaomíd hd cn md`ustrmn (plr hjhapcl, gmhrtls hqumpls `h slc`n`urn cns hamthd). Vuh`h prl`ugmr `nþls hd cn pmhc glal quhan`urns, hrupgmldhs h mdgcusl prlvlgnr gîdghr `h pmhc. _n`mngmldhs `h tmpl vmsmoch: prlgh`hd slorh tl`l `h npnrntls glal cîshrhs. Hsth tmpl `h anqumdnrmn hs gnpnz `h gldghdtrnr cn hdhrkán hd udn zldn auy rh`ugm`n y, `h hstn mdthdsm`n` gldghdtrn`n, dnghd cls prmdgmpnchs rmhskls. rmhskls. Nihgtnd slorh tl`l n cls ljls, plr cl quh hs locmkntlrml usnr cls cîshrhs gld prlthggm÷d ÷ptmgn. @hphd`mhd`l `hc tmpl `h cîshr andhjn`l, cls rmhskls cnolrnchs nslgmn`ls vnrándhsth hdcngh sh normrî hd udn vhdtndn duhvn.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7=0

_n`mlirhguhdgmns y amgrlld`ns: hd hc îaomtl aí`mgl, sld cns aîqumdns `h `mnthramn cns quh prl`ughd hsth tmpl `h rn`mngmldhs dl mldmzndths. Wu hihgtl `mrhgtl hs hc nuahdtl `h cn thaphrnturn `h cn pmhc. Hxmsthd `ls prmdgmpnchs tmpls `h rn`mngmldhs dl mldmzndths: •

 

Gnapls hchgtrlankdítmgls `h 6 Bz bnstn 766 KBz: nquá hdtrnránd cns rn`mngmldhs HCI (onjns hd hxtrhal, `h 6 Bz n 76 eBz), rn`mlirhguhdgmns (76 eBz n 766 ABz) y cns amgrlld`ns (766 ABz n 766 KBz). • 

_n`mngmldhs ÷ptmgns `h 766 KBz n >.996 PBz: mdirnrrljls (766 KBz n 066

PBz), vmsmochs (066 PBz n ;86 PBz), uctrnvmlchtns (;86 PBz n >.996 PBz).

GLDGCXWMLDHW Cn rn`mngm÷d mldmzndth hstî hd tl`ns pnrths. Cchkn `hs`h hc hspngml hxthrmlr hd ilran `h rnyls g÷samgls. Hstî hd hc nmrh nm rh hd ilran `h hamsmldhs `hc rn`÷d rn`mngtmvl y su  prlkhdmh. Cls Cls ms÷tlpls rn`mngtmvls quh sh lrmkmdnd `h `h ilran dnturnc hdtrnd y phrandhghd hd tl`ls cls shrhs vmvls. Hs mdhvmtnoch. @h bhgbl, tl`ns cns hsphgmhs `h hsth pcndhtn bnd hvlcugmldn`l hvlcugml dn`l hd prhshdgmn `h cn rn`mngm÷d mldmzndth. Nudquh cls shrhs buandls hxpuhstls n `lsms phquhþns `h rn`mngm÷d puh`hd dl prhshdtnr `h mdah`mntl dmdkúd hihgtl omlc÷kmgl npnrhdth, dl bny `u`n `h quh cn rn`mngm÷d mldmzndth, gund`l sh n`amdmstrn hd gndtm`n`hs suimgmhdths, puh`h gnusnr `nþls. Hc tmpl y hc krn`l `h hstls hihgtls sld omhd gldlgm`ls. Wm  omhd cn rn`mngm÷d mldmzndth puh`h shr phrju`mgmnc, tnaomíd tmhdh augbns npcmgngmldhs  ohdhimgmlsns. Cns Cns rn`mngmldhs dl mldmzndths mldmzndths sá quh puh`hd thdhr thdhr hihgtls omlc÷kmgls hhdd cns  phrsldns hxpuhstns `hphd`mhd`l `h cn irhguhdgmn `h hamsm÷d y cn gndtm`n` `h hdhrkán rhgmom`n.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7=8

IL_ANPL VN_N CN HDP_HKN @H CN PN_HN @H MDYHWPMKNGM MDYHWPMKNGM×D ×D Dlaorh y Nphccm`ls `hc Hstu`mndth: Jlsuí lrrncn tnkch Nsmkdnturn: Omliásmgn. Xdm`n` 7 ‗  Pnrhn  Pnrhn >8 VN_NCHCL: K_XVL OMLIÁWMGN #: 7 Lojhtmvl `h cn ngtmvm`n`: Ndncmznr HC HCHGP_LANKDHPMWAL

PN_HN NXP×DLAN # >8 _HWXAHD @H >º YM@HL:

HC HCHGP_LANK HCHGP_LANKDHPMWAL DHPMWAL MDP_L@XGGMLD Hc hchgtrlankdhtmsal hs cn prl`uggm÷d `h ankdhtmsal hd hc hspngml ncrh`h`lr `h ud gnoch quh gld`ugh udn glrrmhdth hcígtrmgn l `h udn pnrtágucn gnrkn`n hd alvmamhdtl. Hs udn `h cns iuhrzns iud`nahdtnchs iud`nahdtnchs `h cn dnturnchzn. Cn iásmgn hs cn gmhdgmn quh hstu`mn cls ihd÷ahdls hcígtrmgls y ankdítmgls, hd udn rnan tnaomíd gldlgm`n glal hchgtrlankdhtmsal. Cn hchgtrmgm`n` y hc ankdhtmsal sld ihd÷ahdls iásmgls hstrhgbnahdth cmkn`ls. Hc ankdhtmsal hs ud ihd÷ahdl iásmgl plr hc quh cls lojhtls hjhrghd iuhrzns `h ntrnggm÷d l rhpucsm÷d slorh ltrls anthrmnchs. Hc údmgl maîd dnturnc gldlgm`l hs ud amdhrnc am dhrnc ccnan`l ankdhtmtn, smd haonrkl, tl`ls cls anthrmnchs sld mdicum`ls, hd anylr l ahdlr ilran, plr cn prhshdgmn `h ud gnapl ankdítmgl. Hd nckudls `h hccls hs aîs iîgmc `hthgtnr hstns prlpmh`n`hs ankdítmgns, ankdítmgns, glal plr hjhapcl hc dáquhc, hc bmhrrl l hc glonctl. Cls ihd÷ahdls ankdítmgls iuhrld gldlgm`ls plr prmahrn vhz plr cls ndtmkuls krmhkls, nudquh `urndth smkcls sh grhy÷ quh cns ankdhtmtns gldthdánd gmhrtns prlpmh`n`hs gurntmvns. Bly hd `án, cls mandhs sld utmcmzn`ls plr cn gmhdgmn aí`mgn pnrn, plr hjhapcl, ah`mr cn ngtmvm`n` ghrhornc n trnvís `h cn ankdhtl hdghinclkrnián (AHK), l glal thrnpmn `h gblquh pnrn vlcvhr n mdmgmnr glrnzldhs. Hc hchgtrlankdhtmsal hs cn rnan `h cn iásmgn quh hstu`mn y udmimgn cls ihd÷ahdls

hcígtrmgls y ankdítmgls hd udn slcn thlrán. Hc hchgtrlankdhtmsal hchgtrlankdhtmsal `hsgrmoh cn mdthrnggm÷d

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7=9

`h pnrtágucns gnrkn`ns gld gnapls hcígtrmgls y ankdítmgls. Cn mdthrnggm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn hs udn `h cns guntrl iuhrzns iud`nahdtnchs `hc udmvhrsl gldlgm`l.

@HWN__LCCL Cns pnrtágucns gnrkn`ns mdthrngtúnd hchgtrlankdítmgnahdth ah`mndth hc mdthrgnaoml `h iltldhs. Hc hchgtrlankdhtmsal hchgtrlankdhtmsal nonrgn `mvhrsls ihd÷ahdls `hc aud`l rhnc glal plr hjhapcl cn cuz. Cn cuz hs ud gnapl hchgtrlankdítmgl lsgmcndth quh sh mrrn`mn `hs`h pnrtágucns gnrkn`ns nghchrn`ns. nghchrn`ns. Npnrth `h cn krnvh`n`, cn anylrán `h cns iuhrzns hd cn hxphrmhdgmn gltm`mndn sld gldshguhdgmn `h hchgtrlankdhtmsal. Cls prmdgmpmls `hc hchgtrlankdhtmsal hchgtrlankdhtms al hdguhdtrnd npcmgngmldhs hd `mvhrsns `msgmpcmdns nimdhs, tnchs glal cns amgrlld`ns,

ndthdns,

aîqumdns

hcígtrmgns,

glaudmgngmldhs

plr

sntícmth,

 omlhchgtrlankdhtmsal,  omlhchgtrlankd htmsal, pcnsans, mdvhstmkngm÷d dugchnr, ccnn imorn ÷ptmgn, cn mdthrihrhdgmn y cn glapntmomcm`n` hchgtrlankdítmgns, cn gldvhrsm÷d `h hdhrkán hchgtrlahgîdmgn, cn ahthlrlclkán plr rn`nr, y cn loshrvngm÷d rhaltn. Cls `msplsmtmvls hchgtrlankdítmgls mdgcuyhd trndsilran`lrhs, rhcís, rn`ml/PY, thcíildls, altlrhs hcígtrmgls, cádhns `h trndsamsm÷d, kuáns `h ld`n y cîshrhs. Cls iud`nahdtls `h cn thlrán hchgtrlankdítmgn iuhrld prhshdtn`ls plr Amgbnhc Inrn`ny y ilraucn`ls plr prmahrn vhz `h al`l glapchtl plr Jnahs Gchre Anxwhcc hd >298. Cn ilraucngm÷d gldsmsth hd guntrl hgungmldhs `mihrhdgmnchs vhgtlrmnchs quh rhcngmldnd hc gnapl hcígtrmgl, hc gnapl ankdítmgl y sus rhsphgtmvns iuhdths anthrmnchs (glrrmhdth hcígtrmgn, plcnrmzngm÷d hcígtrmgn y plcnrmzngm÷d ankdítmgn), gldlgm`ns glal hgungmldhs `h Anxwhcc, cl quh bn sm`l gldsm`hrn`n glal cn «shkud`n krnd udmimgngm÷d `h cn iásmgnµ, smhd`l cn prmahrn rhncmzn`n plr Msnng Dhwtld. Cls iud`nahdtls `h cn thlrán hchgtrlankdítmgn iuhrld prhshdtn`ls plr Amgbnhc Inrn`ny y ilraucn`ls plr prmahrn vhz `h al`l glapchtl plr Jnahs Gchre Anxwhcc hd >298. Cn ilraucngm÷d gldsmsth hd guntrl hgungmldhs `mihrhdgmnchs vhgtlrmnchs quh rhcngmldnd hc gnapl hcígtrmgl, hc gnapl ankdítmgl y sus rhsphgtmvns iuhdths anthrmnchs (glrrmhdth hcígtrmgn, plcnrmzngm÷d hcígtrmgn y plcnrmzngm÷d ankdítmgn), gldlgm`ns glal hgungmldhs `h Anxwhcc, cl quh bn sm`l gldsm`hrn`n glal cn «shkud`n krnd udmimgngm÷d `h cn iásmgnµ, smhd`l cn prmahrn rhncmzn`n plr Msnng Dhwtld. Cn thlrán hchgtrlankdítmgn sh puh`h `mvm`mr hd hchgtrlstîtmgn. Hc hstu`ml `h cns mdthrnggmldhs hdtrh gnrkns hd rhplsl ‐   y cn hchgtrl`mdîamgn  ‐ hc hstu`ml `h cns

mdthrnggmldhs hdtrh gnrkns hd alvmamhdtl y cn rn`mngm÷d. Cn thlrán gcîsmgn `hc hchgtrlankdhtmsal sh onsn hd cn iuhrzn `h Clrhdtz y hd cns hgungmldhs `h Anxwhcc. Hc

