POLYGRAPHY 1

THE SCIENCE OF POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUE By: Mr. Chivas G. Dulguime, R.C.

Polygraphy : – comes from two Greek words, “poly” and “graphos” which means “ many writings”. – is the scientific detection of deception through the use or aid of a polygraph machine.

• Polygraph – is an instrument or a device capable of producing recordings of physiological phenomena that may be used as the basis of the application of a reliable technique for diagnosing truth or deception.

TYPES OF LIE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

White Lie Red Lie Black Lie Malicious or Judicious Lie Pathological Lie

DIFFERENT KINDS OF LIE DETECTION: 1. Ancient Methods: –

Red Hot Iron Ordeal

–

Ordeal of the Balance

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Boiling Water Ordeal

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Water Test Ordeal

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The Smell Out Technique

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The Sacred Ass Ordeal

Contemporary methods: 1. The Observation Methods 2. The Regular Police Method - application of the three (3) I’s in Criminal Investigation (Information, Interrogation and Instrumentation) in order to obtain confession and admission.

Contemporary methods: 3. Hypnotism - by Franz Anton Mesmer - recovering the stored memory of the subject while under hyper amnesia.

4. Word Association Test - by Sir Francis Galton and improved by Dr. Carl Gustav Jung.

5. Truth Serum/Intoxication - by Sir Edward Mandell House

The Polygraph Test Technique: HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Cesare Lombroso Vittorio Benussi Harold Burtt John Larson Leonard Keeler John Reid Sir James mackenzie William Moulton Marston Luigi Galvani

BASIC FACTS OF POLYGRAPH

TRIPOD FOUNDATION OF POLYGRAPHY 1. Mechanical Leg Basis Premise The polygraph machine is mechanically capable of making graphical records containing reliable information regarding physiological changes. 2. Physiological Leg Basis Premise Among the physiological changes that may be recorded and identified are those that automatically occur only following the stimulation of the specific nervous system component and from which stimulation of those specific nervous system components can be reliably diagnosed. 3. Psychological Leg Basis Premise Under this polygraph leg premise, the specific nervous system component whose stimulation can thus be diagnosed are so stimulated y the involuntary mental and emotional processes of the individual who is consciously attempting concealment of deception especially if that individual has something at stake and the prevailing circumstances lead him to believe that exposure to detection is quite possible although undesirable.

HUMAN BODY SYSTEM • • • •

Nervous System – activator of the body system Circulatory System – blood circulation Respiratory System – breathing cycle Excretory System/Skin – external covering of the body

THEORY AND CONCEPT A. Psychological Theory of a lie: Emotional changes occur in a person causing physiological changes that can be recognized and diagnosed. B. Psychological Set . . . A person's fears, anxieties and apprehensions are focused (directed) to the areas that hold (Poses) the greatest threat to his well being or self. C. Psychology of Test Questions The test is structured so as to pose a threat to the security of both the innocent and guilty subject and force him/her to focus (direct) his/her attention to that specific area of the test. **Fear is the greatest psychological factor - Fear of being detected of an untruth.

The Nervous System • Major division - Central vs. Peripheral • Central or CNS- brain and spinal cord • Peripheral- nerves connecting CNS to muscles and organs Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System P e rip h e ra l N e rv o u s S y s te m

S k e le ta l (S o ma tic )

A u to n o mic

S y mp a th e tic

P a ra s y mp a th e tic

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - It is the main effector mechanism which the polygraph is concerned. - It governed the following involuntary reflexes: • • • • •

heartbeat blood pressure respiration perspiration digestion

- Can be influenced by thought and emotion - Main control is “hypothalamus”

Sympathetic CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• “ Fight or flight” response • Release adrenaline and noradrenaline • Increases heart rate and blood pressure • Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles • Inhibits digestive functions

SYMPATHETIC

Brain Dilates pupil Stimulates salivation Relaxes bronchi Spinal cord

Salivary glands Lungs

Accelerates heartbeat Inhibits activity

Stimulates glucose Secretion of adrenaline, nonadrenaline Relaxes bladder Sympathetic Stimulates ejaculation ganglia in male

Heart Stomach Pancrea s Liver Adrenal gland Kidney

Sympathetic Effects • Fight or flight response. • Release of norepinephrine from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from adrenal medulla. • Mass activation prepares for intense activity. – Heart rate increases. – Bronchioles dilate. – [glucose] increases.

