Political Science Project
Short Description
Foreign Policy under Modi...
Description
DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW
POLITICAL SCIENCE III FINAL PROJECT ON: REINVENTION OF INDIA’S INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY UNDER PM MODI Submitt! "#$ t% &$#'(t u)!$t*+) i) &*$ti*, "u,"i,,m)t #" -.A. LL.-. H/ III Sm. 0 1*$ i)t2$*t! (#u$3 *t RMLNLU4 Lu(+)#5
SUBMITTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:
MR. BRAJESH MISHRA
GARIMA NAGPAL and GARIMA PARAKH PARAKH
VISITING PROFESSOR
B.A.LL.B. (H) III SEM.
Dr. RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA
R. NO. 56 and 57
NATIONAL NATIONAL LA LA !NIVERSITY !NIVERSITY
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
" #$%&d #$%&d &'" $ "*"nd +, -'n"r" /an- $ O%r "a/"r and +"n$r Mr. Bra0"-/ M'-/ra 1$r 2'3'n2 +" /'- #$nd"r1%& $44$r%n', $ #$r $n /'- 4r$0" and 1$r /'- a&" 2%'dan" and ad3'" V'" V'" /an"&&$r Mr. G%rd""4 S'n2/ S'r and D"an (Aad"+'-) Pr$1"--$r .M. Jar'#a&a 1$r /"'r "n$%ra2"+"n and En/%-'a-+8 O%r -"n'$r- 1$r -/ar'n2 /"'r 3a&%a&" '4-8 And $%r &a--+a"- 1$r /"'r $n-an -%44$r T$ +a" /" "- 4$--'&" "11$r- $ $+4&"" /'- 4r$0".
1
TA-LE OF CONTENTS
9. ;. . 5. 6. 7. @.
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2
INTRODUCTION
Id"a&'-+ /a- ""n /" a-' "n" $1 Ind'a?- 1$r"'2n 4$&', #'/ n$na&'2n+"n and n$n 'n"r1"r"n" "'n2 #$ '+4$ran 1a"-. T/'- n"%ra& -an" #a- ad$4"d #'/ a 3'"# $ 4r$" na'$na& 'n"r"- $1 a n"#&, 'nd"4"nd"n Ind'a. Ind"4"nd"n d"'-'$n +a'n2 #a- /$#"3"r n$ 4$--'&" 'n a '4$&ar #$r&d d'3'd"d 'n$ #$ 4$#"r &$- !SA and !SSR. A1"r /" d'-'n"2ra'$n $1 /" !SSR /" 4$#"r d,na+'- -/'1"d $#ard- /" "- #'/ Ind'a &$-'n2 /" -%4"r4$#"r 3"$ -%44$r $1 R%--'a and a -'2n'1'an a&"ra'$n $1 '- 2&$a& 4$-''$n. A&/$%2/ a +%&'4$&ar #$r&d #a- "n"1''a& ' &"d $ Ind'a &$-'n2 /" ar2a'n'n2 4$#"r ' 4r"3'$%-&, /"&d. An "$n$+' $$+ 'n /" 9CC- and /" $4"n'n2 %4 $1 $%r "$n$+, +ad" Ind'a a 2"$ -ra"2'a&&, '+4$ran r"2'$n 1$r rad" % d'd n$ r"-%& 'n 1$r+%&a'$n $1 a $/"r"n 1$r"'2n 4$&', $a&''$n 2$3"rn+"n- "'n2 /" 4r'+" a%-" 1$r /'- 4/"n$+"n$n. T/" 2&$a& "$n$+' +"&d$#n r"-%&"d 'n 4&%++"'n2 1$r"'2n rad" and $rr%4'$n a&&"2a'$n- $n /" 'n%+"n $n2r"-- 2$3"rn+"n &"d $ r'-" 'n an'a%+"n, -"n'+"n-. Nar"ndra M$d' $$ a+4&" ad3ana2" $1 /'- $ #'n /" "&"'$n- , a /%2" +a0$r', and 1$r+ a n$n$a&''$n 2$3"rn+"n a1"r a 3"r, &$n2 '+". H'- 1$%- $n d$+"-' "$n$+' d"3"&$4+"n and "&"3a'$n $1 Ind'a?