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7=;

hchgtrlankdhtmsal hs udn thlrán `h gnapls5 hs `hgmr, cns hxpcmgngmldhs y prh`mggmldhs quh prlvhh sh onsnd hd ankdmtu`hs iásmgns vhgtlrmnchs l thdslrmnchs `hphd`mhdths `h cn  plsmgm÷d hd hc hspngml hspngml y `hc tmhapl. Hc hchgtrlankdhtmsal `hsgrmoh cls ihd÷ahdls ihd÷ahdls iásmgls angrlsg÷pmgls angrlsg÷pmgls hd cls gunchs mdthrvmhdhd gnrkns hcígtrmgns hd rhplsl y hd alvmamhdtl, usnd`l pnrn hccl gnapls hcígtrmgls y ankdítmgls y sus hihgtls slorh cns sustndgmns s÷cm`ns, cáqum`ns y knshlsns. Vlr shr udn thlrán angrlsg÷pmgn, hs `hgmr, npcmgnoch n ud dúahrl auy krnd`h `h  pnrtágucns y n `mstndgmns krnd`hs rhsphgtl `h cns `mahdsmldhs `h hstns, hc hchgtrlankdhtmsal dl `hsgrmoh cls ihd÷ahdls nt÷amgls y alchgucnrhs. Cn hchgtrl`mdîamgn guîdtmgn prlplrgmldn cn `hsgrmpgm÷d guîdtmgn `h hstn mdthrnggm÷d, quh  puh`h shr udmimgn`n udmimgn`n gld cn mdthrnggm÷d mdthrnggm÷d dugchnr ``íomc íomc shkúd hc al`hcl al`hcl hchgtrl `íomc. `íomc. Cn hchgtrlstîtmgn hs hc hstu`ml `h cls ihd÷ahdls nslgmn`ls n cls guhrpls gnrkn`ls hd rhplsl. Glal `hsgrmoh cn chy `h Gluclao, hstls guhrpls hjhrghd iuhrzns hdtrh sá. Wu glaplrtnamhdtl sh puh`h ndncmznr hd tíramdls `h cn m`hn `h ud gnapl hcígtrmgl quh rl`hn guncqumhr guhrpl gnrkn`l, `h andhrn quh ltrl guhrpl gnrkn`l glclgn`l `hdtrl `hc gnapl hstnrî sujhtl n udn iuhrzn prlplrgmldnc n cn ankdmtu` `h su gnrkn y `h cn ankdmtu` `hc gnapl hd su uomgngm÷d. Hc quh cn iuhrzn shn ntrngtmvn l rhpucsmvn `hphd`h `h cn plcnrm`n` `h cn gnrkn. Cn hchgtrlstîtmgn tmhdh augbns npcmgngmldhs, quh vnd `hs`h hc ndîcmsms `h ihd÷ahdls glal tlrahdtns hcígtrmgns bnstn hc hstu`ml `hc glaplrtnamhdtl `h cls tuols hchgtr÷dmgls. Xd hchgtrlsglpml usn`l pnrn ah`mr cn gnrkn hcígtrmgn `h ud lojhtl. Gund`l bnocnals `h hchgtrlstîtmgn dls rhihrmals n cls ihd÷ahdls quh lgurrhd `hom`l n udn prlpmh`n` prlpmh`n` mdtrádshgn y `msgrhtn `h cn anthrmn, cn gnrkn, gund`l hs hstngmldnrmn l dl `hphd`h `hc tmhapl. Cn udm`n` `h gnrkn hchahdtnc, hs `hgmr, cn aîs phquhþn loshrvnoch, hs cn gnrkn quh tmhdh hc hchgtr÷d. Wh `mgh quh ud guhrpl hstî gnrkn`l hcígtrmgnahdth gund`l tmhdh hxghsl l inctn `h hchgtrldhs hd cls îtlals quh cl glapldhd. Vlr `himdmgm÷d hc `hihgtl `h hchgtrldhs sh cn `hdlamdn gnrkn plsmtmvn y nc hxghsl gnrkn dhkntmvn. Cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh cls `ls tmpls `h gnrkn hs `h ntrnggm÷d gund`l sld `mihrhdths y `h rhpucsm÷d gund`l sld mkunchs. Cn gnrkn hchahdtnc hs udn udm`n` auy phquhþn pnrn gîcgucls prîgtmgls, plr hsl hd hc Wmsthan Mdthrdngmldnc cn udm`n` `h gnrkn hcígtrmgn, hc guclaoml, sh `himdh glal cn gndtm`n` `h gnrkn trndsplrtn`n hd ud shkud`l plr udn glrrmhdth `h ud naphrml `h

mdthdsm`n` `h glrrmhdth hcígtrmgn. Cns gnrkns hchahdtnchs nc dl hdgldtrnrsh slcns sh cns `hoh trntnr glal udn `mstrmougm÷d `h hccns. Vlr hsl `hoh mapchahdtnrsh hc gldghptl `h

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7=2

gnapl, `himdm`l glal udn rhkm÷d `hc hspngml `ld`h hxmsth udn ankdmtu` hsgncnr l vhgtlrmnc `hphd`mhdth l md`hphd`mhdth `hc tmhapl. Cn hchgtrl`mdîamgn hs hc hstu`ml `h cls ihd÷ahdls nslgmn`ls n cls guhrpls gnrkn`ls hd alvmamhdtl y n cls gnapls hcígtrmgls y ankdítmgls vnrmnochs. @n`l quh udn gnrkn hd alvmamhdtl prl`ugh ud gnapl ankdítmgl, cn hchgtrl`mdîamgn sh rhimhrh n hihgtls tnchs glal hc ankdhtmsal, cn rn`mngm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn, y cn md`uggm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn, mdgcuyhd`l mdgcuyhd`l cns npcmgngmldhs prîgtmgns, tnchs glal hc khdhrn`lr hcígtrmgl y hc altlr hcígtrmgl. Hstn îrhn `h cn hchgtrl`mdîamgn, gldlgm`n glal hchgtrl`mdîamgn gcîsmgn, iuh smsthaîtmgnahdth hxpcmgn`n plr Jnahs Gchre Anxwhcc, y cns hgungmldhs `h Anxwhcc `hsgrmohd cls ihd÷ahdls `h hstn îrhn gld krnd khdhrncm`n`. Xdn dlvh`n` `hsnrrlccn`n aîs rhgmhdth hs cn hchgtrl`mdîamgn guîdtmgn, guîdtmgn, quh mdglrplrn cns chyhs `h cn thlrán guîdtmgn n imd `h hxpcmgnr cn mdthrnggm÷d `h cn rn`mngm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn gld cn anthrmn. Vnuc @mrng, Bhmshdohrk y [lcikndk Vnucm iuhrld pmldhrls hd cn ilraucngm÷d `h cn hchgtrl`mdîamgn guîdtmgn. Cn hchgtrl`mdîamgn hs mdbhrhdthahdth rhcntmvmstn y `n udns glrrhggmldhs quh sh mdtrl`ughd hd cn `hsgrmpgm÷d `h cls alvmamhdtls `h cns pnrtágucns gnrkn`ns gund`l sus vhclgm`n`hs sh nghrgnd n cn vhclgm`n` `h cn cuz. Wh npcmgn n cls ihd÷ahdls mdvlcugrn`ls gld nghchrn`lrhs `h pnrtágucns y gld tuols hchgtr÷dmgls iudgmldnd`l n nctns thdsmldhs y glrrmhdths. Cns chyhs `hc hchgtrlankdhtmsal sld cn onsh `hc iudgmldnamhdtl `h cls hchgtrlmandhs hchgtrlman dhs `h cls altlrhs hcígtrmgls, cns c ns `mdnals y cls ncthrdn`lrhs. Cn gldhxm÷d hdtrh cn hchgtrmgm`n` y hc ankdhtmsal yn sh slsphgbnon `hs`h bngh augbl tmhapl, y hd hc nþl >2?6 hc iásmgl @ndís Bnds Gbrmstmnd Lrsth` `halstr÷ quh ud icujl `h glrrmhdth hcígtrmgn n trnvís `h ud bmcl bmc l prl`ugh ud gnapl hchgtrlankdítmgl. Nd`rh-Anrmh Naphrh, hd Irndgmn, rhpmtm÷ mdah`mntnahdth cls hxphrmahdtls `h Lrsth` y hd plgl tmhapl iuh gnpnz `h hxprhsnr cn rhcngm÷d hdtrh glrrmhdth y gld`ugtlr gld`ugtlr gld udn i÷raucn anthaîtmgn smapch y hchkndth. N`haîs `halstr÷ quh ud icujl `h glrrmhdth hcígtrmgn hd `msplsmgm÷d gmrgucnr prl`ugh ud `mplcl ankdítmgl. Cls ihd÷ahdls hchgtrlankdítmgls tmhdhd npcmgngmldhs auy maplrtndths hd `msgmpcmdns glal cn mdkhdmhrán, cn hchgtr÷dmgn, cn sncu`, cn nhrldîutmgn l cn gldstruggm÷d gmvmc, hdtrh ltrls. Wh prhshdtnd hd cn vm`n `mnrmn, gnsm smd `nrdls guhdtn, hd cns orújucns,

cls pnrcndths, cls tmaorhs, cns tnrjhtns t nrjhtns ankdítmgns, cls `msgls rákm`ls. Cns prmdgmpnchs npcmgngmldhs `hc hchgtrlankdhtmsal sh hapchnd hd:

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

7==

• 

Cn hchgtrmgm`n`.

• 

Hc ankdhtmsal.

• 

Cn gld`ugtmvm`n` hcígtrmgn hc ígtrmgn y suphrgld`ugtmvm`n`.

• 

Cls rnyls knaan y cls rnyls R.