Parasympathetic CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain

• “ Rest and digest ” system • Calms body to conserve and maintain energy • Lowers heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure

PARASYMPATHETIC

Contracts pupil

Spinal cord

Stimulates salivation Constricts bronchi

Slows heartbeat Stimulates activity

Stimulates gallbladder Gallbladder Contracts bladder Stimulates erection of sex organs

Parasympathetic Effects • Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nerves. • Relaxing effects: – Decrease heart rate (HR). – Dilate blood vessels. – Increase GI activity.

Summary of autonomic differences Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate

Parasympathetic division (calming) EYES

Decreases

SALVATION

Perspires

SKIN

Increases

RESPIRATION

Accelerates

HEART

Inhibits

DIGESTION

Secrete stress hormones

ADRENAL GLANDS

Pupils contract Increases

Dries Decreases Slows Activates Decrease secretion of stress hormones

The Polygraph Measures: Skin Conductivity

Heart beat Respiration

Blood Pressure

PARTS OF THE POLYGRAPH MACHINE 1. Pneumograph - breathing patterns - three minor components: (two elongated tube and beaded chain)

2. Galvanograph - psychogalvanic skin reflex - two finger electrodes and amplifier unit.

PARTS OF THE POLYGRAPH MACHINE 3. Cardiograph - pulse rate and heartbeat. - minor components: (bulb, sphygmograph and arm cuff)

4. Kymograph - paper fed mechanism run by a dynamo - polygram – “chart paper”

FACTORS AFFECTING THE RELIABLITY OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION: 1. Subject 2. Examiner 3. Polygraph Machine 4. Examination Room

PHASES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION: 1. Initial Interview 2. Pre – Test 3. Actual Test 4. Post Test

PHASES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION 1st. Initial Interview

Requisition of Polygraph Examination Four (4) copies of Letter Request Brief Facts of the Case / Investigation Report  Sworn Statement / Affidavit of Complainant Sworn Statement / Affidavit of Examinees/ Witness/es Sketch of crime scene, /witness/es, if available.

PHASES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION 2nd. Pre-test Interview with the person to be examined During the pre-test interview, the polygraph examiner will explain how the polygraph works, discuss the issue, review all the questions to be asked on the polygraph test.

PHASES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION Purpose of Pre-test  To prepare the subject for polygraph Interview examination. Informing the subject of his/her involvement with the case.  To obtain subject consent for polygraph examination.  Taking of subject’s or examinee’s personal data.

To determine the suitability of the subject or examinee.  Evaluating the psychological preparation of the subject or examinee.

Purpose of taking the Consent of the Examinee The examiner have a legal basis that no human rights violation is committed That the subject voluntarily submitted his/her self to undergo polygraph examination It is an armed against harassment

3rd Phase – Actual Test or Instrumentation - attachment of instrument and questioning of the subject 4th Phase – Post Test or Interrogation phase - result’s evaluation.

GENERAL RULES IN QUESTION FORMULATION  Questions must be simple and direct.

 They must not involved legal terminology.  They must be answerable by “yes” or “no” only and should be as short as possible.  The meaning must be clear and phrased in a language that the subject can easily understand.  All questions must refer to one offense only.  Questions must never contain inference (opinion).  They must not contain inferences to one’s religion, race or belief.

Types of questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Relevant Irrelevant Control Symptomatic Knowledge Guilt complex Sky Evidence connecting

Indication of deception: PNEUMO TRACING: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Change in rhythm or regularity Change in amplitude or volume Change in inspiration and expiration rate Notch or serrated inspiration or expiration stroke 5. Hyperventilation 6. Suppression 7. Respiratory block

CARDIO TRACINGS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Increase or decrease of BP Increase in BP only Decrease only in BP Increase or decrease in PR Increase or decrease in amplitude Change in position or appearance of dicrotic notch Extra systole

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