-a%- $ /a $1 a -%4"r4$#"r /a- &"d $ Ind'a a'n2 an a--"r'3" "3"n a22r"--'3" -an" $n 3'a& '--%"-. T/" 'n3'a'$n $ a&& SAAR na'$n- $ a"nd /" $a/a'n2 "r"+$n, /ad r"+"nd$%- d'4&$+a' '+4&'a'$n-. T/" M$d' 2$3"rn+"n /a- a&-$ 'nr"a-"d "n2a2"+"n- #'/ $%r '++"d'a" n"'2/$%r- /'2/&'2/'n2 /" '+4$ran" $1 a 4"a"1%& n"'2/$%r/$$d 1$r "$n$+' and 4$&''a& d"3"&$4+"n. I+4r$3'n2 '&a"ra& '"- and 1r"%"n, $1 "n2a2"+"n- #'/ "a/ $1 $%r n"'2/$%r- '- "--"n'a& $ "-a&'-/ a -r$n2 and 1'r+ 4$-''$n 'n S$%/ Ea- A-'a. '/ r"2ard $ /" !n'"d Sa"- Ind'a /a- ad$4"d a 1ar +$r" a--"r'3" -an" #/'/ /ad "$+" "3'd"n 1r$+ /" -r$n2 r"a'$n /" D"3,an' K/$ra2ad" 'n'd"n "&''"d and #a- a&-$ -""n r""n&, #/"n Barra Oa+a 2r"""d Nar"ndra M$d' #'/ K"+ /$? '+4&,'n2 /a /"'r r"&a'$n-/'4 #a- n$# $n an "%a& 4&a1$r+. S'2n'1'an /an2"- /a3" a"n 4&a" #'/ -$+" -'&& ," $ $+"8 /$#"3"r '1 /" "n'r" /'-$r, $1 Ind'an 1$r"'2n 4$&', '- &$$"d a a&& /a /a- ""n d$n" '- r"a--"r /" 4r"3'$%- 4$&''"- #'/ "ra'n +$d'1'a'$n-. T/" d'11"r"n" "#""n /" 'n%+"n 2$3"rn+"n and '- 4r"d""--$r- '/a /" 4r"-"n 2$3"rn+"n +a"- $4'+%+ %-" $1 +a-- +"d'a $ 'n1$r+ /" 4%&' $1 '- +$3"and 4$&''"-. T/" &"--$n 1r$+ /" 4r"3'$%- 2$3"rn+"n '- #"&& &"arn. 1
RECENT PAST AND PRESENT OF INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY
Ind'a?- 4$-''$n 'n /" 1$r"'2n 4$&', ar"na 'n /" &a- ;< d"ad"- /a- "3$&3"d d%" $ a 3ar'", $1 'n"rna& and "*"rna& 1a$r- $1 a 1%nda+"na& and 'n"r$nn""d na%r". O1 /"+ /" +a'n $n"#"r" r$%2/ a$% , /" d"-r%'$n a /" "nd $1 /" $&d #ar $1 Ind'a?- 4r"3'$%- 1$r"'2n (and 4ar&, "$n$+') 4$&', +a'n-a, na+"&, /" !SSR a- #"&& a- /" "2'nn'n2 $1 /" 1$r+a'$n $1 a n"# 2"$4$&''a& 2a+" 'n /" +'dC?- /" "n"r $1 2ra3', $1 #/'/ "2an $ -/'1 1r$+ E%r$4" $ A-'a. T/" 4r$"-- $1 /" !SA "$+'n2 a n"# #$r&d -%4"r4$#"r /a- -'2n'1'an&, a11""d /'- /an2". A /" -a+" '+" a- -$'a&'-+ #a- 4%r4$-"&, and -"ad1a-&, d'-r"d'"d 'n /" C?