•  • 

Cns ld`ns hchgtrlankdítmgns. Cn rn`mngm÷d mdirnrrljn, vmsmoch y uctrnvmlchtn.

• 

Cns rn`mlld`ns y amgrlld`ns. am grlld`ns.

GLDGCXWMLD Hd cns shggmldhs ndthrmlrhs sh bnd `hsgrmtl gnapls hcígtrmgls y ankdítmgls quh dl vnrmnond gld hc tmhapl. Vhrl cls iásmgls n imdnchs `hc smkcl RMR `hsguormhrld quh naols gnapls hstnond cmkn`ls y nsá ud gnapl hcígtrmgl hd alvmamhdtl, udn glrrmhdth hcígtrmgn quh vnráh, khdhrn ud gnapl ankdítmgl y ud gnapl ankdítmgl `h plr sm mapcmgn cn  prhshdgmn `h ud gnapl hcígtrmgl. hcígtrmgl. Hd gldgcusm÷d, cl prmahrl quh `hohals `himdmr hs cn iuhrzn quh thd`rán udn  pnrtágucn gnrkn`n quh sh auhvn hd ud gnapl ankdítmgl ankdítmgl y nsá cchknals n cn udm÷d `h cns `ls iuhrzns ndthrmlrhs, cl quh bly gldlghals glal cn iuhrzn `h Cl Clrhdtz. rhdtz. Cn bmstlrmn `hc hchgtrlankdhtmsal, gldsm`hrn`n glal hc gldlgmamhdtl y hc usl rhkmstrn`l `h cns iuhrzns hchgtrlankdítmgns, `ntn `h bngh aîs `h `ls amc nþls. Hd cn ndtmkóh`n` yn hstnond inamcmnrmzn`ls gld cls hihgtls `h cn hchgtrmgm`n` ntalsiírmgn, hd  pnrtmgucnr `hc rnyl. rnyl. N`haîs `hsgrmoán cn dnturnchzn ld`ucntlrmn `h cn cuz, alstrîd`lcn glal udn ld`n hchgtrlankdítmgn. Gld udn slcn thlrán gldsmsthdth quh `hsgrmoán hstls `ls ihd÷ahdls ndths shpnrn`ls, cls iásmgls pu`mhrld rhncmznr vnrmls hxphrmahdtls prl`mkmlsls h mdvhdtls auy útmchs glal cn olaomccn hcígtrmgn plr Pblans Ncvn H`msld l hc khdhrn`lr `h glrrmhdth ncthrdn plr Dmelcn Phscn. _nan `h cn iásmgn quh hstu`mn cns rhcngmldhs hdtrh cn c n hchgtrmgm`n` y hc ankdhtmsal, hs `hgmr, hc gnapl ankdítmgl grhn`l plr cn glrrmhdth hcígtrmgn y hc hihgtl `h ud gnapl ankdítmgl slorh udn glrrmhdth hcígtrmgn. @hdtrl `h hstn rnan sh bnccnd, plr hc bhgbl `h onsnrsh hd cns chyhs `hc hchgtrlankdhtmsal, cn hchgtrl`mdîamgn y cn md`uggm÷d hchgtrlankdítmgn, quh trntnd,

rhsphgtmvnahdth, `h cns nggmldhs pld`hrl pld`hrl altrmghs hdtrh cns glrrmhdths hcígtrmgns y `h cns iuhrzns hchgtrlaltrmghs md`ugm`ns hd ud gmrgumtl plr cn vnrmngm÷d `hc icujl hchgtrlankdítmg

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

066

_HWXAHDHW @H CNW GCNWHW @H CN XDM@N@ 7 GCNWH#>6

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

06>

GCNWH#>>

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

06?

GCNWH#>7

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

067

GCNWH#>0

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

060

GCNWH#>8

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

068

GLDGCXWM×D Gld cn rhncmzngm÷d `h hsth trnonjl, clkrh hstmanr h mdstrumrah krngmns n cls ndthgh`hdths y hd cls nplrths `h cn hdshþndzn `h cn Omliásmgn hd cls dmvhchs glrrhspld`mhdths n cn h`ugngm÷d suphrmlr. Gld hc imd `h alstrnr udn vmsm÷d kclonc `hc `hsnrrlccl `h cn `msgmpcmdn, `hgm`á nolr`nr hc hstu`ml `h cls `mstmdtls nsphgtls quh mdicuyhrld y `hthramdnrld hsth prlghsl bnstn nc ngnonr hc shahstrh. Gldsm`hrh hd prmahr cuknr, cls thans `h cn Omliásmgn hd cls pcndhs `h hstu`mls `h cn Xdmvhrsm`n` `h Kunynqumc  pcndthn`ls plr cn n`amdmstrngm÷d h`ugntmvn h`ugntmvn n cl cnrkl `hc phrml`l hstu`mn`l, bngmhd`l tnaomíd hsphgmnc rhihrhdgmn n cls gldthdm`ls prlpuhstls hd cls cmorls `h thxtl, hd cls  prlkrnans y hd cns hxplsmgmldhs hxplsmgmldhs limgmnchs. Cn gnth`rn `h Omliásmgn ah nplrtl augbls gldlgmamhdtl plr quh hstnochgh quh tl`ls cls ihd÷ahdls loshrvn`ls loshrvn`ls hd cn dnturnchs hstu`mn hstu`mn cn omlclkán omlclkán gld cls prmdgmpmlsy aítl`l, hxmsthd `mihrhdths gcnshs `h iásmgn, glal cn iásmgn `h cn nu`mgm÷d, cn omlahgîdmgn omlahgîdmgn cls altlrhs alchgucnrhs, glaudmgngm÷d alchgucnr. Ltrls hstu`mls gldsm`hrnd quh hxmsthd rnans `h cn omliásmgn quh `hohd `hsnrrlccnrsh n prliud`m`n` prliud`m`n` glal prlochans iásmgls hsphgáimgn ahdth ahdth rhcngmldn`ls rhcngmldn`ls gld cn anthrmn vmvmhdth. Cn omliásmgn hs smkdmimgntmvn h mdicuyhdth , dl slcl `hom`l n quh cls nvndghs hd cn glaprhsm÷d n ahdu`l sh bnd trn`ugm`l hd duhvns thgdlclkáns , smdl tnaomíd n quh cns duhvns m`hns hd cns iásmgn rhsuhdnd gld cns `haîs gmhdgmns , `h cns anthaîtmgns y cn imclslián. Cn omliásmgn hs cn rnan `hc gldlgmamhdtl quh npcmgn cls prmdgmpmls `h cn iásmgn `h cn quáamgn, n`haîs `h cls aítl`ls `h ndîcmsms anthaîtmgls y `h al`hcmzngm÷d mdilraîtmgn pnrn hdthd`hr g÷al iudgmldnd cls smsthans omlc÷kmgls. Cn omliásmgn hs udn gmhdgmn alchgucnr quh ousgn hxpcmgnr cn iudgm÷d omlc÷kmgn hd tíramdls `hcns hstrugturns y  prlpmh`n`hs alchgucnrhs alchgucnrhs `h alcígucns alcígucns hsphgáimgns.

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

069

OMOCMLK_NIÁN (s.i.). Lothdm`l `h  `h bttp://www;.ug.gc/sw\h`ug/dhurlgm bttp://www;.ug.gc/sw\h`ug/dhurlgmhdgmns/btac/>>8 hdgmns/btac/>>8.btac .btac (s.i.). Lothdm`l `h bttps://`himdmgmld.ax/omlimsmgn/ bttps://`himdmgmld.ax/omlimsmgn/ Gnapohcc, Dhmc, N., & _hhgh, J. (?6>;).  Omlclkmn. bttps://hs.wmemph`mn.lrk/wmem/Nkun#gmth\dlth-:6-?

Lothdm`l

`h

(?6>>). Lothdm`l `h Cns gmhdgmns imsmgns y cn ah`m`n: bttps://dnturh`ugn.gla/imsmgnbttps://dnturh`ugn.gla/imsmgngmhdgmns-imsmgns-y-ah`m`n-smsthan-` gmhdgmns-imsmgns-y -ah`m`n-smsthan-`h-udm`n`hs-6>.pb h-udm`n`hs-6>.pbpp (?;

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Ihorhrl

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?6>=).

Lothdm`l

`h

Vrhsmld

Bm`rlstnrmgn

:

bttps://omlimsmgnuk7.oclksplt.gl bttps://omlimsmgnuk7 .oclksplt.gla/?6>=/6?/prhsmld-bm`rlstntmgn.bta a/?6>=/6?/prhsmld-bm`rlstntmgn.btacc Ngn`hay,

E.

 Alcígucns

(?6?6).

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glapuhstls. glapuhstls.

Lothdm`l

`h

bttps://hs.ebndngn`hay.l bttps://hs.ebnd ngn`hay.lrk/sgmhdgh/np-gbhamstry/ntlasrk/sgmhdgh/np-gbhamstry/ntlas-glaplud`s-mldsglaplud`s-mldsnp/glaplud`s-nd`-mlds-np/n/pnuc-nrtmgch-?  Ngghss

Ah`mgmdn . (?6?>). Lothdm`l `h bttps://ngghssah`mgmdn.abah` bttps://ngghssah `mgmdn.abah`mgnc.gla/gldthdt.ns mgnc.gla/gldthdt.nspx;??&shgtmldm`1> m`1> >922?0?8

Gnclahl.. Lothdm`l `h Omlahgîdmgn @h Cn Anrgbn: Nglstn, V. (?6>9). Gnclahl bttps://hs.gncnahl.gla/olles/ bttps://hs.gncnahl. gla/olles/6679=8=?=h0 6679=8=?=h0>g002ih7;n >g002ih7;n Nkur A_, @. I. (?6>6). Ntcns (?6>6). Ntcns `h Ndntlaán. Nkustmd, M. G., & Gnrnzl, W. `. (?6>>). YLCÚAHDHW VXCALDN_HW . Lothdm`l `h bttps://www.dhualan`rm`.lrk/wpbttps: //www.dhualan`rm`.lrk/wpgldthdt/upcln`s/aldlkxv gldthdt/upcln`s/ aldlkxvmmm\7.\vlcuahdhs\ mmm\7.\vlcuahdhs\pucaldnrhs.p`i pucaldnrhs.p`i Ncohrts, O. J. (?6>0). Alchgucnr Omlclky bttps://www.cmih`hr.gla/`miusmld-smapch/ bttps: //www.cmih`hr.gla/`miusmld-smapch/  Ncmahdtls y Dutrmhdths.

li

tbh

Ghcc.

Lothdm`l

`h

(?7 `h Jucml `h ?6>>). Lothdm`l `h Hgurh`:

www.prlihslrhdcmdhn.gc  Ndnolcmsal

y

gntnolcmsal. gntnolcmsal.

(?6?6).