- 'n R%--'a a -/ar4 d"&'n" 'n /" 3$&%+" $1 "$n$+' $nn"'$n- #'/ a 1$r+"r ", a&&, $%&dn? /"&4 % d'-r%4 /" %a-'-$'a&'- -a%- $1 Ind'a?- "$n$+, and -'+%&a" /" 4r$"-$1 '- %rn'n2 $ "-"rn $%nr'"-.9 T/" 'nr"a-'n2 ra44$r "#""n Ind'a and /" !S /a- "$+" a 4r'n'4a& $+4$n"n $1 /'- dr'1. T/" -r"n2/"n"d r"&a'$n- "2an d%r'n2 B'&& &'n$n?- 3'-' $ N"# D"&/' 'n ; a /" "nd $1 /'- @,"ar 4r"-'d"n,. I '- n$"#$r/, /a /" 4r$"-- $1 'nr"a-'n2 ra44$r "#""n Ind'a and /" !S /a- ""n 1&$#'n2 , n$ +"an- 9 -+$$/&, % $n'n%$%- "11$r- ar" "'n2 +ad". F$r Ind'a /" $0"'3" na%r" $1 /'- -r"n2/"n'n2 $1 '"- '-/$#n a- #"&& 'n /" 1a /a ' d$"- n$ d"4"nd $n /" 4ar, a11'&'a'$n $1 /" $%nr,?&"ad"r-/'4. B"2%n d%r'n2 Aa& B'/ar' Va04a,""?- ad+'n'-ra'$n (9CC@;>) #/$ r"4r"-"n"d /" B/ara',a Janaa 4ar, ' #a- $n'n%"d 1$r /" n"* 9 ,"ar- , /" $n2r"-- 2$3"rn+"n $1 Man+$/an S'n2/. H$#"3"r 1"ar $1 'n%rr'n2 /'n"-" d'-4&"a-%r" r"-r'"d 1%r/"ran" $1 Ind'an r"&a'$n- #'/ !SA a- #"&& a- Ja4an. In /" 4r"-"n -"nar'$ /" d,na+'- ar" -%/ /a $3"r&a4 '- 'n"3'a&" and n$ $n" an " 4&"a-"d $n "3"r, -'n2&" 4$'n. Ad$4'n2 a +$r" 4ra2+a' and 4ra'a& a44r$a/ $ d'4&$+a, '- "--"n'a& $ +a'na'n a 4"a"1%& -'%a'$n 1$r +%%a& "n"1'. MODI FOR PM: A HINT OF CHANGE P$!i(ti#)3 *b#ut %im (#mi)2 i)t# $ *)! %i3 "utu$ &#,i(i3 Ind'a?- 96/ 2"n"ra& "&"'$n 4r$+4"d $n-'d"ra&" d"a" a$% /" '+4a a /an2" $1 2%ard 'n
D"&/' #'&& /a3" $n 1$r"'2n 4$&', and +an, 4r"d'"d a -"a $1 /an2" "-4"'a&&, #'/ Nar"ndra M$d' /"ad'n2 /" 2$3"rn+"n. A$rd'n2 $ Sr""ra+ /a%&'a 4r$1"--$r and d"an a /" J'nda& 1 V&ad'+'r T"r"/$3 Ind'a?- F$r"'2n P$&', %nd"r Nar"ndra M$d'? (;9>) N"# Ea-"rn O%&$$ /4=0$%rna& n"$.$r2;9>699r%-$3n"-/n"04$&''"'nd''4r'nar"ndra+$d' a"--"d 9@ O$"r ;9>
2
S/$$& $1 In"rna'$na& A11a'r- 'n S$n'4a Ind'a 1$r"'2n 4$&', %nd"r M$d'&"d 2$3"rn+"n #'&& -"" 2r"a"r "+4/a-'- $n $++"r'a& d'4&$+a, +$r" a--"r'3" a'$n- 'n r"-4$n-" $ Pa'-an a"d r$--$rd"r "rr$r'-+ 2r"a"r a"n'$n $ &$n2"r+ 4$&', 4&ann'n2 #'/ a 3'"# $ 1$r+%&a'n2 2rand -ra"2, 1$r -"nar'$- 'n ;; and ",$nd a '22"r r$&" 1$r /" +'&'ar, 'n -/a4'n2 Ind'a?- na'$na& -"%r', and 1$r+%&a'n2 d$r'n"- and a 2r"a"r -a, 1$r /" -a"- 'n /" 2$3"rn+"n?