Lothdm`l

`h

@mihrhdgmn`lr:

bttps://www.`mihrhdgmn`lr.gla/ndnolcmsal-ybttps: //www.`mihrhdgmn`lr.gla/ndnolcmsal-ygntnolcmsal/#:~:thxt1Cn%?6 gntnolcmsal/#: ~:thxt1Cn%?6pncnorn%?6ndnolcmsal%?6 pncnorn%?6ndnolcmsal%?6vmhdh%?6`h vmhdh%?6`hc,pl`hals c,pl`hals %?6trn`ugmr%?6glal%?6'cndznr' %?6trn`ugmr%?6glal %?6'cndznr'.&thxt1Hc%?6ndnol .&thxt1Hc%?6ndnolcmsal%?6hs%?6u cmsal%?6hs%?6udn%?6r dn%?6r hnggm%G7%O7d%?6qu%G7%N hnggm%G7%O 7d%?6qu%G7%N@amgn%?6glds @amgn%?6gldstrugtmvn%?6`ld`h%?6 trugtmvn%?6`ld`h%?6sh%?6smd sh%?6smd

thtmznd,puh`hd%?6

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

06;

Nd`rhs.

Glcnkhdl.. Glcnkhdl

(?6>8).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttp://omlimsmgnoyrldrl`rmkuhz.oclks bttp://omlimsmgnoy rldrl`rmkuhz.oclksplt.gla/?6>;/6 plt.gla/?6>;/6?/smsthans-omlimsmgls?/smsthans-omlimsmglsahgndmgls-omlimsmgn.btac Ndldmal. (?9 `h Ihorhrl `h ?6>;). Cn ?6>;).  Cn utmcm`n` `h cn Olaon `h Dn y E hd cn khdhrngm÷d khdhrngm÷d `h mapucsl dhrvmlsl. Lothdm`l `h bttp://igaomlimsmgn?.oclksplt.gla/?6>; bttp://igaomlimsmgn?.oclk splt.gla/?6>;/6?/udm`n`-7-cn-utmcm`n`-`h-cn-o /6?/udm`n`-7-cn-utmcm`n`-`h-cn-olaon-`hlaon-`hdn.btac Nsprhd. (6? `h Jucml `h ?6>2). Nsprhd ?6>2).  Nsprhd.. Lothdm`l `h  `h  bttp://www.nsprhd.lrk/rn`mngmldhsbttp://www.nsprhd.lrk/rn`mngmldhsdl-mldmzndths-rmhskls-y-ah`m`ns-`h-prhvhdgmld/ Ohaomorh,

G.

(Jucml

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?6>6).

 @himdmgmld

NOG .

Lothdm`l

`h

bttps://www.`himdmgmldnog.gla/khdhrnc/hcnstmgm`n`.pbp bttps: //www.`himdmgmldnog.gla/khdhrnc/hcnstmgm`n`.pbp Ohdn`h, & Nrtbur, B. (?6>6). Iud`nahdtncs (?6>6).  Iud`nahdtncs li Ausmgnc Nglustmgs. Dhw Nglustmgs.  Dhw ]lre: Lxilr` Xdmvhrsmty Vrhss. Ohrand, W., Ihmd, @. C., & I, N. (?6>>). Cuamdndgh-gltrlcch` (?6>>). Cuamdndgh-gltrlcch` pupmc smgh niihgts. Ohrdh, _., & Chvy, A. (?6>>). Imsmlclkán. (?6>>). Imsmlclkán. Omhrand, J., & Emdgndld, H. (?6>6). _hgldsm`hrmdk Nrgbmah`hs” prmdgmpch. Hd Pbh  Vbysmgs Phngbhr (pîks. 706-700). Lothdm`l `h Hc prmdgmpml `h Nrquáah`hs: bttp://www.sg.hbu.hs/sowho/lgwimsmgn/icum`ls/nrqumah`hs/nrqumah`hs imsmgn/icum`ls/nrqumah` hs/nrqumah`hs/nrqumah`hs.xbtac#: /nrqumah`hs.xbtac#:~:thxt1Gldsm`hrhals ~:thxt1Gldsm`hrhals %?G%?6hd%?6prmahr%?6cuknr%?G%?6cns,hs%?6ud%?6hchahdtl%?6`h%?6 suphrimgmh.  Omimsmgnu`k .

(>2

`h

Judml

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?6>8).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttp://omimsmgnu`k.oclksplt.gla/?6>8/69/guncm`n`hs-`h-cnbttp://omimsmgnu`k.oclksplt.gla/?6 >8/69/guncm`n`hs-`h-cn-cuz.btac cuz.btac Omimsmgnu`k. (?7 `h Judml `h ?6>8). Yhclgm`n` y hdhrkáns `hc sldm`l. sldm`l. Lothdm`l `h bttp://omimsmgnu`k.oclksplt.gla/?6 bttp://omimsmgnu`k .oclksplt.gla/?6>8/62/vhclgm`n`-y-hdhrk >8/62/vhclgm`n`-y-hdhrkmns-`hcmns-`hcsldm`l.btac#:~:thxt1Nc%?6mrsh%?6prlp sldm`l.btac#: ~:thxt1Nc%?6mrsh%?6prlpnknd`l%?6h nknd`l%?6hc%?6sldm`l,hs%? c%?6sldm`l,hs%?6hc%?6j 6hc%?6j ucml%?6(J).  Omlimsmgn Xk . (?6>;). Lothdm`l `h PH_AL@MDNAMGN HD CLW WH_HW YMYLW: bttps://lanmrmtn.wlr`prhss.gla/>-y-?-chy-`h-cn-thral`mdnamgn/  omliásmgn,

H.

î.

(?6>2).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttps://www.pnrn`nms-

spbydx.gla/ndmanchs/imsmlclk spbydx .gla/ndmanchs/imsmlclkmn-naomhdtnc/thralrrhkucngmld-hdmn-naomhdtnc/thralrrhkucngmld-hd-ndmanchs.bta ndmanchs.bta

 OmlimsmgnXk . (>2 `h Nklstl `h ?6>8). Lothdm`l bttp://omlimsmgnukah`mgmdn?6>8.oclks bttp://omlimsmgnuk ah`mgmdn?6>8.oclksplt.gla/?6> plt.gla/?6>8/62/ihdlahdls8/62/ihdlahdls-

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blahlstntmgls-`h-rhkucngmld.btac

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

062

 OmlimsmgnXk .

(?;

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`h

?6>=).

Lothdm`l

`h

Phralrrhkucngmld:

bttps://omlimsmgnuk7.oclksplt.gl bttps://omlimsmgnuk7 .oclksplt.gla/?6>=/6?/thralrrhkucngmld.b a/?6>=/6?/thralrrhkucngmld.btac tac OmlimsmgnXk. (?; `h Ihorhrl `h ?6>=). _hsmsthdgmn ?6>=). _hsmsthdgmn y hstrugturn `h cls aúsgucls y buhsls. buhsls. Lothdm`l `h bttps://omlimsmgnuk7.oclksplt.gla/?6>=/6?/rhsmsthdgmn-y-hstrugturn`h-cls.btac Omlahgndmgn, A. `. (> `h Ihorhrl `h ?6?>).  Omlah`mgn. Lothdm`l `h Chyhs iásmgns y vnrmnoch npcmgn`ns hd cn omlahgîdmgn.:  omlahgîdmgn.: bttp://www.sc`.gu/smtmls/rhbnomcmtngmldbttp://www.sc`.gu/smtmls/rhbnomcmtngmld oml/thans.pbp2;8>  oml/thans.pbp< m`v1>2;8>#:~:thxt1Iuhrzn.,` #:~:thxt1Iuhrzn.,`h%?6mdshrgm%G7%O7 h%?6mdshrgm%G7%O7d%?6pnrn%? d%?6pnrn%? 6prl`ugmr%?6alvmamhdtl. Omlsihrn,

V.

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(?6>=).

Lothdm`l

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bttp://rhgursls.gdmgh.ahg.hs/o bttp://rhgursls .gdmgh.ahg.hs/omlsihrn/ncuadl/7HW mlsihrn/ncuadl/7HWL/clglaltlr/gldthdm`ls L/clglaltlr/gldthdm`ls8.bta# 8.bta# :~:thxt1Nrtmgucngmldhs%?6mda%G7%O7vmchs%?G%?6imjns%?6l%?6smdnrtrlsms, `hdtn`ls)%?G%?6ilrand`l%?6ud `hdtn`ls)%?G%?6 ilrand`l%?6udn%?6suturn. n%?6suturn. Ol`y,

Y. (?6?>). Lothdm`l bttps://www.vmsmochol` bttps: //www.vmsmochol`yy.gla/hs/chnrd/gmrgucntlry/gmrgucntlry-pucaldnry-

`h

systhamg-gmrgucntmld Ouhgbh,

I.

(?6?6).

Gmhdgmns

Imsmgns.

bttps://hs.wmemph`mn.lrk/wmem/Hdhrk%G7%N@n#gmth\dlth->. Lothdm`l `h Hdhrkmn . Ourondl, W., & Knrgmn, G. (?6>6). ( ?6>6). Imsmgn  Imsmgn Khdhrnc. G, A. (Normc `h ?6>9). HWP_XGPX_N ?6>9).  HWP_XGPX_N ] KHDH_NGM×D @HC PXOL @H GLLCM@KH . Lothdm`l `h bttps://hs.scm`hsbnrh.dht/gmdtby bttps://hs.scm`hsbnrh.dht/gmdtbynaudlzkncnrzn/ naudlzkncnrzn/omlimsmgn-mm omlimsmgn-mm G, _. O. (?6>6).  Nrgbmah`hs' cnw shts n kll` hdhrky-amdmamzntmld hxnapch. Vbysmgs  H`ugntmld. Gncnblrrl, G. Y. (s.i.). ^uáamgn khdhrnc: mdtrl`uggm÷d n cn quáamgn th÷rmgn. th÷rmg n. Gnclr

.

(??

`h

Ihorhrl

`h

?6?>).

Lothdm`l

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Wmkdmimgn`ls.gla:

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Lothdm`l

`h

bttps://www.sgmhcl.sn.gr/s bttps: //www.sgmhcl.sn.gr/sgmhcl.pbp06=0>0??660666?66669#:~: 0>0??66066 6?66669#:~:thxt1Cn%?6vmsglsm`n`% thxt1Cn%?6vmsglsm`n`%?6`h%?6cn%?6snd ?6`h%?6cn%?6sndkrh,sunv krh,sunvmzn mzn

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JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

06=

Gmndgnkcmdm,

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(?6?6).

Lothdm`l

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bttps://www.sgmhcl.sn.gr/s bttps: //www.sgmhcl.sn.gr/sgmhcl.pbp06=0>0??660666?66669 Gmgcl

Bm`rlclkmgl. Bm`rlclkmgl.

(s.i.).

Lothdm`l

`h

Hvnplrngmld:

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C.

(s.i.).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttp://www.qumamgnwho.dht/gmhdgmn/pnk bttp://www.qumamgnwho .dht/gmhdgmn/pnkmdns/ahtl`lgg.bt mdns/ahtl`lgg.btac#:~:thxt1Cls% ac#:~:thxt1Cls%?6gld ?6gld lgmamhdtls%?6quh%?6cn%?6bua lgmamhdtls%?6qu h%?6cn%?6buandm`n`,quh%? ndm`n`,quh%?6sh%?6ccnanr%G7%N 6sh%?6ccnanr%G7%N>%?6A >%?6A %G7%2=PL@L%?6GMHDP%G7%2@IMGL. Gldmgyt. (?6?>).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttps://www.prlihslrhdcmdhn.gc/imsmgn/ntlalHstrugturn.bta#:~:thxt1Gldstmtugm% bttps: //www.prlihslrhdcmdhn.gc/imsmgn/ntlalHstrugturn.bta#:~:thxt1Gldstmtugm% G7%O7d%?6`hc%?6%G7%N>tlal% G7%O7d%? 6`hc%?6%G7%N>tlal%?6y%?6al`hcls,g ?6y%?6al`hcls,ghdtrnc%?6gld%? hdtrnc%?6gld%?6gnrk 6gnrk n%?6hc%G7%N=gtrmgn%?6plsmtmvn. GLDWP_XANPMGN.. (?6?6). Lothdm`l `h Ahgndmsal `h trndsamsmld `hc gnclr: GLDWP_XANPMGN bttps://www.gldstruantmgn.gla/gl bttps: //www.gldstruantmgn.gla/gldstruph` dstruph`mn/Ahgndmsals\`h\ mn/Ahgndmsals\`h\Prndsamsm%G7% Prndsamsm%G7% O7d\`hc\Gnclr Gldtrnggmld

ausgucnr

.

(?6>8).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttps://hs.wmemph`mn.lrk/wmem/Gldtrnggm%G7%O7d\aus bttps://hs.wmemph`mn.lrk/wmem/Gldtrnggm% G7%O7d\ausgucnr#:~:thxt1Hd%?6rhp gucnr#:~:thxt1Hd%?6rhp lsl%?G%?6cns%?6iuhrzns%? lsl%?G%?6cns %?6iuhrzns%?6`h,cn%?6ahaornd 6`h,cn%?6ahaorndn%?6`h%?6 n%?6`h%?6cn%?6altldhurl cn%?6altldhurl dn. Guccmty, O. @. (?6>9). Hchahdts (?6>9). Hchahdts li R-_ny @miirngtmld. @msncvl, H. (?6>?). Gldtrmougm÷d `h cn Imsmglquáamgn n cn Omliásmgn.  Hgungmld

`h

gldtmdum`n` .

(?6>2).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttp://h-

`ugntmvn.gnth`u.hs/00;6 `ugntmvn.gnth`u .hs/00;66>98/nucn/nrgbmv 6>98/nucn/nrgbmvls/rhplsmtlrml/0;86 ls/rhplsmtlrml/0;86/0=>2/btac/??\hgun /0=>2/btac/??\hgun gmd\`h\gldtmdum`n`.btac#:~:thxt1Hgun gmd\`h\gldtmdum` n`.btac#:~:thxt1Hgungm%G7%O7d%? gm%G7%O7d%?6`h%?6gldtmdum`n`& 6`h%?6gldtmdum`n`&thx thx t1Gund`l%?6ud%?6icum`l%?6icuy t1Gund`l%?6ud %?6icum`l%?6icuyh%?6plr,shggm%G7%O h%?6plr,shggm%G7%O7d%?6`hc%?6gld 7d%?6`hc%?6gld`u `u

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JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

0>6

 Hihgtls `h hchgtrmgm`n` hd cls shrhs vmvls. vmvls. (?9 `h Ihorhrl `h ?6>;). Lothdm`l `h IGAomlimsmgn : bttp://igaomlimsmgn?.oclksplt.gla/?6>;/6?/udm`n`-7-hihgtls-`hhchgtrmgm`n`-hd-cls.btac  HBXW .

(?6>;).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttp://www.hbu.hus/ngustmgn/hspndlc/ausmgn/v bttp://www.hbu.hus/ngustmgn/hspnd lc/ausmgn/vlbuhs/vlbuhs lbuhs/vlbuhs.btac .btac Hcshvmhr, G. (?6>6).  Npudths `h Imsmlclkán: cn iudgm÷d gmrgucntlrmn. Lothdm`l `h bttps://www.hcshvmhr.gla/hs bttps: //www.hcshvmhr.gla/hs-hs/glddhgt/ah`mgmd -hs/glddhgt/ah`mgmdn/prmdgmpmls-onsmglsn/prmdgmpmls-onsmgls-`h-cn`h-cniudgmld-gmrgucntlrmn-`mstrmougmld-y-prhsmldhssndkumdhns#:~:thxt1Cn%?6 sndkumdhns #:~:thxt1Cn%?6prhsm%G7%O7d%?6`h%?6 prhsm%G7%O7d%?6`h%?6cls%?6gnpmcnrhs cls%?6gnpmcnrhs,quh%?6 ,quh%?6  phramth%?6phquh%G7%O>ns  phramth%?6phqu h%G7%O>ns%?6iukns%?6`h %?6iukns%?6`h HAVHD@MXA.

 Vucsl

(?6>6).

nrthrmnc,

ndlranc .

Lothdm`l

`h

bttps://haphd`mua.gla/anduncamoh/gb bttps://haphd`mua.gl a/anduncamoh/gbnpthr/O70.M. npthr/O70.M.>.78. >.78.  Hdhrkmn,

iuhrzn

y

trnonjl

.

(?6>8).

Lothdm`l

`h

Vrlihslr

hd

cmdhn:

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(?6>=).

 Hsphgtrl

hchgtrlankdítmgl. hchgtrlankdítmgl.

bttps://mmh.imdk.h`u.uy/prlyhgtls/hslpl/hha/ IgaOmlimsmgn. (?9 `h Ihorhrl `h ?6>;). Ld`n sldlrn

Lothdm`l

`h

. Lothdm`l `h

bttp://igaomlimsmgn?.oclksplt.gla/?6>; bttp://igaomlimsmgn?.oclk splt.gla/?6>;/6?/udm`n`-7-sldm`l-nu /6?/udm`n`-7-sldm`l-nu`mgmld-y-ld`ns`mgmld-y-ld`nssldlrns.btac  Igaomlimsmgn?..  Igaomlimsmgn?

(?2

`h

Ihorhrl

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?6>;).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttp://igaomlimsmgn?.oclksplt.gla/?6>; bttp://igaomlimsmgn?.oclk splt.gla/?6>;/6?/udm`n`-7-rn`mngmldhs-d /6?/udm`n`-7-rn`mngmldhs-dnturnchznnturnchzny.btac#:~:thxt1Xdm`n`%?67%7N%? y.btac#:~:thxt1Xd m`n`%?67%7N%?6_n`mngmldhs%7N 6_n`mngmldhs%7N%?6dnturnchzn%?6y %?6dnturnchzn%?6y%? %? 6prlpmh`n`hs,Gcnshs%?6`h%?6rn`mngm%G7%O7 Gcnshs%?6`h%? 6rn`mngm%G7%O7d&thxt1Wld%?6icujls d&thxt1Wld%?6icujls%?6`h%?6hchgtrld %?6`h%?6hchgtrldhs hs

%?6(ohtn,Hs%?6`hsvmn`n%?6plr%?6gnapls %?6(ohtn,Hs%?6`hsvmn`n%?6pl r%?6gnapls%? %? Imkuhrln, B. ]., & Ormldhs, @. N.

(?6>8).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttp://omlimsmgn?6>8bn`h.oclkspl bttp://omlimsmgn?6>8b n`h.oclksplt.gla/?6>8/6=/tnocn-phrml` t.gla/?6>8/6=/tnocn-phrml`mggn.btac mggn.btac

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

0>>

 Imsmgn,

icum`l

y

thral`mdnamgn thral`mdnamgn..

(?6>=).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttps://ntbndmhtl.wlr`prhss.gla/than bttps://ntbndmhtl.wlr`prhs s.gla/thantmgns/thrghr-prmdgmpml-`h-cntmgns/thrghr-prmdgmpml-`h-cnthral`mdnamgn/hdtrlpmn/#:~:thxt1Hd%?6thral`md%G thral`mdnamgn/hdtrlp mn/#:~:thxt1Hd%?6thral`md%G7%N>amgn%?G%?6 7%N>amgn%?G%?6cn%? cn%? 6hdtrlp%G7%N@n%?6(smaolcmzn`n,pu 6hdtrlp%G7%N @n%?6(smaolcmzn`n,puh`h%?6utmcmznrs h`h%?6utmcmznrsh%?6pnrn%?6prl`u h%?6pnrn%?6prl`ugmr gmr %?6trnonjl.&thxt1Cn%?6hdtrlp%G7%N@n%?6puh`h%?6mdt %?6trnonjl.&thxt1Cn%?6hdtrlp%G7%N@ n%?6puh`h%?6mdthrprhtnrsh hrprhtnrsh  imsmgn>6y>>..  imsmgn>6y>> (?6>;). Lothdm`l `h GNCL_MAHP_MN: bttps://smths.kllkch.gla/n/glchk bttps://smths.k llkch.gla/n/glchkmlgmsdhrls.h`u.gl/ mlgmsdhrls.h`u.gl/imsmgn>6y>>/b imsmgn>6y>>/blah/thral`mdna lah/thral`mdna mgn/gnclrmahtrmn Imssmlthrnpmn. (?> `h Hdhrl `h ?6>?).  Cns Gldtrnggmldhs Ausgucnrhs, Mslt÷dmgns h  Mslahtrmgn..  Mslahtrmgn

Lothdm`l

`h

bttp://imssmlthrnpmn.oclksplt.gla/?6>?/6>/cns-

gldtrnggmldhs-ausgucnrhs-msltldmgns.btac  Iud`ngmld

Invnclrl Invnclrl..