- 1$r+%&a'$n and "*"%'$n $1 1$r"'2n 4$&',;. A $nr$3"r-'a& and 4$&ar''n2 1'2%r" M$d' /a- $1"n 4$%r"d -$rn $n /" $n2r"--&"d !n'"d Pr$2r"--'3" A&&'an" (!PA) 2$3"rn+"n?- -$1 r"-4$n-" $ "rr$r'- aa- "+ana'n2 1r$+ Pa'-an and $ /'n"-" 'n%r-'$n- 'n$ Ind'an "rr'$r,. T/'- /a- $nr'%"d $ a #'d"&, /"&d 4"r"4'$n /a /" #'&& " $%2/ 'n /'- r"-4$n-" $ Pa'-ana"d "rr$r'-+ and #$%&d n$ a%& a /" %-" $1 1$r". Ar""n "3"n- 4r$3" /'- /a- +a"r'a&'"d 'n$ a $%2/ -and 'n a-" $1 $/ Pa'-an and /'na. T/" r""n "3"n- $11"r a d'r"'$n a- $ #/"r" /" Ind'an 1$r"'2n 4$&', '- /"ad'n2 and M$d'? 4&an- ar" 'n a$rdan" #'/ /" /%and-4$" +$d"&. A /" $r" '- /" 2r$#/ and d"3"&$4+"n $1 Ind'a. T/'- '- /" 4ara+$%n 4r'n'4&" $1 /'- 4$&',. T/" -"$nd $n"nr' 'r&" '"d &$-"&, $ /" 1'r- '- /" S$%/ A-'an n"'2/$%r/$$d. M$d' '- a "&'"3"r 'n /" r%/ 1'r- ar'%&a"d , 1$r+"r PM IK G%0ra& /a Ind'aQ- d"3"&$4+"n #'&& " 'n$ +4&"" '1 '- n"'2/$%rd$nQ r"ad /" -a+" 4a/. T/" -4$"- #$%&d " /" $%nr'"- Ind'a #'&& "n2a2" 'n"n-'3"&, #/'/ #$%&d a--'- /" d"3"&$4+"n $1 /'- $r" 4r'n'4&"-.< M*)i"3t#
BJP Man'1"-$ "*4&''&, -a"- /a /" BJP 'n"nd- $ r"a" a #" $1 a&&'an"- $ 1%r/"r $%r 'n"r"--?> a &"ar d"4ar%r" 1r$+ Ind'a?- &$n2 /"r'-/"d n$'$n- $1 n$na&'2n+"n and -ra"2' 2 Sudha Ramachandran, ‘Indian Foreign Policy under Narendra Modi’, The Diplomat (6 May 2014!h""#$%%"hedi#loma"&com%2014%0'%indian)oreign#olicyundernarendramodi%* acce++ed 1 -c"o.er 2014
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a%$n$+,. /a "*a&, &'"- 'n /" na'$na& 'n"r"- /$#"3"r /a-n? ""n "*4$%nd"d %4$n n$ "3"n 'n /" rad''$na& r/"$r'a& "r+-. An$/"r -a"+"n -a"- /a ' d$"- n$ 'n"nd $ " &"d , '2 4$#"r 'n"r"-- and 'n-"ad -/a&& /$$-" $ "n2a2" 4r$a'3"&, $n '- $#n #'/ $/"r na'$n-5 /$#"3"r r"1&"- /" a2" $&d Ind'an $n"rn #'/ +a'na'n'n2 -ra"2' a%$n$+,. T/" +an'1"-$ a&-$ -a,- /a -a"- a&$n2 /" "rr'$r'a& $rd"r- $1 Ind'a #$%&d " 2'3"n 2r"a"r -a, 'n 1$r+a'$n $1 1$r"'2n 4$&', #'/ /a $%nr,. S%/ 4$"n'a&&, $nrad'$r, -a"+"n- ar" 'nd'a'3" $1 /" #r'22&" r$$+ M$d' /a- r"a"d 1$r /'- 2$3"rn+"n. G'3"n /" &a $1 1$r"'2n 4$&', $++'+"n- 'n /" r%n %4 $ M$d'?- a-"n-'$n $ 4$#"r -%/ a 1ra+'n2 2'3"- /'+ 0%- /" -$r $1 1&"*''&', /" n""d-. In an "ra #/"r" /" 1&a2 1$&&$#- /" rad" /'- +a, 3"r, #"&& /a3" ""n /" -+ar /'n2 $ d$ 'n /" r%n %4 $ "&"'$n-6. CURRENT INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY O6$6i5 #" %i3 P#,i(1 In-"ad $1 a 4r"-%+4%$%- "n%n'a'$n $1 a M$d' d$r'n" 'n 1$r"'2n 4$&', /" Pr'+" M'n'-"r '-
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6 T$4 Pr'$r''"- $1 M'n'-r, $1 E*"rna& A11a'r-? The Times of India (N"# D"&/' ;6 Ma, ;9>) 5. '
Nar"ndra M$d' 1a3$%r- an a--"r'3" ('1 n""--ar, "3"n a22r"--'3") -an" $#ard- d'4&$+a, #/'/ #a- "3'd"n 'n /'- +a'd"n -4""/ a /" -'*,n'n/ -"--'$n $1 /" !n'"d Na'$n- G"n"ra& A--"+&, $n ;7 S"4"+"r ;9>. H" a&&"d 1$r r"1$r+ and "*4an-'$n $1 !n'"d Na'$n- S"%r', $%n'& 'n&%d'n2 Ind'aQ- &$n2 -and'n2 d"+and $1 a 4"r+an"n +"+"r-/'4. H" /ad a&-$ ar2%"d #/, !N -/$%&d -"r3" a- GA&& 1$r 2&$a& 2$3"rnan" 'n-"ad $1 -"3"ra& 4ara&&"& -%2r$%4'n2&'" G7 G; ". In /" #a" $1 ISIS /r"a 'n "- A-'a and -'+'&ar 'n $/"r 4ar- $1 /" 2&$" /" %r2"d 1$r '++"d'a" '+4&"+"na'$n $1 Q$+4r"/"n-'3" $n In"rna'$na& T"rr$r'-+Q , /" !N and $11"r"d Ind'aQ- 4r$a'3" r$&" 'n ' ''n2 Ind'a a- a 3''+ $1 "rr$r'-+ 1$r d"ad"-. R'd'%&'n2 /" 4$--''&', $1 an, +%&'&a"ra& 'n"r3"n'$n a d"+and S/ar'1 /a- +ad" 'n /'- addr"-- a /" !NGA $n ;6 S"4"+"r $n Ka-/+'r r"&a"d +a"r /" -a"d /a /'2$3"rn+"n '- r"ad, 1$r Q'&a"ra& a&Q $ Pa'-an 4r$3'd"d Pa'-an -/$%&d %&'3a" -%'a&" "n3'r$n+"n 1$r a&- , 2'3'n2 %4 "rr$r'-+ 4$&', a2a'n- Ind'a. Di""$)( T/" 1a /a /" r"4r"-"n- a 2$3"rn+"n #'/ a +a0$r', 'n /" L$ Sa/a a4a&" $1 a'n2 d'11'%& d"'-'$n- /a- 2'3"n M$d' an "d2" $3"r /'- 4r"d""--$r- $1 /" &a- /r"" d"ad"-. M$d'?- "n"r2, and 3'2$%r a&-$ -and- 'n $nra- $ /" d,-1%n'$n and &a $1 "n"r2, 'n /" !PA 2$3"rn+"n 'n '- -"$nd "r+9. M$r"$3"r 1$r /" 1'r- '+" a na'$na&'- a44r$a/ $ 1$r"'2n 4$&', /a- ""n a"n #'/ "$n$+' d"3"&$4+"n "'n2 /" 4r'+" 1$%-. " an -"" &ar', 'n 4&ann'n2 a- #"&& a- "*"%'$n $1 /'- d'4&$+a' 4&an- #/'/ #a- n"* $ n$n "*'-"n 'n /" 4a- 2$3"rn+"n- and +a," /'- &ar', $1 /$%2/ and /" a%ra $1 a d'11"r"n and -r$n2 &"ad"r a /" /"&+ '- ara'n2 $%nr'"- $ d"3"&$4 ""r '&a"ra& '"- #'/ Ind'a. F%r/"r /" /a- %nd"r-$$d /" '+4$ran" $1 "n2a2'n2 a&& +a0$r 4$#"r- #'/$% an, 'n/'''$n. !n&'" /" !PA 2$3"rn+"n #/'/ /"&d a $n '"- #'/ /" !S and Ja4an , ''n2 /" dan2"r- $1 4r$3$'n2 /'na M$d' /a- ""n $&d 'n a11'r+'n2 /a Ind'a #$%&d 4%r-%" '- r"&a'$n- #'/ a&& /" +a0$r 4$#"r- "a/ $n '- $#n +"r'. T/'- /a- -'2n'1'an&, '+4r$3"d Ind'a?