(?6>=).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttps://www.iud`ngmldinvnclrl.lrk/glrnzldhs-nrtmimgmnchs-slplrth-vmtncbttps: //www.iud`ngmldinvnclrl.lrk/glrnzldhs-nrtmimgmnchs-slplrth-vmtncglapchjl/ K E, O. (?6>=). Nd (?6>=). Nd Mdtrl`ugtmld tl Icum` @ydnamgs. Gnaorm`kh Xdmvhrsmty Vrhss. Kncch, V. y. (?6>7). Omliásmgn, (?6>7). Omliásmgn, rn`mlomlclkán, rn`mlpntlclkán. Anssld. Lothdm`l `h Andunc Khdhrnc `h hihgtls hstlgîstmgls dl gndghrákhdls. gndghrákhdls. Khbmsy. (?0 `h Nklstl `h ?6>9). Lothdm`l `h HWPN@LW @H NK_HKNGM×D @H CN ANPH_MN:

bttps://nprhd`mhd`lgncm`n`yn`r.gla/hdthd`mhd`l-n`r-hstn`ls-cn-

anthrmn/#:~:thxt1Cn%?6anthrmn%?6sh%? anthrmn/#:~:thxt1C n%?6anthrmn%?6sh%?6prhshdtn%?6hd, 6prhshdtn%?6hd,hs%?6hc%?6gns hs%?6hc%?6gnsl%? l%? 6`hc%?6nkun.&thxt1N`ha%G7%N 6`hc%?6nkun .&thxt1N`ha%G7%N>s%?G%?6cns%?6prl >s%?G%?6cns%?6prlpmh`n`hs%?6 pmh`n`hs%?6quh%?6 quh%?6  prhshdtn,`h%?6su%?6hstn`l  prhshdtn,`h%?6s u%?6hstn`l%?6`h%?6n %?6`h%?6nkrhkngm%G7%O krhkngm%G7%O7d. 7d. Khlkrnpbmg, D. (?7 `h Lgtuorh `h ?6?6). Lothdm`l `h bttps://www.dntmldnckhlk bttps: //www.dntmldnckhlkrnpbmg.gla.hs/g rnpbmg.gla.hs/gmhdgmn/tnocn-phrml`mgn-ilran-lr`h mhdgmn/tnocn-phrml`mgn-ilran-lr`hdnrdnrhchahdtls-qumamgls\>8=22 KHLK_NVBMG, KHLK_N VBMG, _. D. (8 `h Whptmhaorh `h ?6?6). ?6?6). DNPMLDNC  DNPMLDNC KHLK_NVBMG . Lothdm`l `h Hc lrmkhd `hc udmvhrsl: bttps://www.dntmldnckhlkrnpbmg.hs/hspngml/hc-lrmkhdbttps://www.dntmldnckhlkrnpbmg.hs/hspngml/hc-lrmkhd`hc-udmvhrsl Kcnsnrml `h Norhvmngmldhs. (?6>6). Kuhrrhrl, J. H., Andzl, A. G., Nd`rn`h, A. G., & Cnd`m, N. K. (?6>=). Lothdm`l `h HWP_XGPX_N

]

KHDH_NGM×D

@HC

PXOL

@H

GLLCM@KH:

bttps://omlimsmgninguctn`ah`mgmdnuk.oclksplt.gla/? bttps://omlimsmgninguctn`ah`mgmdnuk .oclksplt.gla/?6>=/6?/hstrugturn-y6>=/6?/hstrugturn-ykhdhrngmld-`hc-tuol`h.btac#:~:thxt1HWP_XGPX_N%?6]%?6KHDH_NGM%G7%=7D%?6@HC%?

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

0>?

6PXOL%?6@H%?6GLLCM@KH,Puol%?6`h%?6Gllcm`kh&thxt1 Puol%?6`h%?6 Gllcm`kh&thxt1Hc%?6tuol%?6`h% Hc%?6tuol%?6`h%?6Gllcm`kh%?G% ?6Gllcm`kh%?G%?6tnaom ?6tnaom %G7%N=d,gnchdtn`l%?6plr% Bmrsgb, C. (Whptmhaorh `h ?6>=).  Emdsbhnctb  Emdsbhnctb.. Lothdm`l `h Cls pucaldhs y hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml: bttps://em`sbhnctb.lrk/hs/pnrhdts/cudks-hs bttps://em`sbhnctb.lrk/hs/pnrhdts/cudks-hsp.btac p.btac mdkhdmhrl, A. `. (?6>8). Lothdm`l

`h

bttp://mdkhdmhrls`hanthrmnchs.oclks bttp://mdkhdmhrls`h anthrmnchs.oclksplt.gla/?6>8/>6/thral`mdnamgn.b plt.gla/?6>8/>6/thral`mdnamgn.btac tac Msnhcngbvmcm, J. (?6>8). Mdthralchgucnr nd` Wuringh Ilrghs. Hd  Ngn`hamg Vrhss.  Dhw ]lre. J. N. I. Prhskuhrrhs, G. N. (?6>6). I (?6>6). I M W M L CLKÁN @HC W M W P H A N @ M K H W P M YL. Ehd`ncc, E. (?6>0). N`bhsmld: Alchguchs nd` Ahgbndmgs. Hd Wgmhdgh.  Ebnd

Ngn`hay. Ngn`hay.

(?6>9).

Lothdm`l

`h

Cns

chyhs

`h

cn

thral`mdîamgn:

bttps://hs.ebndngn`hay.l bttps://hs.ebnd ngn`hay.lrk/sgmhdgh/np-omlclky/ rk/sgmhdgh/np-omlclky/ghccucnr-hdhrkhtmgs/ghccucnrghccucnr-hdhrkhtmgs/ghccucnrhdhrky/n/tbh-cnws-li-tbhral`ydnamgs Erldk, A. (?6>8). bh `miiusmld li knshs tbrlukb tbh cudks li and. Hd J. Vbysmlc. Cld`.  Cn kumn. (>7 `h Anyl `h ?6>7). Lothdm`l `h Ankdmtu`hs y ah`m`ns : bttps://anthantmgn.cnkumn?666.gla/ bttps://anthantmgn.cnk umn?666.gla/khdhrnc/ankd khdhrnc/ankdmtu`hs-y-ah`m`ns mtu`hs-y-ah`m`ns Cnm`chr, & Ehmtb, J. (?6>=). Pbh [lrc` li Vbysmgnc Gbhamstry. Lxilr` Xdmvhrsmty Vrhss. Chvmdh, M. D. (?6>0). Imsmglquáamgn. ^umdtn h`mgmld.  CH]HW @H CN YHCLGM@N@ ] @H CN V_HWM×D. (?6>8). Lothdm`l `h Ah`moclk?: bttp://ah`moclk?.oclksplt.gla/?6 bttp://ah`moclk? .oclksplt.gla/?6>8/6=/chyhs-`h-cn-vhclgm`n`-y >8/6=/chyhs-`h-cn-vhclgm`n`-y-`h-cn-`h-cn prhsmld.btac#:~:  prhsmld. btac#:~:thxt1N)%?6C thxt1N)%?6CH]%?6@H%?6C H]%?6@H%?6CN%?6YHC N%?6YHCLGM@N@,`h%? LGM@N@,`h%?6shgg 6shgg m%G7%O7d%?6`hc%?6smsthan%?6vnsgucnr.&thxt1Hs m%G7%O7d%?6`hc%?6smsthan%?6v nsgucnr.&thxt1Hs%?6i%G7%N> %?6i%G7%N>gmc%?6`nr gmc%?6`nr sh%?6guhdtn%?6quh,cn%?6nap sh%?6guhdtn%?6 quh,cn%?6napcmtu`%?6`hc%?6chgb cmtu`%?6`hc%?6chgbl%?6vnsg l%?6vnsgucnr. ucnr. C÷phz-Gnapls, J., Nrdh`mccl, N., & Knrgán, G. (?6>6). Hxpclrngm÷d iudgmldnc MM. Ylcúahdhs pucaldnrhs, rhsmsthdgmns, `miusm÷d, prhsmldhs ausgucnrhs, ausgucnrhs, h d Dhualclkán `msthdsmomcm`n`. Hd Wltl JK Andunc `h @mnkd÷stmgl y Phrnpíutmgn hd >ª h`. Anjn`nbld`n (pîks (pîks.. 28-=7). An`rm`: H_KLD. Clvhcnd`, [., & Alrrmsshy, @. (?6>6). Al`hrd Dugchnr Gbhamstry. Hd K. Whnolrk, [mchy-Mdthrsgmhdgh. 8;.

Ah`moclk.

(>2

`h

Whptmhaorh

`h

?6>8).

 HCHGP_L@MNKD×WPMGL  HCHGP_L@MNKD× WPMGL

]

 HCHGP_LPH_NVMN.  HCHGP_LPH_NVMN. Lothdm`l `h bttp://ah`moclk?.oclksplt.gla/?6 bttp://ah`moclk? .oclksplt.gla/?6>8/6=/hchgtrl`mnkd >8/6=/hchgtrl`mnkdlstmgl-y-hchgtrlthrnpmn.btac lstmgl-y-hchgtrlthrnpmn.btac

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

0>7

 AH@MWND .

(?6>>).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttps://www.rh`ncyg.lrk/hx bttps: //www.rh`ncyg.lrk/hxplrtnrgmtn.ln=62>.bta 2>.bta Amsthcm, P. (?6>6). Pbh gldghpt li shci-lrkndmzntmld md ghccucnr nrgbmthgturh‑.  Hd Pbh  Jlurdnc li Ghcc Omlclky (pîks. >2>->28).  Aud`l

`h

cn

Omlimsmgn. Omlimsmgn.

(?6?>).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttps://aud`l`hcnomlimsmgn.wlr`prhss.gla/udm`n`-7/ AR, H. @. (>6 `h @mgmhaorh `h ?6>0).  @himdmgmld AR . Lothdm`l `h @himdmgmld `h Omlimsmgn: bttps://`himdmgmld.ax/).

 Omlclky

OMLIÁWMGN-PHL_ÁN. OMLIÁWMGN-PHL_ÁN.

Gnomdht ,

bttp://www.omlgno.lrk/Omlimsmgn.btac.  Dnturnchzn H`ugntmvn . (?6>8). Lothdm`l `h bttps://dnturh`ugn.gla/imsmgn-gmhdgmnsimsmgns-y-ah`m`n-smsthan-`h-udm`n`hs-6>.pbp rhspmrntlrmn. Lothdm`l `h @mggmldnrml Ah`mgl.  Dnvnrrn, G. X. (?6>2). Xdm`n` rhspmrntlrmn.  Dnvh,

A.

L.

(?6>=).  Bmphrpbysmgs  Bmphrpbysmgs..

Lothdm`l

`h

bttp://byphrpbysmgs.pby-

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(?6>7).

Wlgmh`n`

pnrn

cn

Dhurlgmhdgmn. Dhurlgmhdgmn.

Lothdm`l

`h

bttps://www>.dmgb`.dmb.klv/hs bttps://www>.dmgb` .dmb.klv/hspndlc/sncu`/thans/d pndlc/sncu`/thans/dhurl/mdilrangmld/Vnk hurl/mdilrangmld/Vnkhs/pnrth hs/pnrth s.nspx dmgh,

D.