- &"3"ra2" #'/ /" !S /'na Ja4an R%--'a and E%r$4". T/" %"-'$n '- n$ &$n2"r a$% Ind'a "'n2 n$n a&'2n"d "#""n /" +a0$r 4$#"r- % a$% /$# D"&/' an -/a4" /" r"2'$na& and 2&$a& a&an" $1 4$#"r $ -"r3" '- $#n 'n"r"--. COUNTRYWISE ANALYSIS
10 H'+an'& Ra'na Ind'a?- F$r"'2n P$&', %nd"r M$d' ;? (;9>) In"rna'$na& P$&', D'2"- /4=###.'n"rna'$na&4$&',d'2"-.$r2;9>@6'nd'a1$r"'2n4$&',+$d'4ar; a"--"d 9@ O$"r ;9>
6
SAARC *)! ASEAN
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12S%-/+a "&&- Ind'an En3$,- $ a Ea- and n$ 0%- &$$ Ea-? The Times of India (N"# D"&/' ;C S"4"+"r ;9>) /4='+"-$1'nd'a.'nd'a'+"-.$+'nd'aS%-/+a"&&-Ind'an"n3$,-$a"a-and n$0%-&$$"a-ar'&"-/$#>C1%&&+an'1"-$"n2&'-/7.>.;9>.4d1 a"--"d 9@ O$"r ;9>
/ad +ad" a 4"a"1%& ran-''$n $ d"+$ra,. O/"r '+4$ran a-4"- $1 /'- 1$r"'2n 4$&', ar" 'n"r', 'n''a'3"- %'&d'n2 /'-$r'a& &'na2"- #'/ $/"r 4ar- $1 /" #$r&d #'/ /" SAAR $%nr'"-. T/" r"a-$n "/'nd /" SAAR 1$%- '- "3'd"n 1r$+ /" 4$&', '& $1 /" M$d' 2$3"rn+"n "$n$+' 2r$#/ and d"3"&$4+"n. In-a'&', 'n /" n"'2/$r/$$d an /'nd"r /" a/'"3"+"n $1 /'- 2$a& n$ &"a- "a%-" ' #'&& r"%'r" a d'3"r-'$n $1 '+" "n"r2, and r"-$%r"-.9> M$r"$3"r "3"n '1 Ind'a 1'nd- a #a, $ 2r$# d"-4'" '- n"'2/$r/$$d ' +'2/ 1'nd ' /ard"r $ 4&a, a 2r"a"r r$&" $%-'d" /" r"2'$n '1 /" d'-4ar', 'nr"a-"-. /'&" SAAR r"+a'n- an '+4$ran ar"a $1 1$%- Ind'a /a- a&-$ +ad" ' &"ar /a ASEAN '- an '+4$ran Ind'an $0"'3" and n$ +"r"&, a +"an- $ /" /'n"-" 'n1&%"n". T/"r" '- n""d 1$r 2r"a"r 4"$4&"$4"$4&" $na a r"&a*"d 3'-a r"2'+" and a&-$ a n""d 1$r '+4r$3'n2 $nn"'3', #'/'n /" r"2'$n. C%i)*
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1 Indran' Ba2/' '/ r'- and +$rar M$d' 4%- a 1$r"'2n 4$&', 'n 4&a"? The Times Of India (N"# D"&/' 9 S"4"+"r ;9>) /4='+"-$1'nd'a.'nd'a'+"-.$+'nd'a'/r'-and+$rarM$d' 4%-a1$r"'2n4$&','n4&a"ar'&"-/$#>9>>57.+- a"--"d 9@ S"4"+"r ;9>
1 Ed'$r'a& S%-/+a $n Pa'-an and /'na? The Economic Times (N"# D"&/' C S"4"+"r ;9>) /4=ar'&"-."$n$+''+"-.'nd'a'+"-.$+;9>CCn"#-5.