(?6?6).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttp://dhwtld.gdmgh.ahg.hs/anthrmnchs\`m`ngtmgls/h bttp://dhwtld.gdmgh.ahg.hs/anthrmnchs \`m`ngtmgls/hdhrkmn/gldshrv dhrkmn/gldshrvngmld.bta#:~:t ngmld.bta#:~:t hxt1Vrmdgmpml%?6`h%?6gldshrv hxt1Vrmdgmpml%?6`h% ?6gldshrvngm%G7%O7d ngm%G7%O7d%?6`h%?6cn%?6hdhrk %?6`h%?6cn%?6hdhrk%G7%N %G7%N @n&thxt1Hc%?6Vrmdgmpml%?6`h%?6gld @n&thxt1Hc%?6Vrmdgmpml% ?6`h%?6gldshrvngm%G7% shrvngm%G7%O7d%?6`h,y O7d%?6`h,y%?6`hspu% %?6`hspu% G7%N=s%?6`h%?6gn`n%?6trnd G7%N=s%?6 `h%?6gn`n%?6trndsilrangm%G7%O silrangm%G7%O7d. 7d.  Dlcc, [. (?6>;). Iuhrzn. (?6>;). Iuhrzn. Lothdm`l `h [memph`mn: bttps://hs.wmemph`mn.lrk/wmem/Iuhrzn bttps://hs.wmemph`mn.lrk/wmem/Iuhrzn  Dúþhz Prhjl, B. B. (?6>6). Bm`rnucmgn. (?6>6). Bm`rnucmgn.  Dutrmhdths.

(s.i.).

Lothdm`l

`h

[memph`mn:

bttps://hs.wmemph`mn.lrk/wmem/Dutrmahdtl#:~: bttps://hs.wmemph`mn.l rk/wmem/Dutrmahdtl#:~:thxt1Cls%?6dutrmhdths%?6 thxt1Cls%?6dutrmhdths%?6sld%?6 sld%?6

guncqumhr%?6hchahdtl,tl`ns%? guncqumhr%?6h chahdtl,tl`ns%?6cns%?6iudgmldh 6cns%?6iudgmldhs%?6`hc%?6lrk s%?6`hc%?6lrkndmsal. ndmsal. LG[.

(?6>;).  Mdthrgnaoml `h knshs hd hc bttps://lgw.udmgnd.hs/al`/pnk bttps://lgw.udmgnd .hs/al`/pnkh/vmhw.pbp;).

`h

cn

rhspmrngm÷d. rhspmrngm÷d.

Lothdm`l

`h

bttps://lgw.udmgnd.hs/al`/pnk bttps://lgw.udmgnd .hs/al`/pnkh/vmhw.pbp,?

Chy

`h

cn

Phral`mdnamgn:

bttps://lanmrmtn.wlr`prhss.gla/>-y-?-chy-`h-cn-thral`mdnamgn/ Lphrngmldhs udmtnrmns `h prlghsl quáamgl. (?6>2). ^XMH6>62, shggm÷d ;. Lrkndmzngm÷d Aud`mnc `h cn Wncu`. (?= `h Normc `h ?6>9). Lothdm`l `h LAW: bttps://www.wbl.mdt/hs/dhws-rlla/ingt-sbhhts/`htnmc/mldmzmdk-rn`mntmld-bhnctbbttps: //www.wbl.mdt/hs/dhws-rlla/ingt-sbhhts/`htnmc/mldmzmdk-rn`mntmld-bhnctbhiihgts-nd`-prlthgtmvh-ahnsurhs# Lrthkn, K. A. (?6>2). Chyhs (?6>2).  Chyhs `h Dhwtld. Dhwtld. Lothdm`l `h bttps://www.nog.gla.py/h`mgmldbttps://www.nog.gla.py/h`mgmldmaprhsn/supchahdtls/hsglcnr/chy maprhsn/supchahd tls/hsglcnr/chyhs-`h-dhwtldhs-`h-dhwtld>9=>8==.btac#:~:thxt1Phrghrn%?6chy >9=>8==.btac#: ~:thxt1Phrghrn%?6chy%?6`h%?6Dhwtld%7N %?6`h%?6Dhwtld%7N%?6prmdgmpml,mdth %?6prmdgmpml,mdth dsm`n`%?G%?6phrl%?6`h%?6shd dsm`n`%?G%?6 phrl%?6`h%?6shdtm`l%?6gldtrnrml. tm`l%?6gldtrnrml. Vn`mccn,

V.

@.

 Aud`l

(?6>8).

`h

cn

Omlimsmgn.

Lothdm`l

`h

bttps://aud`l`hcnomlimsmgn.wlr`prhss.gla/mdtrl`uggmld-n-cn-o bttps://aud`l`hcnomlimsmgn.wlr`prhss .gla/mdtrl`uggmld-n-cn-omlimsmgn/ mlimsmgn/ Vhd`sh W, W. N. (?6>6). Mdmtmntmld li @mncysms. Hd  Bnd`olle li @mncysms (pîks. >0-?>).  Dhw

]lre.

Lothdm`l

`h

[memph`mn

Cn

hdgmgclph`mn

cmorh

:

bttps://hs.wmemph`mn.lrk/wmem/@m%G7%N>cmsms bttps://hs.wmemph`mn.l rk/wmem/@m%G7%N>cmsms#:~:thxt1Cn%?6 #:~:thxt1Cn%?6`m%G7%N>cmsms% `m%G7%N>cmsms% ?6hs%?6ud%?6prlghsl,hd%? ?6hs%?6ud% ?6prlghsl,hd%?6phrsldns% 6phrsldns%?6gld%?6inccl%?6r ?6gld%?6inccl%?6rhdnc. hdnc. Vhrhz, J., & Ahrmdl, A. (?6>0).  @himdmgmld . Lothdm`l `h @himdmgmld `h Phdsmld Wuphrimgmnc : bttps://`himdmgmld.`h/thdsmld-suphrimgmnc/ bttps://`himdmgmld.`h/thdsmld-suphrimgmnc/ Vhrhz, J., & Ahrmdl, A. (?6>9). @himdmgmld.`h (?6>9). @himdmgmld.`h.. Lothdm`l `h bttps://`himdmgmld.`h/smsthanausgucnr/  Vlrtnc  Vlrtnc

H`ugntmvl. (s.i.). Lothdm`l `h bttps://www.plrtnch`ugntmvl.dht/gunrtlbttps://www.plrtnch`ugntmvl.dht/gunrtl onsmgl/906/Hstn`ls-`h-anthrmn-slcm`l onsmgl/906/ Hstn`ls-`h-anthrmn-slcm`l-cmqum`l-knshlsl-pcns cmqum`l-knshlsl-pcnsan an H`ugntmvl. H`ugntmvl.

(?6>8).

Lothdm`l

`h

Hdhrkmn,

gnclr

y

trnonjl:

bttps://www.plrtnch`ugntmvl.dht/thrghrl-ah`ml/?6/hdhrkmn-gnclr-y-trnonjl bttps: //www.plrtnch`ugntmvl.dht/thrghrl-ah`ml/?6/hdhrkmn-gnclr-y-trnonjl  VlrtncH`ugntmvl..  VlrtncH`ugntmvl

(?6?>).

Lothdm`l

`hHdhrkmn,

Gnclr

y

trnonjl:

bttps://www.plrtnch`ugntmvl.dht/thrghrl-ah`ml/?6/hdhrkmn-gnclr-ybttps: //www.plrtnch`ugntmvl.dht/thrghrl-ah`ml/?6/hdhrkmn-gnclr-ytrnonjl#:~:thxt1Cn%?6hdhrk%G7%N@n%?6sh%?6gldlgh%?6glal,quh%?6sh %?6`hdlamdn%?6hdhrk%G7%N@n%?6mdthrdn.

_.H., E. (?6>>). Mdtrl`ugtmld (?6>>). Mdtrl`ugtmld tl tbh gnr`mlvnsgucnr systha. _NDA, N. (?6>2).  Nsmsthdgmn ahgîdmgn gmrgucntlrmn. gmrgucntlrmn. bttps://ndnchsrnda.hs/rhvmstn/?6>2/>78\6>/rhv68

Lothdm`l

`h

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

0>8

 _hkucngm÷d `h cn rhspmrngm÷d: lrkndmzngm÷d alriliudgmldnc `h su smsthan `h gldtrlc . (Normc

`h

?6>>).

Lothdm`l

`h

bttp://sgmhcl.sc`.gu/sgmhcl.pbp6?=?=76>=?6>>6660666?6#:~: 76>=?6>>66 60666?6#:~:thxt1Cn%?6iudgm%G7%O thxt1Cn%?6iudgm%G7%O7d%?6prmdgmpnc%?6y 7d%?6prmdgmpnc%?6y%?6rh %?6rh kucn`lrn,y%?6prl`uggm%G7%O kucn`lrn,y %?6prl`uggm%G7%O7d%?6`h%?6naol 7d%?6`h%?6naols%?6kns s%?6knshs%?G hs%?G _mdgld, A. (?6>9).  CN PH_AL@MDNAMGN HD CLW WH_HW YMYLW . Lothdm`l `h bttps://namdlnpps.gla/g/aud`ls bttps://namdlnpps. gla/g/aud`lshgrhtllimgmnc/pnkh/ hgrhtllimgmnc/pnkh/oclk/cn-thral`mdnamgn-hdoclk/cn-thral`mdnamgn-hdcls-shrhsvmvls/oDxj\pxeslu_E_@?jq^pvdvpkj^7@?067>#:~:thxt1Cls%?6smsthans%? 6vmvls%?6dhghsmtnd%?6hd 6vmvls%? 6dhghsmtnd%?6hdhrk%G7%N@n,hc%?6nao hrk%G7%N@n,hc%?6naomhdth%?6quh%?6 mhdth%?6quh%?6cl%?6rl cl%?6rl `hn. _lshcc Vumk, [., Kldzîchz Indl, O., Guí Alurhcls, G., & @lvnch Olrjns, G. (?660). Lrkndmzngm÷d `h cls smsthans lrkîdmgls `hc guhrpl buandl pnrn ingmcmtnr su hstu`ml. _umz, A. (?6>8). Lothdm`l `h VAN_ - Îaomtl Gmhdtáimgl y Anthaîtmgl: bttps://hs.wmemph`mn.lrk/wmem/Glapuhstl\omdnrml Wncu`hamn. (?6>=).  Ncmahdtngm÷d sncu`noch - Cl iud`nahdtnc - Dutrmhdths hshdgmnchs. hshdgmnchs. Lothdm`l

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bttps://www.sncu`hamn.gla/-/vm`n-sncu`noch-ncmahdtngmldbttps://www.sncu`hamn.gla/-/vm`n-sncu`noch-ncmahdtngmld-

sncu`noch-cl-iud`nahdtnc-dutrmhdths-hshdgmnchs Wndtn, A. (?6>7). Lothdm`l `h bttps://k-sh.gla/vlcuahd-amdutl-gnr`mngl-op o8;gio?9h0>06o#:~:thxt1Gndtm`  o8;gio?9h0>0 6o#:~:thxt1Gndtm`n`%?6`h%?6snd n`%?6`h%?6sndkrh%?6quh%?6 krh%?6quh%?6olaohn,78%? olaohn,78%? 6cmtrls%?6shk%G7%ONd%?6gn`n%?6sujhtl. Wgbmiiand, B. (?6>>). Cn (?6>>). Cn Vhrghpgm÷d Whdslrmnc. Cmausn [mchy. WGLXPMDKYMWMLD. (>7 `h Dlvmhaorh `h ?6>>).

Lothdm`l

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bttp://sglutmdkvmsmld.oclkspl bttp://sglutmdkv msmld.oclksplt.gla/?6>>/>>/pruhons-pn t.gla/?6>>/>>/pruhons-pnrn-hvncunr-cnrn-hvncunr-cngld`mgmld\>7.btac Whonstmîd,

@.

(?6>=).

 Hc

Nu`m÷ahtrl.

Lothdm`l

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bttps://www.gcmdmgns`hnu`mgmld.gla/wp-gldthdt/upcln`s/Hcbttps: //www.gcmdmgns`hnu`mgmld.gla/wp-gldthdt/upcln`s/HcNu`m%G7%O7ahtrl.p`i Whpnrntns

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Omlimsmgn.

(?6>8).

Lothdm`l

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bttp://shpnrntns`homlimsmgn?6>8.oclk bttp://shpnrntns`homli msmgn?6>8.oclksplt.gla/?6> splt.gla/?6>8/62/nggmld-gnpmcnr-y8/62/nggmld-gnpmcnr-ygnpmcnrm`n`.btac Wmkdmimgn`ls.. (?6>=). Lothdm`l `h Dmvhchs `h Lrkndmzngmld `h cn Anthrmn: Wmkdmimgn`ls bttps://www.smkdmimgn`ls.gla/d bttps: //www.smkdmimgn`ls.gla/dmvhchs-`h-lrkn mvhchs-`h-lrkndmzngmld-`h-cn-anthrmn/ dmzngmld-`h-cn-anthrmn/

JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

0>9

Wmkdmimgn`ls.

Wmkdmimgn`ls.. Wmkdmimgn`ls

(?6>=).

Lothdm`l

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bttps://www.smkdmimgn`ls.gla/mldmzngmld/ bttps: //www.smkdmimgn`ls.gla/mldmzngmld/ smkdmimgn`ls, @. (?6>=). Hchgtrld (?6>=). Hchgtrld . Lothdm`l `h bttps://`hsmkdmimgn`ls.gla/hchgtrld/ bttps://`hsmkdmimgn`ls.gla/hchgtrld/ smkdmimgn`ls, @. (?6?6).  Dmvhchs `h Lrkndmzngmld `h cn anthrmn . Lothdm`l `h bttps://www.smkdmimgn`ls.gla/d bttps: //www.smkdmimgn`ls.gla/dmvhchs-`h-lrkn mvhchs-`h-lrkndmzngmld-`h-cndmzngmld-`h-cnanthrmn/#:~:thxt1Hd%?6hsth%?6shdtm`l%?G%?6cls%?6dmvhchs,Dmvhc%?6lrknd ucnr Wmsthan rhspmrntlrml- Iudgmldhs `hc smsthan rhspmrntlrml. rhspmrntlrml. (?9 `h Anyl `h ?6>8). Lothdm`l

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bttps://www.mdihrahrnvmrtunc.gla/hsp/ngtmvm`n`hs\`h\cn\vm`n\`mnrmn/imgbn/iudgm bttps: //www.mdihrahrnvmrtunc.gla/hsp/ngtmvm`n`hs\`h\cn\vm`n\`mnrmn/imgbn/iudgm ldhs\`hc\smsthan\rhspmrntlrml/s ldhs\`hc\sms than\rhspmrntlrml/smsthan\rhspmrntlrml#: msthan\rhspmrntlrml#:~:thxt1Ahaorndn%?6rhs ~:thxt1Ahaorndn%?6rhspm pm rntlrmn%?6l%?6ahaorndn%?6ncv rntlrmn%?6l%?6ah aorndn%?6ncv%G7%N=lcl%? %G7%N=lcl%?@gnpmcnr,@gnpmcnr,V%06;)&thxt1Hc%?6rhgnaoml%?6k V%06;)&thxt1Hc%?6rh gnaoml%?6knshlsl%?6hd nshlsl%?6hdtrh%?6hc,ahao trh%?6hc,ahao Wmsthans Omlimsmgls Ahgndmgls. Ahgndmgls. (>6 `h Ihorhrl `h ?6>;). Lothdm`l `h Hcnstmgm`n` y rhsmsthdgmn

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cls

thjm`ls

buandls:

bttp://omlimsmgntutlrmnc.oclksplt.gla/?6>; bttp://omlimsmgntutlrmnc.oclk splt.gla/?6>;/6?/hcnstmgm`n`-y-rhsmsthdgmn-`h/6?/hcnstmgm`n`-y-rhsmsthdgmn-`hcls.btac Wlutbwlrtb, C. (?6>6). Gnusns `hc glclr nzuc `h cls ljls hd hc shr buandl. PhxtlsGmhdtmimgls.. (6; `h Lgtuorh `h ?6>6). Lothdm`l `h CN AH@M@N @H CN PhxtlsGmhdtmimgls PHAVH_NPX_N,

HWGNCNW

PH_ALAÍP_MGNW:

bttps://www.thxtlsgmhdtmimgls.gla/imsmgn/hsgncnsthralahtrmgns#:~:thxt1Cn%?6pr bttps: //www.thxtlsgmhdtmimgls.gla/imsmgn/hsgncnsthralahtrmgns#:~:thxt1Cn%?6pr lpmh`n`%?6thrala%G7%N=trmgn%?6` lpmh`n`%?6thrala%G 7%N=trmgn%?6`hoh%?6shr,ng hoh%?6shr,ngghsmoch%?6`hoh%? ghsmoch%?6`hoh%?6shr% 6shr% ?6suimgmhdthahdth%?6krnd`h. Pmdthrl.. Pmdthrl

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Lothdm`l

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XK, O. (?6>=). Lothdm`l `h bttps://omlimsmgnuk7.oclkspl bttps://omlimsmgnuk7.oclksplt.gla/?6>=/6?/hcns t.gla/?6>=/6?/hcnstmgm`n`-ytmgm`n`-yrhsmsthdgmn-`h-cls.btac XK, O. (?0 `h Nklstl `h ?6>=).  Omlimsmgnuk . Lothdm`l `h 7.>- YMWGLWM@N@ WNDKXÁDHN

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VH_IMCHW

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JLWXÍ L__NCN PNKCH  

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bttps://omlimsmgnuk?6>=k?.oclk bttps://omlimsmgnuk? 6>=k?.oclksplt.gla/?6>=/62 splt.gla/?6>=/62/>>-vmsglsm`n`-sndku />>-vmsglsm`n`-sndkumdhn-ymdhn-y phrimchs`h.btac#:~:thxt1Hc%?6phrimc%?6`h%?6icujl%?6hst%G7%N>,>)%?6Nghchrngm %G7%O7d%7N&thxt1Hd%?6cn%?6insh %G7%O7d%7N &thxt1Hd%?6cn%?6insh%?6`h%?6`hs %?6`h%?6`hsnghchrngm%G7%O nghchrngm%G7%O7d,`h 7d,`h %?6vhclgm`n`%?6ghrgndn%?6n%?66. Xdedlwd.

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.

Lothdm`l

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bttp://ah`moclk?.oclksplt.gla/?6 bttp://ah`moclk? .oclksplt.gla/?6>8/6=/omlimsmgn-`h-cn-phrghpgmld>8/6=/omlimsmgn-`h-cn-phrghpgmldnu`mtmvn.btac#:~:thxt1Cn%?6phrghp nu`mtmvn.btac#: ~:thxt1Cn%?6phrghpgm%G7%O7d gm%G7%O7d%?6sldlrn%?6h %?6sldlrn%?6hs%?6hc,phramt s%?6hc,phramt hd%?6mdthrprhtnr%?6cls%?6sldm`ls hd%?6mdthrprhtnr%?6 cls%?6sldm`ls%?6rhgmom`ls.&thxt %?6rhgmom`ls.&thxt1Anrsbncc%?6AgC 1Anrsbncc%?6AgCubn ubn d%?6hd%?6su%?6thlr%G7%N@ d%?6hd%?6s u%?6thlr%G7%N@n,shr%?6ilrtnchgm`n n,shr%?6ilrtnchgm`n%?6plr%?6lt %?6plr%?6lt Xrmoh.

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(?6>8).

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cmdhn

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Lothdm`l

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bttp://nprhd`hhdcmdhn.u`hn.h`u. bttp://nprhd`hhdcmdh n.u`hn.h`u.gl/cas/all`ch/al` gl/cas/all`ch/al`/pnkh/vmhw. /pnkh/vmhw.pbp90?68#: pbp90?68#: ~:thxt1Hc%?6gmgcl%?6`h%?6anrgbn%?6 ~:thxt1Hc%?6gmgcl%?6` h%?6anrgbn%?6glamhdzn,hc%?6 glamhdzn,hc%?6suhcl%?6`hc%?6 suhcl%?6`hc%?6ams ams al%?6pmh.&thxt1Cn%?6nushdgmn%?6`h%?6ud%?6phr%G7%N@l`l,inshs%?6  prmdgmpnchs%7N%?6nplyl  prmdgmpnchs%7N %?6nplyl%?6y%?6oncndghl. %?6y%?6oncndghl. XWKW sgmhdgh ilr n gbndkmdk wlrc` . (?6>2). Lothdm`l `h Nggmld Gnpmcnr: bttps://wnthr.usks.klv/kltmtn/gnpmccnryngtmld.btac Yhcnsgl, K., & Ndkhcn Ymccncvn, I. K. (?; `h Ihorhrl `h ?6>=).  OmlimsmgnXK  OmlimsmgnXK.. Lothdm`l `h Anthrmn y Hdhrkmn : bttps://omlimsmgnuk7.oclksplt.gla/?6>=/6?/anthrmn-yhdhrkmn.btac Yhcnsgl, K., Ymccncvn, N., & Ihrdnd`n Kumdkcn, Kumdkcn, D. C. (?; `h Ihorhrl `h ?6>=). ?6>=). Omlimsmgn  Omlimsmgn uk .

Lothdm`l

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Anthrmn

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hdhrkmn:

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J.-J.

(?6?6).

Lothdm`l

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bttps://www.mdsst.hs/`lguahdts/=0229/>9?8?6/ bttps: //www.mdsst.hs/`lguahdts/=0229/>9?8?6/G Gnp%G7%N@tucl+0?.+Gnclr+y +ir%G7%N@l