"?3" -""n /'- 2$3"rn+"n an$#&"d2" $ -$+" "*"n /" r$&" $1 -a"- 'n -/a4'n2 Ind'an 1$r"'2n 4$&',/$%2/ /'- $11''a& r"$2n''$n #a-n? "n'r"&, +'--'n2 4r"3'$%-&,.
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F'na&&, #"?3" -""n /" 2$3"rn+"n %-" "d'4&$+a, $ a 2r"a"r d"2r"" a- an 'n-r%+"n $1 "n2a2"+"n ar2"'n2 $/ d$+"-' and 1$r"'2n a%d'"n"-. C#)t$*$1 O&i)i#)
/'&" a2r""'n2 /a M$d' #'&& a44"ar $%2/ #'/ Pa'-an T P Sr""n'3a-an a 1$r+"r d'4&$+a #/$ -4"n ) /4=###./"/'nd%.$+n"#-na'$na&n-ad$3a&#"n$n-"r"+'--'$n$'raar'&"69@7
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n$ -""n a- +""'n2 "*4"a'$n- /" #/'n'n2 a$% Ind'a #'&& -ar a2a'n #'/ $%nr'""*4&$r'n2 $/"r $4'$n-. A -"$nd /a&&"n2" '- /a $1 '+4&"+"na'$n. T/" a4a', '--%"- /a 4$-"d a 4r$&"+ 1$r /" 4r"3'$%- 2$3"rn+"n r"+a'n. G"'n2 /'n2- d$n" #'&& 'n3$&3" n$ 0%- 2ra44&'n2 #'/ &'+'a'$n'n "r+- $1 n%+"r- and "*4"r'-" a3a'&a&" and $$rd'na'$n 4r$&"+- % a&-$ a&an'n2 4$&', and 4$&''a& '+4"ra'3"- and +a'n2 4$&', 'n /" 2&ar" $1 /" +"d'a -4$&'2/. A /'rd /a&&"n2" #'&& " /a $1 /$# $ a&'ra" 4$&', $#ard $%nr'"- &'" /'na and Pa'-an #/"r" /"r" '- an "11$r $ r"a/ $% % a&-$ $ &a, d$#n r"d &'n"-. T/'- #'&& " "-4"'a&&, /a&&"n2'n2 2'3"n /a d$+"-' d,na+'- 'n $/ /$-" $%nr'"- +'2/ ad3"r-"&, a11" /"'r a44r$a/ $#ard Ind'a. F'na&&, /"r" ar" /" n$#n %nn$#n-= /" r'-"- /a /'- 2$3"rn+"n #'&& n$ d$% /a3" $ 1a". T/"-" $%&d 'n3$&3" /" -a1", $1 Ind'an ''"n- $r 1a'&''"- ar$ad $rd"r "n-'$n #'/ /'na $r Pa'-an (#'/ /" %4$+'n2 Ja++% and Ka-/+'r a--"+&, "&"'$n- -"%r', $11''a&ar" 4ar'%&ar&, $n"rn"d a$% /" &a"r) $r a "rr$r'- aa 'n Ind'a. T/", $%&d 'n3$&3" a -'2n'1'an d""r'$ra'$n $1 /" -'%a'$n 'n /" M'dd&" Ea- a r"2'$n #/"r" Ind'a?- &"3"ra2" '&'+'"d. Add''$na&&, ' $%&d a&-$ 'n3$&3" "n-'$n $r $n1&' "#""n Ind'a?- 4arn"r- &"a3'n2 /" M$d' 2$3"rn+"n #'/ -$+" d'11'%& $r a##ard d"'-'$n- $ +a".
CONCLUSION On" rad"+ar $1 M$d'?- 1$r"'2n 4$&', '- /a ' '- -/$rn $1 'd"$&$2, #'/ 4ra2+a'-+ "'n2 /"
/a&&+ar. T/" 4$&',?- $3"rr'd'n2 $0"'3" a44"ar- $ " $ "n/an" /" $%nr,?- "$n$+' and +'&'ar, -"%r', a- ra4'd&, a- 4$--'&". O1 $%r-" ' '- $$ "ar&, $ 0%d2" /" $n-'-"n, -r"n2/ $r "11"'3"n"-- $1 /" M$d' d'4&$+a,. B% a1"r a &$n2 "ra $1 ad /$ r"a'3" #"a 1'
n""d d'4&$+a, /" n"# &ar', and 3'-'$n r"4r"-"n a #"&$+" /an2" 1$r Ind'a. Ind'a '-""'n2 a n$3"& na'$na&'- 1$r"'2n 4$&', #/'/ 4r'+ar'&, 1$%-"- $n "$n$+' d"3"&$4+"n and '+4r$3'n2 Ind'a?- 'n"rna'$na& '+a2". H" '- r"ad, $ a" r'-- and $&d d"'-'$n- 1$r /' 4%r4$-" and $n-'d"r- "+"r2"n" $1 4$--'&" $n1&'- and "n-'$n #'/ a na'$n 1$r "*a+4&" /'na -"$ndar, $ /a3'n2 2$$d '&a"ra& r"&a'$n- #'/ a -%4"r4$#"r &'" !SA $r a na'$n &'" Ja4an. Nar"ndra M$d'?- 1$r"'2n 4$&', #'&& a44ar"n&, " a-"d $n /" #"&&n$#n $u%%u 4r'n'4&" -r'&, %-'n"--. T/$-" #/$ an $11"r Ind'a /a +%%a&&, "n"1''a& %-'n"-- 'n 'n"rna'$na& 4$&''- "$n$+'- and d"1"n-" #'&& -%""d 'n d"3"&$4'n2 4arn"r-/'4- #'/ /" $%nr, %nd"r /" n"# Pr'+" M'n'-"r. !-%a&&, 9 da,- '- an 'n-%11''"n 4"r'$d $1 '+" $ $+" $ a $n&%-'$n r"2ard'n2 a 2$3"rn+"n?- 1$r"'2n 4$&', /$#"3"r /" M$d' &"d 2$3"rn+"n /a+ana2"d $ a$+4&'-/ -$ +%/ -$ /a /"'r a$+4&'-/+"n- an " $nra-"d and $+4ar"d #'/ /a 'n /" 4a- d"ad" and ' an " r"a-$na&, $n&%d"d /a /" 4r"-"n d'r"'$n $1 Ind'a?- 1$r"'2n 4$&', #'&& /a3" a +$r" 4$-''3" '+4a $n $%r 'n"rna'$na& '+a2" a- #"&& a'n"rna'$na& r"&a'$n-.
-I-LIOGRAPHY ONLINE JOURNALS AND MAGA7INES
16
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9. 6 T$4 Pr'$r''"- $1 M'n'-r, $1 E*"rna& A11a'r-? The Times of India (N"# D"&/' ;6 Ma, ;9>) 5. ;. Indran' Ba2/' '/ r'- and +$rar M$d' 4%- a 1$r"'2n 4$&', 'n 4&a"? The Times Of India (N"# D"&/' 9 S"4"+"r ;9>) /4='+"-$1'nd'a.'nd'a'+"-.$+'nd'a'/r'- and+$rarM$d'4%-a1$r"'2n4$&','n4&a"ar'&"-/$#>9>>57.+- CCn"#-5
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